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    Anatomy and Physiology - Circulatory System - The Heart

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    xuxi dul
    The circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and four valves that ensure one-way blood flow. It uses electrical signals to contract in a cardiac cycle that pumps blood through two circuits: the pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body. The heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, ions, and physical factors to meet the body's needs.

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    Anatomy and Physiology - Circulatory System - The Heart

    Uploaded by

    xuxi dul
    21 views14 pages
    The circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and four valves that ensure one-way blood flow. It uses electrical signals to contract in a cardiac cycle that pumps blood through two circuits: the pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body. The heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, ions, and physical factors to meet the body's needs.

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    The circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and four valves that ensure one-way blood flow. It uses electrical signals to contract in a cardiac cycle that pumps blood through two circuits: the pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body. The heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, ions, and physical factors to meet the body's needs.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    21 views14 pages

    Anatomy and Physiology - Circulatory System - The Heart

    Uploaded by

    xuxi dul
    The circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and four valves that ensure one-way blood flow. It uses electrical signals to contract in a cardiac cycle that pumps blood through two circuits: the pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body. The heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, ions, and physical factors to meet the body's needs.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    Circulatory System: The Heart

    CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW


    1. Functions

     Regulates blood supply


     Generates blood pressure
     Route's blood
     Ensures 1-way blood flow
    2. STRUCTURES
    a. Heart Characteristic

    b. Heart Covering

    c. Heart Layers
    d. Cardiac Muscle
     Striated (actin and myosin)
     Ca2+ and ATP used for contractions
     Intercalated disks connect cells

    e. Chambers and Blood Vessels


    f. Atria
    • Upper portion; Holding chambers
    • Small, thin walled, contract minimally to push blood into ventricles
    • Interatrial septum: separates right and left atria
    g. Ventricles
    • Lower portion; Pumping chambers
    • Thick, strong walled, contract forcefully to propel blood out of heart
    • Interventricular septum: separates right and left ventricles
    RIGHT SIDE OF HEART: Pulmonary circuit

    • carries blood from heart to lungs (Pulmonary – pulmonia refers to the lungs)
    • blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich
    o transfers poor blood from right ventricle to the lungs

    1. Right Atrium: receives blood from 3 places: superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
    (collection of veins that join vessels to collect blood from the heart from the muscle of myocardium
    and deliver less oxygenated blood to the left atrium)
    *Tricuspid Valve – it has 3 flaps and it prevents s backflow when the blood pass through and
    help the blood flow in the right direction
    2. Right Ventricle: opens into pulmonary trunk
    • Pulmonary trunk: splits into right and left pulmonary arteries
    *Pulmonary Valve – one of the four valves that regulates blood flow in the heart, it lies between
    lower right chamber and pulmonary artery
    3. Pulmonary Arteries: carry blood away from the right side of the heart to lungs
    LEFT SIDE OF HEART: Systemic circuit
    • carries blood from heart to body
    • blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor
    Left Atrium: 4 openings (pulmonary veins) that receive oxygenated-rich blood from the lungs
    *Bicuspid Valve – other known as Mitral Valve. IT has 2 flaps.
    Left Ventricle:
    • opens into aorta
    • thicker, contracts more forcefully, higher blood pressure than right ventricle has to get to body
    *Aortic Valve – keeps blood flow in the right direction (pabalik sa kanan). Final valve that carries the
    oxygenated blood.
    Aorta: large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood from Left Ventricle of the heart to body
    3. CIRCUITS OF THE HEART

    4:4 – four chambers and four heart valves


    Semilunar Valve – aortic valve and pulmonary valve
    Atrioventricular Valve - Tricuspid and Bicuspid Valve

    1. Pulmonary Circuit
    RIGHT SIDE OF HEART: Pulmonary circuit
    • carries blood from the heart to the lungs
    • blood is O2 poor, CO2 rich
    Right Atrium: receives blood from 3 places: superior and inferior vena cava and coronary
    sinus
    o Superior vena cava: drains blood above diaphragm (head, neck, thorax, upper
    limbs)
    o Inferior vena cava: drains blood below diaphragm (abdominopelvic cavity and
    lower limbs)
    o coronary sinus: drains blood from myocardium

    Right Ventricle: opens into pulmonary trunk


    o Pulmonary trunk: splits into right and left pulmonary arteries
     Pulmonary arteries: carry blood away from heart to lungs

    2. Systemic Circuit
    LEFT SIDE OF HEART: Systemic circuit:
    • carries blood from the heart to the body to provide oxygenated blood
    • blood is O2 rich, CO2 poor
    Left Atrium: 4 openings (pulmonary veins) that receive blood from lungs
    Left Ventricle:
    o opens into aorta
    o thicker, contracts more forcefully, higher blood pressure than right ventricle has to
    get to body
    Aorta: carries blood from Left Ventricle to body
    4. BLOOD FLOW
    5. BLOOD SUPPLY
    • Coronary arteries:
    o supply blood to heart wall
    o originate from base of aorta (above aortic semilunar valve)
    • Left coronary artery:
    o has 3 branches
    o supply blood to anterior heart wall and left ventricle
    • Right coronary artery:
    o originates on right side of aorta
    o supply blood to right ventricle
    6. ACTION POTENTIAL IN CARDIAC MUSCLE
     Changes in membrane channels’ permeability are responsible for producing action potentials
    and is called pacemaker potential. (Action potential)
     Action potential – rapid rise and subsequent fall
     Depolarization - Opening of fast sodium channel
    7. CARDIAC CYCLE
     Heart is 2 side by side pumps: right and left
     Atria: primers for pumps
     Ventricles: power pumps
     Cardiac Cycle: repetitive pumping action which includes contraction (Systole)and relaxation
    (Diastole)
     Cardiac muscle contractions produce pressure changes within heart chambers.
     Pressure changes are responsible for blood movement.
     Blood moves from areas of high to low pressure
    8. HEART SOUNDS
     Stethoscope is used to hear lung and heart sounds
     First sound is lubb, second is dupp
     Sounds result from opening and closing valves
     Murmurs are due to faulty valves
     Stethoscope – used to hear the heart and lung sound
     Sphygmomanometer – the clock-like instrument to measure blood pressure
     Aneroid manometer – measures
    9. REGULATION OF HEART FUNCTION
     Stroke Volume:
    o volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction
    o 70 ml/beat
     Heart Rate:
    o number of heart beats in 1 min.
    o 72 beats/min.
     Cardiac Output:
    o Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min.
    o Cardiac output is the product of the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV)
    o CO = HR × SV § CO = HR (75 beats/min) × SV (70 ml/beat)
    o CO = 5250 ml/min = 5.25 L/min

     Factors Modifying Basic Heart Rate


    1. Neural (ANS) controls
     Sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate
     Parasympathetic nervous system, primarily vagus nerve fibers, slow and steady
    the heart rate
    2. Hormones and ions
     Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate
     Excess or lack of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions also modify heart activity
    3. Physical factors
     Age, gender, exercise, body temperature influence heart rate

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