FEELINGS AND MORAL DECISION

Feelings is an emotional state or reaction. Example is "a feeling of joy".

A moral decision is a choice made based on a person's ethics, manners, character,
and what they believe is proper behavior. These decisions tend to affect not only
our own well-being, but the well-being of others.
What is your moral compass?
The dictionary defines moral compass as the person's ability to judge what is right
and wrong and act accordingly. Some people also define it as a set of values that
guides our decision-making, affects our actions, and defines us as a person. In
essence, a moral compass is just as its name suggests.

Help individual to have decision ethically para d makasakit sa ibang tao

A moral compass helps people make ethical decisions by helping to determine

which actions would help or harm others, society, or the environment. It also helps
people see how their actions can have consequences for other people and cultures.
Meaning we individuals each create our own and unique moral compass. Our
moral compass is composed with our values, religious, beliefs, parents,
government and other. For example, if I were to ask myself how to do I currently
see the world I am living in? My answer would be I live my life by day to day
passing.

.Ethical Subjectivism is the idea that our moral opinions are based on our feelings
and nothing more. On this view, there is no such thing as "objective" right or
wrong. It is a fact that some people are homosexual and some are heterosexual;
but it is not a fact that one is good and the other bad.

Intuitionis that feeling in your gut when you instinctively know that something you
are doing is right or wrong. Or it's that moment when you sense kindness, or fear,
in another's face. You don't know why you feel that way; it's just a hunch.

Situationalism holds that the current circumstances or situation should be used as

a guide or basis for making choices about right and wrong, in essence, arguing that
the ends justify the means. For a situationalist, something bad can be considered
good, if the result it leads to is positive.
Example naaksident yung nanay isasacrifice mo yung naging damage sa accident sa taong nakasagasa

Killing one before he is going to kill another one, is unethical because killing him, is
opposite with an ethical rule that says, punishing before committing a sin is illegal.
So observing this rule is considered as an ethical behavior, unless a guilty holds
hostage. It is permissible to guilty be punished in this regard because we want to
save a life, in the defensive situation.

Another example, if a man sacrifices himself to save the life of majority of people is
considered “good”, as an ethical behavior
REFER TO PAGE 154 -155

EMOTIONS AND CULTURE AFFECT MORAL BEHAVIOUR

How do emotions and culture affect moral behavior?

Emotions, in addition to rational thinking, influences the way we make moral
judgment and decisions. Anxiety and empathy (and being sober) tend to make us
less willing to sacrifice one to save many. Disgust and anger make us harsher
judges and punishers of moral wrong-doing.
Why feelings can be obstacles to making right decisions?
Intense emotions can lead to rash decisions, if you're not careful.
Anger and embarrassment may make you particularly vulnerable to high-
risk, low pay-off choices. Researchers suspect intense uncomfortable
emotions impair self-regulation skills

How can feelings become an obstacle in making the right decisions?

Emotional decision making can affect not just the outcome of the decision, but the
speed at which you make it. Anger can lead to impatience and rash decision-
making. If you're excited, you might make quick decisions without considering the
implications, as you surf the wave of confidence and optimism about the future.
Do feelings help us make right decisions?
Even in situations where you believe your decisions are guided purely by logic
and rationality, emotions play a key role. Emotional intelligence, or your ability
to understand and manage emotions, has been shown to play an important role
in decision-making.
How do you balance your emotions and reasons when making decisions?
Balancing logic and emotion to ensure good decisions
 Remove all prejudicial factors that may impact your choices.
 H.A.L.T. from making decisions when you are in certain states.
 Make a list of pros, cons, and risks. Think about future outcomes.
 Finally, search for a happy medium. Let your reason and emotion work
together.
Why is it important to express your feelings?
BENEFITS OF EXPRESSING EMOTIONS

Improves the ability to connect with self and others leading to healthier and
happier relationships. Improves decision making and ability to solve problems.
Increases resilience. Reduces stress.

How can feelings be an obstacle in making a sound moral decision?

Most people do not realize how much their emotions direct their moral choices.
But experts think it is impossible to make any important moral judgments without
emotions. Inner-directed negative emotions like guilt, embarrassment, and shame
often motivate people to act ethically.
What happens when you don't express your feelings?
“Suppressing your emotions, whether it's anger, sadness, grief or frustration, can
lead to physical stress on your body. The effect is the same, even if the core
emotion differs,” says provisional clinical psychologist Victoria Tarratt. “We know
that it can affect blood pressure, memory and self-esteem.”

What is an example of a feeling?

Feeling is defined as the sense of touch or something experienced
through touch or emotion. An example of feeling is the act of
sensing that the surface of something is smooth because you touched
it. An example of a feeling is sadness. An example of a feeling is a
sudden sense to turn around right before a storm hits.

REASON AND IMPARTIALITY AS REQUIREMENTS FOR ETHICS

It will help them to think rationally what is good and what is bad; and to be just
and fair to benefit not themselves but to benefit the majority.

Scott Rae's Seven Step to Moral Reasoning Model

Who is Dr. Scott Rae?
Scott Bothic Rae is an American Old Testament scholar, theologian, and professor
of Christian ethics. He serves as dean of the faculty and chair of the department of
philosophy at Biola University's Talbot School of Theology. In 2014, Rae was
elected to serve a term as president of the Evangelical Theological Society.

Scott Rae’s model for moral reasoning presents a Seven Step Approach to moral
analyses and evaluation. It is oriented towards virtues and principles with
consideration of consequences as a supporting role (Rae 2018). This model is free
from cultural, ethnic, and religious background and biases, though it is
consistent/uses biblical principles.

The 7-step model is as follows:

1. Gather the facts
2. Determine the social issues
3. Determine what virtues/principles have a bearing on the case
4. List the alternatives
5. Compare the alternatives with the virtues/principles
6. Consider the consequences
7. Make a decision
1. Gather the facts
The simplest way of clarifying an ethical dilemma is to make sure the facts are
clear. Ask: Do you have the facts that are necessary to make a good decision? What
do we know? What do we need to know? In this light it might become clear that
the
dilemma is not ethical but about communication or strategy.

2. Determine the ethical issues

Ethical interests are stated in terms of legitimate competing interests or goods. The
competing interests are what creates the dilemma. Moral values and virtues must
support the competing interests in order for an ethical dilemma to exist. If you
cannot identify the underlying values/virtues then you do not have an ethical
dilemma. Often people hold these positions strongly and with passion because of
the value / virtue beneath them

3. Determine what virtues/principles have a bearing on the case

In an ethical dilemma certain values and principles are central to the competing
positions. Identify these. Determine if some should be given more
weight than others. Ask what the source for the principle is - constitution, culture,
natural law, religious tradition…

4.list the alternatives

Creatively determine possible courses of action for your dilemma. Some will
almost immediately be discarded but generally the more you list the greater
potential for coming up with a really good one. It will also help you come up with a
broader
selection of ideas.

5. Compare the alternatives with the virtues/principles

This step eliminates alternatives as they are weighed by the moral principles which
have a bearing on the case. Potentially the issue will be resolved here as all
alternatives except one are eliminated. Here you must satisfy all the relevant
virtues and values - so at least some of the alternatives will be eliminated (even if
you still have to go on to step 6). Often here you have to weight
principles and virtues - make sure you have a good reason for each weighting.

6. Consider the consequences

If principles have not yielded a clear decision consider the consequences of your
alternatives. Take the alternatives and work out the positive and negative
consequences of each. Estimate how beneficial each positive and negative
consequence is - some might have greater weight than others.

7. Make a decision
Ethical decisions rarely have pain-free solutions - it might be you have to choose
the solution with the least number of problems / painful consequences.
Even when making a “good” decision you might still lose sleep over it or worry
about something.

WHY WILL IS AS IMORTANT AS REASON

Will, generally, is a faculty of the mind - within philosophy, will

is important as one of the parts of the mind, along with reason and
understanding. It is considered central to the field of ethics
because of its role in enabling deliberate action.

What is the difference between reason and will in ethics?

Will is the capacity to act according to the principles provided by reason. Reason
assumes freedom and conceives of principles of action in order to function.

How important is reason and will in our moral decision making?

Philosophers have long argued that people ought to deliberate over reasons and
evidence to make their moral decisions. Our research indicates that reasons play a
surprisingly inconsequential role in guiding moral decisions. Instead, people tend
to stick with their initial moral decisions, no matter the reasons.
How is the will developed in ethics?
To have a Good Will means to be motivated to do the right thing out of a sense of
moral duty. Doing the right thing adds meaning to our lives because it provides an
inner sense of having treated others humanely, not using them for our own
desires, and respecting them and allowing them the freedom to act as they will
What is meant by moral courage?
Moral courage is the individual's capacity to overcome fear and stand up for his or
her core values and ethical obligation

READ PAGES 190 TO 193

Therefore, a leader's moral courage provides the force of will to do

what is right regardless of the situation and the costs the leader
must incur. In combat, this is critical because leaders' moral
courage and integrity define the moral and ethical boundaries that
subordinates must operate within.