PRELIMS *PASSED CUTIE* member of society) & superego (Moral

*INTRO. to Theories of Personality principle, rights&wrongs, conscience, ego-

- Personality is the characteristics that ideal).
differentiate one person from another. - The Id, ego, & superego are continually in
Leads people to act in a consistent & conflict w/ one another. Ego tries to
predictable manner. Enduring/lasting control/reduce/redirect anxiety thru the
patterns of behavior & thought (across time use of defense mechanisms by distorting
& situation). reality.
- Traits are a distinguishing quality or - Provoked a number of criticisms; lack of
characteristic of ONE person. It can be supportive scientific data; inadequacy in
passed down from parents to offspring. making predictions, it’s limitations owing to
the restricted population on which it’s
4 Major Perspectives on Personality based.
1. Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations. - Neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorists built
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) upon this theory but placed greater; role of
- University of Vienna 1873 ego & paid greater; social factors in
- Voracious reader determining behavior.
- Medical School Graduate 2. Trait - specific dimensions of personality
- Specialized in Nervous 3. Humanistic - inner capacity for growth
- Disorders: Some patients’ 4. Social-Cognitive - influence of environment.
disorders
- Had no physical cause Approaches in Psychology: Psychodynamic
- Behavior is caused by parts of Approach - neo-Freudians (less emphasis on sex)
personality which r found in - Carl Jung: Personal vs. Collective
unconscious (psychoanalysts) Unconscious; Balance between introversion
- Freud’s 3 levels of & extroversion
awareness/consciousness: - Alfred Adler: Striving for Superiority =
conscious mind (thoughts, motivation to master environment; Notion
perceptions) the things we r of an Inferiority Complex
focusing on, preconscious mind - Karen Horney: Personality is cultural rather
(memories, stored knowledge) than biological.
things we r not currently aware but
could focus on, & unconscious
mind (fears, violent motives, selfish Approaches in Psychology: Humanistic Approach
needs, irrational wishes, (Third Force)
unacceptable sexual desires, - Rejected Freud’s pessimistic view of
shameful experiences, immoral personality.
urges) thoughts we r unaware of. - Rejected Behaviorist’s mechanistic view.
“The mind is like an iceberg”-- - More optimistic/positive about human
mostly hidden. nature.
Psychoanalysis: Freud’s Structure of Personality - Humans are free and basically good, inner-
- This theory suggests that personality is directed.
composed of the id (Pleasure principle, - Everyone has the potential for healthy
unorganized, primitive impulses, hunger, growth.
sex, aggression), ego (Reality Principle, - Health growth involves Self actualization:
maintains safety of indiv. to help be a “Be all you can be.”
 - Given the right environmental conditions, - Albert Bandura: theoretical origins of
we can reach our full potential. behaviorism - emphasizes the role of
- Carl Rogers: humans r innately good. learning in personality; classical
Developed his theory on Person-Centered conditioning, operant conditioning, &
Perspective. (W/ right environment, we’ll modeling, instead of studying what’s going
develop our full potentials; Self-concept is on inside the persons (traits), he focuses on
the center feature of personality, +/-) what’s going on outside (environment).
- Self-concept: our image/perception of
ourselves (Real Self vs. ideal Self) Personality Assessment - techniques for
- We have a need for positive systematically gathering information abt a person in
regard/approval from others. order to understand/predict behavior.
- Conditions of worth or conditional positive Goal of personality assessment - obtain reliable,
regard. valid measure of indiv. Differences that’ll permit the
- The conditions under which other people accurate prediction of behavior.
will approve of us. Behavioral assessment - based on principles of
- We change our behavior to obtain approval. learning theory; it employs direct measurement of
- What we need is: Unconditional positive behavior to determine the characteristics related to
regard. personality.
- Abraham Maslow: Self-actualization is the
culmination of a lifetime of inner directed;
growth & improvement; challenging *PSYCHODYNAMIC
ourselves to the fullest; Self-Actualized - Sigmund Freud: Austrian neurologist; May
person is creative/open to new experiences, 6, 1856; Mother’s fav; Fam were Jewish;
committed to a cause/higher goal, Studied med at Univ. of Vienna (1873),
trusting/caring of others but not Developed Psychoanalysis.
dependent, have courage to act on their - Structure of Mind: Iceberg Analogy (refer
convictions. to 1st page: Psychoanalytic)
- Structure of Personality: Id, Ego, Superego.
Approaches in Psychology: Trait Theory - way to ID: BIOLOGICAL - pleasure principle, chaotic,
describe/predict but NOT a development theory. primitive, tries to satisfy sexual & aggressive
- Gordon Allport: father of trait theory, drives, impulsive, irrational, selfish.
founded upon personal experience; there’s EGO: PHYSIOLOGICAL - reality principle,
a value in surface characteristics—there’s rational, delayed gratification, reasonable,
more to a person that what is at the moderator, decision-maker, logical, most
“unconscious” level. conscious.
- Raymond Cattel: Empirical approach to trait SUPEREGO - morality principle, how we
theory ought to behave, ideals, standard of
- Hans Eysenck: theoretical approach to trait judgement,conscience.
theory, believed that we’re “genetically- Interaction between them:
based”, very biologically oriented. ID: i want to do that!
EGO: maybe we can compromise.
Approaches in Psychology: Social Cognitive SUPEREGO: it’s not right to do that.
Perspective
- Behavior learned thru conditioning & DEFENSE MECHANISM - ego uses to help prevent
observation; interaction of environment & people from becoming overwhelmed by a
intellectual. conflict/anxiety. It operates at an unconscious level
(we’re not aware of them while actually doing/using PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
them, but may later be aware). 1. Oral - Birth to 1yr.; nurturance w/ first
1. Repression - suppressing painful caretaker; weaning: first expe. w/
thoughts/memories. frustration.
2. Denial - refusing to accept real events that r 2. Anal - 1 to 3 yrs.; expe. of external control
unpleasant. & discipline; parents r overly concerned/
3. Projection - attributing unacceptable too harsh. Internalized expe. of self-control
desires to others. = compulsive; frustration of overcontrol =
4. Rationalization - justifying behaviors by passive-aggressive.
substituting acceptable real reasons. 3. Phallic - 3 to 6 yrs.; becomes concentrated
5. Displacement - transferring undesirable in genitals & masturbation; Oedipus
impulses/actions to a target that is more Complex (male “sexual desire for his mom);
likable/less dangerous. Electra Complex (female “penis envy”).
6. Reaction formation - acting the opposite of 4. Latency - 6yrs. To puberty; libido is
how u actually feel/think/believe. dormant; parent’s attempts to
7. Regression - returning to coping strats for punish/discourage sexual activity.
less mature stages of development. 5. Genitals - puberty to adult; adolescent
8. Sublimation - Redirecting unacceptable sexual experimentation; sexual instinct is
desires thru socially acceptable one/ directed to heterosexual pleasure.
conversion of destructive impulses into
something more beneficial. Instincts - Freud’s German term for this concept is
9. Fixation - libido's indelible commitment to Trieb, which is the best translated as a “driving
a younger, more rudimentary stage of force/impulse”
development. 2 TYPES OF INSTINCTS
10. Introjection - People introduce traits that - Life Instincts: drive for ensuring survival of
they believe are valuable and will make indiv. & the species by satisfying the needs
them feel better about themselves. for food,water,air,&sex.
- Death Instincts: unconscious drive toward
- Freud’s stages of development: this theory decay, destruction, & aggression.
suggests that personality develops thru Anxiety - a feeling of fear & dread w/out an obvious
stages, each associated w/ major biological cause.
function. He also theorized that as people 3 TYPES OF ANXIETY:
age, they pass thru several systematic - Reality Anxiety: a fear of tangible dangers
stages of psychosexual dev. in their - Neurotic Anxiety: involves a conflict
personality. between id & ego
- Stages of Personality Development: - Moral Anxiety: involves a conflict between
Conflict Areas - involves critical events that id & superego.
occur in every child’s life; each level has a
conflict between pleasure & reality;
resolution of this conflict determines *ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
personality; “fixation” can occur at any - Carl Jung: proposed/father of analytical
stage, if needs r under/over-gratified, we psych.; friend of Freud, but conflict arose
become fixated in that stage. Each stage when he started this theory.
involves an erogenous zone (body part
involve in sexual pleasure).
 - Areas of Improvement: Entropy - equalization of energy
1. Jung broadened Freud’s definition of libido; differences.
its a more generalized psychic energy that
includes sex but is not restricted to it. Systems of Personality
2. Argued that we’re shaped by our future & 1. Ego (Jiv-Atman) - center of consciousness;
past. We r affected not only by what carries out daily activities.
happened to us as children, but also by 2. Personal Unconscious - Individual’s
what we aspire to do in the future. thoughts, memories, wishes, impulses; like
3. probed deeply into the unconscious and Freud’s Preconscious + Unconscious.
added a new dimension (collective 3. Collective Unconscious (Atman) -
unconscious - inherited experiences of Storehouse of memories inherited from the
human and non-human species). common ancestors of the whole human
race; no counterpart in Freud’s theory.
- Psychic Energy (Libido): opposites, CONCEPT: CARL JUNG- collective unconscious is the
equivalent, & entropy - concept of a same for all people and is present at birth.
principle of activity powering the operation FREUD - the unconscious developed from repressed
of the mind. childhood experiences.
- Libido - broader, more generalized form of
psychic energy.; Minimized the importance EGO: Attitudes
of sex in this theory; but he maintained a a. EXTRAVERSION - orientation toward
vigorous, anxiety-free sex life and enjoyed a external world and other people.
number of extramarital affairs & b. INTROVERSION - orientation toward one’s
surrounded himself with adoring women own thoughts and feelings.
patients and disciples who typically fell
deeply in love with him (carl jung babaero) Psychological Functions of Psyche
- Psyche: Jung’s term of Personality 1. SENSING - Reproduces an experience
through the senses.
3 Basic Principles: Functioning of Psychic Energy 2. INTUITING - Does not arise directly from an
1. Principle of Opposites / Opposition external stimulus.
Principle - conflict between opposing 3. THINKING - conscious judgement of
processes or tendencies is necessary to whether an experience is true or false.
generate psychic energy. 4. FEELING - Expressed in terms of like/dislike,
Opposition/antithesis - conflict between pleasantness/unpleasantness,
polarities. (hot/cold, tall/short) stimulation/dullness.
2. Principle of Equivalence - continuing
redistribution of energy within a PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES - eight types based on
personality; if energy expanded/ activities interactions of the attitudes and the functions.
weakens/ disappears, enrgy is transferred ➔ EXTRAVERTED THINKING - Logical,
elsewhere in personality. objective, dogmatic
Equivalence - the new area to which the ➔ INTROVERTED THINKING - More interested
energy has shifted must have an equal in ideas than in people.
psychic value. ➔ EXTRA. FEELING - Emotional, sensitive,
3. Principle of Entropy - tendency toward sociable, more typical of women than men
balance/equilibrium within the personality; ➔ INTRO. FEELING - Reserved,
equal distribution of psychic energy over all undemonstrative, yet capable of deep
structures of the personality. emotion
 ➔ EXTRA. SENSING - Outgoing, pleasure- self-actualization involves goals and plans
seeking, adaptable for the future and an accurate perception of
➔ INTRO. SENSING - Outwardly detached, one’s abilities; self development is
expressing themselves in aesthetic pursuits impossible without self-knowledge, most
➔ EXTRA. INTUITING - Creative, able to difficult process we face in life (persistence,
motivate others and seize opportunities perceptiveness, & wisdom).
➔ INTRO. INTUITING - Concerned with the 6. MOTHER ARCHETYPE - built-in ability to
unconscious more than everyday reality recognize a certain relationship, that of
"mothering.“; symbolized by primordial
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS: mother/ "earth mother" of mythology, by
Archetypes - images of universal experiences Eve & Mary in western traditions, less
contained in the collective unconscious (other personal symbols: church, nation, forest, or
names: dominants, imagos, mythological, primordial the ocean.
images) - someone whose own mother failed to
satisfy the demands of the archetype may
1. PERSONA ARCHETYPE - public face or role will be one that spends his/her life seeking
in a person presents to others. comfort in the church or in identification
- Persona refers to a mask that an actor with "the motherland,"/ in meditating upon
wears to display various roles or faces to the figure of Mary, or in a life at sea.
the audience; necessary because we are 7. FATHER ARCHETYPE - symbolized by a
forced to play many roles in life, to succeed guide or an authority figure
in school, job and to get along with others. 8. FAMILY ARCHETYPE - idea of blood
2. ANIMA ARCHETYPE - psyche of women relationship and ties that run deeper than
contains masculine aspects. those based on conscious reasons.
3. ANIMUS ARCHETYPE - psyche of man 9. CHILD ARCHETYPE - represented in
contains feminine aspects. mythology and art by children, infants most
- According to JUNG, humans are essentially especially, as well as other small creatures.
bisexual. Both archetypes must be expressed, 10. HERO ARCHETYPE - mana personality and
Otherwise, these vital aspects will remain dormant the defeater of evil dragons; represents
and ego; engaged in fighting the shadow, in the
undeveloped, leading to one-sidedness of the form of dragons and other monsters; often
personality dumb, ignorant of the ways of the collective
4. SHADOW ARCHETYPE - dark side of unconscious; out to rescue the maiden;
personality; contains primitive animal guided by “wise old man”
instincts; it’s the source of evil but also 11. MAIDEN ARCHETYPE - represents purity,
vitality, spontaneity, creativity, & emotion - innocence, naiveness.
if suppressed, psyche will be dull & lifeless. 12. WISE OLD MAN - a form of the animus, and
- animal instincts don’t disappear when reveals to the hero the nature of the
they are suppressed, rather, they lie collective unconscious.
dormant, awaiting a crisis or a weakness in
the ego so they can gain control. INDIVIDUATION - condition of psychological health
5. SELF ARCHETYPE - represents the unity, resulting from the integration of all conscious and
integration, and harmony of the total unconscious facets of the personality.
personality; bringing together/balancing all
parts of the personality; occurs around
middle age, a crucial period of transition;
*INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY