THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

02 WORKSHEET 3

Submitted by:

Abrigo, Rosil

Cabanela, Johndie

Laureta, Ella Mae

Lorenzo, Janice

Pascual, Danica Joy

 1. The State in a World of Economic Interdependence

Summary:
As per my understanding The State in a Universe of Financial relationship is a
framework by which many organizations in various nations are monetarily subject to
each other.On a macroeconomic level, this can include numerous nations being
financially reliant upon one another too. This reliance is a result of work
specialization, implying that when such countless items are delivered in one country,
occupations become more particular and monetary relationship will undoubtedly
shape. Likewise, as per the module globalization is regularly likened with the rising
force of worldwide unrestricted economy private enterprise. The two heroes and
pundits of the purported Washington Agreement and its 'neo-liberal' accentuation
on deregulation,privatization, and streamlined commerce view globalization as
forcing a constrained decision upon states. A notable supporter of neo-radicalism,
writer Thomas Friedman thought of the expression 'Brilliant Restraint' that
characterizing political-financial piece of clothing of this globalization period.
Friedman named a section 'Purchase Taiwan, Hold Italy, Offer France' that looks at
nations to individual stocks. State arrangements made a difference significantly that
public chiefs, for example, Ronald Reagan and Margaret That cher sought after the
free enterprise financial matters of Seared rich Hayek and Milton Friedman it is made
the circumstances for liberation, privatization, and deregulation to spread all over
the planet. Likewise, the neoliberal hypothesis is an item bundled for commodity to
immature countries. That's what the neoliberal masters demand assuming
unfortunate nations heed their guidance about free and open business sectors, they
will before long be individuals from the primary world club. As per Tony Clarke to
decide monetary, social, and ecological targets for public advancement the
transnational organizations should meet these needs.

Explanation:
In Socialist nations, for example, the Soviet Association, global exchange was kept at
any rate in light of the fact that the Socialist government believed the nation should
be confident. It didn't make any difference how proficient vehicle or shoe creation
was, insofar as the Soviet Association was not partaking in the Free enterprise
exchange organization.

Conversely, Entrepreneur nations in Western Europe and North America embrace

global exchange. Nations with cutting edge economies will regularly buy
merchandise from around the world that would somehow be amazingly costly to
locally deliver. Crude assets are likewise exchanged universally; products, for
example, oil just exist in a couple of spots all over the planet, meaning a few if not
well off countries should partake in global exchange request to work in the cutting
edge world.

2. Economic and Political Integration: The Case of the European Union

Summary:
Close by the rising monetary relationship of the past 50 years, states have framed
local associations with their neighbors, from freely weave associations advancing
exchange and financial collaboration like the African Association and the
Relationship of Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN) to exchanging alliances like the
North American International alliance (NAFTA) and the Caribbean People group
(Comunidad del Caribe). Europe obviously sticks out, as the landmass' political elites
took the jump into market reconciliation not long after WWII with the send off of the
European Coal and Steel People group. Today the European Association (EU) has 27
part states (with Croatia turning into the 28th part state in July 2013), a solitary
money and financial framework (among 17 part states), and a supranational
European Parliament with developing regulative powers close by the Chamber of
Pastors, the EU official establishment contained official delegates from public
legislatures. In late settlement modifications, the EU has ventured into unfamiliar
and security strategy and established, with the 1992 marking of the Maastricht Deal,
a typical citizenship that bears the cost of residents of the part expresses the
privileges to live, work, vote and, surprisingly, campaign for office in European
parliamentary races outside one's local part state.

Explanation:
The European Association is the single greatest monetary and political joining since
the Soviet Association. Europe had embraced the modern unrest and there was high
modern improvement across the district before The Second Great War. The conflict
brought the economy of Europe into squander, with large numbers of its enterprises
annihilated. From 1945 to 1990, a significant number of the nations in Eastern
Europe fell into the socialist hands of the USSR. The US came in tried to assist with
saving the European economy under the Marshall plan; it supported the western
piece of Europe and aided in building the economy. By the 1980s the socialist
countries were quickly falling while the economies of Western European nations
were progressively acquiring power, this is owing to the help of the USA.

3. The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles

Summary:
The finish of WWII in 1945 prompted a huge get some distance from the model of
state sway tracing all the way back to the Tranquility of Westphalia in 1648 that
supported outright state independence and dispossessed compassionate mediation.
The disappointment of the Class of Countries before the conflict just reinforced the
aggregate will among world pioneers to begin another global association that would
work with worldwide exchange and advances basic liberties and essential
opportunities. Heads of the Partners started outlining themselves all in all as the
'Joined Countries' while battling the conflict, and the San Francisco gathering in the
mid year and harvest time of 1945 set up the association that proceeds right up to
the present day. The framework has colossal impediments: The Assembled Countries
(UN) has never risen above the states framework and on second thought works for
the most part as a gathering for states to air their disparities and attempt to
determine them; This is particularly evident inside the Security Committee and
obsolete piece grants blackball capacity to every one of the five nations that won
WWII, as well as the General Gathering's overall absence of force and its state-based
setup. Desires in the establishing time of the UN by numerous world federalists,
including Albert Einstein, that the Unified Countries could one day progress into an
organization addressing the world's people groups not based on their public
enrollment but rather based on their mankind stay a fantasy conceded. The UN has
likewise been limped throughout the long term by key state entertainers
themselves: first with the Virus War impasse between the US and the Soviet
Association that made it challenging for the Security Gathering to arrive at aggregate
choices, and all the more as of late by the US-drove intrusion of Iraq in 2003 without
the authorization of the Security Committee. This communicated something specific
that states attacking different nations singularly and in contradiction of the UN
Sanction would confront no significant ramifications for their activities past analysis
and hatred. The UN has additionally been not able to forestall numerous barbarities
and destructions all over the planet during its set of experiences.

Explanation:
The cutting edge UN Sanction depends on the standard of global regulation to tie
states to acknowledge the desire of the Security Board. As a multilateral show, the
contract forces a
settlement commitment on its individuals however albeit sovereign states actually
get to choose whether to execute UN goals or not, their premise in global regulation
isn't frequently tested. The UN depends on two sorts of question goal — the
Worldwide Official courtroom, of which 65 states have acknowledged obligatory
locale; and the mediation abilities given under the contract to the Security
Gathering. The foundations of this twofold division date back to vestige and this part
follows the development of the first types of global regulation and the way that a
critical scholar in this field, Hugo Grotius, coordinated an undeveloped mass of
lawful points of reference that moved from the courts of discretion and molded
them into a group of worldwide regulation fit for serving as the limiting power
behind the Unified Countries (UN).

4. States as targets: Transnational Activism

Transnational Activism pertains to untold injustice that is solve with the help of other
international relations. An example here is the voting rights of women, before, only
men are able to participate, run and vote regarding politics but women was given an
equal rights due to transnational activism. Margaret keck who led an international
campaign that wants to ban the use of landmine as a weapon to a war that was
agreed by 160 states. There are a lot of incidents that transnational activism solved
such as domestic politics and some terrorist attacks. In other terms, transnational
activism aims to improve and develop global studies, peace and to grow fields in
international relations and global communications.

Explanation:
Transnational Activism pertains to untold injustice that is solve with the help of other
international relations. An example here is the voting rights of women, before, only
men are able to participate, run and vote regarding politics but women was given an
equal rights due to transnational activism. Margaret keck who led an international
campaign that wants to ban the use of landmine as a weapon to a war that was
agreed by 160 states. There are a lot of incidents that transnational activism solved
such as domestic politics and some terrorist attacks. In other terms, transnational
activism aims to improve and develop global studies, peace and to grow fields in
international relations and global communications.

5. Communication Networks, New Media, and the State

Summary:
Globalization has followed new types of virtual media that convey to mild the
opportunities for brand spanking new types of groups to coalesce thru networks and
create new arenas for political interaction, identity, and belonging.
Sociologist and verbal exchange theorist Manuel Castells pioneered the idea of the
‘community society’ (2000) together along with his careful optimism that residents
and civil society companies can more and more more use networks to gain energy
relative to states through generating ‘opportunity discourses which have the
capability to weigh down the disciplinary discursive capability of the country as a
important step to neutralizing its use of violence”’ (2009: 16). Castells believes
states are making a ‘pragmatic transformation’ (2009: 39) with the aid of using
adapting to healthy in amongst other ‘socially decisive international networks’ in
arenas including finance, education, science, technology, arts, culture, sports (reflect
on consideration on the Olympics and World Cup), and so forth. However, Castells
sees an inherent deficiency in how states have solid themselves into the worldwide
arena: for the maximum part, country wide governments view themselves as
representing simply their instantaneously and unique pastimes instead of running to
pursue any form of worldwide not unusual place good.

Explanation:
New media is any media from newspaper articles and blogs to music and podcasts
that are delivered digitally. From a website or email to mobile phones and streaming
apps, any internet-related form of communication can be considered new media.

6. Global Governance, the idea

Summary:
Global governance is visible as a discipline of possibility to maximise one's very own
interests, rather than a brand new context wherein political establishments
percentage governance round not unusualplace projects. In fact, the extra the
globalization manner proceeds, the extra the contradictions it generates
(identification crises, financial crises, protection crises) result in a revival of
nationalism, and to tries to repair the primacy of sovereignty … As lengthy as those
geopolitical contradictions persist, the sector can't shift from a pragmatic, advert hoc
networking shape of negotiated decision-making to a device of constitutionally
founded, networked, worldwide governance. (Castells, 2009:
41#x2013;2)
The silver lining is that new media opens up capacity for residents to benefit
leverage: ‘In the ultimate resort, it's far only the energy of worldwide civil society
appearing on the general public thoughts thru the media and conversation networks
that may
sooner or later conquer the historic inertia of nation-states”’ (Castells, 2009: 42).
Citizen campaigns concentrated on worldwide warming, social actions towards
company globalization and the web citizen mobilization that helped construct
momentum for Barack Obama's a success 2008 election marketing campaign all
illustrate, for Castells, a new type of ‘rebel politics’ hard the antique approaches that
states exert their dominance. The Occupymovement concentrated on the forces at
the back of social and financial inequality took this ‘rebel politics’ to a brand new
level
with protests cresting withinside the fall of 2011 that unexpectedly unfold to dozens
of international locations.
A new highbrow fault line, though, has been rising on the nexus of political verbal
exchange and international family members concerning whether or not the brand
new communications generation is giving the higher hand to residents or states.
While developing numbers of ‘community-oriented’ students consisting of Castells
are attempting to drag collectively evidence tracing the quantity that residents
withinside the ‘internet generation’ are gaining ground, skeptics argue that
authoritarian states
are running tough to consolidate their energy blessings and hold electricity
imbalances that in the end will toughen their coercive authority over residents. In his
ee-e book The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom, Evgeny Morozov
describes the numerous uphill battles going through democracy activists in
dictatorships round
the arena and warns that constitutional democracies including the United States,
aren't continually cautious enough to keep away from accidental effects while
advocating for dissidents in nations inclusive of Iran and China. An official
withinside the US State Department, for instance, despatched an e-mail message to
Twitter in June 2009, withinside the midst of massive road demonstrations in Tehran
following a disputed bring about Iran's presidential election, asking Twitter on
behalf of the Obama management to postpone habitual upkeep to its community
that allows you to make certain that protesters might be capable of preserve
microblogging with out interruption. In Morozov's view, this flow via way of means
of the United States authorities turned into misguided.

Explanation:
The goal of global governance, roughly defined, is to provide global public goods,
particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict,
functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry.
 7. An Unfinished Journey

Unfinished Journey pertains to a global governance where in the United Nations was
unable to find a conducive destinations. On the other hand, the UN already provide a
frameworks for the world leaders that tackle each country’s pressing problems.
Global governance may seem differences due to differences in policies and
philosophies. The global challenges mention pertains to climate change and supply
of public global goods which is hard to regulate that even global governance is not
capable of doing so. But global governance may still aim to understanding the
contemporary nature of efforts to help enhance the international relationships and
its frameworks. Its current goal is stable, peaceful, and well ordered society. I think
even without global government there is still room for initiatives for those in powers
to build a better society and it will always depends on the state leaders.

Explanation:
Unfinished Journey pertains to a global governance where in the United Nations was
unable to find a conducive destinations. On the other hand, the UN already provide a
frameworks for the world leaders that tackle each country’s pressing problems.
Global governance may seem differences due to differences in policies and
philosophies. The global challenges mention pertains to climate change and supply
of public global goods which is hard to regulate that even global governance is not
capable of doing so. But global governance may still aim to understanding the
contemporary nature of efforts to help enhance the international relationships and
its frameworks. Its current goal is stable, peaceful, and well ordered society. I think
even without global government there is still room for initiatives for those in powers
to build a better society and it will always depends on the state leaders.

8. Globalization

Summary:
Globalization coincides with states and certainly has spurred the advent of many
new states #x2013; with many countries and ethnic, linguistic and spiritual groups
lengthy submerged inside existing states growing up and traumatic statehood for
themselves. States now perform in a international wherein energy is dispersed each
horizontally (civil society and the marketplace) and vertically (worldwide
organizations, subnational political authorities, and secession movements).
 Globalization shapes states, and states in flip form globalization, and this round
waft encompasses many elements, together with transnational capital, investments,
ideas, brands, art, and music, film, broadcasting, carrying events, and so forth.
 Because the advantages and fees of globalization are inconsistently dispensed
throughout states and populations, existence probabilities for person residents are
closely decided through the precise states they may be from #x2013; and the way
those states degree up in safeguarding simple rights and making sure the availability
of primary needs.
 States set the agendas and additionally pressure the phrases of cooperation that
govern the sector's leading worldwide organizations, from the United Nations to the
World Trade Organization. States additionally craft and uphold the not unusualplace
requirements that emerge from those establishments.
 Globalization locations states into direct competition. States now compete on
numerous fronts: financial guidelines that provide the maximum favorable incentives
for multinational agencies to find inside their jurisdictions, tourism campaigns that
entice the arena's upwardly cell populations and their disposable incomes, and
political structures that meet simple minimal requirements of democratic legitimacy
and ethical credibility. Relative newcomer states on the worldwide degree or states
nonetheless transitioning from authoritarian structures to free-marketplace
capitalism and constitutional democracy pay specifically close
interest to how their international locations stack up withinside the league tables.
 Globalization has sparked competing dynamics of electricity diffusion and energy
consolidation (Schattle, 2012). While citizen activists and civil society organizations,
aided with the aid of using Internet verbal exchange and social media platforms,
have truly received leverage in global politics, every kingdom round the arena exerts
itself to maintain, in Weberian phrases, their ‘declare to the monopoly of the valid
use of bodily pressure in
the enforcement of its order’. We see this with biting readability withinside the
upward push of the ‘country wide protection country’. In the end, we're left with
uncertainty approximately what it'll take for states to uphold a greater complete set
of rights: civil and political rights in addition to social and monetary rights, that are
crucial for residents to flourish however have taken a again seat withinside the
modern political climate. As cited through Alison Brysk and Gershon Shafir (2004:
209), the modern-day development of globalization and the prevailing make-up of
governing establishments have left us with a ‘citizenship gap’ wherein ‘the
globalization of migration, production, regulation, and warfare assemble rights with
out enough establishments to implement them, identities with out club and
participation for a few at the rate of others”’. One fundamental assignment in
advance is for people and establishments of a wide variety to paintings extra
assiduously to shut this ‘citizenship gap’ and create greater equitable and
sustainable situations for the next
generation.

Explanation:
Globalisation means integrating the economy of a country with the economies of
other countries under conditions of free flow of trade, capital and movement of
persons across borders. It includes. Increase in foreign trade. Export and import of
techniques of production.

9. A Historical Perspective

Summary:
Many international relations specialists now prefer "global governance", the
structures of which are anything but static. Nay-sayers include right-wingers fearing
an intrusion by supranational authorities. Some of these arrangements date back to
the nineteenth century, when necessities for technical coordination first became
obvious. Inis Claude (1971) identified three major developments in international
relations. The first was the creation of multilateral, high-level political gatherings
such as the Congress of Vienna. The second was the membership conference system
that would meet regularly to build a peaceful world politics. The third was the public
international unions, where instead of diplomats, heads of state, actions were
turned over to technical experts. Global governance entails multi-level and
networked governance – what Jan Aart Scholte (2008) calls "an emergent polycentric
mode of governance" – to deal with linkages across policy levels and domains. In
spite of the ringing rhetoric of "We, the peoples," in the UN Charter's opening lines,
the world organization and other parts of the UN system are composed of states.
Good global governance implies, not exclusive policy jurisdiction, but an optimal
partnership between the state, regional and global levels of actors. While it cannot
displace the responsibility of local, state and national governments, the UN can and
should be the locus of multilateral diplomacy and collective action to solve common
problems.

Explanation:
The UN can and should be the locus of multilateral diplomacy and collective action to
solve common problems. Good global governance implies, not exclusive policy
jurisdiction, but an optimal partnership between the state, regional and global levels
of actors. In spite of the ringing rhetoric of "We, the peoples," in the UN Charter's
opening lines, the world organization is composed of states.

10. Identifying and diagnosing problems in the UN’s comparative

advantage

Summary:
The main gaps that the UN meets in the twenty-first century are those that it has
confronted since 1945: knowledge, norms, policy, institutions, and compliance. A
critical role in any of the five stages can cause efforts.

Explanation:
This mean that the main focus of these statement is: knowledge, norms, policy,
institutions, and compliance which can cause efforts.

11. Managing knowledge

Summary:
The 70th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations marks 70 years since the
Charter's signing in San Francisco. The atomic age was ushered in after the bombing
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki only two months later. Many undertakings begun during
the UN's lifetime were hardly imaginable 70 years ago. How do you address a
problem that goes beyond the capacity of any state? First, it is necessary to collect
solid data about the nature of the problem and to understand its causes. It is also
necessary to understand how knowledge acquired or created is transmitted to the
policy-making community. Aron argues that diplomats and soldiers "live and
symbolize international relations". World Bank technocrats, UN peacekeepers, NGO
humanitarians, and WikiLeakers jostle for space on increasingly crowded
international stage. Since 1967 the United Nations has identified and diagnosed
problems and kept them in the limelight. Idea-mongering is an under-appreciated
comparative advantage of the United Nations. The UN uses its convening capacity
and mobilizing power to help funnel knowledge from outside. Flagging issues and
keeping them in front of reluctant governments are quintessential UN tasks.

Explanation:
It means that it is also necessary to understand how knowledge acquired or created
is transmitted to the policy-making community. The 70th anniversary of the founding
of the United Nations marks 70 years since the Charter's signing in San Francisco.
First, it is necessary to collect solid data about the nature of the problem and to
understand its causes. The UN uses its convening capacity and mobilizing power to
help funnel knowledge from outside. Many undertakings begun during the UN's
lifetime were hardly imaginable 70 years ago. World Bank technocrats, UN
peacekeepers, NGO humanitarians, and WikiLeakers jostle for space on increasingly
crowded international stage.

12. DEVELOPING NORMS

Summary:
Human beingsare social actors; norms are essential to the functioning and existence
of society;, therefore, social interaction is viewed through normative lenses, from
bilateral relations between two individuals to relations among national leaders. Once
information has been collected and knowledge gained that a problem is serious
enough to warrant attention by the international policy community, new norms
need to be articulated, disseminated and institutionalized.

Explanation:
For example, once we know that HIV/AIDS is transmitted through unprotected
sexual activity, the norm of safe sex follows. Or as we gain information about the
sexual activities of UN field personnel, the norm of no sexual contact between them
and local populations might be articulated by the UN Secretariat. But there is neither
a homogeneous international society with respect to human rights and humanitarian
concerns nor a unifying normative architecture. Rather, the reality of norm variation
attests to the existence of a polymorphic international society. But there is neither a
homogeneous international society with respect to human rights and But there is
neither a homogeneous international society with respect to human rights and
humanitarian concerns nor a unifying normative architecture. Rather, the reality of
norm variation attests to the existence of a polymorphic international society.

13. FORMULATING RECOMMENDATION:

Summary:
The policy stage refers to the statement of principles and actions that an
organization is likely to take in the event of particular contingencies. The principal-
agent problem notwithstanding, the United Nations is in many respects a policy
actor in its own right (Thakur and Weiss, 2009). Thus, UN policy might promote
awareness about the gravity and causes of HIV/AIDS, encourage educational
campaigns, reject HIV-positive personnel in UN operations and declare zero
tolerance of sexual exploitation by UN peacekeepers. The UN's ability to convene
and consult widely plays an enormous part in its ability to formulate
recommendations for specific policies, institutional arrangements and regimes that
follow from identifying and diagnosing a problem and developing a norm of
desirable changes in behavior and approach by states (First UN). This is a function
that is quintessentially in the job descriptions not only of member states but also of
the staff of international secretariats (Second UN), who are often complemented by
trusted consultants, NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and expert groups
(Third UN). And the discussion and dissemination often occur in public forums and
global conferences (Schechter, 2005).

Explanation:
In February 2003, Secretary-General Kofi Annan established the Panel of Eminent
Persons on United Nations Relations with Civil Society, chaired by Brazil's former
president, Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Its 2004 report – “We the Peoples”: Civil
Society, the UN, and Global Governance – had a clear starting point: “Governments
alone cannot resolve today's global problems' (United Nations, 2004: 23). The report
is especially pertinent in determining how the world organization meets the
challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century (United Nations, 2004:
12): Multilateralism no longer concerns governments alone but is now multifaceted,
involving many constituencies; the UN must develop new skills to serve this new way
of working; It must become an outward-looking or network organization, catalyzing
the relationships needed to get strong results and not letting the traditions of its
formal processes be barriers; It must strengthen global governance by advocating
universality, inclusion, participation, and accountability at all levels; and It must
engage more systematically with world public opinion to become more responsive,
to help shape public attitudes and to bolster support for multilateralism. The massive
relief effort showed the UN's ability to convene and foster multi-constituency
processes, its ability to catalyze networks and its capacity to exercise global
leadership. However, with urgency gone, a more severe test was the world
organization's ability to carry out the rest of the report's more operational proposals
concerning global governance and civil society over the longer run, to institutionalize
the procedures adopted for the moment.

14. INSTITUNATING IDEAS

Summary:
Institutions provide another example of the impact of ideas. Some seven decades
into the UN's history, virtually every problem has several global institutions working
on significant aspects of solutions. Actors in world politics can and do cooperate, and
they do so more often than they engage in conflict. Intergovernmental organizations
can help to facilitate joint action by sharing information, reducing transaction costs,
providing incentives for concessions and establishing mechanisms for dispute
resolution and agreed on decision-making processes. Institutions can facilitate
problem-solving even though they do not possess any coercive powers. In particular,
IGOs can increase the number of productive interactions among their member states
that can, in turn, help build confidence and bridges for other relations. Once created
and because they promise benefits in one arena of technical cooperation,
organizations formed by states can sow the seeds for additional cooperation – in
short, they can take on lives of their own.

Explanation:
In the continuing evolution of the actors, arenas, and architecture of global
governance, multilateral institutions must recognize and involve non-state actors on
the basis of criteria that ensure their legitimacy and effectiveness. In the areas of
social and economic welfare and humanitarianism, in particular, non-state actors
have become integral and essential components of multilateral action. Twenty-first-
century multilateralism cannot be confined therefore to relationships among states
but must reflect the plurality of international relations, including the key roles of
non-state actors. By the same token, NGOs themselves must acknowledge and act
on the acknowledgment, that they are now oftentimes actors and participants in the
global policy process. With influence on decisions come responsibility for the
consequences and distributional impacts of the decisions. Similarly, the for-profit
private sector too must take a greater interest in issues of international governance
and pay its due share of the costs of the provision of global public goods.