Krishnadevaraya

Sri Krishna Deva Raya (Tulu:

, Kannada:

, Telugu:

) also known as Krishna Rai in some inscriptions was the famed Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire who reigned from 1509 - 1529 CE.He is the third ruler of theTuluva Dynasty. Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by manyIndians. Emperor Krishna Deva Raya earned the titles Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana ( Ganda ( : meaning King of three kings) and Andhra Bhoja ( ), Mooru Rayara ).

Krishna Deva Raya was one of the greatest statesmen which medieval South India had produced. Much information about his reign comes from the accounts of Portuguesetravelers Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz. Krishna Deva Raya benefited from the able prime minister Timmarusu, who was regarded by the emperor as a father figure and was responsible for his coronation. Krishna Deva Raya was the son of Nagala Devi and Tuluva Narasa Nayaka,
[1]

an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya,

who later took control of the empire to prevent its disintegration and became the founder of the Tuluva Dynasty, the third Hindu Dynasty to rule Vijayanagara. The emperor's coronation took place on the birthday of Hindu God Krishna, and his earliest inscription is from July 26, 1509 CE. He built a beautiful suburb near Vijayanagara called Nagalapura in memory of his mother, Nagala.

Personality
Much information about Krishna Deva Raya is obtained from inscriptions and from the accounts of foreign travelers.[2] The king was of medium height, had a cheerful disposition, and was reputed to be respectful to foreign visitors, ruthless in maintaining the law, and prone to fits of anger. He maintained himself to a high level of physical fitness through daily exercises. Travelogues indicate that the king was not only an able administrator, but also an excellent general, leading from the front in battle and even attending to the wounded.

Foreign affairs
The rule of Krishna Deva Raya marks a period of much military success in Vijayanagar history. On occasion, the king was known to change battle plans abruptly and turn a losing battle into victory. The first decade of his rule was one of long sieges, bloody conquests and victories. His main enemies were the Gajapatis of Orissa, who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, Bahamani Sultans (who, though divided into five small kingdoms, remained a constant threat), and the Portuguese, a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade. The feudal chiefs of Ummatur, Reddys of Kondavidu and Velamas of Bhuvanagiri intermittently rebelled against Vijayanagar rule.

Success in Deccan
The annual affair of the raid and plunder of Vijayanagar towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509 Krishnadevaraya's armies clashed with the Sultan of Bijapur at Diwani and the sultan Mahmud was severely injured and defeated. Yusuf Adil Khan was killed and Kovilkonda was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory and the disunity of the Bahamani Sultans, the Raya invaded Bidar, Gulbarga and Bijapur and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de-facto ruler.

War with Feudatories

He subdued local rulers Reddys of Kondavidu and Velamas of Bhuvanagiri, and seized lands up to the Krishna river. Ganga Raja, the Ummatur chief, fought Krishna Deva Raya on the banks of the Kaveri and was defeated. The chief later drowned in the Kaveri in 1512. The region was made a part of the Srirangapatna province. In 1516-1517, he pushed beyond the Godavari river.

War with Kalinga

He was perhaps the only king of Vijayanagar who enjoyed a relatively higher measure of success in the wars with the Gajapati Emperors of the empire of Kalinga-Utkal Orissa. The Gajapatis ruled a vast land comprising of Andhra region and most of Telengana region. The earlier kings of Vijayanagara had been crushed by the might of the Gajapati emperors of Kalinga-Utkal, prominent among whom is Gajapati emperor, Kapilendra deva. The success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into Telangana regionwhich was in control of Gajapati Prathapa Rudra Dev. The Vijayanagar army laid siege to the Udayagiri fort in 1512. The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation. Krishna Deva Raya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinna Devi. The Gajapati army was then met at Kondavidu where the armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing a siege for a few months and heavy with initial defeats began to retreat, until Timmarusu upon discovering a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort launched a night attack culminating with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of the greatest swordsman of his time, Prince Virabhadra, the son of Gajapati Emperor of Kalinga-Utkal,Gajapati Prataprudra Deva. Saluva Timmarasa took over as governor of Kondavidu thereafter. The Vijayanagar army then accosted the Gajapati army at Kondapalli area and laid another siege. Krishnadevaraya then planned for an invasion of mainland Kalinga-Utkal but the Gajapati Emperor, Prataparudra, privy of this plan had built up a massive strategy to annihilate the Vijayanagara army and along with it its king, Krishnadevaraya. The confrontation was to happen at the fort of Kalinganagar. But the wily Timmarusu secured the information by bribing a Telugu deserter, formerly under the service of the mighty Prataprudra deva. Convinced therefore that an invasion of Kalinga would mean total defeat and destruction of Krishnadevaraya and Vijayanagara, he along with the royal guru of Krishnadevaraya managed to dissuade Krishnadevaraya from further confrontation with the utterly powerful empire of Kalinga-Utkal. Peace was finally secured through diplomacy and the king Krishnadevaraya married the daughter of the Gajapati

emperor Prataparudra deva called jaganmohini. Timmarusu had wisely foreseen the disastrous consequences of the defeat of Krishnadevaraya in Kalinga. The defeat would have spelled doom for Vijayanagara, for which the biggest threats still were the Muslim Bahamany and Golconda kingdoms. Thereafter peace between the two strongest Hindu empires in India ensured a period of harmony and the safety of Sanatana dharma in India. He established friendly relations with the Portuguese, who set up the Portuguese Dominion of India in Goa in 1510. The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants. He also utilized Portuguese expertise in improving water supply to Vijayanagara City.
[edit]Final

conflict

The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war; in one of these campaigns, he defeated Golconda and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed Bijapur and its Sultan Ismail Adil Shah and restored Bahmani sultanate to Muhammad Shah. The highlight of his conquests occurred on May 19, 1520 where he secured the fortress of Raichur from Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur after a difficult siege during which 16,000 Vijaynagar soldiers were killed. The exploits of the chief military commander, Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu, during the battle of Raichur were suitably rewarded by the grateful emperor. During the campaign against Raichur, it is said that 703,000 foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry and 551 elephants were used (See The battle of Raichur). Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of Gulburga, the early capital of the Bahmani sultanate. His empire extended over the whole of South India. In 1524 he made his son Tirumala Raya the Yuvaraja though the crown prince did not survive for long. He was poisoned to death. Suspecting the involvement of Timmarusu, Krishna Deva Raya had his trusted commander and adviser blinded. At the same time, Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on Belgaum that was in the Adil Shahs

possession; Krishnadevaraya took seriously ill. He died soon after in 1529. Before his death, he nominated his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya as his successor. The rule of Krishnadevaraya was a glorious chapter in the history of Vijayanagara Empire.Even the ruins at Hampi tell the glorious tale of that mighty empire.

Internal Affairs
Paes summarises the king's attitude to matters of law and order by the sentence, "The king maintains the law by killing." Offences against property (designed to maintain stability) and for murder ranged from cutting of a foot and hand for theft and beheading for murder (except for those occurring as a result of duel). Paes could not estimate the size of Vijaynagar as his view was obscured by the hills but estimated the city to be at least as large as Rome. Furthermore, he considered Vijaynagar to be "the best provided city in the world" with a population of not less than a half a million. The empire was divided into a number of provinces often under members of the royal family and into further subdivisions. The official languages of the court were Telugu and Kannada . Sewe I remarks that Krishna Deva Raya was not only a monarch de-jure, but he was also a de-facto sovereign with extensive powers and strong personal influence. With the active cooperation of Prime Minister Timmarusu he administered the Kingdom well, maintained peace in the land and increased the prosperity of the people. The administration of the empire was carried on along the lines indicated in his Amuktamalyada. He was the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards Dharma. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and to punish the evil doers. The Portuguese Chronicler Domingo Paes praises Krishna Deva Raya as, the most feared and perfect King a great ruler and a man of much justice. Though a follower of Vaishnavism he showed respect all sects and petty religious prejudices never influenced him either in granting gifts or in his choice of companions and officers. According to Barbosa, The King allows such freedom that every man may come and go live according to his own creed, without suffering any annoyance.

Art and literature

Vitthala temple with musical pillars, Hoysala style multigonal base Hampi

The rule of Krishna Deva Raya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is also known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. Emperor Krishna Deva Raya was fluent in many languages including his mother tongue Tulu. [edit]Kannada
[3]

literature

He patronised Kannada poets Mallanarya who wrote Veera-saivamrita, Bhava-chintaratna and Satyendra Chola-kathe, Chatu Vittal-anatha who wrote Bhaga-vatha, Timmanna Kavi who wrote a eulogy of his king in Krishna Raya Bharata.[4][5]Vyasatirtha, the great saint from Mysore belonging to the Madhwa order of Udupi was his Rajguru.[6] Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari in Kannada is a recently discovered work.[7] The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishna Deva Raya's time in his personal diary. However it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself.

Telugu literature
Krishna Deva Rayas ("Desa bhashalandu telugu Lessa") reign was the golden age of Telugu literature. Eight poets known asAstadiggajalu (eight elephants in the eight cardinal points such as North, South etc.) were part of his court (known as Bhuvana-vijayamu). According to the Vaishnavite religion there are eight elephants in eight corners in space and hold the earth in its place. Similarly these eight poets were the

eight pillars of his literary assembly. Who constituted Ashtadiggajas is not certain. But, it is popularly believed to include these : Allasani Peddana, Nandi Thimmana, Madayyagari Mallana, Dhurjati, Ayyalaraju Rama-Bhadrudu,Pingali Surana, Ramaraja Bhushanudu and Tenali Rama Krishna. Among these eight poets Allasani Peddana is considered to be the greatest and is given the title of Andhra Kavita Pitamaha (the father of Telugu poetry). Manu-charitramu is his popular prabhanda work. Nandi Timmana wrote Paari-jaata-apaharan-amu. Madayya-gari Mallana wrote Raja-sekhara Charitramu. Dhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu and Ayyal-raju Rama-bhadrudu wrote Rama-abhyudayamu. Pingali Surana wrote the still remarkable Raghava-pandaveeyamu, a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Bhattumurty alias Rama-raja-bhushanudu wrote Kavyalankara-sangrahamu, Vasu-charitramu,and Harischandranalopakhyanamu. Among these works the last one is a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of KingHarishchandra and Nala and Damayanti. Tenali Ramakrishna first wrote Udbhataradhya Charitramu, a Shaivite work and later wrote Vaishnava devotional texts Pandu-ranga Mahatmyamu, and Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu. The period of the Empire is known as Prabandha Period, because of the quality of the prabandha literature produced during this time. Tenali Ramakrishna remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor.

Amuktamalyada
Once Sri Krishnadevaraya was travelling via Kondapalli during his Kalinga campaign. He had conquered kondapalli fort and the surrounding areas. He came to know about the holy temple of Andhra Vishnu and visited Srikakulam town located in diviseema region for a few days. He performed the Ekadasi Vratam during that time. It is here that Lord Andhra Vishnu in all his glory appeared to the emperor in an early morning dream[dubious discuss]. Lord Andhra Vishnu told him to compose the story of his wedding with Andal atSrirangam. He also ordered the emperor to tell the story in Telugu[dubious discuss]. So Sri Krishna Deva Raya wrote the book Amuktamalyada in Telugu, beautifully describing the pangs of separation suffered by Sri Andal (incarnation of Mother Goddess Sri Mahalakshmi venerated as Sri Bhoomi Devi, the Goddess of Earth and the divine consort of Almighty Sriman Narayana) Andal (one of the twelve bhakti-era alwars) for her lover Lord Vishnu. He describes Andals physical beauty in thirty verses; using descriptions of the spring and the monsoon as metaphors. As elsewhere in Indian poetry -

see Sringara - the sensual pleasure of union extends beyond the physical level and becomes a path to, and a metaphor for, spirituality and ultimate union with the divine. One of the main characters is Periyalvar, the father of Andal. Lord Vishnu commands Periyalwar to teach a king of the Pandya dynasty the path of knowledge to moksha. Amuktamalyada is also known by the name Vishnu-chitteeyam, a reference to Vishnu-chittudu, the Telugu name of Vishnuchittar aka Periyalwar. Several other short stories are included in Amuktamalyada in the course of the main story of Godadevi, the Sanskrit name of Kothai Naachiyaar aka Andal, which is used throughout the tome. Krishna Raya was also well-versed in Sanskrit, Tamil and Kannada. Jambavati Kalyanamu is his Sanskrit work.[8][9] He strove for the welfare and the uplifting of Telugu people.

Religion and culture

Krishna Deva Raya respected all sects of Hinduism and lavished on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords. Additionally, he is known to have commissioned the making of statues of himself and his two wives at the temple complex. Krishna Deva Raya was formally initiated into the Vaishnava Sampradaya by Vyasatirtha.[14] He patronised poets and scholars inTelugu, Kannada, Tamil and Sanskrit. Sri Vyasatirtha was his Kula-Guru

Sri Krishna Deva Raya(1509-1530 AD) Emperor of Vijayanagar, and his queensTirumala Devi to his left, and Chinna Devi to his right. The Krishna Raya Mandapam or Pratima Mandapam, in the main temple complex, is named after him .

Tirumala Raya, chieftain of the Araviti family. The Tirumala Raya Mandapam, in the main temple complex, is named after him.

Krishnadevaraya
(AD 1509 - 1530)

Obverse:- Balakrishna holding a lump of butter in right hand, left hand dangling downwards with bent left leg in sitting posture. Sanku and Chakra on both sides.Reverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari)- three lines.Metal: Gold Wt: 1.680 gms Dia: 1.0 cmsRemarks: Denomination- half varaha.

Obverse:- Another type Balakrishna holding in right hand lump of butter as if ready to eat, left hand extended forward.Reverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari) three lines.Metal: Gold Wt: 1.700 gms Dia: 1.0 cmsRemarks: Denomination- half varaha.

Obverse:- Goddess DurgaReverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna (Nagari).Metal: Gold. Wt: 3.260 gms Dia: 1.25 cmsRemarks: Denomination- varaha; courtesy Sri R. Jawahar Babu.

Obverse:- Garuda in Padmasana pose with Anjali Hasta MudraReverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari) three lines.Metal: Copper Wt: 1.640 gms Dia: 1.2 cmsRemarks:

Obverse:- Garuda in standing pose with Anjali Hasta MudraReverse:- Krishna (Nagari) ?Metal: Copper Wt: 1.350 gms Dia: 0.9 cmsRemarks:

Obverse:- Timmarasugaru two lines (Kannada)Reverse:Manthri. Letters Mam on the top, and thri at the bottom.Metal: Copper Wt: 3.360 gms Dia: 1.4 cmsRemarks: New find, reported by the author in Studies in South Indian Coins, Vol-V

Obverse:- Timmarasugaru two lines (Kannada)Reverse:Krishna (Kannada).Metal: Copper Wt: 4.050 gms Dia: 1.4 cmsRemarks: New find, reported by the author in Studies in South Indian Coins, Vol-V

Obverse:- Hamsa to rightReverse:- Krishna (Kannada).Metal: Copper Wt: 2.430 gms Dia: 1.3 cmsRemarks: Reported by the author in Studies in South Indian Coins, Vol X

Obverse:- Sanku Chakra on top standing Garuda with Anjali MudraReverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari) three lines.Metal: Copper Wt: 16.410 gms Dia: 2.0 cmsRemarks:

Obverse:- Garuda with Anjali Mudra facing left, with his right leg bent and left knee touching the ground.Reverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari) three lines.Metal: Copper Wt: 15.280 gms Dia: 2.0 cmsRemarks:

Obverse:- Garuda facing left with spread wings, with left leg bent and touching the ground and holding a sword in two hands.Reverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari) three lines.Metal: Copper Wt: 17.580 gms Dia: 2.0 cmsRemarks:

Obverse:- Garuda facing left with left leg bent and touching ground .Reverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari) three lines.Metal: Copper Wt: 16.170 gms Dia: 2.0 cmsRemarks:

Obverse:- With Sanku Chakra Garuda kneeling.

Reverse:- Pratapa Krishna (Nagari) two lines.Metal: Copper Wt: 3.420 gms Dia: 1.8 cmsRemarks: Oblong Shape

Obverse:- With Sanku Chakra Garuda kneeling.Reverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari) three lines.Metal: Copper Wt: 3.720 gms Dia: 1.6 cmsRemarks:

Obverse:- Garuda head turned towards left.Reverse:- Sri Pratapa (Nagari)Metal: Copper Wt: 3.890 gms Dia: 1.4 cmsRemarks:

Obverse:- With Sanku Chakra Garuda kneeling.Reverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari) three linesMetal: Copper Wt: 3.400 gms Dia: 1.3 cmsRemarks:

Obverse:- Garuda kneeling towards left and wings spread

behind him. Reverse:- Sri Pratapa Krishna Raya (Nagari) three linesMetal: Copper Wt: 15.790 gms Dia: 2.0 cmsRemarks: