Republic of the Philippines

North Eastern Mindanao State University

Cantilan, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
www.sdssu.edu.ph

MODULE ONE
SETS, NUMERATION SYSTEM
AND WHOLE NUMBERS

A Course Pack in GE-Math

Basic Mathematics

MARK VINCENT ARNALDO

Contractual Instructor
August 2021

1|P ag e BASIC MATHEMATICS M CO

Week 2-4

DISCLAIMER
This module is a collection of the works by various authors by internet sources, manuals,
and books and will only be used for educational purposes.
The authors who are the source of some sections contained in this module are granted
due recognition. The compiler/owner shall not claim copyrights in respect of any element
from other sources.

I. Course Overview
This course pack is produced specifically for the GE-Math (Basic Mathematics) course
intended for SDSSU Cantilan students enrolled in the Bachelor of Computer Engineering
Science (BSCpE) program. This is the first module for prelim period. It deals with Math's Nuts and
Bolts. Students will be presented with a solid basis of the mathematical methods needed to
solve complex mathematical operations. Considering the course description, this course aims
to include debate on whole numbers, integers, percentages, decimals, ratios and proportions.
Also, includes exploring and solving one-variable linear equations and applications as well as
simple algebraic concepts with geometric extensions.
II. General Instruction
This module begins with an introduction that encapsulates the topics or lessons that
students of this course have to learn, understand and value. This Module is composed of five
parts of which the first part pertains to the Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs). The next part is
the course direction where students are directed to focus their respective course works. The
nitty-gritties of the course are also placed in the lecture and discussion which is the third part
of the module. Each student taking this course is also required to answer all the exercises and
assessment task to measure whether the student have learned from the lessons. For the
students to grasp all the essentials of the topics covered in a particular lesson, links, URLs,
videos and other supplementary reading materials are provided in this module.
III. Academic Integrity
Academic honesty is required of all students. Plagiarism--to take and pass off as one‟s
own work, the work or ideas of another--is a form of academic dishonesty. Penalties may be
assigned for any form of academic dishonesty” (See Student Handbook/College Manual).
Sanctions for breaches in academic integrity may include receiving a grade of an “Failed” on
a test or assignment. In addition, the Director of Student Affairs may impose further
administrative sanctions.

IV. Introduction

In this module three chapters are discussed with 4-6 lessons each. The first chapter deals
with sets, in which concept of it is used in mathematics to base different topics. In this,
emphasis is given only to the basic concepts of sets. The second chapter deals with the
evolution of the numbering system from ancient times to present. Chapter three dealt with the
basic concepts of the whole number and its properties.

2|P ag e BASIC MATHEMATICS MVARNALDO

Chapter 1: SETS
LESSON 1 SET N OTATION

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 Describe the elements of a set; and
 Denote the elements of a set.

A set is a collection of well-defined objects

often denoted by a capital letter in English
Alphabet. The objects in a set are called its
elements. The elements can be described
through its characteristics like shape, size, color
and other observable characteristics. The number
of elements in a given set is called cardinality
denoted by n(A).

Two Methods of Describing or Denoting a Set

1. Roster/Enumeration Method - elements of the set are listed within the pair of brackets { }
and are separated by commas.
Ex. A= {,,} n(A) = 3
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} n(A)= 7
2. Set-Builder Notation - the set is specified as a selection from a larger set, determined by
a condition involving the elements. It describes or defines the elements of set instead of
listing the elements.
Ex. A= {x  N < 6} read as “Set A is the set of all x such that x is an element of Natural
Numbers less than six}
A= {x  x is an even number between 10 and 20}
NOTE: In writing a set, element should only appear ONCE.

3|P ag e BASIC MATHEMATICS MVARNALDO

 LESSON 2 KINDS OF SET

OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to :
 Identify the kinds of set and its element

Sets are defined based on their characteristics and elements.

1. Null Set – A set having no elements or an empty set denoted by { } or Ø.

Example: A = {x : 9 < x < 10, x is a natural number}
This will be a null set because there is NO natural number between numbers 9 and 10.
Therefore, A={ }
2. Singleton Set – Sets having only one element or singleton.
Example: W = {v: v is a vowel letter and v is the first alphabet of English}
This is a singleton set with just one element {a}.
3. Finite Set – Set having countable elements.
Example: V= {a, e, i, o, u}
This is a finite set that contains 5 elements. The set represents the vowel letters in the
English alphabetical series.
4. Infinite Set – A set having elements which cannot be counted.
Example: C = {x: x is an even number}
This is an infinite set which contain uncountable elements, {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, . . .}
Note: The three dots are called ellipses which means “and so forth”
5. Universal Set – A set containing all elements of a problem under consideration. It is
generally represented by the letter U.
Example: The set of Real Numbers is a universal set for ALL natural, whole, odd, even,
rational and irrational numbers.
6. Equal Set – Two sets X and Y are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements
(irrespective of the order of appearance in the set). Equal sets are represented asX=Y.
Otherwise, the sets are referred to as unequal sets, which are represented as X ≠ Y.
Example: X = {a, e, i, o, u} and H = {o, u, i, a, e} then both of these sets are equal, X = H.
C = {1, 3, 5, 7} and D = {1, 3, 5, 9} then both of these sets are unequal, C ≠ D.
7. Equivalent Set – Sets having the same number of elements, denoted by ↔.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {x : x is a vowel letter}
Thus, A↔B because both sets have 5 elements each.

4|P ag e BASIC MATHEMATICS M CO

 LESSON 3 SET RELATION
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
 Determine the relationship of the sets in a Venn diagram; and
 Identify the included elements of the related sets.
Venn diagram of sets makes use of a rectangle representing the universal set U. Inside
this rectangle, circles or other geometrical figures are used to represent sets. Venn diagrams
are often used to indicate and illustrate the relationship between sets.
How many sets are there in the Venn diagram? What set
contains all the elements found in the Venn diagram? How
are the sets related to each other?
Consider the following illustrated in the Venn
diagram.
U= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}
X= {,a, b, c, d, e}
Y= {c, d, h, i}
Z= {c, e, f, g, h}
W= {g}
V = {j, k}
The common set relation includes: (Note: The examples given are based on the Venn diagram above)
1. Intersection – common elements between the sets denoted by ∩.
Ex: X ∩ Y ∩ Z = {c}
2. Subset – a set A is said to be a subset of B if and only if every element of A is also
an element of B denoted by A ⊆ B.
Ex: W ⊆ Z
3. Superset – if a set contains a subset denoted by B ⊇ A
Ex: Z ⊇ W
4. Disjoint set – two sets are said to be disjoint sets if they have no element in common.
Ex. Sets V and Y are disjoint.

5|P ag e BASIC MATHEMATICS M CO

 LESSON 4 SET OPERATION

OBJECTIVE
After completing this lesson, students will be able to perform the following set operation:
 Union
 Intersection
 Complement
 Difference; and
 Cartesian product

1. Set Union
The union of two sets is a set containing all
elements that are in A or in B (possibly both). For
example, {1,2}𝖴{2,3}={1,2,3}. Thus, we can write x
∈ (A𝖴B) if and only if (x∈A) or (x∈B). Note
that A𝖴B=B𝖴A.

2. Set Intersection
The intersection of two sets A and B,
denoted by A∩B, consists of all elements that are
both in A and B. For example, {1,2}∩{2,3}={2}.
3. Set Complement
The complement of a set A, denoted
by A or A‟, is the set of all elements that are in the
c

universal set S but are not in A.

4. Set Difference
The difference (subtraction) is defined as
follows. The set A−B consists of elements that
are in A but not in B. For example if A={1,2,3}
and B={3,5}, then A−B={1,2}. Note that, A – B ≠
B – A.
5. Cartesian Product
A Cartesian product of two sets A and B,
written as A×B, is the set containing ordered pairs
from A and B. That is, if C=A×B, then each element
of C is of the form (x,y), where x∈A and y∈B:

A×B={(x,y)|x∈A and y∈B}.

For example, if A={1,2,3} and B={H,T} then
A×B={(1,H),(1,T),(2,H),(2,T),(3,H),(3,T)}. Note that, the
pairs are ordered, so for example, (1,H)≠(H,1). Thus,
A×B is not the same as B×A.

6|P ag e BASIC MATHEMATICS M CO

CHAPTER SUMMARY
Ø Sets are collection of well-defined objects
Ø Null set has no elements
Ø Singleton set contains one element
Ø Finite set contains countable elements
Ø Infinite set contains uncountable elements
Ø Universal set contains all the elements or objects, including itself
Ø Two sets are said to be equal sets if they have the same elements
Ø Two sets are said to be equivalent sets if they have the same number of elements
regardless of the identity
Ø Venn diagram is use to illustrate a given set.
Ø Set intersection, Subset, Superset, and disjoint set are the common set relations.
Ø Set union is the combination of elements in two sets
Ø Set intersection is the common elements in two sets
Ø Element/s in universal set that is not in A is the set complement of A.
Ø Element/s in set A that is not in set B is the set difference of A and B or A – B.

SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS

Sets and Set Operation. Retrieved from

https://people.cs.pitt.edu/~milos/courses/cs441/lectures/Class7.pdf

Basic concepts of Set. Retrieved from https://castle.eiu.edu/~mathcs/mat2120/index/set03-

2x3.pdf (pages1-5)

Set (Mathematics). Retrieved from

http://home.ku.edu.tr/~amostafazadeh/math107/F2012/Handouts/Sets%20from%20Wikipedia_
2012_09_18.pdf

7|P ag e BASIC MATHEMATICS M CO

REFERENCES
ONLINE
Sets and Set Operation. Retrieved from
https://people.cs.pitt.edu/~milos/courses/cs441/lectures/Class7.pdf

Basic concepts of Set. Retrieved from https://castle.eiu.edu/~mathcs/mat2120/index/set03-

2x3.pdf (pages1-5)

Set (Mathematics). Retrieved from

http://home.ku.edu.tr/~amostafazadeh/math107/F2012/Handouts/Sets%20from%20Wikipedia_
2012_09_18.pdf

Numeration system. Retrieved from https://people.umass.edu/gmhwww/382/pdf/05-

numeration.pdf (page 11-19)

Whole Numbers. Retrieved from http://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/femh102.pdf

Whole Numbers. Retrieved from

https://www.sccollege.edu/Faculty/epham/Documents/MathCE%20206/Chapter%201%20-
%20Whole%20Numbers.pdf

OFFLINE

Miller, Julie. Basic College Mathematics, third edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. (Pages 1-19)

Acevedo, Reinar A. Basic Mathematics, Great Books Publishing, Quezon City© 2012. (Pages 1-54)

TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS

In order to complete this module efficiently, a Facebook group will be created. I will be
giving updates and announcements as to how you will pass your activities and exercises in
that group. You may also ask queries in the FB group.

Because SDSSU-Cantilan campus is adapting flexible learning due to COVID-19

pandemic, additional online platforms such Google classroom may be included in order to
complete this module. Addition of online platforms will depend on the capacity of the
students.

INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION

Name: MARK VINCENT ARNALDO

E-mail Address: [email protected]
Consultation Hours: During Class Schedule Only
Mode of Teaching/Learning Delivery: Online Learning
Tools/Platforms: Google Classroom and FB Messenger

8|P ag e BASIC MATHEMATICS M CO