Multi Crop Line Seeding

Multi-Crop Inline Seeding Machine June 2015
Abstract
This paper worked on the design of multi-crop in line seeding machine manually operated
specially for wheat, barley, sorghum, maize, lintel, bean and other related size cereals capable
of delivering seeds and fertilizer precisely in three rows with uniform depth into the furrow,
and with uniform spacing required between them. It uses 491.08 Watt pulling power from a
pair of 250 to 320kg weighted bullocks for drawn implement of the seeds. This operation is
performed by the plough at back of the front ground wheel that having sprocket attachment
connected with a chain power transmission system to the back pair wheels holder shaft
sprocket that provides the power required for seed metering mechanism and by a pair of depth
control wheels on either side for proper adjustment of depth of seed placement and uses for
transportation of machine.
The results obtained from the design calculation showed that the multi- crop in line seeder
machine functioned properly with a seeding capacity of 0.10584 hectare/hr.
Generally, this project comprises of all necessary information and directions to the feasibility
of the machine for manufacturing and demonstrating of engineering techniques to reduce
human labor specifically for agricultural application.
Keyword: Design, multi-crop, manually operated, three rows, ground wheel, seeding capacity
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Acknowledgment
We would like to express our gratitude and sincere thanks to our advisor Mr. Derese Degefa for
giving his time long lasting advice without tedium from start to end of this paper to become
successful. Our thanks also goes to Ato Jemal Seide who works in Kombolcha Agricultural
College Plant Science Department for his polite reception and giving relevant information
regarding to cereal seeding and Birhane Gold shop owner w/ro Birhane G/Eyesus for
permitting her digital weight measuring device to know us each weight of a single seed that
essentially important for our design.
Finally, we have special gratitude for Mechanical Engineering Department for helping us to
use work shop and computer service and KIOT industrial linkage office for writing letters to
gather data from other organizations. And, our friends like Hajibu to co-operate computer
access and some other whom did not mention their name have helped us a lot. Thank you all.
Author’s Name
Eshetu Kassa, Fikre Seyifu, Chalachew Dagnew and Bineym Asrat
ITR/356/03, ITR/386/03, ITR/266/03 and ITR/244/03
BSc, Mechanical Engineering
Kombolcha Institute of Technology, 2015
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Table of content
Contents
Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... I
Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................................... II
Table of content ........................................................................................................................................ III
List of figure .............................................................................................................................................. V
List of Table .............................................................................................................................................. VI
List of Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... VII
List of conversion factors........................................................................................................................ VIII
Chapter one: Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1- Background Information................................................................................................................. 1
1.2- Statement of problem...................................................................................................................... 2
1.3- Objective of the Study .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1- General objectives of the projects............................................................................................ 2
1.3.2- Specific objective .................................................................................................................... 3
1.4- Significance of the study ................................................................................................................ 3
1.5- Scope of the Study .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.6- Methodology................................................................................................................................... 3
1.7- Organization of the Study ............................................................................................................... 4
Chapter Two: Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 5
2.1- Agricultural machines..................................................................................................................... 5
2.2- Socio Economic Conditions of Ethiopia versus Agriculture .......................................................... 5
2.3- Some Types of Crop Data’s and Their Function ............................................................................ 6
2.3.1- Wheat ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.3-Sorghum.................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.4-Barley........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.4-Type of Soil in Ethiopia................................................................................................................... 9
2.5-Soil Tillage .................................................................................................................................... 10
2.6-Fertilizer Placement ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.7-Animal traction .............................................................................................................................. 11
2.8-Seeding Method ............................................................................................................................. 11
2.9-Some Common Type Devices Used for Seed Drills and Planter in Foreign Country ................... 12
2.10-Agriculture comparison of the past with today............................................................................ 14
Chapter Three: Design Analysis of multi-crop in line seeder .................................................................. 15
3.1-Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 15
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3.2-Comparison of Different Mechanism of Metering Assessed......................................................... 15

3.3-Design Matrix ................................................................................................................................ 18
3.4-Design Hypothesis ......................................................................................................................... 19
3.5-Data’s of Different Crops Size ...................................................................................................... 19
3.6-Design Specification ...................................................................................................................... 20
3.7-Determination of Pulling Power .................................................................................................... 20
3.8-Determination of Seeder Capacity ................................................................................................. 21
3.9-Determination of seed rate Kg/ha .................................................................................................. 21
3.10.1-Design of wheel .................................................................................................................... 22
3.8.2-Bearing Selection .................................................................................................................... 26
3.10.3-Design of Axel ...................................................................................................................... 28
3.10.4-Power Transmission Unit ..................................................................................................... 30
3.8.5-Shaft Design ........................................................................................................................... 35
3.10.6-Design of Metering Chain .................................................................................................... 37
3.8.7-Design of Seed and Fertilizer Metering Shaft ........................................................................ 38
3.10.8-Design of Plough .................................................................................................................. 39
3.10.9-Design of Frame ................................................................................................................... 41
3.10.10-Design of Metering Plate .................................................................................................... 44
3.10.11-Selection of Seed Delivery Tube ........................................................................................ 45
3.10.12-Standard Materials .............................................................................................................. 46
3.10.13-Maintenance Procedure ...................................................................................................... 46
3.10.14-Manufacturing Process ....................................................................................................... 47
3.10.15-Cost Analysis of Multi - Crop in Line Seeding Machine ................................................... 47
Chapter Four: Conclusion, Recommendation and Future Work .............................................................. 48
4.1-Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 48
4.2-Recommendation ........................................................................................................................... 49
4.3-Feature work .................................................................................................................................. 49
Reference ............................................................................................................................................. 50
Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 51
Appendix 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 54
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List of figure
Figure 1.1: Sowing Crops by Broadcasting Manually ................................................................. 1
Figure 1.2: Hand Dropping Seed and Fertilizer in the Canal .................................................... 2
Figure 2.2: Fertilizer Placement between Seeds ........................................................................ 10
Figure 2.3: Manual Dibbling Seeds ........................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.4: Manually Operated Single Row Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill .................................... 13
Figure 2.5: Animal Drawn Seed Drill ........................................................................................ 13
Figure 2.6: Camel Operated Seed-Cum-Fertilizer Drill ............................................................ 14
Figure 3.1: Pick up Type Precision Seed Meters ....................................................................... 15
Figure 3.2: Belt Type Precision ................................................................................................. 16
Figure 3.3: Fluted Roller Type ................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.4: External Forces Feed Type Seed Meters ................................................................. 17
Figure 3.5: Plates Type Seed Meter ........................................................................................... 17
Figure 3.7: Wheel Parts ............................................................................................................. 23
Figure 3.8: Plough ..................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 3.9: Vertical Frame ........................................................................................................ 42
Figure 3.10: Pulling Bar ............................................................................................................ 43
Figure 3.11: Metering and Cover Plate .................................................................................... 44
Figure 3.12: Maize Metering Plate ............................................................................................ 45
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List of Table
Table 2.1 : Crop in Ethiopia Land Coverage and Yield in Hectare ............................................. 9
Table 2.3: Fertilizer Data for Different Seeds ........................................................................... 10
Table 3.1: Diameters of Different Seed ...................................................................................... 19
Table 3.2: Details for Planting Seed .......................................................................................... 20
Table 3.3: Comparisons of Different Metering Models ............................................................. 18
Table 3.3: Weight of Seeds ......................................................................................................... 21
Table 3.7: Extended Pitch Transmission Roller Chain Dimensions Measuring Loads ............ 32
Table 3.8: The Minimum Number of Teeth on the Smaller Sprocket ......................................... 32
Table 3.9: Factor of Safety for the Roller and Silent Chains ..................................................... 33
Table 3.10: Mechanical Properties of Plain Carbon Steel ........................................................ 34
Table 3.11: Number of Hole in Different Crops ......................................................................... 45
Table 3.12: Problem, Cause and Remedy of Multi-Crop in Line Machine ................................ 46
Table 4.1: Cost Estimation of Parts ........................................................................................... 47
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List of Acronyms
GDP = Gross Domestic Product
NFPA = National Forest Priority Area
AMF = Assela Malty Factory
FAO = Food Agricultural Organization
CSC = Central Statistics Authority
ULO = University Linkage Office
KIOT = Kombolcha Institute of Technology
CEC = Cast ion Exchange capacity
CPA = Capacity Product Area
ACS = Area Covered by Seed
SW = Weight of Seed
CD = Circumference Drive Wheel
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List of conversion factors

2
1hectare = 10000m
1m = 100cm = 1000mm
1kg = 1000g =9.8N
1Mpa = 1000000N/m2
1KW = 1000Watt
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Chapter one: Introduction

1.1- Background Information
Agriculture is the main stay of Ethiopian economy providing employment to 85% of the
population. It has a long-standing history, with diverse cultural heritage, and a reasonably good
resource potential for development, and also enjoys a pleasant climate ranging from cold to
temperate and from subtropical to tropical.
Out of the total land area, 846,100 km² is agricultural land of which 137,000 km² is cultivated
land 651,000 km² pasture land, and 88,000 km² forests. In 2005/2006, Ethiopia produced 11.8
million tons of food crops (maize, wheat, sorghum, barley, lentil, pea, and bean) on about 9.1
million hectares of land sowing. [5]
Cereals are predominantly produced by small landholders and are consumed as food, inputs for
industry raw material and the by-products are fed to livestock
Sowing and seeding are the major agricultural activities, basically in our county this actions can
be conducted with a traditional method of seeding or planting the crop which is board casting
manually and in a small areas making holes or slits by a stick or tool mechanism. But know a
time in order to increase productivity in some particular areas dropping seeds by hand in the
furrows through a metal funnels attached to a plough and dropping seeds & fertilizer behind the
plough is practiced.
Broad casting: -Broad casting is the process of random and catering of a seed on the surface of
seedbeds. It can be done manually. When broad casting is done manually relative uniformity of
seed, depend up on skilling of the man
Figure 1.1: Sowing Crops by Broadcasting Manually
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Seed dropping behind the plough: - It is starts within a short time activity in some particular
region. It is used for seed which have large size like maize, sorghum, pea, wheat and barley a
man drops seeds in one furrow behind the plough can be done by a funnel shaped device. It
consists a ban boo tube provides is a funnel shaped mouth One-man drops the seed through the
funnel and other man handle the plough and the bullocks. The other seed and fertilizer dropping
behind the plough activity is done by two persons on the canal, the gap is determined guess by
the person. Those types of activity are slow and laborious method [14]
Figure 1.2: Hand Dropping Seed & Fertilizer in the Canal

Despite all of the above efforts, Ethiopian still does not have sufficient productivity due to lack
of some mechanism that support the agriculture sector, and therefore farmers still use low quality
seeds & manual seeding methods. The so called of the present project work of this paper is held
to design three row manually operated multi-crop seeder machine for wheat, barley, corn,
sorghum and other related size cereals
1.2- Statement of problem

Agricultural activity of sowing and seeding in our country is still having performed in traditional
way with a lot of draw backs to getting the needed productive from a lot of hector land covered
in the year. Because by using hand seeding is not lead to achieve
Since, while hand seeding it is not possible to achieve uniformly distribution within the required
biological cultivation and uneven depth may result in poor emergence because subsequent rains
bring additional soil cover over the seed and affect plant emergence.
The placement of seed and fertilizer in the field is very low and it is not comfort to weeding
activity for farmers, plant growths and difficult to during cultivation. Generally traditional
performing of seeding activity is more labor requirements and tedious.
1.3- Objective of the Study
1.3.1- General objectives of the projects

The general objective of this project is to design multi-crop in line seeding machine which is
used for seeding and sowing at a time by mechanical means to solve the traditional one.

1.3.2- Specific objective

 To make design analysis and synthesis for components that would be incorporated in the
generalized system of the selected system of the selected seeds.
 To determine the specifies pulling power of the ox and field of capacity (ha/hr)
 Material selection for each design part
 To measuring the selected seed and fertilizer diameters that used to determine the design
calculation
 Assembling and maintenance procedure
 To determine the cost of the machines
 To support the design result with illustration sketch and 2D modeling
1.4- Significance of the study
 The significance of multi- crop inline seeding machine in the sowing operation is to put
the seed and fertilizer in rows at desired seed-to-seed spacing depending on biological
study.
 To put the seeds with soil in the recommended planting depth
 It saves labor, operating time and cost of operation compared to conventional method.
 It is safe for weeding and cultivation activities.
 To achieve optimum yields relatively to traditional sowing method.
1.5- Scope of the Study
This study is scoped basically for designing a seeding machine for cereal like wheat, sorghum,
maize, barley and fertilizer by using a power source of pair bullocks. each crops have different
race distributions but to select the most efficient types of seeds with suitable types of soil in this
project. That means for barley, (mallet barley with silt loam moist soil) wheat, (bread wheat with
silt moist soil) maize with clay loam moist soil and sorghum, (long sorghum with sand moist
soils).
1.6- Methodology
I. By direct observation
II. Data collection
A) Primary data collection
 Informal interview
 Direct measurement of crop dimension
B) Secondary data collection
 Reading books ,manuals ,project works related to this thesis
 Contact with adviser and other persons who have an idea related with this work
 By using internet access

1.7- Organization of the Study

The thesis organized by four chapters. The first part of this paper introduces background of the
study, the statements of the problem to achieve the general and specific objective and also
incorporates the significance and scope of the study. The second chapter contains different
literature reviews related to the project title that help to develop the design analysis, experimental
findings, and supporting ideas
The third chapter discusses the detail design analysis results of each components of the designed
machine. Generally, this part comprises of all necessary information and directions to the
feasibility of multi-crop inline seeding machine output. The last part illustrates the conclusion,
recommendation and future work of the study

Chapter Two: Literature Review

2.1- Agricultural machines
A large number of frame equipment for tillage (Plough, animal drawn tool carrier, blade harrow
disc-harrow, cultivator, motivator, pulverize roller, spike cold crusher) sawing (manual animal
and power operated seed-cum-fertilizer, drills, paddy Trans planter, no- till drill, stripe-till drill
multi-crop planter, precision planter, pre-germinated paddy seeder) intercultural(hand hoes,
wheel hand hoe, cultivator, power weedier):spraying(manual and power operated knapsack
sprayer-cum-duster ,power tiller operated sprayer ,tractor operator sprayer and self-propelled
sprayer: harvesting (improved serrated sickle, power tiller and tractor operated vertical conveyer
reaper ,potato digger ,groundnut digger, soybean, harvester ,side mounted tractor combine and
self-propelled combine)and threshing (dummy thresher , pedal thresher, wheat thresher, single
plot thresher, multi-crop thresher, sunflower, thresher axial flow thresher) have been developed.
Recently a raised bed planter and gear being made to develop sugarcane harvester and 2-row
cotton picker [4]
2.2- Socio Economic Conditions of Ethiopia versus Agriculture

Agriculture is the main stay of Ethiopian economy providing employment to 85%of the
population .the sector contributes about 45%of the gross domestic product (GDP) and 63% of
total exports with coffee alone accounting 39.4% of total export in 2001/2002 furthermore,
agriculture plays a crucial role in providing raw material in put for the industry endowed with
wide ranging agro-ecological zones and diversified resource
Ethiopia grows all types of cereals, fiber crops, oil seeds, coffee, tea, fruits and vegetables. The
potentially irrigable land is estimated at 10 million hectares. Ethiopia has the largest livestock
resources in Africa. Fishery and forestry resources are also significant. Considerable
opportunities exist for new private investment in the production and processing of the above
agricultural crop and resource. [5]
Food crops: The food crops grown include teff, wheat, maize, beans, peas, lentils, Soya beans,
chickpeas etc. In 2005/2006, Ethiopia produced 11.8 million tons of these food crops on about
9.1 million hectares of land.
As our country realistic the base for economy, in one or another way is agriculture though it is
not yet the light of technology is reflected over the agricultural system of our country. Today is
the right time to launch technology through our agricultural system and be beneficial of our
resources.

2.3- Some Types of Crop Data’s and Their Function

Ethiopia is an agrarian economy with a mainly rain fed agricultural system. The major grain
crops grown in the country are teff, wheat, corn, barley (categorized as primarily cool weather
crops) and corn, sorghum, and millet (categorized as warm weather grain crops). All of these
crops are predominantly rain fed crops grown all over the country except in some parts of the
lowlands. In the main grain producing areas, the northern and central parts of the country, there
are two rainy seasons. The long meher rains normally start in June and extend to September;
these rains support 92-95 percent of the annual grain production.
Performance of the agriculture sector is highly dependent on the timely onset, duration,
distribution, and amount of rainfall. This makes the sector vulnerable to drought and other natural
calamities. Although the country is one of the largest grain producing nations in Africa, there are
still large pockets of food insecurity in various regions.
In Ethiopia, increasing crop production is crucial for attaining food security and providing inputs
for the industrial sector. Grain production constitutes the major share of agricultural production
and contributes significantly to the national domestic product. Around 98 percent of cereals are
produced by small landholder farmers. Only two percent are produced by commercial farms
mainly for seed purposes. The average land holding is less than one hectare. The fragmented
nature of land holdings and low use of agricultural inputs contributes to low levels of grain
productivity in the country [9]
2.3.1- Wheat
Production
Ethiopia is the second largest wheat producing country in Africa behind South Africa. Wheat is
mainly grown in the central and south eastern highlands during the main (Meher) rainy season
(June to September) and harvested in October-November. Arsi, Bale, and parts of Shoa are
considered the wheat growing belt. Bread wheat is the major variety of wheat grown in Ethiopia.
However, farmers grow durum and bread wheat (mixed together) in some parts of the country.
Wheat is produced on large state-owned farms covering around 124,000 ha of land in the Arsi
and Bale regions.
Despite all of the above efforts, Ethiopia still does not have sufficient seed multiplication
facilities& productivity, and therefore farmers still use low quality seeds& manual seeding
methods.
Consumption
The wheat consumption trend in Ethiopia is gradually increasing in urban areas due to high
population growth (about 2.6 percent a year), migration of people to urban areas, and changes in
life styles. In most parts of the country, families prefer to use teff to make injera (fermented thin
bread) and sometimes to make porridge. Teff can also be used to produce local beer and liquor.
teff straw is an important source of animal fodder and has been shown to be a more nutritious
animal feed than other grain by-products.
Because of the price escalation of teff compared to wheat and of the ease of preparation of
wheat, most middle and lower class populations are shifting to greater wheat consumption.
The Ethiopian Commodity Exchange reported that farm households consume about 60% of
wheat produced; 20% is sold; and the remainder is used for seed, in-kind payments for labor, and
animal feed. [9]
2.3.2- Corn/maize
Production
Corn is Ethiopia's largest cereal crop in terms of total production, area planted, and number of farm
holdings. Corn accounts for 22 percent of the total area covered by cereal and around 30 percent of the
total cereal production. In addition to the highest total production per annum and the highest per hectare
yield Corn is also the single most important crop in terms of number of farmers engaged in cultivation.
During this reporting period, more than eight million small landholder farmers were involved in corn
production.
The lion’s share of corn production comes from three regions: the Oromia region (61%), Amhara
(20%) and SNNPR (12%). Subsistence and small landholder farmers produce 95 percent of total
corn production and commercial farms produce only around 5 percent.
Corn productivity levels on commercial farms reach only 4 tons/ha, showing that there is still
room for increasing productivity of small landholder farmers (about 2.5 tons/ha) when improved
seed and fertilizer are used. But also it not sufficient productivity by using in seeding seeder and
proportion fertilizer can improve the productivity of corns.
Consumption
National production of corn, 80% was used for household consumption, 10% for sale, while the
balance was used for seed, wages in kind, and animal feed. Because of lower prices compared to
other grains, the per capita consumption of corn in the rural area is estimated to be 45 kg/year
and 16 kg/year in urban areas. Most of the flour mills in the rural areas mix corn with wheat to
lower the price of flour. This helps bakeries to lower the price of bread and to gain a better profit
mainly farmers and day laborers in the cities eat corn on the cob. This helps consumers in the
lower income bracket to cover their daily food requirements during the pre-harvest months of the
year when grain stocks at the household level is minimum (starting June to the middle of
September). In May 2011/12, the consumption of corn for food increased due to an increased
trend in wheat prices. Using corn for feed, especially for poultry, is gradually increasing in the
country. Farmers also use corn stalks for fuel, cattle feed, and construction material for houses in
rural areas. In industrialized country maize is largely used as livestock fed and as a row material
for industrial products maize is unimportant source of carbohydrate, protein, iron, vitamin B and
mineral. Africans consumes starchy base in a wide variety of porridges, pastes, girt and bear
(12).Corn use survey data from the Central Statistics Authority (CSA) shows that out of the total
[9]

2.3.3-Sorghum
Production
Sorghum is the fourth largest cereals crop in Ethiopia and is produced in most parts of the
country. It is noted for its versatility and diversity and is produced over a wide range of agro-
ecological zones.
Sorghum is tolerant relative to other major cereal crops. It is primarily a crop of resource-poor,
small-scale farmers and is typically produced under adverse conditions such as low input use and
marginal lands. Limited use of inputs and strigia weed (grass type of weed) is the major
constraint in the production of sorghum in Ethiopia
Consumption
The main use of sorghum in Ethiopia is for making traditional bread, injera, for human
consumption. It is also used for local bear production in some parts of the country. It accounts for
an average of ten percent of daily caloric intake of households living in the eastern and northwest
areas of the country. Lower quality sorghum grain is also used for animal feed. Sorghum stalks is
an important product and is used as fire wood, fodder, and construction material for rural houses.
Sorghum consumption is increasing in middle and lower class communities due to mixing of
sorghum with teff to make injera due to the higher price of teff and also sorghum exports to
Sudan and Somalia countries. It is used for industry raw material like: Ethanol, Ale, Wine, Shrop,
Color (ink), and adhesive etc. [9]
2.3.4-Barley
Production
Barley is the fifth most important cereal crop after teff, wheat, corn, and sorghum. It is the staple
food grain especially for Ethiopian highlanders who produce the crop with indigenous
technologies. It performs well in the northern and central highlands of the country. The
productivity of barley in the country has been stagnant for a long time due to high soil
degradation and low farm input supplies such as fertilizer and improved seed.
Consumption
Barley also substitutes for wheat when wheat prices are high. For millennia, barley has been
supplying the basic necessities of life (food, feed, beverages and roof thatch) for many in the
Ethiopian highlands. However, the ever-increasing human and livestock populations are placing
increasing pressure on the land normally used for barley production. Because of its wide range of
uses, barley is considered the “king of grains” in much of the country.
Malt barley is the major raw material (about 90% of the total raw material cost) for beer
production. Malt barley grain is mainly produced in the south eastern parts of Ethiopia in Arsi
and Bale administrative zones. The total estimated demand for malt barley in 2012/13 is around
72,000 tons of which 35 percent can be supplied from local barley farms. The remaining amount
of malt barley is imported from Belgium and France. The interesting aspect of malt barley
production in Ethiopia is that the crop can have dual purposes

Established in 1984, Asella Malt Factory (AMF), a state-owned facility, is the only malt
processing factory in the country and supplies malt to four local breweries. In 2012, a private
company started construction of a new malt factory in the northern part of the country, and it
should be operational within two years. There are also two more breweries under construction
which should increase demand for malt barley in the near future. [9]
Table 2.1: Crop in Ethiopia Land Coverage and Yield in Hectare

Seed Land in hectare Yield in quintal Yield in quintal/ha Range
Teff 3016521.90 44,186,421.95 14.65 2nd
Maize 1,994,813.33 64,915,402.03 32.54 1st
Sorghum 1,677486.30 38,288,701.03 22.83 4th
Wheat 1,605,653.90 39,251.741.35 23.62 3rd
Barley 1,019477.93 19,082,624.11 18.72 5th
18
Source [ ]
2.4-Type of Soil in Ethiopia

May be defined as thin layer of earth crust which serve as a natural medium for growth of plants
It is the un consolidated mineral matter that has been subjected to and influenced by genetic and
environmental factor ,parent material ,claimant ,organism and topography all acting over acting
over a period of time .
Soil based on the size of the particle can be classified
1. Sand soil:- It has the biggest particle and size of the particles in to soil the better is a
erosion and drain age of the soil .is formed by the disintegration and weathering of rocks
such as lime stone ,grainy and shale. It is easier to cultivate if it is reach in organic
material ,it retain a certain amount of moisture and nutrient sand soil is good for plant
since it let the water drain easy so that ,it prevent root problems.
2. Silt soil:- Is one of the most fertile of soil, is more nutrients than sand soil and offer
better drain age silt soil is dairy it has a smoother texture and look like drack sand.
3. Clay soil: -Is a kind of material that occurs naturally and consists of very fine grain
material with very less air space .due to this it is difficult to work with this soil because
drain age in this soil is low.
4. Loamy soils: -It consists of sand, silt and clay to some extent. It is considered to be
perfect soil for gardening .this texture is gritty and retains water very easily, yet the drain
age is good. Have ranging from fertile to very muddy and this thick sand .yet out of all
the different kinds of soil is ideal for cultivation.

2.5-Soil Tillage
Plowing is a two thousand year old technology and the primary objectives of tilling soil are to
prepare a seedbed and to control weeds. The term tillage is a broad generic term embracing all
operations of seedbed preparation that optimize soil and environmental conditions for seed
germination, seedling establishment and crop growth [16]
There are two types of soil tillage
1. Conventional tillage: It is the cultivation of the soil using plow, harrow and other
farm tools or mechanical implement to prepare the field for crop
production.
2. Conservation tillage: The planting or sowing in the previous crop's residues that are
purposely left on the soil surface is called conservation tillage. In
Bako, one year of results indicated that conservation tillage
significantly increased grain yield by 12.5% as compared to
conventional tillage [16]
2.6-Fertilizer Placement
The distance the fertilizer is placed from the seed can have a tremendous effect on the rate of
fertilizer placed with the seed at planting. Fertilizer placed in a narrow band in direct contact with
the seed will have the greatest potential for damage. Damage decreases as the distance from the
seed is increased.
The area of fertilizer release will have an effect on placement and mixing of fertilizer in the soil.
If the fertilizer is in the same flow pattern as the seed, little mixing occurs unless a spread pattern
is employed. However, if the fertilizer is released separate from the seed, to the side, below or
behind the seed, greater soil mixing will occur, reducing the potential for fertilizer damage
The placement of fertilizer is more essential to the distance between the two plans but different in
grams.
Figure 2.2: Fertilizer Placement between Seeds

Table 2.3: Fertilizer Data for Different Seeds

Seed Distance between plant(cm) Mass in (g)
Corn 15 7.2
Sorghum 7.5 5.6
wheat 1 3
Barley 2.5 4.5
Source; [20]
2.7-Animal traction
In many pair of the world animal traction is an appropriate, affordable and sustainable
technology. Work animals can be used to reduce drudgery and intensify agricultural production,
so rising living standards throughout rural communities, benefiting men and woman, young and
old. Cattle buffaloes, donkeys, mules, horses, camel and other working animals can provide
smallholder farmers with vital power for crop cultivation and transport. Draft animals can also be
used for other activities including water raising, milling, logging, land leveling and road
construction.
Ethiopia has had generations of experience of using draft animals. Work oxen and pack donkeys
have been part of Ethiopian farming system for centuries. Farmers cultivate with pair of oxen,
using a withers yoke and a long- beam mareshaard plow. The use of cows or bulls is most
unusual, and oxen are seldom used to pull carts. Large numbers of pack donkeys are used in
Ethiopia particularly in the high land areas. They carry fuel wood, building materials, fodder for
animals and goods for marketing. Carts pulled by horses, donkeys, mules are used in some towns
[5]
And the other data that describe the animal’s condition, force, work-rate and force per weight of
the animal is given as follows.
2.8-Seeding Method
1. Broad casting: -Broad casting is the process of random and catering of a seed on the
surface of seedbeds. It can be done manually or mechanically both. When broad casting is
done manually uniformity of seed, depend up on skilling of the man. Soon at broadcasting
they are covered by planking or some other device usually higher rate is obtained in this
system mechanical broad caster are used for large scale work this machine scatters the
seeds on the surface of the seed bed at controlled rate
2. Seed dropping behind the plough: - It is very common method used in village. It is used
for seed like maize, gram, pea, wheat and barley .a man drops seeds in one furrow behind
the plough can be done by a device known as malobnsa. It consists a ban boo tube
provide e is a funnel shaped mouth One-man drops the seed through the funnel and other
man handle the plough and the bullocks. This is slow and laborious method
3. Dibbing: - dibbing is the process of placing them in holes made in seed bed and covering
them in this method are placed in holes made at a definite depth at fixed spacing .the
equipment used for dibbing is called dibbler.

4. Drilling: - drilling is consists of dropping the seed in furrows lines in a continuous flow
and covering them with only .it may be done by
 Sowing behind the plough
 Bullock drawn seed drill
 Tractor drawn seed drills
5. Transplanting: - Transplanting consists of preparing seedling in nursery and then plating

these seeding in the prepared field it is commonly for paddy vegetable.
6. Hill dropping: - Seeds are dropping at fixed spacing and not in a continuous stream. The
space between plant to plant in a row is constant. In case of drills the seed are dropped in
continuous steam and spacing between plant to plant in a raw is not constant
7. Check row plant: - In which row to row and plan distance is uniform. In this method,
seed are planted precisely along straight parallel furrows.
2.9-Some Common Type Devices Used for Seed Drills and Planter in Foreign Country
a) Naveen dibbler:
The automatic dibbler is manually operated hand tool which consists of a seed hopper, cell type
roller for metering of seeds, spring actuated jaws for penetration in the soil, pipe and handle.
All the parts are made from mild steel except seed roller, which is fabricated from good quality
wood. For its operation, the dibbler is held in both hands and jaws are pushed into the soil to the
desired depth at an angle of 20 degrees with vertical. The dibbler is given a jerk at the handle in
the forward direction, which rotates the roller in seed hopper and releases one or two seeds
depending upon the size of cell. At this moment the jaws also open and allow the seed to fall in
the cavity created by the jaws. The dibbler is raised and moved to the next position of sowing.
Upon rising of the dibbler the roller returns to original position and jaws also close [6]
Figure 2.3: Manual Dibbling Seeds

b) Manual seed and fertilizer drill:

This is a small manually operated single row seed cum fertilizer drill in which fluted roller
metering mechanism is provided. A ground wheel is provided to drive the metering rollers. Seed
and fertilizer are stored in a small hopper and a long beam is provided by which the implement
could be pulled by one operator. Another worker guides the machine. Due to the provision of
fluted rollers, it is suited for drilling soybean maize, pigeon pea, sorghum, green gram, Bengal
gram, wheat etc. Shoe type furrow openers are provided for easy operation.[6]
Figure 2.4: Manually Operated Single Row Seed cum Fertilizer Drill
c) Animal drawn seed drill:

This is a lightweight seed cum fertilizer suitable for operation with animals of lower body
weight. It consists of a hopper with partitions for seeds and fertilizer. Fluted rollers are used for
metering. Use of mild steel strips for the frame and the ground wheel have helped reduce the cost
of the unit. Shoe type furrow openers are provided for drilling two rows. Common bicycle chain
and sprockets are used for transmitting motion to the metering unit form the ground wheel. It is
suitable for drilling seeds of soybean, maize, pigeon pea, sorghum, Bengal gram, wheat,
sunflower, safflower, mustard etc [6]
Figure 2.5: Animal Drawn Seed Drill
d) Camel operated seed-cum-fertilizer drill:

It is similar to the bullock drawn seed-cum-fertilize drill. Only the hitching system has been
modified for operation by a camel. The hopper of the drill is made of mild steel sheet and has
separate compartments for seed and fertilizer. Fluted rollers are used for metering the seed and
fertilizer is metered using an agitator over an orifice, which are driven by a chain and sprocket
mechanism driven by the ground wheel. Drive wheels are fixed to the frame with stub axles. One
of the wheels carries a sprocket to power the fluted roller assemblies.

Furrow openers are attached to the frame with the help of shanks. The distance between the
furrows openers can, be adjusted according to the crop. It is suitable for sowing cotton, wheat,
guar, bajra, gram and methi. It saves 66 per cent labor, operating time and cost of operation and
also results in 15-20 per cent more yield compared to conventional method of sowing behind
country plough.
Figure 2.6: Camel Operated Seed-Cum-Fertilizer Drill
2.10-Agriculture comparison of the past with today

Over 200 years ago 90% of the US population lived on farmer and produced their own food to
eat, but today only 2% of population produces the food including fruits vegetables meats and
dairy, that ever one eats. That is a large change in the amount of people associated with
producing food and making sure that everyone has enough to eat. Farmers use technology to
make advances in producing more food for a growing world. Through the use of technology,
each farmer is able to feed 155 people today, compared to 1940, when one farmer could feed
only 19 peoples. Farmers use technologies such as motorized equipment modified housing for
animals and biotechnology [5]

Chapter Three: Design Analysis of multi-crop in line seeder
3.1-Introduction
To conduct the design analysis of the machine in this part we are staring from making a
comparison between different metering mechanisms by considering its availability, total overall
size, easy to operation to farmers, costs integrating to the cereal size. More of compromising and
realistic tasks are going to be comprehensively covered in each design of parts.
3.2-Comparison of Different Mechanism of Metering Assessed

A) Finger Pick up Type’s Precision Seed Meters
The finger pick up (or plates less) precision seed meter (figure 3.1) was initially developed in an
attempt to overcome the inconveniences of to change the hole size and hence the plate, disc or
drum every time a different seed size was to be metered.
Figure 3.1: Pick Up Type Precision Seed Meters

B) Belt Type’s Precision
Belt type precision seed meters are similar to mechanical plates meter in the principle of
operation but differ substantially in that the plate is replaced by a continuous rubberized belt of
fixed width and thickness with holes, compatible to the seed size equally spaces along its length.
As (Figure 3.2) shows, seed falls from seed box into the seed chamber where it is exposed to a
portion of the belt. The amount or depth of seed in the chamber needs to be regulated to prevent
choking or excessive wear on the mechanisms. The depth of seed required depends on the seed
size and is adjusted by changing the sizes of choke plate which partially covers the aperture
between the seed box and the metering chamber. A stationary base plate, located under the belt
along length of metering chamber, stops the seed falling through belt.

Figure 3.2: Belt Type Precision
C) Fluted Roller Types
This type of meter essentially consists of a fluted roller. A sliding cut- off an adjustable flap the
rotating fluted roller and the stationary cut-off are moved axial as a unit to change the exposure
of the fluted roller to the seed. The adjustable flap can moved close to or further away from. the
roller change both the cross-section area through which seed can move and the extent the seed
has to be moved by the roller before it can exit the meter.
Figure 3.3: Fluted Roller Type

D) External Force Feed Type Seed Meters

This system employs a rotating member in the form of a fluted or a peg/studded roller to regulate
seed flow from the seed box to the seed delivery. System in both cases, as the roller rotates the
seed is moved and metered by the external surface of the roller
Figure 3.4: External Forces Feed Type Seed Meters
E) Plate Type Precision Seed Meter

Plate planters are taken here to be those that principally use a moving plate with indents, i.e.
holes, cells or cups, around its periphery and metering performance is generally highly dependent
on matching the size (length, breadth and thickness) of the indents to the size of the seed. Plate
meters can be sub classified as ‘horizontal plate’, ‘inclined plate’ or ‘vertical plate’ types.
Figure 3.5: Plates Type Seed Meter
The plate has a number of hole or cells around its periphery and apportion of the plates is
exposed to the seed. The hole or cell is of the appropriate size. A single seed will fall in to it as it
passes through the segment where the plate is exposed to the seed the plates then moves seed to
the non-exposed segment. Where it is ejected or falls due to gravity into the seed delivery tube.

A metal pawl at the interfaces between the exposed and non-exposed portion ensures that no seed
other than that fully enclosed in the hole or cell passes from the seed box.
The seed rate is altered o by changing the velocity ratio of the plates or by changing to a plat with
more or fewer holes or cell .in general. The hole or cell diameter and the plate thickens is varied
to suit a particular seed size.
Inclined type plat is a viable metering mechanisms for this paper, because of the plate is inclined
angel the cut- off mechanism need not be so aggressive, due to this less aggressive singulation
process the damage of seed is very less by the contrary horizontal plate needs a cut-off
mechanism and vertical plat is expensive to manufacturing (because of the tolerances and degree
of machining required to make the plat and housing.
3.3-Design Matrix
Design matrix a method used to compare the different concepts [models] according their material
property, function, operation, availability, cost required etc. and is used to choose the most
acceptable, excellent, preferable, model for design purpose (customers).
Table 3.3: comparisons of different metering models

No Function requirement Model designation
A B C D E
1 Physical functionality
Average size of component [ 2 3 2 5 5
L*w*h ]
Weight [kg] 2 3 2 4 5
Design Complexity 2 4 2 4 5
Number of parts 3 4 2 4 4
Easy to use 3 4 3 4 5
2 Mechanical functionality
Wear failure avoidance 3 4 3 4 4
Reliability 4 4 5 4 4
Durability 3 2 4 4 4
Stability 5 5 5 5 5
3 Materials functionality
Availability 3 4 3 4 3
Affordability 2 3 2 4 4
Manufacturability 4 4 4 5 5
Maintenance 3 5 3 4 5
Total positive weight for 54 59 57 72 75
each of concepts
% weight 64.5 70 73.5 84.5

Description
1 - Poor, difficult to manufacture
2 - Poor, small, few, low difficult
3 - Acceptable, average
4- Great, high, large, possible
5- Excellent, very high
Comparing the above five main and more other concepts of obtaining mechanism for metering
seeds and fertilizer in many directions especially based on easy to uses, mechanical properties
and cost effectiveness and other properties inclined plate seed metering mechanisms is
beneficial and viable decision. Some of the drawbacks of this model of mechanism get remedies
in the design analysis phase with considerations and through good search of suitable alternatives.
3.4-Design Hypothesis
The first initial drafting idea for the in-line seeding machine is illustrated in below figure (3.6)
that is the only one row seeder and can also seeds the listed crops by changing metering plates.
But to consider the time of operation in the field at ones and power source mechanism is not
more effective. By having this limitation can modifies to three raw in line seeding machines that
can cover the required hectares of land at one time.
Figure 3.6: One Row Seeding Machine
3.5-Data’s of Different Crops Size
Table 3.1: Diameters of different seed

Seed name Major Diameter (mm) Minor diameter (mm)
Maize 12.5-12.9 10.3-10.7

Wheat 6.4-7.1 3.5-4.8
Sorghum(Millet) 5.45-5.9 5.1-5.4
Barley 14.2-14.5 4.1-4.4
Source [19]

Table 3.2: Details for Planting Seed

Seed name Distance between rows Distance Planting depth
of plants(cm) between (cm)
plants(cm) High wet Less wet
Maize 80 30 4-5 4-8
Wheat 15 2 2-3 3-5
sorghum 75 15 3-4 4-6
Barley 30 5 2-3 3-5
Pea 30 10 4 4-7
Faba bean 40 10 3-4 4-5
Field pea 20 5 3-4 4-6
Haricot been 40 10 3-4 4-8
Lentil 20 5 2-3 3-4
Source [20]
3.6-Design Specification
For the starting of this project design we let the following specification
Over all dimension (L*W*H) = (1300 mm*1150 mm*1000 mm)
Weight = 45kg
No. of raw = 3 (raw spacing adjustable from (20 to 35) mm)
Seed metering ………...........inclined plate with cell (hole)
Power transmit ion………….ground wheel, chain with sprockets, and shaft
Power source………………..pair of bullocks (oxen)
Seed box capacity …………6 to 7kg
Fertilizer box capacity ……..6 to 7kg
3.7-Determination of Pulling Power

Assumption
Soil resistance is 0.455kg/cm2
No of furrow (plough) three
Maximum space b/n raw is 35cm
Maximum planting depth is 3cm
The power that requires to seeding the above types of soil with in 3 raw is calculated as following
Power (p) = draft (N) speed(m/s)
Draft (N) = total width of the plough working depth soil resistance
Total width of plough number of plough spacing between plouph width = 3 35cm =105cm
Draft (N) = 105cm 3cm o.455kg/cm2
=1,404.58N where, (1kg= 9.8N)
Power = draft speed of ox
= 1,404.58N = 491.604 watt
It is less than 510 watt for the power of two oxen required to pull a short fallow [5].

There for it is safe for the design of three raw multi crop seeding machine pulling by a pair of
bullocks. (Appendix table 2.1, 3.1, 3.2)
3.8-Determination of Seeder Capacity

The capacity of the seeder can be determined interims of the area of land covered per time during
seeding or the No of seeds sowing per time of dropping. [13]
The capacity of the seeder in terms of the area of land covered per time (CPA).
CPA= (hectare/time)……………………………… (3.1)

ACS=inter-row spacing distancecoverd by seeder (m2/time)
Distance covered by seeder = speed times of dropping (m/time)
Theoretical area to be covered = total width of machine speed
Total width = No of furrows (plough) space b/n the raw
= 3 35 =105cm
TA =105cm
= (hectare/hr.)
=0.1323(ha/hr.)
Actual field capacity (AC) = TA effciency
= 0.1329
=0.10584(ha/hr.) (Appendix 2.1, 3.2)
3.9-Determination of seed rate Kg/ha

In order to calculate the seed and fertilizer application rate per hectare is using the following
formula.
Seed rate (Kg/ha) =(S w/C d * Wd)…………………………………………………….. (3.2)
Where S w = total weight of seed or fertilizer released in 10 or20 revolution (g)
C d = circumferences of drive wheel =
W d = width of the machine (m)
Since the total weight of seed or fertilizer released in 20 revolution (g) is calculated as a
following empirical formula
First to calculated the number of cell on the seed metering devices expressed as
Number of cell = ………………………… (3.3)
For wheat, no of cell = = 50 hole (Appendix table 3.2, 3.4)
Total weights of seeds in 20 revolution for wheat is calculated as follows

In one revolution of a driven wheel have or requires 50 holes in a plate that means 50 seeds in
one revolution.

Table 3.3: Weight of Seeds

Types of seeds No. of pieces Weight in (g)
Sorghum 13 0.5
Barley 11 0.5
Maize 8 3.0
Wheat 13 0.5
19
Source [ ]
Hence, in one revolution the weight of wheat is 13 seeds = 0.5g
So, for 50seeds we get 1.923g
In one revolution = 1.923g
20 revolutions is give as 38.46g
There for seed rate (kg/ha) = weight of seeds in 20 revolution circumfrence of drive
wheel width of the machine
=
=36.4kg/ha
Summary
Stands from data collecting of different crops and fertilizer in different parameters (diameters,
distance between row of plants, distance between plant-to-plant, planting depth in different
moisture level, mass of crops and soil texture of lands) By having those data and specifications
the required pulling power in three raw in line, seeding is sufficient compared to the short fallow
of land pulling power.
3.10-Part Design
Major Components and description of multi-crop seeder machine
1 - Drive wheel
2 - Shaft and bearing shaft
3- Power transmission unit/ chain& sprocket mechanism
4 - Seed and Fertilizer metering system
5 - Frame and housing
6 - Depth-control wheels
7 - Seed and fertilizer boxes
8 - Seed and fertilizer delivery pipes
9- Metering plate
3.10.1-Design of wheel
Drive wheel is attached in the middle of the front bar of the frame. The function of drive wheel is
to transmit power to the seed and fertilizer metering plates. Chain is attached to the drives wheel
and to the driving shaft. There are lugs on the circumferences of drive wheel; lugs are provided to
avoid or to minimize slippage. The design must been based on the specified type of wheel
materials arrangements and other alternatives and option will be matched after same parameters
of the wheel are obtained. The trapezoidal lugs are of generally 3cm height.

Figure 3.7: Wheel Parts
3.10.1.1-Design of Hub
It used to attach the bearing and wheel body. If wheel hub the following critical stresses
 bearing stresses due to the load applied on it
 tearing as a result of weight loaded on it
 shear stress developed when the two halve bearing makes side way movements
The alternatives wheel proportion and the relationships are the type of wheel, wheel material,
description width diameter (wheel and hub) no of nail/screw and no of rod or faces (Appendix1
table 3.4)
Hub material
The parts are subjected to the above stresses would have large cross section that extends to the
sprocket body. The material that used to the hub is carbon steel (Appendix table 3.5)
Shearing consideration
Assumption
For the consideration of shear strength to select 40c8 grade carbon steel
Safety factor f = 3
s= .................................................................................................. (3.4)
Where s = =
= 53.3MPa
F=shearing force assumed to be equal to one- third of the resultant force FR
The maximum resultant force on the hub is assumed to be the resultant of the vertical weight and
the horizontal traction force
FR = ……………………………………………………………….. (3.5)
Where; the maximum expected weight is W=45 kg and
-the maximum horizontal traction force is taken to be the pulling force of the two bullocks (oxen)
at about 0.3 m/sec speed, that is F = 1191 N (Appendix1 table, 2.1)
FR =
= 1270.1884
There for FS =

AS=L
Where L= width of the hub=30mm (from table 3.3)
s= = substitute the values results in t=3.5mm
Bearing consideration
The part of the hub may be subjected to bearing/ crushing in the lower part. Hence by assuming
the area subjected to bearing as that of half of the circumference of the inscribed circle to the
inner hub times the length L. There fore
b= ................................................................................................................ (3.6)
Where b= bearing strength

Fb = Fs=423.39N
A b= where L=length of the hub =30mm
D = diameter of the hub =100mm (from table 3.3)
2
Ab = 2356.196mm
b = 0.179MPa which is to safe
Tearing consideration
The formula for the tearing analysis is given by
t= where Ft= Fr=Fs=423.39N
At = 2Ab = 4712.38mm2
t = 89.8MPa 106.667MPa the allowable bearing stress of the material so the part is safe
against tearing.
Summary
Wall thickness of 3.5 mm is sufficient for the strength requirements but it is difficult to
manufacturing for the resistant of sudden impact and other factors the hub thickness will be
rounded up to 5 to 10 mm
Hub profile- circular rim
3.10.1.2 Design of Arm
Assumptions
1. The above critical stresses the numbers of arms that are subjected to critical loads are
assumed to be half of the total number of arms for bending stress and one third for the
compressive and tensile stresses.
2. Jerk and the resulting axial bending stresses are assumed to be insignificant as the
radius of the wheel (length of the arm) is not very long.

Considerations
Wheel outer diameter is D=320 mm, which is taken for geometric convenience and material
minimization.
The total number of arms recommended for a wheel with diameter medium length is n=14.
The length of the arm is the difference of the radius of the wheel and that of the hub outer radius.
L = R wheel – R arm = 160 – 50 = 110mm
For the bending stress analysis the arms are going to be considered as a cantilever fixed at the
hub end.
Material: steel
Bending consideration
For the bending moment and stress relation is:

M
b  ………………………………………………………………………….. (3.7)
Z
Where b =350 M pa
y
Where  b   t   91MPa
SF
M = bending moment M= Fy  L =32500 N-mm
Z = section modulus, for circular rod it is given as:
 .ra3   .ra3 
Z , i.e. for half of the arms Z  6 
32  32 
Now substituting in (3.7) gives:
Ra = 8.99 mm => d a =18 mm
For compression and tension, the arms are very safe with the diameter obtained from the bending
consideration. Hence the diameter of the arm will be taken to be 20 mm; this is the closest
standard circular cross-section solid rod.
3.10.1.3-Depth Control Wheel

The depth control wheel is essential for placement of seeds and fertilizer at right depth. Two
depth control wheels are attached to the frame. The diameter of wheels is about 25-30 cm. It is
made of mild steel and of rubber in some types of planters. The function of these wheels is to
control depth of the seed and fertilizer into the soil through regulating the depth of furrow
openers. The depth of seed and fertilizer placement can be increased or decreased with the help
of depth adjusting screw pointed out. It is a nut and bolt mechanism attached to the frame. There
are fix number of threads per inch in the bolt. The lower nut is adjusted for the depth control. For
example, if we have to increase the depth of the machine by one inch and there are 9
threads per inch then we have to move the lower nut by nine threads in the upper direction
and tighten the upper nut. The adjustment of depth control should be done in the field itself to
capture the real field situation.

3.8.2-Bearing Selection
The bearing between the elements in rolling instead of sliding of as in plain bearing .since rolling
friction is very less as compared to sliding friction. These are also called anti friction.
Bearing are select based on their load carrying ,life expectancy and reliability, roller bearing
are fixed in the bushing providing at the two end of the frame in other to support the eccentricity
shaft on which the wheel are attached .they allow the carrying of an impressive load without
wear and tear and with reduce frictions.
This device ensures the smooth operation of the wheel the material for the bearing material must
for the bearing is high speed.
The driven wheel the types of bearing material must be can disputed heat generation during the
motion of sadder machines.
Comparison of roller bearing and slider bearing
Roller bearing
 Good starting at low temperature
 Expensive and operating friction
 Sensitive to fatigue
 Easy to lubrication
Sliding bearing
 High resistance of corrosion
 Easy available
 Low thermal expansion
 Low cost and less noise good damping capacity
For the wheel diameter = 320mm r =160mm
Traction speed of the ox = 0.4m/s.
The speed of journal (N) will be around 59.7rpm.
Journal diameter (D) =15mm.
Loud on the bearing FR1= 635N.
Bearing works for 8hr/day. (Appendix: table 3.6)
Calculate the Load on the Bearing

P = W/A= W/Ld………………………………………………………………… (3.8)
However, the bearing length is by choosing L/d ratio of the two
L/d =2 L=2d = 2*27 = 54mm
P=635N/30mm*60 =1.27N/mm
Summer Feld number;-is dimensionless parameter used extensively in the design of journal
bearing mathematically, summer Feld number = zn/p (d/c)2 for the design purpose its values is
taken as follows
Z n/p (d/c) 2 = 7(1/0.001)2 = 70*106 (when p is N/mm2and z is in kg/ m .s)
Heat Generated In a Bearing
Heat generated in a bearing is due to the field friction an of the friction parts having relative
motion.

Heat generated by the bearing

Q g=µw v(watt) …………………………………………………………………….. (3.9)
But coefficient of friction
µ= ( ) + k…………………………………………………………... (3.10)
= *7 + 0.002
= 4.31*
=0.004
K= factor to correct for end leakage, it depends upon the ratio of length to the diameter of
bearing = 0.002 for L/D ratio 0.75 to 2.8
V = rubbing velocity in m/sec
= m/sec
= 84.398 m/ sec
Qg = w v (watt)
= 0.004*93.77*635
= 214.373 watt
Heat Dissipated By the Bearing
Q d = CA (ta –tb) (J/sec)…………………………………..…………………………..(3.11)
Where C = heat dissipation coefficient in W/m2/co the value of c has been determined
experimentally by O. Lashes
The value depends upon the type of bearing it ventilation and temperature difference. The
average value of C for journal bearing may be taken as follows.
For unventailed bearing C=140 to 420
For well ventilated bearing C=490 to 1400
A=projected area of the bearing in m2=L*d
Tb=temperature of bearing surface=28oc in the studying environmental area
Ta= temperature of the surrounding (ambient) =20oc.
Q d=CA (tb-ta) @ C=220
=220*30*60(28-20)
=3.168×106 watt
From the table to find that operating value
Determine bearing pressure P=

P=0.35N/mm2
Since the given bearing pressure for railway axel is 3.5N/mm2 there for the value of P is safe
Bearing modulus at the minimum point of friction
K= 2.3
Since the calculated value of bearing characteristics number ( 7) is more than 2.3 there for
the bearing will operates under hydrodynamic condition [3]

Life of Bearing
3
Life, L= for ball bearing
10/3 for
=( roller bearing
Where C = basic dynamic capacity
P= equivalent load on bearing (N)
L= millions of revolutions
From dimension series 30 roller bearing table
IS designation Boundary d(mm) Loading rate (kg f)
30 RD30K 30 2540
10/3
L= ( 10/3=
= (1.225)10/3
= 1.966
For the bearing operating, the speed of 59.7 rpm is more convenient to deal with life
expressed in 8 hr/day. Working the following equation may be used [10]
10
L=
= 1.966
= 548.8 hrs
3.10.3-Design of Axel
Axle is non-rotating shaft, not transfer torque; it is transmitted bending moment only, it act as
support for some rotating body
Assumptions
The axle is analyzed as a cantilever beam.
The maximum distance between the wheel center and the vertical frame is assumed to be that of
in the chain connecting side. Which is taken l=60mm.
The maximum resultant force on the axle is assumed to be the resultant of the vertical weight and
the horizontal traction forces.
F  W2  F2
R

Where: - the maximum weight expected is W=50 Kg

And the maximum horizontal traction force is taken to be the pulling force of two Ethiopian oxen
at about 0.3 m/s speed. That is F=1191 N. (From Appendix Table 2.1)
FR=423.39N
Material
Material for the axle is Plain carbon steel (dead milled steel)
Carbon content % (0.05 to 0.15)
Ultimate strength S u = 410 M pa
Yield strength S y = 273 M pa
Elastic limit E = 217 M pa
The materials used for axle/shaft should have the following core properties:
 It should have high strength
 It should have good machine ability: for the easy of manufacturing.
 Good heat treatment properties:
 It should have good wear resistance properties
 It should have low notches sensitive factor
 It should have high wear resistances properties [3]
For a circular axle the maximum bending is the product of the load applied and the length from
the fixed end to the section where highest deflection presents.
Maximum bending moment is given by:

M max = FRL……………………………………………………………………… (3.12)
M max= 25403.4 N-mm
Bending strength for a given cross section is given by:
M
b  . ………………………………………………………………………. (3.13)
Z
y
Where S b = bending strength,  b   t   91MPa
SF
 .r 3
Z = Section modulus. For a circular cross section, Z 
32

Substituting the above results in (3.13) gives

r = 14.73 mm, d=29.5mm
Shear consideration
The axle is subjected to shear due to the resultant force applied on it.
The shear stress that is going to be produced is given by:
F
 S
AS
Where   shear stress induced due to the resultant load

FS = the shearing force, whose value is half of FR = 1291.7 N
 .d 2
AS = the shear area =
4
Substituting the above values gives:
 =0.95 M pa the shear is lower than the allowable stress. Which implies the axle is safe for
shearing.
Therefore the diameter of the axle is taken to meet nearest standard value d = 30mm
3.10.4-Power Transmission Unit
Different mechanism that are advisable to transmit power from the ground wheel to the metering
plates the most widely used power transmission are belt with pulley, chain with sprocket drives
and rope.
Advantage and disadvantage of chain drive over belts

Advantage
It can operate under advantage temperature and atmosphere condition.
It transmit more power than belt
It gives fewer loads on the shaft
It has the ability to transmit motion to several shafts by on chain only
It may used for both long as well as short distance
Disadvantage
The production cost of shaft relatively high
The chain drive needs accurate mounting and care full maintenance, particular lubrication and
slack adjustment
By comparing the advantage and disadvantage of the two, chain drive mechanism are selected for
the power transmission in seeding machine to satisfy and minimize the draw backs and to
achieve the in line seeder objectives.
Firstly, a chain connects the drive chain wheel to the driving shaft. This shaft is connected to
fertilizer and seed metering shaft with the help of another chain set which provide to the seed box
and roller and fertilizer box roller .the idler gear is used to tighten or loosen.

3.8.4.1-Chain Design
Velocity ratio of chain drive
V.R= N1/N2 = T2/T1......................................................................................................... (3.14)
Where N1 = speed of ratio of smallest Sprocket in rpm
N2 = speed of ratio of largest Sprocket in rpm
T1 = no of teeth of smallest sprocket
T2 = no of teeth of largest sprocket
First to calculate the speed of the sprocket 1 and 2
The velocity of the chain is depend on the bullocks velocity and diameter of the drive wheel
V=0.35m/sec it is the speed of the oxen (from literature)

From the formula V= can calculate the speed
N=  where d which is less than that of the drive wheel
N1 = N1 =  =1671rpm

D1=240mm
D2=300mm
N2 = =  = 1336.9 rpm 1337rpm

Then the transmission ratio or velocity ratio
V.R = = 1.25
Pitch of chain p  25 ( ) 2/3…………………………………………….………… (3.15)
P  25 ( ) 2/3 P  16.5
Select standard nearest lower value of pitch from table (3.6) and select corresponding chain no
and breaking load for that pitch

Table 3.7: Extended Pitch Transmission Roller Chain Dimensions Measuring Loads and Breaking
Loads
I so Pitch Roller Width Transverse Break loads Beak Break
chain p[mm] diameter between p1[mm] [KN]Simple load [k load
no [mm] inner N] [KN]
plant [b] double triples
mm
maximum
05B 8 5 3 5.64 4.4 7.8 11.1
06B 9.525 6.35 7.52 10.24 9.8 16.9 24.1
08B 12.7 8.5 9.05 13.92 17.8 31.1 44.5
10B 12.87 10.61 11.06 16.59 22.2 44.5 66.7
12B 19.05 12.01 17.02 19.48 28.9 57.8 86.1
16B 25.4 15.88 19.56 31.88 42.3 84.5 126.8
20B 31.75 19.05 19.50 36.45 64.5 129 193.5
24B 38.1 25.4 25.4 48.56 97.9 195.7 293.6
28B 44.45 27.94 30.37 59.55 129 258 387
32B 50.8 29.21 30.39 68.55 169 258 387
46B 63.5 39.27 38.1 72.29 2624 524.9 787.3
48B 76.2 48.72 45.22 91.21 14400.3 800.7 1201
Z1 and Z2 are not given, and then select z1 from the table minimum number of teeth on the
smaller sprocket.
Table 3.8: The Minimum Number of Teeth on the Smaller Sprocket.
Speed ratio 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-7
No-of teeth[z1] 30-27 27-25 26-23 23-21 21-17
Then can determine the number of teeth on sprocket [z] or larger sprocket =
Z2 = = = 35 teeth
The power transmitted by the chain on the base of breaking loads is given by
P= [in watt] ……………………………………………………………… (3.16)

Where
V = velocity of chain in m/s
n = factor of safety
K s = services factor…k1, k2, k3
The table shows the factor of safety for the roller and silent chains depending up on the speed of
the sprocket pinion in rpm and pitch of the chain

Table 3.9: Factor of Safety for the Roller and Silent Chains
Types of Pitch of 50 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600 2000
chain chain[mm]
Bush 12-15 7 7.8 8.55 9.35 10.2 11 11.7 13.2 14.8
roller
chain
20-25 7 8.2 9.35 10.3 11.7 12.9 14 16.3 -
30-35 7 8.35 10.2 13.2 14.8 16.3 19.5 - -
Silent 12.7-15.87 20 22.2 24.4 28.7 29.0 31.0 33.4 37.8 20.0
chains
19.05-25.4 20 23.4 26.7 30 33.4 36.4 40 46 53.5
The services factor is the products of load factor (k1) lubrication factor (k2) and rating factor (k3)
the value of these factor are taken as follow [2]
1. Load factor (k 1 ) = 1 for constant loads
= 1.25 for variable load with mild shock
= 1.5 for heavy shock load
2. Lubricating factor (k2) = 0.8 for continuous lubrication
= 1 for drop lubrication
= 1.5 for periodic lubrication
3. Rating factor (k3) = 1for 8 hour per day
= 1.25 for 16 hour per day
= 1.5 for continues services
Based on the working condition and farmer level of skill the services factor (ks) = k1.k2.k3
K1 = 1.25, K2 = 1.5, k3 = 1
Ks = 1.25 = 1.875
Factor of safety depends on the pitch and speed of the sprocket n=13.2
Velocity of chain v = m/s = = 12.8667m/s
P= W b=22.2kN………….from the table (3.8)

P = 11.541kwatt
Material
Select plain carbon steel for medium carbon steel that is 10C4, it is medium carbon steel has
content in the range of 0.3%-0.5% because of medium carbon steel is [17]
 Easily hardened by heat treatment
 Stronger and tougher
 Easily weld
 Higher wear resistance

Table 3.10: Mechanical properties of plain carbon steel

Grade Tensile Yield strength(N/mm) Hardness Elongation
strength(N/mm) HB
7c4 320 - - 27
10c4 340 - - 26
30c8 500 400 179 21
40c8 580 380 217 18
45c8 630 380 229 15
Pn = ………………………………………………………… (3.17)
Where = allowable bearing stress in Mpa
A = projected bearing area mm2
V = velocity of the chains m/s
Ks = services factor
A= = 30mm = 1800mm2
The required chain pull (
Power (P) =
F = = = 1849N
Then calculates the pitch diameter

For small sprocket (1) d1= = = 143mm
For larger sprocket (2) d2= = =179mm
The length of the chain
L=2c os + +
c = center distances in mm = cp ……is not given assume Cp=40 pitches
P = pitch of the chain C=40 =640mm
-1
[ ] Sin-1[ ] in degree
=2.3°
L=2* 640* +
=1007.84mm

3.8.5-Shaft Design
A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to another
place.
It is the part of the seeder which is power transmits its gains from the wheel by the connection of
the sprockets .the shaft power transmit for the two of them which are torque and the rotational
motion [3]
Material selection of the shaft
For the material of the seeder of the shaft is carbon steel 50c4
Property of material
It has good machine ability
It has high strength and heat treatment property
It has wear resistant property and low notch sensitive factor
Determination of the shaft diameter
Shaft design consists primarily of the determination of the correct of shaft diameter to ensure
satisfactory strength and rigidity .when the shaft is transmitting power under various operating
and load condition.
So to calculate the shear stress is = = 61.67Mpa
Torque transmitted by the shaft T= …………………………………… (3.18)

Where, p = power =11.541KW N = speed = 1337rpm
= = 82.42
Tangential force acting at sprocket at C
Ftc = T/ R c = Nm/m = 915.8849N
Total force acting down ward on the shaft at C
FTC + W c = 915.8849N+10N = 925.8849N so, both sprocket C and D are equal weight which
implies total force acting dawn ward on the shaft is equal wd = wc = 925.89N

Maximum bending moment consideration
RA and RB are the reaction at A and B is respectively

R c = RA+RD+RB = 925.89N+RA-RB
Taking moment at A
RB
RB
RB = 661.35N
RA = RC-(RB+RD) = -661.35N,
= 925.89-(661.35+925.89)
= -661.35N, the maximum bending moment will be either at C or D as known that the
bending moment at C
Mc = RA*50mm = -661.35*50 = -33092.5Nmm
Bending moment at D
MD = RB*50mm = 661.35*50 = 33092.5Nmm
Maximum bending moment transmitted by the shaft
M = MD = 33092.5Nmm
The equivalent twisting moment calculated by
Te = ………………………………………………….. (3.19)
Km and Kt value take from (Appendix table 3.11)
= 110.77*103Nmm
The bending moment at D may also be calculated as follow
MD = RA*300mm = -661.35 N* 300mm = 198.555Nm
The equivalent twisting moment (Te) = 110.77*103 N mm = d3 * /16 = d3*370Mpa/16
D= = 0.9mm

3.10.6-Design of Metering Chain

The 1st chain driver consists of sprocket(2)and the driven sprocket is another sprocket (3)and
connects with the other (seeder and fertilizer sprocket ) by the chain the chain drive consisting
of a driver sprocket (3)and two driven (4&5) shown in the below fig .sprocket (3) is used to
transmit 11.541KW at a speed of 1337 rpm given from the first chain is ISO(10B,P=16) and
from the selection of number of chain distance of sprocket is below maintained and the pitch
circle diameter of each sprocket is equal which is Z3 = Z4 = Z5 = Z2
The total power transmitted by sprocket 3 by is (11.541kw) and the chain tension is given by
T= , chain velocity is calculated previously V= 12.866m/s
= = 896.9N
And also the power transmitted to each of the sprocket (4&5) is half of the sprocket 3 that is
(5.77kw).there for the net tension is
T4 = T3 = = = 448.5N
3.10.6.1-Chain lubrication
In order to achieve the purpose of chain, it is mandatory to lubricate within the specification time
to reduce wear, to protect against rest and corrosion, to carry away the friction heat and to
cushion shock loads of the chain. For A,S,N,I standards chain lubrication designated as Type-A
Type-B and Type-C depending on the power rating and the chain velocity by considering of the
users and power rate, Type-A(manual or drip lubrication)to be selected. In manual lubrication,
the lubricating oil is applied to the chain links with a brush or oil can after every eight hours of
operation. The frequency of applying the oil should be adjusted so as to prevent over heating of
the chain or discoloration of the chain joints [3]

3.8.7-Design of Seed and Fertilizer Metering Shaft
The stress of that are induced in the shaft are

Shear stress due to the transmit ion of torques (due to tensional load)
Bending stress (due to the forces a acting on that is sprocket and plates both are induced. If the
diameter of A, B and C are 390 mm and D is300 mm of the sprocket attaching on the shaft
The required power that transmits to the shaft is
P = 11.541KW at the speed of 1337 rpm
T = = 32.42Nm = 32420 N mm
The tension forces acting a sprocket is t=4485N
F tA= = 166.3N
FtB = 166.3N
Ft c = = 166.3N
Take moment at 1, R1+R2 = total load acting dawn ward at C

F TA + FTB + FT c + FTD = 908.723Nmng
R2*850mm = RD*800mm+RC*550mm+RC*300mm+RA*50mm
R2 = 482.3 5N and R1=426.389 N so that
The bending moment at A = RA 50mm = 21319.479Nm2
The bending moment at B = R1 300mm = 12796
The bending moment at C = R2*300mm = 144705 Nm2
The bending moment at D = R2*50mm = 241178 Nm2

Maximum bending moment transmitted by the shaft

M = Mat C = 144705N-m
Let d =diameter of the shaft, it is known that the equivalent twisting moment
Te = = 232,178.84Nmm2
We also that the equivalent twisting moment (Te) where, the permissible shear Stress 56 M Pa
for shaft with Out allowance for key way
Te = d
42Mpa for shaft with allowance, or
at 56Mpa the diameter is 27.6mm
Again know that the equivalent bending moment (Me)
Me = 0.5(Km+ M) + = 0.5(Km*M+Te)…………………….(3.20)
Also know that Me =
At
b = working stress in tension
112Mpa for with out
For shaft with allowance, or 0.36*
d = 27.6mm
Taking to the larger of the two value d = 27.6mm, say 30mm
3.10.8-Design of Plough
Tillage implement is pulled by animal source while pulling the implement.
Three types of forces are to be acting on it
1) force of gravity
2) soil reaction on the implement
3) pull of the power unit
Material selection for plough
Based on its corrosive resistance and strength properties mild steel is suitable for plough design
The force must be in equilibrium for satisfactory operation of the implement. The force F
resolved in to three components L, V and S IN the three planes [1]
Where L= the draft of the implement which is used for pulling loads
V= the effect of adding load to the rear wheels
S = the side force which is directional stability on the bullock and implement

Figure 3.8: plough

L=F where = the angle of inclination of force Fin the transverse plane with
the horizontal
= the angle of inclination of force F in the vertical plane with the horizontal surface
The vertical component V
V= and the side force S it has effect on the implement because of frictional
S=F
Assumptions
To calculate the force that exerted on the plug during tillage by pulling of a bullocks three types
of forces are acting
Weight = 45.45N
Soil reaction or the pressure exerted by the seeding machine is 0.455 kg/cm2 (from Appendeix1
table 2.2)
The pulling force of the axis is = 1190N
There for the resultant force F
FR = ………………………………………………………………...... (3.21)
But F pressure exerted by the seeding by the seeding machine area covered by the machine
= 1pa=101.1kg/cm²
=1.357N
FR =
= 1270.18N
In case of mounted implement supported and pulley by animals. The force P between the
implement and bullock in the vertical plane is the force contains Land V components which is
given by the relation.
P = =
= F
= 635. 09N

3.10.9-Design of Frame
The multi-crop in line seedier body has several members which attached together to from rigid
bodies:-
1 horizontal frame
2 pulling bar
3 vertical frames
3.10.9.1-Design of Horizontal Frame

Material: - mild steels
Crosse-section rectangular hollow section standard dimension 50mm by 150, H=1300, B=40mm
The force that exert on the each plough during tillage is
FR =1270.18N9 (previous calculation of plough) and each plough is mounted on the horizontal
beam, horizontal force and the beam is fixed at both end.
RB+RA = FC+FD+FE = 3×1270.78 = 3810N

Bending moment at A=0
0 = 1270.78×250+1270.78×750+1270×1250-RB ×1500
R B = 1905N = RA
M max is at point D
M at D
= 1270.78 = 952500Nmm
ẟb = the bending stress for the given material is
Z= = =104673mm3
With this section modules the thickness of beam is determined as
H=B-t
Z=

Substituting and solving by using rational root test method gives minimum wall thickness for
rectangular cross-section beam t = 3.87mm take the nearest standard value, t = 4mm
3.10.9.2-Design of Vertical Frame

The vertical load is subjected to down ward load that is used to the weight of the compartment.
Figure 3.9: Vertical Frame

Assumption
The load at A is consider being equal to the load due to maximum weight of the seeders
FR = 1270.1884N
This force is the maximum force applied the beam.
Material: - steel (plain carbon steel)
The steel is simply satisfying the given load and easily available and cheap in cost
Cross-section standard rectangular hollow section [3]
Consideration of Vertical Beam

Tension or comparison consideration
The tensile/compressive stress of the vertical beam is given
This give = 8.98Mpa which is much smaller than the maximum
allowable tensile stress.
Buckling consideration
In order to check the bearing buckling ranking eroding stability formula implemented
P=
Where working stress

P = critical load causing failure
A = cross sectional area
a = ending fixed coefficient = (1/625) for steel

L/K = slenderness ratio greater than 100
Hence = 186.66 where, s f=3

P=1641.88 N since the maximum load allowable is much greater than the load subjected to the
beam the design is much safe.
3.10.9.3-Design of Pulling Bar

It is the member that used to pull the seeder by drafting force of the two oxen
These members are predominantly subjected to tensile stress.
Material for pulling bar is plane carbon steel
Figure 3.10: Pulling Bar

Considerations of the pulling are
Shearing consideration
The shear stress is given by
= F b/A ………………………………………………………………………… (3.22)
F b = 423.39 N the maximum pulling load at each bar and shear stress is from the above
calculation
 .d 2
A Where d is the diameter of the bolt used to join the bar to the yoke
4
d = 3.18 mm 3.2mm
Tension consideration
F
 t  t .................................................................................................................. (3.23)
At
Where F b and it is maximum at   0
At = (30 –d) t
t = 0.335mm
Maximum bending is when the load is at either -45 or 45o from the horizontal. And it is given
by M max = F b*l sin 45 = 423.39 120 = 35925.8 N mm
t = 2.456mm
Hence to satisfy both requirements t= 3-5mm can be used.
Joining Mechanism
The two bars are joining by welding at the fixed horizontal member. And at the end hold by the
traditional yoke by a bolt pass through them. Here, mechanisms other than bolting maybe used
as per the tradition of the locality. Here connected by wire or ropes

3.10.10-Design of Metering Plate

Metering mechanism is the heart of sowing machine and its function is to distribute seeds
uniformly at the desired application rates. In planters, it also controls seed spacing in a row. A
seed drill or planter may be required to drop the seeds at raises varying across wide range. [6]
Figure 3.11: Metering and Cover Plate

In the design of methodology suitable and viable metering mechanisms for different crops and
fertilizers after various comparisons inclined plate type metering mechanism has been selected.
In these part the overall dimension and strength analysis will be covered.
Material for the plate

Cast iron
The properties of material for the metering plate is cast iron
 Good resistance to wear
 Rigidity
 Easy manufacturability
 Good bending strength
 Cheaper and abundantly available.
Therefore having all the above necessities under consideration material selected for the plate
component is; cast iron
Number of cell or hole of the plates in each crop

The number of cell on the seed metering devices expressed as
Number of cell = ………………… (3.24)
For maize number of cell = = 4 hole

For wheat, number of cell = = 50 hole
For millet (sorghum), number of cell = = 6.702

For barley number of cell (hole) = = 20.106 20 holes
And for other crops number of hole listed below

Table 3.11: Number of Hole in Different Crops

Types of seeds No of holes in a plate
Pea 10
Faba bean 10
Field pea 20
Haricot bean 10
Lentil 20
Determination of Plate Diameter
The diameter of the plate calculated as: - circumference of the circle= diameter of the plate.
Circumference of the plate=the diameter of the seed in each hole plus the space between the
seeds in each hole.
It is enough to calculate by one type of seeds. For example for wheat:-diameter of wheat = 0.5cm
Space between seed = 2cm
Circumference = 50 0.7+50 2 = 125cm,
Hence the diameter of the plate which equals to =circumference/ =125/
D = 297.8mm 300mm
Figure3.12: Maize Metering Plate
Friction force on the plate

Due to the rotating of the metering shaft the torque on the plate is equals to the torque that
exerted on the shaft and due to the weight of the grain and fertilizer the plate surface subjected to
frictional force.[6]
Friction force = normal force cofficient of friction (Ff = FN )
FN = mg
= 6kg 9.81m/s2 = 58.86N
Ff = 5.886N assumption 0.1
Where, m = mass of the crop in (kg),
g = gravitational force
3.10.11-Selection of Seed Delivery Tube
This was the channel through which seed are conveyed to the furrow
The material used easy manufacturing; corrosion resistance was a conical funnel with a rubber
hose out let diameter is greater than the seed and fertilizer is 30mm.

3.10.12-Standard Materials
Gaskets, studs, Bolts, wires or ropes, nuts, pins, nails and screws
Different size standard bolts and nuts, set screws and pins are used in the design of multi-crop
inline seeder. Consequently, at each part o the design it has been tried to specify such things
more over as they are represented in the assembly and part drawings both qualitatively and
quantitatively. Hence here by there is no more discussion on such parts. Those are easily
available in the manufacturing catalogs
3.10.13-Maintenance Procedure
The planter should be properly serviced and maintained. It should be checked before use to
ensure that all the nuts and bolts are tightened and that all the parts are in good condition. For
example, if the openers are worn out, they should be replaced. The fertilizer and seed boxes
should also be in good condition to allow free flow of seed and fertilizer. Chains should be
adjusted and oiled. After use at the end of each day, the machine should be checked, the seed and
fertilizer boxes cleaned, and the moving parts oiled. After the planting season, the machine
should be properly stored
Table 3.12: Problem, Cause and Remedy of Multi-Crop in Line Machine

Problem Cause Remedy.
Seed not placed at 1 Adjustment of depth control 1. Properly adjust the depth of
desired depth Is not proper furrow openers with the help of
depth
Control wheel.
Seed/fertilizer is not 1 The seed/fertilizer box is empty 1. Refill the seed/fertilizer box
dropping from furrow 2 The furrow opener or seed delivery 2. Clean mud out of the opener
opener tube is blocked by soil/mud or and/or seed delivery tubes
fertilizer/seed delivery pipes 3. Clean the fluted rollers
3 Fertilizer fluted roller is blocked. 4. Lower down the hitch to get

4 The drive wheel does not touch the the drive wheel in contact with
ground the land.
5 Broken chain/sprocket 5. change the broken part
Unequal depth of 1. Improper three point linkage 1. Put the machine on a fairly
seeding among balancing level ground
different rows

3.10.14-Manufacturing Process
Manufacturing process are the step through which raw material are transformed into a final
product. When defining manufacturing procedures and methods, there are two essential terms to
keep in mind. Process manufacturing and discrete manufacturing, Process manufacturing results
in finished good that cannot be disassembled back into their original components. Discrete
manufacturing, on the other hand, results in finished goods that can be disassembled back into
the original components.
For our design we have different parts of multi- crop inline seeding machine and those are
manufactured its dimension and mechanical properties. The manufacturer manufactured the parts
within the specification and appropriate process type (casting, machining, welding, forging,
rolling ...) for goodness of strength and field operation. Manufacturing process is abroad science
it is generally estimated by manufacturer
3.10.15-Cost Analysis of Multi - Crop in Line Seeding Machine

US $1 = 20.58 birr in Ethiopia
Table 4.1: Cost Estimation of Parts

No. Some part of material L D Quantity Cost[birr]
the machine
1 Plate Cast iron - 300 6 1666.98
2 Delivery tube Plastic 1000 30 6 199.25
3 Wheel Steel 320 2 2058
4 Steel wire Steel 700 2 1 15.125
5 Shaft Carbon 350 21 1 689.43
steel
Metering Carbon 850 30 2 1674.33
shaft steel
6 Chain Plain 1007.8 60 2 986.25
carbon
7 Bolt and nut M10 50 to 80 20 to 80 10 128
8 Steel sheet steel 26.23
9 Steel bar steel 1500 3.2 4 565.43
10 For metering 60 27 The market
shaft bearing bearing
selecting of
the catalogs
11 plough Mild steel 110 t 40 3 1020.05
12 sprocket Cast iron - - 6 5670.56
12 Others(irregul - - - - 6574.67
ar shape of
material)
total 21,274.30

Chapter Four: Conclusion, Recommendation and Future Work

4.1-Conclusion
The objective of this project is to design multi-crop inline seeder for seeding Wheat, Barley,
sorghum, Maize, and other related size crops. While designing the machine passed through
different method to accomplish the state objective starting from gathering data specially from
literature, research work , packaging data’s, and direct measuring of seed dimensions for design
each parts of the machine exhaustively and efficiently
In the literature and other consequential parts of this paper the necessary inputs to and outputs
from the design of inline seeder are presented to the level that everyone can understand. Having
the design completed, the whole project report shall be concluded by forwarding the following
points.
 It is a bullock drawn implement with a weight of (45kg), size (1300*1150*1000) within a
speed of (0.35m/s) needed for operating the seed metering mechanism by using different
power transmit ion units.
 The design of Multi–crop in-line seeder can service to sow in three row and versatile
operation (in different seeds by adjusting the plough gap, depth and exchange the
metering plate). which is suitable for weeding and harvesting activity
 From the conceptual analysis and synthesis the pair of Ethiopian ox (250-320kg) that the
power required to pull this machine within 2-5cm depth is 491.08Watt, the machine can
covers 0.8058 hectare per day. This output power tends to the design from the initial
drafting idea of hypothesis in one raw to the selected one.
 Generally the inline seeder actually is designed to meet alternative requirements and can
saves 70 percent labor, operating time and 50 percent on cost of operation and also results
in 10 to 15 percent increase in yield compared to sowing the conventional one. to be
flexible for manufacturing with adequate costs
Finally, then paper discuss the manufacturing process and cost analysis estimating based on the
material used for each part of the design of the machine component and illustrate the dimension
of each part drawing with 3D model what the real objective needed machine looks like.

4.2-Recommendation
On this paper many recommendations and guiding direction are presented in each part of the
report supported by material reasons it has been found mandatory to recommend in a more
generalized way issues. Therefore the following points are found remarkable to be recommended.
 The multi- crop in line seeding machine has attractive contributions on the enhancement
of our enfant agriculture based economy in different areas. yet it is not recommended to
use in corrugate area due to the case of transportation system and safety
 It should be checked before use to ensure that all the nuts and bolts are tightened and that
all the parts are in good condition
 The fertilizer and seed boxes should also be in good condition to allow free flow of seed
and fertilizer.
 After use at the end of each day, the machine should be checked; the seed and fertilizer
boxes cleaned and the moving parts must be oiled.
 After the planting season, the machine should be properly stored
 In particular in the design of the inline seeder there was many difficulties which in
general are emanate from lack of experiment based information on the aggregate
agricultural technology issues. And it is to recommend that fundamental points and some
clear inputs have to be forwarded with each and every problem on hand to be solved
4.3-Feature work
The multi-crop in line seeding machine seeds only large size types of crops that listed in the
above, in feature work it is possible to seed like teff, race, dagussa and others not listed crops and
also can be drawn by donkey, mule, horse and others animal integrating with pulling.
Furthermore by enlargement of the size it is possible to sowing crops in many rows by the help of
tractor power source

Reference
[1] D.Rjagdishawarsahay, Publisher:-A.K.Jain Elements of Agricultural Engineering Fourth
Edition (2004) Page (224-298)
[2] R.S KHURMI, JK.GUPTA:-Text Book of Machine Design (2008)
[3] R.S KHURMI and J.K.GUPTA:-Text Book of Machine Element (2005)
[4] Http://Www.Indiamart.Com/Saeco-Agriculture/, Multi-Crop Threshers
[5] Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review - Volume 20, N1umber 1,
January 2004, Pp. 93-114, Socio-Economic Determinants of Wetland Cultivation in Kemise
Illubabor Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia
[6] Sowing and Planting Equipment, Http://Agricoop.Nic.In/Dacd
Vision/Machinery1/Chap2a.Pdf, Pp. 46-79, 11/4/2014.
[7] J .E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, 1986, 1st Edition, Mcgraw Hill, N.Y
[8] Cost Estimation of Different Materials in Dimensions Based Http: //Www:Cost of Cost
Material Alibaba.Com
[9 ] Basic Crops In Ethiopia Reported In 2005/6
Http://Www.Thecropsite.Com/Reports/?Id=2222#Sthash.Tobabsdp.Dpuf
[10] Machine Tool Design Hand Book (Eight Code)
[11] J.E.Iken and N.A.Amusa, Maize Research And Production In Nigeria. African Journal Of
Biotechnology, Vol.3 (6) 2004 Pp 320-307
[12]. Maize, Http://Old .Iita.Org/Cms/Details/Maize – Project 18/4/2014
[13]. IBUKUNB.IKECHUKWU3.Agidigbabo2.IKCCHUKWU C.UGWUOKE3 Design And
Fabrication Of Single Raw Maize Planter For Garden Use.
[14].BAJ.G And G.SHANER (1994) Sowing and Planting Equipment Chapter 2
[15]. Tulu Taffa, Soil and Water Conservation for Sustainable Agriculture, 2002, Mega
Publishing Enterprise, A.A Ethiopia
[16]. Types of Soil Research Review In Baku (Worku Burayu, Tewodrosmesfin, Hussein
Mohammed, Tolesadebelle, Tesfabogale And Birtukanmekonnen EARO) in 2004E.C
[17] Design of Machine Element by BHANDHI, 2nd Edition
[18] Source CSA, 2013/14/ (2006 E.C)
[19] Direct Measuring Of Seed by Digital Micrometer Calipers
[20] Amhara Region Agricultural Ministry of Packing Data
[21] Types of Soil and Its Resistivity Http://Www.Gardenguides.Com

Appendix 1
Table2.2: Types of Soil and Its Resistive
Type of soil Soil resistance (Kg/cm2)
Sandy soil 0.21

Sand moist soil 0.245
0.315
Silt loam dray soil
Silt loam moist soil 0.385
Silt loam dray soil 0.455
clay loam moist soil 0.455

Heavy clay dray soil 0.665
Clay loam dray soil 0.505
Heavy clay moist soil 0.735
Source [21]
Table 2.4: Assessments of Force Speed and Power
Country Animal Condition Implement Force Speed Power

(N) (m/s) (W)
250-320 kg Ethiopian Farmers’ Mareshaard
Raya kobo oxen(pair) fields after plough 1195 0.35 424
long fallow 928 0.35 510
short fallow
Ethiopia Single oxen: Raya Farmers’ Mareshaard
kobo309 kg to 302 kg fields. plough depth: 590 0.5 to 300
Raya kobo 375 kg Nutrition 13.9 cm 13.9 600 0.5 310
465 kg levels: cm 660 0.5 to 330
Normal 14.6 cm 710 0.5 360
Underfed 14.6 cm
Normal
underfed

Table:-2.5: Assessments of Force, Work-Rate and Force per Weight of Animal in Ethiopia
Animal Condition Implement Force Work Work force

x100
(N) (m2n-1) (m2d-1) weight
250-320 kg Farmers’ fields Marshaard 1195

Ethiopian Raya after plough 928 199 424 to 23% 17%
kobo oxen(pair) long fallow to 222 510
short fallow
Single oxen: Farmers’ Mareshaard
Ethiopian fields. plough 595 220 920 20%
Raya300 kg depth: 13.9 685 242 998 24%
Raya kobo cm
375-465 kg 14.6 cm
Source [5]
Table 3.4: Wheel proportion and relation
Type of Materia Description Diameter(m Widt No of No of

wheel l m) h(m nail rod
m) per or
screw faces
Circular Metal Rim is 3mm thick and hub Wheel 30 - 10
rim (mild rim arm hub are joined 100 320
steel) by weld
Regular Metal Rim is 3mm thick and 100 320 30 - 10
polygon (mild rim arm hub are joined
steel) by weld
Circumfer Wood If it is one piece the hub 100 320 30 6 to 10
ential face (one or should have two flanges 10
grooved two on both sides of the
pieces) wheel
Regular Wood Woods labs width 15- 100 320 30+3 20 1
polygon (many 50mm and 15mm thick to 30
two pieces batched by nail or
together screws on both sides of
a single flange on the
hub

Table 3.5: Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel
Indian standard Ultimate tensile strength(M Yield strength(M Pa)

designation Pa)
40c8 560-670 320
45c8 610-700 350
50c4 640-700 370
50c12 700min 390
Table3.6: Design Value for Journal Bearings
Machinery Bearing Max bearing operating value

pressure (p)
in N/Kg2
Absolute ZN/p z in c/d l/d
velocity(Z) kg/ms
in kg/ m. s p in
N/mm2
Steam turbine Main 3.5 0.1 7 0.001 1.8-2
Rolling mills Main 21 0.o5 1.4 0.0015 1-1.5
Rail ways cast Axel 3.5 0.1 7 0.001 1.8-2
Transmission Light 0.175 0.025 7 0.001 2-3
shafts fixed
Punching Main 28 0.1 - 0.001 1-2
&shearing crank pin
machines
Table 3.11: Recommended Value for Km and Kt [2]
Nature of load Km Kt
1.station shaft
a)Gradually applied load 1.0 1.0
b)suddenly applied load 1.5 to 2 1.5 to 2
2.rotating shaft
a)Gradually applied or steady load 1.5 1
b)suddenly applied with minor shock only 1.5 to 2 1.5 to 2

c)suddenly applied load with heavy shock
2 to 3 1.5 to 3

Appendix 2
Part Drawing
Depth Control Wheel Vertical Frame
Metering Plate
Metering Shaft

Plough Seed and Fertilizer Box
Pulling Bar Wheel with Slug

Assembling Drawing
Front View
Section View A-A

Side View


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Multi-Crop Inline Seeding Machine June 2015

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3.2-Comparison of Different Mechanism of Metering Assessed......................................................... 15

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List of conversion factors

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Chapter one: Introduction

Figure 1.1: Sowing Crops by Broadcasting Manually

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Figure 1.2: Hand Dropping Seed & Fertilizer in the Canal

1.2- Statement of problem

1.3- Objective of the Study

1.3.1- General objectives of the projects

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1.3.2- Specific objective

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1.7- Organization of the Study

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Chapter Two: Literature Review

2.2- Socio Economic Conditions of Ethiopia versus Agriculture

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2.3- Some Types of Crop Data’s and Their Function

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Table 2.1: Crop in Ethiopia Land Coverage and Yield in Hectare

2.4-Type of Soil in Ethiopia

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There are two types of soil tillage

Figure 2.2: Fertilizer Placement between Seeds

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Table 2.3: Fertilizer Data for Different Seeds

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5. Transplanting: - Transplanting consists of preparing seedling in nursery and then plating

Figure 2.3: Manual Dibbling Seeds

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b) Manual seed and fertilizer drill:

c) Animal drawn seed drill:

Figure 2.5: Animal Drawn Seed Drill

d) Camel operated seed-cum-fertilizer drill:

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Figure 2.6: Camel Operated Seed-Cum-Fertilizer Drill

2.10-Agriculture comparison of the past with today

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Chapter Three: Design Analysis of multi-crop in line seeder

3.2-Comparison of Different Mechanism of Metering Assessed

Figure 3.1: Pick Up Type Precision Seed Meters

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Figure 3.2: Belt Type Precision

C) Fluted Roller Types

Figure 3.3: Fluted Roller Type

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D) External Force Feed Type Seed Meters

Figure 3.4: External Forces Feed Type Seed Meters

E) Plate Type Precision Seed Meter

MD = RA300mm = -661.35 N 300mm = 198.555Nm

The equivalent twisting moment (Te) = 110.77103 N mm = d3 /16 = d3*370Mpa/16