6

Binomial expansion
Before you start Exercise 6.2
1. a) x 2 + 14x + 49 1. a) 5! = 120 b) 10! = 3628800
16x  − 8x + 1
b) 2 20 ! 20 × 19 × 18 × 17 !
c)  = = 20 × 19 × 18
c) (4x  + 12x + 9) (2x + 3)
2 17 ! 17 !
= 8x 3 + 24x 2 + 18x + 12x 2 + 36x + 27 = 6840
= 8x 3 + 36x 2 + 54x + 27 8! 8 × 7 × 6! 8 × 7
d) = = = 28
2!6! 2 × 1 × 6! 2
d) 25 − 10y + y 2
e) (9x 2 − 60x + 100) (3x − 10) ⎛9⎞
2. a) ⎜ ⎟ = 9C3 = 84 b) 12C10 = 66
= 27x  − 180x  + 300x − 90x  + 600x − 1000
3 2 2
⎝3 ⎠
= 27x 3 − 270x 2 + 900x − 1000 c) 7C1 = 7 d) 5C5 = 1
(1 − 4x + 4x 2) (1 − 2x)
f) 
= 1 − 4x + 4x 2 − 2x + 8x 2 − 8x 3 Exercise 6.3
= 1 − 6x + 12x 2 − 8x 3 1. 110 + 10C1(1)9(−x) + 10C2(1)8(−x)2 = 1 − 10x + 45x 2
2. a) 16x  40
b) −27x  12
c) 625x  12
2. (3)8 + 8C1(3)7(x) + 8C2(3)6(x)2 + 8C3(3)5(x)3
d) −1024x  35
e) −3x  45
f) −135x 18
= 6561 + 17496x + 20412x 2 + 13608x 3
Exercise 6.1 3. 7C3(1)4(−6x)3 = 35 × 1 × − 216x 3

1. a) 1(2)4 + 4(2)3(3x) + 6(2)2 (3x)2 + 4(2)1(3x)3 coeff = −7560

+ 1(3x)4 4. a) (3x)4 + 4C1(3x)3(4y) + 4C2(3x)2(4y)2
= 16 + 96x + 216x 2 + 216x 3 + 81x 4 + 4C3(3x) (4y)3 + (4y)4
b) 1(2x)6 + 6(2x)5 (1) + 15(2x)4 (1)2 + 20(2x)3(1)3 = 81x 4 + 432x 3y + 6(9) (16) x 2y 2
+ 15(2x) (1) + 6(2x) (1) + 1(1)
2 4 1 5 6
+ 4(3) (64) xy 3 + 256y 4
= 64x  + 192x 5 + 240x 4 + 160x 3 + 60x 2 + 12x + 1
6
= 81x 4 + 432x 3y + 864x 2y 2 + 768xy 3 + 256y 4
c) 1(1) + 5(1) (−4x) + 10(1) (−4x) + 10(1) (−4x)
5 4 3 2 2 3
b) (x − 2y)3 = (x)3 + 3C1(x)2(−2y) + 3C2(x) (−2y)2 + (−2y)3
+ 5(1)1(−4x)4 + 1(−4x)5
= x 3 − 6x 2y + 12xy 2 − 8y 3
= 1 − 20x + 160x 2 − 640x 3 + 1280x 4 − 1024x 5 2 3
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
d) 1(x)7 + 7(x)6(−3) + 21(x)5(−3)2 + 35(x)4(−3)3 c) (1)5 + 5C1 (1)4 ⎜ − ⎟ + 5C 2 (1)3 ⎜ − ⎟ + 5C 3 (1)2 ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
+ 35(x)3(−3)4 + 21(x)2(−3)5 + 7(x) (−3)6 4 5
+ 1(−3)7 ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
+ 5C 4 (1) ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

= x 7 −
 21x 6 + 189x 5 − 945x 4 + 2835x 3
− 5103x 2 + 5103x − 2187 =−
1
5 5 5 5 1
x + x2 − x3 + x4 − x5
2 2 4 16 32
2. (2)5 + 5(2)4(−10x) + 10(2)3(−10x)2
= 32 − 800x + 8000x 2 24 + 4C1(2)3(5x) + 4C2(2)2(5x)2 + 4C3(2)1(5x)3 + (5x)4
d)

3. 15(4)2(x)4 + 6(4)1(x)5 + (x)6 = 16 + 160x + 600x 2 + 1000x 3 + 625x 4

= 240x 4 + 24x 5 + x 6 ⎛x⎞
3
⎛x⎞
2
⎛x⎞
1

e) ⎜ ⎟ + 3C1 ⎜ ⎟ (1) + 3C 2 ⎜ ⎟ (1)2 + (1)3

4. 2nd term = n(1)n−1(−5x) = −25x ⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠ ⎝3⎠
n = 5 as 5(1)4(−5x) = −25x x3 1
=
+ x2 + x + 1
4 2 27 3
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ 2⎛ 3 ⎞
5. ⎜ 1 + ⎟ =
14 + 4(1)3 ⎜ ⎟ + 6(1) ⎜ ⎟ 2
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
35 + 5C1 (3)4 ⎜ − ⎟ + 5C 2 (3)3 ⎜ − ⎟
f)
3 4 ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
+ 4(1)3 ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛
3
3⎞
4
⎛ 3⎞
5
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠ + 5C 3 (3)2 ⎜ − ⎟ + 5C 4 (3)1 ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
= 1 + 0.12 + 0.0054 + 0.000108 + 0.00000081

1215 2430 2430 1215 243
= 1.1255088... = 243 − + 2 − 3 + − 5
x x x x4 x
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Binomial expansion 1
5. 10C5(2)5(−x)5  coeff icient = −8064 16. 6C3(2)3(−y)3 = −160y 3
6. 8C4(3)4(2x)4  coeff icient = 90720 17. 8C5(3)3(y)5 coefficient = 48384
4
7. (1)7 + 7C1(1)6(ax) + 7C2(1)5(ax)2 = 1 + 7ax + 21a 2x 2 ⎛ −2 ⎞
18. 6 C 4 ( x 2 )2 ⎜ ⎟ = 240
3
20 x 6 ⎝ x ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
8. C 3 ( x ) ⎜ =
6 2 3
⎟ = 20
⎝ x2 ⎠ x6 19. a) 15 + 5(1)4x + 10(1)3x 2 + 10(12) x 3 + 5(1) (x 4) + x 5

⎛ 3x ⎞
4
⎛ 81 ⎞ 1 + 5x + 10x 2 + 10x 3 + 5x 4 + x 5
9. 9 C 4 ( 4 )5 ⎜ ⎟ = 126(1024 ) ⎜ ⎟ x 4 = 653184 x 4
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠ b) [1 + (y + y 2)]5 = 1 + 5(y + y 2) + 10(y + y 2)2
+ 10(  y + y 2)3 + 5(  y + y 2)4
10. a) 56 + 6C155(−x) + 6C254(−x)2
+ (  y + y 2)5
= 15625 − 18750x + 9375x 2 + ...
Just need last 2 terms.
b) 39 + 9C138(2x) + 9C237(2x)2
= 19683 + 118098x + 314928x 2 + ... Term in y 8 in expansions of 5(y + y 2)4 = 5y 8
2 Term in y 8 in expansion of (y + y 2)5 = 10y 8
⎛x⎞ ⎛x⎞
c) 27 + 7C1 (2)6 ⎜ ⎟ + 7C 2 (2)5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠ Ans: 15
448 672 2 2 3
= 128 + x + x +…  − x  + 8C (1) 6  − x  + 8C (1)5  − x 
20. a) 18 + 8C1 (1)7 
5 25  2  2 
2 
 3 
2 

2
⎛ −2 x ⎞ 12 10 ⎛ −2 x ⎞ = 1 – 4x + 7x 2 – 7x 3
d) 112 + 12
C1111 ⎜ ⎟ + C 21 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎛ x⎞ x
88 2 b) ⎜ 1 − ⎟= 0.99, 0.01= x= 0.02
=1 − 8x + x +… ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
3
1 − 4(0.02) + 7(0.0004) − 7(0.000008)
11. 15C10(2x)5(−1) 10  coeff icient = 96096
= 1 − 0.08 + 0.0028 − 0.000056 = 0.922744
⎛x⎞ ⎛x⎞ ⎛x⎞
2 3
= 0.9227.
12. a) 1
10
+ 10C1 (1)9 ⎜ ⎟ + 10C 2 (1)8 ⎜ ⎟ + 10C 3 (1)7 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎝ ⎠ 2⎝ ⎠ 2
45 2 Exercise 6.4
= 1 + 5x + x + 15x 3
4 1. a) (2 + x) [1 + 8x + 28x 2 + ...]
x 5 x = 2 + 16x + 56x 2 + x + 8x 2 + ...
b) If 1.05 = 1+ , = 10 =100 x x = 0.1
2 100 2
= 2 + 17x + 64x 2
45
∴ (1.05) = 10
1 + 5(0.1) + (0.1) + 15(0.1)
2 3
b) (1 – 2x) [39 + 9(3)8 (2x) + 36(3)7(2x)2]
4
= 1 + 0.5 + 0.1125 + 0.015 = 1.63 (to 2 d.p.) = (1 – 2x) [19683 + 118098x + 314928x 2]
13. a) 18 + 8C1(1)7(−3x) + 8C2(1)6(−3x)2 = 19683 +
 118098x + 314928x 2 – 39366x
= 1 − 24x + 252x 2 + ... – 236196x 2 – ....
b) 37 + 7C136(2x) + 7C235(2x)2

= 19683 + 78732x + 78732x 2
= 2187 + 10206x + 20412x 2 + ... ⎡ ⎛x⎞ ⎛x⎞ ⎤
2

2 2. (1 – 2x) ⎢1 + 10 ⎜ ⎟ + 45 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎛x⎞ ⎛x⎞ 16 2 ⎣ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎦
c) 25 + 5C1 24 ⎜ ⎟ + 5C 2 23 ⎜ ⎟ =32 + 16 x + x
⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠ 5
2
= (1 − 2 x ) ⎛⎜ 1 + 5x + 45 x 2 ⎞⎟
d) 112 + ⎛ −x ⎞ ⎛ −x ⎞ ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎟+
12
C1111 ⎜ 12
C 2 110 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 45 2 5
22 2 = 1 + 5x + x − 2 x − 10 x 2 . . . =1 + 3x + x 2
=1 − 4x + x 4 4
3
2 3
3. (x + 3) (2x – 1)5 = (x + 3) [(2x)5 + 5(2x)4(–1)
⎛ −x ⎞ 6 4 ⎛ −x ⎞ 3 ⎛ −x ⎞ + 10(2x)3(–1)2 + ...]
14. 16 + 6C115 ⎜ ⎟ + C21 ⎜ ⎟ + C 31 ⎜
6
⎟
⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ We want 3rd term = term in x 4
6 15 20
=−
1 x + 2 x 2 − 3 x 3 +… = x(10) (2x)3(−1)2 + 3(5) (2x)4(–1)
a a a
= +80x 4 – 240x 4 = –160x 4
15. (1 + 0.001) = 1 + C11 (0.001) + C21 (0.001)
4 4 4 3 4 2 2

+ 4C311(0.001)3 + (0.001)4 ⎛ x⎞ ⎡ ⎛3⎞ ⎤

4. ⎜ 3 + ⎟ ⎢26 + 6(2)5 ⎜ ⎟ + ...⎥
⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝x⎠ ⎦
= 1 + 0.004 +
 0.000006 + .000000004
x ⎛3⎞
+ 0.000000000001 =
Term independent of x 3(2)6 + (6)(2)5 ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝x⎠
= 1.004006004001 = 192 + 288 = 480

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Binomial expansion 2
 5 2
5. (2 − ax)6 = 64 − 192ax + 240a 2x 2 + . . .
5. ⎛⎜ 1 − ⎟⎞ Term in x 2 is 5C 2 (1)3 ⎜⎛ − ⎟⎞ = x 2
x x 5
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2 So 64 − 192ax + 240a 2x 2 = 64 + px + 135x 2
(a + x)4 Term in x 2 is 4C2 a2 x 2 = 6a 2 x 2 Equating coeff icients: −192a = p (1)
5
− 6a 2 =2a  5 – 12a 2 = 4a  0 = 12a 2 + 4a − 5 240a = 135 2
(2)
2 135 9 3
1
(2a – 1) (6a + 5) = 0  a =  (a is given as positive) From (2) : a2 = = ⇒a=
2 240 16 4
6. a) (3 + x)7 = 37 + 7(3)6x + 21(3)5x 2 ⎛3⎞
From (1) : −192 ⎜ ⎟ = p ⇒ p = −144
⎝4⎠
= 2187 + 5103x + 5103x 2 2
⎛n⎞ 1 n (n − 1)
6. 3rd term is ⎜ ⎟ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ =
b) instead of x put y + y 2: 6
= 2
2187 + 5103(  y + y 2) + 5103(  y + y 2)2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠ 2 x 2
x
= 2187 + 5103y + 5103y 2 + 5103y 2 + .... Hence n(n + 1) = 12 ⇒ n2 − n − 12 = 0
= 2187 + 5103y + 10206y 2 n = 4 or −3
7. (2x – y)6 Term in x 4y 2 = 6C2(2x)4(–y)2 = 15(16x 4) (y 2)
But n > 2 so n = 4.
8
Coeff icient = 240 ⎛ x⎞ 5103 2
7. ⎜ 3 − ⎟ = 6561 − 4374x + x +"
⎡ 7 2 ⎝ 4⎠ 4
6⎛ 2⎞ 5⎛ 2⎞
8. (1 + x – 2x  ) ⎢ x + 7 x ⎜ − ⎟ + 21( x ) ⎜ − ⎟
2
5103
⎢⎣ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠ p = −4374 q =
4
3 4 ⎤ 20
⎛ ⎞⎛x ⎞
5
⎛ x 5 ⎞ 969 x 5
4⎛ 2⎞ 3⎛ 2⎞
+ 35( x ) ⎜ − ⎟ + 35( x ) ⎜ − ⎟ + ...⎥ 8. 6th term = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 15504 ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎝2⎠ ⎝ 32 ⎠ 2

= (1 + x – 2x 2) [ + 84x 3 – 280x + ...] 9. (1 + x)4 = 1 + 4x + 6x 2 + 4x 3 + x 4

Term in x 3 = 84x 3 – 2x 2(–280x) (1 − x)4 = 1 − 4x + 6x 2 − 4x 3 + x 4
Coeff icient = 84 + 560 = 644 (1 + x)4 − (1 − x)4 = 8x + 8x 3
⎡ 6 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎤
2

9. (1 − x 2 ) ⎢ (2 x ) + 6(2 x )5 ⎜ ⎟ + 15(2 x )4 ⎜ ⎟ + ....⎥ 10. a) (2 + x)6 = 64 + 192x + 240x 2 + 160x 3 + 60x 4

⎢⎣ ⎝x⎠ ⎝x⎠ ⎥⎦
2
b) Let x = 0.03. Then
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
Term in x : 1 × 6(2 x ) ⎜ ⎟ − x 2 (15) (2 x )4 ⎜ ⎟
4 5
(2.03)6 = (2 + 0.03)6 = 64 + 192(0.03) + 240(0.03)2
x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝x⎠ + 160(0.03)3 + 60(0.03)4
Coeff icient x 4 = 192 – 240 = –48 = 69.9804 (4 d.p.)
10. [2 + (x + x 2)]4 = 24 + 4(2)3(x + x 2) 11. 4th term = 20x 3
+ 6(2) (x + x  ) + ...
2 2 2
5th term = 60x 4
= 16 + 32x + 32x 2 + 24x 2 + ...
ratio = 20 : 60 = 1 : 3.
= 16 + 32x + 56x 2 + ... 11
⎛ 1 ⎞
12. If we expand ⎜ 2 − ⎟ , we will have a series in
Summary exercise 6 ⎝ 3x ⎠
6 2 descending powers of x.
⎛ x⎞  − x  + 15  − x  11
1. ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 1 + 6  −1
⎝ 2⎠  2  
2 
 Therefore we must expand ⎛⎜ ⎞
+ 2⎟
⎝ 3x ⎠
15 2 11− 4
= 1 − 3x + x  ⎛ 11⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
4 5th term is ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ (2)4 = 330 ⎜ ⎟ (16)
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 3x ⎠ ⎝ 2187 x 7 ⎠
⎛ 10 ⎞ 8 −1760
2. 3rd term is ⎜ ⎟ 2 (−3x) = 45(256)(9x  )
2 2
=
⎝ ⎠2 729 x 7
= 103680x 2
13. a) (1 + kx)8 = 1 + 8kx + 28k 2x 2 + 56k 3x 3
3. We require the 7th term
so 1 + 8kx + 28k 2x 2 + 56k 3x 3
⎛9⎞ 2 3 ⎛ 1⎞
6
⎛ 1 ⎞ = 1 + 12x + ax 2 + bx 3
⎜ ⎟ (2x  ) ⎜ − ⎟ = 84(8x  )
6
⎜ 6 ⎟ = 672
⎝6⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ⎝x ⎠ 3
8k = 12 ⇒ k =
2
4. (1−x)5 = 1 − 5x + 10x 2 − 10x3 + 5x 4 − x 5 9
28k 2 = a ⇒ a = 28 × = 63.
4
Let x = 0.02. Then
27
(0.98)5 = (1 − 0.02)5 = 1 −
 5(0.02) + 10(0.02)2 56k 3 = b ⇒ b = 56 × = 189.
8
− 10(0.02)3 + 5(0.02)4 b) (1 − x)(1 + 12x + 63x 2 + 189x 3 + ...)
− (0.02)5 Term in x 3 is 189x 3 − 63x 3 = 126x 3
= 0.903921 (6 d.p.) coeff = 126.
© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Binomial expansion 3
14. a) (1 + 2x)3 = 1 + 6x + 12x 2 + 8x 3 17. a) (1 + x)5 = 1 + 5x + 10x 2 + 10x 3 + 5x 4 + x 5
b) (1 − 2x)3 = 1 − 6x + 12x 2 − 8x 3 b) Let x = − 2 . Then
(1 + 2x) + (1 − 2x  ) = 2 + 24x  = 2(1 + 12x  )
3 3 2 2
(1 − 2 )5 = 1 +
 5(− 2 ) + 10(− 2 )2 + 10(− 2 )3 +
c) 2(1 + 12x 2) = 8 5(− 2 )4 + (− 2 )5
1 + 12x 2 = 4 = 1 − 5 2 + 20 – 20 2 + 20 – 4 2
3 1 = 41 − 29 22
x  2
= = 10
45 x
12 4 ⎛ x⎞
18. ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 1 – 5x + +…
1 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
x = ± 10

(2 – 3x + x 2) ⎛⎜ 1 − ⎞⎟ = (2 – 3x + x 2 )
2 x

n (n − 1) 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
15. a) 1 + anx + a x 
2 45 x 2
(1 – 5x + + …)
n (n − 1)a 2 1 4
b) = an 45 2
2 2 Term in x 2 = x 2 + 15x 2 + x 
⇒ n(n − 1)a2 = an 2
2
77 x
 a(n −1) = 1 =
2
 an − a = 1 (since n ≠ 0) 77
coeff =
1+ a 2
 n =
a 19. (2 − ax)8 = 256 − 1024ax + 1792a2x 2 + ...
na 2 (n − 1)
c) coeff x 2 = = 2b − 5120x + cx 2 + ...
2
1 2 ⎛1 + a ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 256 = 28 ⇒ b = 8
= a ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ 1024a = 5120 ⇒ a = 5
2 ⎝ a ⎠⎝a⎠
1 1792(5)2 = c ⇒ c = 44800
= (1 + a)
2
20. (1 + x)4 = 1 + 4x + 6x2 + ...
1 6 3
= × = (1 + ax)7 = 1 + 7ax + 21a2x 2 + ...
2 5 5
n
an (n )(n + 1) a 2
(1 + x)4(1 + ax)7 = (1 + 4x + 6x 2 + …)(1 + 7ax + 21a2x 2)
⎛ a⎞
16. ⎜ 1 + ⎟ =+
1 + = 1 + 7ax + 21a2x 2 + 4x + 28ax 2 + 6x 2 + ...
⎝ x⎠ x 2 x2
24 252 = 1 + (7a + 4)x + (21a2 + 28a + 6)x 2
=1+ + 2
x x Given that (1 + x)4(1 + ax)7 = 1 + 74x + bx 2 + ...
Equating coeffs : an = 24 (1) so 7a + 4 = 74 ⇒ a = 10.
1
n(n + 1)a2 = 252 (2) 21(100) + 280 + 6 = b ⇒ b = 2386.
2
24
(1)  ⇒ a =
n
1 24 2
(2)  ⇒ n (n + 1) 2 = 252
2 n
288
(n + 1) = 252
n
1 7
1+ =
n 8
1 1
=−
n 8
n = 8 (1)
24
(1) ⇒ a = =3
8

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Binomial expansion 4