Basics of Programming

In this beginners guide to coding, you will learn the basics used in computer
programming languages. As a beginner, you will start learning the fundamentals of
coding that you mind find in a “Programming 101” course. We will use some core Java
concepts as a starting point that are applicable to most other programming languages.

I'm writing these guides about the basics in a way that I'll assume you have very little
knowledge in programming.  I want this content to provide anyone “walking in off the
street” the basics to be able to write their first program with the Java programming
language with as little pain as possible.

So, let's get started with our first topic: The 5 basic concepts of any computer
programming language.  You might say, “Why are we talking about any programming
language?  I thought this was about Java”.  Well, I've found that it's important to
remember that a lot of programming languages are very similar, and knowing the
fundamentals that are common among all programming languages will help you
transition into any other programming language if you need to!  For example, with the
core Java programming knowledge I had obtained, it took me less than a month to learn
how to program in a language called Objective C (which is used for iPhone apps).
That's powerful stuff!

Here are the 5 basic concepts of any programming language:

Variables

Control Structures

Data Structures

Syntax

Tools

I recognize that these words probably look foreign to you, but don't worry, I'll do my very
best at taking the mystery out of them.  Now, there's a lot to say about each of these 5
concepts, so for today's post I'll only be talked about item #1, variables!

What is a variable?

Variables are the backbone of any program, and thus the backbone of any computer
programming language. I like to start off by defining what we're about to learn, so,
Wikipedia defines a variable as follows:
In computer programming, a variable is a storage location and an associated symbolic
name which contains some known or unknown quantity or information, a value.

Okay, well, that's kind of cryptic.  To me, a variable is simply a way to store some sort of
information for later use, and we can retrieve this information by referring to a “word”
that will describe this information.

For example, let's say you come to my website www.coderscampus.com and the first
thing I want to do, is ask you what your name is (so that I can greet you in a nice way
the next time you visit my website).  I would put a little text box on the screen that asks
you what your name is… that text box would represent a variable!  Let's say I called that
text box ‘yourName', that would be the symbolic name (or “word”) for your variable (as
described from our wiki definition above).

So now, when you type your name into the text box, that information would be stored in
a variable called ‘yourName'.  I would then be able to come back and say
“What value does the variable ‘yourName' contain?”, and the program would tell me
whatever it was your typed into that text box.

This concept is extremely powerful in coding and is used constantly.  It is what makes
Facebook and Twitter work, it's what makes paying your bills via your online bank work,
it's what allows you to place a bid on eBay.  Variables make the programming world go
'round.

Now, if we want to get more specific, when it comes to the Java programming language,
variables have different types.  Brace yourself here, as I'm going to try to confuse you
by explaining an important concept in three sentences. If I were to be storing your name
in a variable, that type would be a String.  Or, let's say I also wanted to store your age,
that type would be stored as an Integer.  Or let's say I wanted to store how much money
you make in a year, that type would be stored as a Double.

What the heck are String, Integer and Double?

Excellent question!  In core Java, the programming language wants to

know what kind of information you are going to be storing in a variable.  This is because
Java is a strongly typed language.  I could teach you about what the difference is
between a strongly typed language and a weakly typed language, but that will likely
bore you right now, so let's just focus on what a type is in Java and why it's important.

Typing in Java, allows the programming language to know with absolute certainty that
the information being stored in a variable will be ‘a certain way'.  So like I said, if you're
storing your age, you would use the Integer type… well that's because in Java,
an Integer means you have a number that won't have any decimal places in it.  It will be
a whole number, like 5, or 20, or 60, or -60, or 4000, or -16000.  All of those numbers
would be considered an Integer in Java.

So what would happen if you tried to store something that wasn't an Integer, into an
Integer variable, say for instance the value “$35.38”?  Well, quite simply, you would get
an error in the program and you would have to fix it!  “$35.38” has a dollar sign ($) in it,
as well as a decimal place with two digits of accuracy.  In core Java, when you specify
that a variable is of type Integer, you are simply not allowed to store anything except a
whole number.

Specifying what kind of data that you are dealing with allows the programming language
to use that data in interesting ways. Again, what I say “specifying what kind of data”, I'm
just referring to the type of data.

Let's dive into the power of assigning a type to your data.

What can you do with data types?

Let's start with a simple example.

Your desire is to add two numbers together, let's say the number 22 and the number 3.
Java will behave differently depending on the type of the variable that's storing this data.

Let me show you what I mean:

If you have defined your variables to be of type Integer, then adding 22 and 3 together
will result in the Integer 25. Makes perfect sense right? Of course, this is simple Math.

But what happens if your variables are not Integers, but are Strings?

A String in Java is a different kind of data type and it behaves differently BECAUSE it is
a different type of data.

When we refer to a String in Java (and in many other computer programming

languages) we are treating the data like it's just a plain old sentence in the English
language. A String just represents words (or more specifically letters) all placed in a
certain order. That's all the English language (or any language) is, a series of
characters/letters placed in a certain order to give meaning to what you're writing down.

So now I ask you, what does it mean to add two sentences together? What does it
mean to add two Strings together?

I'll show you.

If you were to have two variables, each defined as Strings and they stored the data “22”
and “3” (respectively), what would happen if we added them together?
We would get the String: “223”

This might be confusing at first, but it makes more sense when we use less “misleading”
data.

Let's assume that in our two String variables, we aren't storing numbers, we're storing
words. So in variable 1 we store the String “Hello”, and in variable 2 we store the String
“World”.

Now what happens in your mind if I tell you to add those two words together?

Hopefully your natural instinct is to say that the resulting String would be “Hello World”!

That's all that's happening with the Strings “22” and “3”… Java behaves differently
because of the type of the variables.

To Java, the String “22” is the same type of data as the String “twenty-two”, they're both
characters arranged in a specific way.

Now I don't want to go into too much detail about types, as this is better suited to the
coding basic concept #3 – Data Structures.  So that's all I will touch on for now, but no
worries, it will all make sense in time!

So, to sum up, we talked about what a variable is and how you can store information in
a variable and then retrieve that information at some later point in time.  The variable
can have a name, and this name you give to the variable is usually named after the kind
of content you'll be storing in the variable, so if I'm storing your name in the variable,
you'd name the variable ‘yourName'.  You wouldn't HAVE to give it that name, you could
name the variable “holyCrapImProgramming”, but that wouldn't make a whole lot of
sense considering you are trying to store a person's name.  Makes sense right?  Finally,
variables have types, and these types are used to help us organize what can and
cannot be stored in the variable.  Hint: having a type will help to open up what kind of
things we can do with the information inside the variable.  Example:  if you have two
Integers (let's say 50 and 32), you would be able to subtract one variable from the other
(i.e 50 – 32 = 18), pretty straight forward right?  But, if you had two variables that stored
names (i.e. “Trevor” and “Geoff”) it wouldn't make sense to subtract one from the other
(i.e.  “Trevor” – “Geoff”), because that just doesn't mean anything!  So, types are also a
powerful thing, and they help us to make sense of what we CAN do with our variables
and what we CANNOT do!

So I hope this information has been helpful to you, and I hope you realize what the
benefits of learning a programming language are! The allure to learning a programming
language is quite high in today's corporate world, as most companies are hiring
programmers with the skills to create web applications. The programming profession is
one that provides excellent pay and job stability, and in the end, isn't that what we're all
looking for?