PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

WEEK 14
AGENDA:
Research

Analytical Paper and Argumentative Paper

The Structure of Research Paper

Writing Proposals
 The immediate purpose of a research paper is to learn
about something and to present it in written form.
LESSON 1
RESEARCH It is important to your academic survival that you
master the skills involved in research paper writing.
 What is a Research Paper?

✓ ordinary or critical term paper

✓ thesis or dissertation
LESSON 1
✓ other forms of composition writing

RESEARCH
Note: Research deals with regards to reading and writing
about your topic, purpose, problem and result.
 LESSON 2
• An analytical research paper is one that uses
ANALYTICAL AND
evidence to study the facets involved in an issue or
ARGUMENTATIVE topic.

PAPER
 LESSON 2
• Analysis entails breaking up a concept into component
ANALYTICAL AND
parts, and restructuring them from your own
ARGUMENTATIVE perspective into a composite whole.

PAPER
 An analytical research paper:

LESSON 2 ✓ is not making judgments on the topic per se, but

exploring a topic for the purpose of being able to
ANALYTICAL AND
draw reasonable conclusions.
ARGUMENTATIVE
✓ is an effort to make use of research to provide an
PAPER objective picture of what information is known about
the subject.
 LESSON 2
An analytical research paper:
ANALYTICAL AND
✓ example of these can be LITERARY ANALYSIS and
ARGUMENTATIVE POLITICAL SCIENCE PAPER.
PAPER
 LESSON 2
ANALYTICAL AND • Argumentative papers require researchers to take a
stand on an issue and defend it.
ARGUMENTATIVE
PAPER
 LESSON 2 An argumentative research paper:

✓ is also known as persuasive research project.

ANALYTICAL AND
✓ demonstrates an attempt to convince your audience
ARGUMENTATIVE
of the solidity of a particular view you have on a
PAPER subject.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A
RESEARCH PAPER
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

Abstract

• The abstract is the little bit of everything. It has concise statements that
contains the summary of the contents of the paper.

• It should be written in complete sentences and paragraphs. It should not

exceed to 250 words and should not include formula, diagrams or other
illustrative materials.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

1.0 Introduction

• This part enables the reader to understand the context or territory of the
study. This is where we can read the trends and issues, objectives and main
contributions of the study. These are written in paragraphs and proper
citations must be observed.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

2.0 Literature Review

• This serves as the foundation of the research for it states how and why
researchers come up with the topic objectives. Like the Introduction, this is
written in paragraphs with technically correct sentences.

• Properly literature-reviewed research papers could answer the trickiest

questions of critics.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

3.0 Research Methodology

• This will help you systematize your research by forcing you to identify what
kind of data you will need for your paper and what is the best way to go
about getting it.

• The main purpose of this portion is to provide enough detail for a competent
reader to replicate the study and reproduce the results.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

The researchers should consider the Research Design, Research locale,

Population and Sampling/Key Informant Selection, Research Ethics, Research
Instruments, Data Collection and Data Analysis.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

4.0 Results

• This presents findings which are clearly and simply stated. This should be
brief and direct. More so, when describing the results from a table or a
figure, make sure to introduce the table or figure number and title on the
first statement for easier location of table or figure involved.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

5.0 Discussion

• This is where results should be communicated: What principles have been

established or reinforced? What generalizations can be drawn? How do the
findings compare to the findings of others or to expectations based on
previous work?
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

5.0 Discussion

• Are there any theoretical implications of the results? When these questions
are addressed, it is crucial that the discussion rests firmly on the evidence
presented in the results section. This should be interpretative not just a
restatement of the results.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

Conclusion

• This section enumerates the principal findings of the research. This answers
the objectives of the study.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

Recommendation

• In paragraph form, this section presents where the results of the study are
directed.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

Acknowledgment

• This provides the opportunity to thank and recognize those who have
assisted or contributed to the study but are not named as co-authors. This
section must be written in no more than 3 sentences.
 LESSON 3
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH PAPER

References

• The reference section should begin on a new page with the title bold and left
indented. The references should strictly follow the American Psychological
Appreciation(APA) 6th Edition, and written in 1.5 inch hanging indent. All
reference types (journal, book, internet, etc.) is integrated and arranged
alphabetically.
LESSON 4
WRITING
PROPOSALS
LESSON 4 The goal of a research proposal is twofold: to present
and justify the need to study a research problem and to
WRITING present the practical ways in which the proposed study
PROPOSALS should be conducted.
 A proposal should contain all the key elements involved
in designing a completed research study, with sufficient
information that allows readers to assess the validity
LESSON 4
and usefulness of your proposed study.
WRITING
PROPOSALS The only elements missing from a research proposal are
the findings of the study and your analysis of those
findings.
LESSON 4 An effective proposal is judged on the quality of your
WRITING writing and, therefore, it is important that your
proposal is coherent, clear, and compelling.
PROPOSALS
 All research proposals must address the following
LESSON 4 questions:

WRITING 1. What do you plan to accomplish?

2. Why do you want to do the research?

PROPOSALS
3. How are you going to conduct the research?
 Key Features:

1) A well-defined problem.
LESSON 4
WRITING
Example:
PROPOSALS
Motorcycle riders who do not wear helmets risk serious
injury and raise health-care costs for everyone.
 Key Features:

2) A recommended solution
LESSON 4
WRITING
Once the problem is defined, propose solutions to the
PROPOSALS problem.

Explain it by providing details to said solution.

 Key Features:

3) A convincing argument for your proposed solutions

LESSON 4
WRITING Convince readers that your solution is feasible and that

PROPOSALS it is the best way to solve the problem.

Explain in detail how your proposed solution would

work.
 Key Features:

4) Anticipate questions
LESSON 4
WRITING
Consider any questions readers may have about your
PROPOSALS
proposal; and show how its advantages out-weigh any
disadvantages.
 Key Features:

5) A call to action
LESSON 4
WRITING
The goal of a proposal is to persuade readers to accept
PROPOSALS your proposed solution.

This solution may include asking readers to take action.

 Key Features:

6) An appropriate tone
LESSON 4
WRITING Since you are trying to persuade readers to act, your
PROPOSALS tone is important is important – readers will always
react better to a reasonable, respectful presentation
than to anger or self-righteous.
 Guide to Writing Proposals
LESSON 4
WRITING
1) Decide on a topic.
PROPOSALS • Can be solved
 Guide to Writing Proposals

2) Consider the Rhetorical Situation

LESSON 4
WRITING
A. Purpose
PROPOSALS
Do you have a vested interest in the solution your
readers adopt, or do you simply want to eliminate the
problem, whatever solution might be adopted?
 Guide to Writing Proposals

2) Consider the Rhetorical Situation

LESSON 4
WRITING
B. Audience
PROPOSALS
How can you reach your readers? Do you know how
receptive or resistant to change they are likely to be?
Do they have the authority to enact your proposal?
 Guide to Writing Proposals

2) Consider the Rhetorical Situation

LESSON 4
WRITING
C. Stance
PROPOSALS
How can you show your audience that your proposal is
reasonable and should be taken seriously? How can you
demonstrate your own authority and credibility?
 Guide to Writing Proposals

LESSON 4 2) Consider the Rhetorical Situation

WRITING
PROPOSALS D. Media/Design

How will you deliver your proposal? In print? Online? As

a speech? Would visuals help support your proposal?
 Guide to Writing Proposals
LESSON 4
WRITING
3) Generate Ideas and Texts
PROPOSALS
Explore potential solutions to the problem.