ch03 HOD401
ch03 HOD401
ch03 HOD401
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Malicious Software (Malware)
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Antivirus Software
Detects and removes viruses
Detection based on virus signatures
Must update signature database periodically
Use automatic update feature
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Base 64 Encoding
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Macro Viruses
Virus encoded as a macro
Macro
◼ Lists of commands
◼ Can be used in destructive ways
Example: Melissa
◼ Appeared in 1999
◼ It is very simple – see link Ch 3c for source
code
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Writing Viruses
Even nonprogrammers
can create macro viruses
◼ Instructions posted on
Web sites
◼ Virus creation kits available for
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ATM Machine Worms
◼ Cyberattacks against ATM machines
◼ Slammer and Nachi worms
◼ Trend produces antivirus for ATM machines
See links Ch 3g, 3h, 3i
◼ Nachi was written to clean up damage caused
by the Blaster worm, but it got out of control
See link Ch 3j
◼ Diebold was criticized for using Windows for
ATM machines, which they also use on voting
machines
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Trojan Programs
Insidious attack against networks
Disguise themselves as useful programs
◼ Hide malicious content in program
Backdoors
Rootkits
◼ Allow attackers remote access
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Firewalls
Identify traffic on uncommon ports
Can block this type of attack, if your
firewall filters outgoing traffic
◼ Windows XP SP2’s firewall does not filter
outgoing traffic
◼ Vista’s firewall doesn’t either (by default),
according to link Ch 3l and 3m
Trojan programs can use known ports to
get through firewalls
◼ HTTP (TCP 80) or DNS (UDP 53)
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Trojan Demonstration
Make a file with
command-line Windows
commands
Save it as
C:\Documents and Settings\
username\cmd.bat
Start, Run, CMD will execute this file
instead of
C:\Windows\System32\Cmd.exe
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Improved Trojan
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Deceptive Dialog Box
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Adware
Similar to spyware
◼ Can be installed without the user being aware
Sometimes displays a banner
Main goal
◼ Determine user’s online purchasing habits
◼ Tailored advertisement
Main problem
◼ Slows down computers
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Protecting Against Malware
Attacks
Difficult task
New viruses, worms, Trojan programs
appear daily
Antivirus programs offer a lot of protection
Educate your users about these types of
attacks
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Educating Your Users
Structural training
◼ Most effective measure
◼ Includes all employees and management
E-mail monthly security updates
◼ Simple but effective training method
Update virus signature database
automatically
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Educating Your Users
SpyBot and Ad-Aware
◼ Help protect against spyware and adware
◼ Windows Defender is excellent too
Firewalls
◼ Hardware (enterprise solution)
◼ Software (personal solution)
◼ Can be combined
Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
◼ Monitors your network 24/7
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FUD
Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt
◼ Avoid scaring users into complying with security
measures
◼ Sometimes used by unethical security testers
◼ Against the OSSTMM’s Rules of Engagement
Promote awareness rather than instilling
fear
◼ Users should be aware of potential threats
◼ Build on users’ knowledge
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Intruder Attacks on Networks
and Computers
Attack
◼ Any attempt by an unauthorized person to access or
use network resources
Network security
◼ Security of computers and other devices in a network
Computer security
◼ Securing a standalone computer--not part of a network
infrastructure
Computer crime
◼ Fastest growing type of crime worldwide
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Denial-of-Service Attacks
Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack
◼ Prevents legitimate users from accessing
network resources
◼ Some forms do not involve computers, like
feeding a paper loop through a fax machine
DoS attacks do not attempt to access
information
◼ Cripple the network
◼ Make it vulnerable to other type of attacks
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Testing for DoS Vulnerabilities
Performing an attack yourself is not wise
◼ You only need to prove that an attack could
be carried out
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Distributed Denial-of-Service
Attacks
Attack on a host from multiple servers or
workstations
Network could be flooded with billions of
requests
◼ Loss of bandwidth
◼ Degradation or loss of speed
Often participants are not aware they are
part of the attack
◼ Attacking computers could be controlled using
Trojan programs 32
Buffer Overflow Attacks
Vulnerability in poorly written code
◼ Code does not check predefined size of input
field
Goal
◼ Fill overflow buffer with executable code
◼ OS executes this code
◼ Can elevate attacker’s permission to
Administrator or even Kernel
Programmers need special training to
write secure code 33
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Ping of Death Attacks
Type of DoS attack
Not as common as during the late 1990s
How it works
◼ Attacker creates a large ICMP packet
More than 65,535 bytes
◼ Large packet is fragmented at source network
◼ Destination network reassembles large packet
◼ Destination point cannot handle oversize packet and
crashes
◼ Modern systems are protected from this (Link Ch 3n)
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Session Hijacking
Enables attacker to join a TCP session
Attacker makes both parties think he or
she is the other party
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Addressing Physical Security
Protecting a network also requires
physical security
Inside attacks are more likely than attacks
from outside the company
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Keyloggers
Used to capture keystrokes on a computer
◼ Hardware
◼ Software
Software
◼ Behaves like Trojan programs
Hardware
◼ Easy to install
◼ Goes between the keyboard and the CPU
◼ KeyKatcher and KeyGhost
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Keyloggers (continued)
Protection
◼ Software-based
Antivirus
◼ Hardware-based
Random visual tests
Look for added hardware
Superglue keyboard connectors in
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Behind Locked Doors
Lock up your servers
◼ Physical access means they can hack in
◼ Consider Ophcrack – booting to a CD-based
OS will bypass almost any security
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Lockpicking
Average person can pick deadbolt locks in
less than five minutes
◼ After only a week or two of practice
Experienced hackers can pick deadbolt
locks in under 30 seconds
Bump keys are even easier (Link Ch 3o)
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Card Reader Locks
Keep a log of who
enters and leaves the
room
Security cards can be
used instead of keys
for better security
◼ Image from link Ch 3p
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