II PUC BOARD EXAMINATION, APR – 2022 – Answer Key

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Subject Code: 35 (NS)
MATHEMATICS
(English Version)
Time: 3 Hours 15 Minutes] [Total No. of questions: 50] [Max. Marks: 100
PART– A
I. Answer any ten questions: (𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎)
1. The relation 𝑅 on set 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3} is defined by 𝑅 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3)} is not
transitive why?
Sol: 𝑅 is not transitive, as (1, 2) ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, 3) ∈ 𝑅 but (1, 3) ∉ R
2. Let ∗ be the binary operation on N given by a ∗ b = L.C.M. of 𝑎 and 𝑏, find 5 ∗ 7
Sol: 5 ∗ 7 = L.C.M. of 5 and 7 = 35
3. Write the principal value branch of 𝑓(𝑥) = cot −1 𝑥
Sol: The principal value branch of 𝑓(𝑥) = cot −1 𝑥 is (0, 𝜋)
4. Find the value of cos(sec −1 𝑥 + cosec −1 𝑥) , |𝑥| ≥ 1.
𝜋
Sol: cos(sec −1 𝑥 + cosec −1 𝑥) = cos 2 = 0
5. Define a diagonal matrix.
Sol: A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are zero.
2 3 𝑥 3
6. Find the value of 𝑥 for which | |=| |.
4 5 2𝑥 5
2 3 𝑥 3
Sol: | |=| |
4 5 2𝑥 5
⟹ 10 − 12 = 5𝑥 − 6𝑥
⟹ −2 = −𝑥
Hence 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑦
7. If 𝑦 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏), find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦
Sol: = 𝑎 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
8. Find 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 3
Sol: = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
9. Find ∫ sec 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Sol: ∫ sec 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) = tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
10. Evaluate:∫2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 19
Sol: ∫2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 3 ]32 = 3
11. Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
𝑎⃗⃗ ̂
2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ +𝑘 2 3 1
Sol: The unit vector in the direction of the vector 𝑎⃗ is 𝑎̂ = |𝑎⃗⃗| = = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
√4+9+1 √14 √14 √14
12. Define collinear vector.
Sol: Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to same line, irrespective of their
magnitude and direction.

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 13. Write the direction cosines of 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Sol: The direction cosines of 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 are 0, 1, 0
14. Define feasible region in Linear Programming Problem.
Ans: The common region determined by all the constraints including non-negative constraints 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥
0 of a Linear programming problem is called the feasible region (or solution region).
15. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.6, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.2, find 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵).
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 0.2 2
Sol: 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) = = 0.3 = 3
𝑃(𝐵)

PART– B

Answer any ten questions: (𝟏𝟎 × 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎)

𝑎𝑏
16. Verify whether the operation * defined on ℚ by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = is associative or not? 2014 M & 2018 M
2
𝑎𝑏
Sol: Given binary operation ∗ is 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = .
2
𝑏𝑐
𝑏𝑐 𝑎( ) 𝑎𝑏𝑐
2
𝑎 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝑐) = 𝑎 ∗ ( 2 ) = =
2 4
𝑎𝑏
𝑎𝑏 ( )𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
2
(𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) ∗ 𝑐 = ( ) ∗ 𝑐 = =
2 2 4
∴ ∗ is associative.
1 1
17. Show that sin−1(2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 2 sin−1 𝑥 , − ≤𝑥≤ 2015M – Q12 & 2020S – Q13
√2 √2
Sol: Let 𝑥 = sin 𝜃
L.H.S.= sin−1(2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 )
= sin−1(2 sin 𝜃 √1 − (sin 𝜃)2 )
= sin−1(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)
= sin−1(sin 2𝜃)
= 2𝜃
= 2 sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.
18. Find the value of tan−1 √3 − cot −1 (−√3)
𝜋
Sol: tan−1 √3 − cot −1 (−√3) = 3 − [𝜋 − cot −1 (√3)] ∵ cot −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cot −1 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 3 − [𝜋 − 6 ] ∵ cot −1 (√3) = 6
𝜋 5𝜋
= 3−[6]
2𝜋−5𝜋
= 6
−3𝜋
= 6
𝜋
= −2
7 0 3 0
19. Find 𝑋 and 𝑌, if 𝑋 + 𝑌 = [
] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 − 𝑌 = [ ]
2 5 0 3
7 0 3 0
Sol: Given 𝑋 + 𝑌 = [ ] − − − (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 − 𝑌 = [ ] − − − −(2)
2 5 0 3
7 0 3 0
(𝑋 + 𝑌) + (𝑋 − 𝑌) = [ ]+[ ]
2 5 0 3
10 0
⇒ 2𝑋 = [ ]
2 8
1 10 0 5 0
⇒ 𝑋 = 2[ ]= [ ]
2 8 1 4

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 (𝑋 + 𝑌) − (𝑋 − 𝑌) = [7 0] − [3 0]
2 5 0 3
4 0
⇒ 2𝑌 = [ ]
2 2
1 4 0 2 0
⇒ 𝑌 = 2[ ]=[ ]
2 2 1 1
20. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (2, 7), (1, 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (10, 8) by using determinant
method. 2019M
Sol: The area of triangle is given by
2 7 1
1
Δ = 2 | 1 1 1|
10 8 1
1
= 2 [2(1 − 8) − 7(1 − 10) + 1(8 − 10)]
1
= 2 [−14 + 63 − 2]
47
= sq. units (since area is always positive)
2
dy
21. Find dx, if 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑥.
Sol: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑥
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥−2
=
𝑑𝑥 3
22. Differentiate 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0 w.r.t. 𝑥. 2016J – 16Q & 2018M – 15Q
Sol: 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Take log on both sides
log 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 log 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
= cos 𝑥 . log 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 . 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
= 𝑦 (cos 𝑥 . log 𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 . log 𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
23. Find 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑦 = log 7 (log 𝑥). 2015J – 15Q
Sol: 𝑦 = log 7 (log 𝑥)
log𝑒 (log 𝑥)
𝑦= log𝑒 7
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑
= log . (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 7 log𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= log . log .𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑒7 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑦 log 𝑒
= 𝑥log7
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥

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 24. Approximate √25.3 using differentials.
1
Sol: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 𝑥
√
Take 𝑥 = 25 and Δ𝑥 = 0.3
We have
𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)Δ𝑥
1
√𝑥 + Δ𝑥 = √𝑥 + 2 𝑥 Δ𝑥 √
1
√25.3 = √25 + 2√25 (0.3)
1
= 5 + 2(5) (0.3)
= 5 + 0.03
= 5.03

25. Find: ∫ 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2016J – 18Q

𝑑(log 𝑥)
Sol: ∫ 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 1 𝑥3
= log 𝑥 ( 3 ) − ∫ 𝑥 . ( 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 1
= log 𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥3 1 𝑥3
= log 𝑥 − 3 ( 3 ) + 𝐶
3
𝑥3 𝑥3
= log 𝑥 − +𝐶
3 9

sin2 𝑥
26. Evaluate: ∫ 1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2014M – 18Q
sin2 𝑥
Sol: 𝐼 = ∫ 1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1−cos2 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∵ sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos2 𝑥
1+cos 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫(1 − cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
𝐼 = 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∵ ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥

𝜋
27. Evaluate: ∫04 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
cos 2𝑥 4
Sol: ∫0 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
4 [− 2 ]
0
1 𝜋
= − 2 [cos 2 − cos 0]
1
= − 2 [0 − 1]
1
=2

28. Find the order and degree (if defined) of the differential equation
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) + sin (𝑑𝑥 ) + 1 = 0 2015M & 2020M
𝑑2 𝑦
Sol: Order: 2 (since highest order derivative is 𝑑𝑥 2 )
Degree: not defined (derivatives are not polynomial)

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 29. Find the position vector of a point 𝑅 which divides the line joining two points 𝑃 & 𝑄 whose
position vectors are 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and−𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ respectively, in the ratio 2: 1 internally.
2017M – 21Q
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑂𝑄
Sol: Given ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Internally ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚𝑂𝑄+𝑛𝑂𝑃
𝑂𝑅 𝑚+𝑛
̂ )+1(𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ −𝑘
2(−𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +𝑘 ̂)
= 2+1
−1 4 1
= 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂
3
30. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by vectors
𝑎⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂. 2014M – 22Q, 2017J – 22Q, 2018M – 22Q, 2019J – 22Q &
2020S – 22Q
Sol: Given 𝑎⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |3 1 4|
1 −1 1
= 𝑖̂(1 + 4) − 𝑗̂(3 − 4) + 𝑘̂(−3 − 1)
= 5𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| = √25 + 1 + 16 = √42
The area of a parallelogram with 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ as its adjacent sides is given by |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|
Hence the required area is √42.
31. Find the distance of the point (3, −2, 1) from the plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 3 = 0. 2019M
Sol: The distance of the point (3, −2, 1) from the plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 3 = 0 is
|𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶𝑧1 +𝐷| |2(3)−(−2)+2(1)+3| |6+2+2+3| 13
𝑑= √𝐴2 +𝐵2 +𝐶 2
= = =
√4+1+4 √9 3
32. Find the angle between the pair of lines given by 𝑟⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)
and 𝑟⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) 2014M, 2015M & 2020S
Sol: Given lines 𝑟⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)
and 𝑟⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
Here 𝑏⃗⃗1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗2 = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂.
Let 𝜃 be the angle between the planes.
⃗⃗ .𝑏
𝑏 ⃗⃗
Then cos 𝜃 = ||𝑏⃗⃗ 1||𝑏⃗⃗2 ||
1 2
̂ ).(3𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ +6𝑘
(𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ +2𝑘 ̂)
cos 𝜃 =
√1+4+4√9+4+36
3+4+12
=
√9√49
19
= |3(7)|
19
= 21
19
𝜃 = cos−1 (21)

5
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 33. The random variable 𝑋 has a probability distribution 𝑃(𝑋) of the following form, where 𝑘 is
some number:
𝑘,𝑖𝑓 𝑥=0
2𝑘,𝑖𝑓 𝑥=1
𝑃(𝑋) = { 3𝑘,𝑖𝑓 𝑥=2
0 ,𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Determine the value of 𝑘 2016M
Sol: The probability distribution of 𝑋 is
𝑋 0 1 2
𝑃(𝑋) 𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘
We know that ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑝𝑖 = 1
i.e. 𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 = 1
⇒ 6𝑘 = 1
1
∴𝑘=6
PART– C
Answer any ten questions: (𝟏𝟎 × 𝟑 = 𝟑𝟎)
34. Show that the relation 𝑅 in the set ℤ of integers given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 − 𝑏 }
is an equivalence relation. 2014J
Sol: Given relation 𝑅 in the set ℤ of integers given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 − 𝑏 }
(𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ ℤ . Since 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑎 − 𝑎) ∴ 𝑅 is reflexive.
If (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 − 𝑏
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏 − 𝑎
⟹ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 ∴ 𝑅 is symmetric.
If (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑎 − 𝑏) and 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑏 − 𝑐).
𝑎 − 𝑐 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) + (𝑏 − 𝑐) is a multiple of 2.
⟹ 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑎 − 𝑐).
⟹ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ∴ 𝑅 is transitive.
Hence 𝑅 is an equivalence relation.
𝜋
35. Solve: tan−1 2𝑥 + tan−1 3𝑥 = 4 Jun – 2019
𝜋
Sol: Given tan−1 2𝑥 + tan−1 3𝑥 = 4
−1 2𝑥+3𝑥 𝜋
⇒ tan (1−(2𝑥)(3𝑥)) = 4
−1 5𝑥 𝜋
⇒ tan (1−6𝑥 2 ) = 4
5𝑥 𝜋
⇒ 1−6𝑥 2 = tan 4
5𝑥
⇒ 1−6𝑥 2 = 1
⇒ 5𝑥 = 1 − 6𝑥 2
2
⇒ 6𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ (6𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
⇒ 6𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
⇒𝑥=6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1
𝑥 = −1 does not satisfy the equation.
1
Hence 𝑥 = 6

6
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 1 5
36. Express matrix 𝐴 = [ ] as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
−1 2
1 5 1 −1
Sol: Given 𝐴 = [ ] ⇒ 𝐴′ = [ ]
−1 2 5 2
1 5 1 −1 2 4
𝐴 + 𝐴′ = [ ]+[ ]=[ ]
−1 2 5 2 4 4
1 1 2
⇒ 2 (𝐴 + 𝐴′ ) = [ ]
2 2
1 5 1 −1 0 6
𝐴 − 𝐴′ = [ ]−[ ]=[ ]
−1 2 5 2 −6 0
1 0 3
⇒ 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴′ ) = [ ]
−3 0
1 5 1 2 0 3
Hence [ ]= [ ] + [ ]
−1 2 2 2 −3 0
Symmetric Skew symmetric
2 7 65
37. Without expanding and using property of determinants, prove that |3 8 75| = 0
5 9 86
2 7 65
Sol: Δ = |3 8 75|
5 9 86
Apply 𝐶1 → 𝐶1 + 9𝐶2
63 7 65
Δ = |75 8 75|
86 9 86
Δ= 0. Since elements of 𝐶1 and 𝐶3 are equal.

dy 1−𝑥 2
38. Find dx, if 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+𝑥 2 ), if 0 < 𝑥 < 1. 2016J – 15Q
1−𝑥 2
Sol: 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+𝑥 2 )
Put 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
1−tan2 𝜃
𝑦 = cos −1 (1+tan2 𝜃)
𝑦 = cos −1 (cos 2𝜃)
𝑦 = 2𝜃
𝑦 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
= 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
39. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sin 𝜃)& 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) then find 𝑑𝑥 . 2016J – 28Q & 2018J – 28Q
Sol: 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sin 𝜃) | 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) | = 𝑎(0 + (− sin 𝜃)) = −𝑎 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝜃 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 −𝑎 sin 𝜃 −2 sin cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 2 2
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(1−cos 𝜃) = 𝜃 = − cot 2
𝑑𝑥 2 sin2
𝑑𝜃 2

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 40. Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 in the interval [2, 4]. 2016J – 29Q
Sol: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is continuous on [2, 4] as it is a polynomial function. 2017J – 29Q
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥, exist on (2, 4).
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable on (2, 4).
𝑓(2) = (2)2 = 4 𝑓(4) = (4)2 = 16
So Mean Value theorem is applicable.
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Hence there exist a 𝑐 ∈ (2, 4) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 𝑏−𝑎
16−4 12
i.e. 2𝑐 = ⇒ 2𝑐 =
4−2 2
⇒ 𝑐 = 3 ∈ (2, 4)
Therefore Mean Value theorem is verified.
41. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓 given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6 is
(a) Strictly increasing (b) Strictly decreasing 2014M
2
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 6
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
For stationary points, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
i.e. 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 −∞ 2 ∞
Disjoint intervals are (−∞, 2 )and (2, ∞ ).
In the interval (− ∞, 2 ) the function 𝑓 is strictly decreasing, since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is negative.
In the interval (2, ∞ ) the function 𝑓 is strictly increasing, since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is positive.
𝑥
42. Find ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 2015J – 31Q, 2016J – 32Q, 2017J – 31Q, 2018M – 31Q & 2019J – 31Q
𝑥
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
= 𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
−1 −1 𝑥
𝐴|𝑥=−1 = (−1+2) = = −1 ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0 put 𝑥 = −1 in (𝑥+2)
1
−2 −2 𝑥
𝐵|𝑥=−2 = (−2+1) = −1 = 2 ∵ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 + 2 = 0 put 𝑥 = −2 in (𝑥+1)
−1 2
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ [𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2] 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= − ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
= − log|𝑥 + 1| + 2 log|𝑥 + 2|
(𝑥+2)2 𝑎
= log | |+𝐶 ∵ 𝑛 log 𝑚 = log 𝑚𝑛 & log 𝑎 − log 𝑏 = log 𝑏
𝑥+1
1 tan−1 𝑥
43. Evaluate: ∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2018J – 31Q
1 tan−1 𝑥
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
Put tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
−1
L.L: 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = tan 0 = 0
𝜋
U.L: 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑡 = tan−1 1 = 4
𝜋
𝐼 = ∫04 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
𝑡2 4
= [2]
0
𝜋 2
( )
4
= −0
2
𝜋2
= 32

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 (𝑥−3)
44. Evaluate: ∫ (𝑥−1)3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2017J – 19Q
(𝑥−3)
Sol: 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥−1)3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)−2
𝐼=∫ (𝑥−1)3
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 −2
𝐼= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑥−1)2 + (𝑥−1)3 ] 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑒𝑥
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑥 ((𝑥−1)2 ) + 𝐶 or (𝑥−1)2 + 𝐶 Since ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
45. Determine the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the lines 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 4 and the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 in the first quadrant. 2014J
2
Sol: Given parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = √𝑥
& the lines 𝑥 = 1 & 𝑥 = 4
Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the 𝑦
lines 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 4 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is area of the
region ABCD D C
4
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫1 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 4
2
= [3 𝑥 2 ] O A B 𝑥
1
3 3
2
= 3 [42 − 12 ]
2
= 3 [8 − 1] 𝑥=1 𝑥=4
14
= Sq. units
3
46. Form the differential equation of the family of parabolas having vertex at origin and axis along
the positive direction of x- axis.
Sol: Let the family of parabolas denoted by ‘P’ and let (𝑎, 0) be the focus of the given family.
∴ the equation of the family P is 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 --------- (1)
Diff. w.r.t. 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎 --------- (2)
From (1) and (2)
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 2 = (2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 is the required D.E.
47. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point(1, 1), whose differential equation
is 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥.
Sol: Given 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
Separating the variables
1
𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Integrating on both sides.
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + log 𝑥 + 𝐶
Curve passing through the point(1, 1)
i.e. 1 = (1)2 + log 1 + 𝐶
⇒𝐶=0
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + log 𝑥

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 48. Three vectors 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ & 𝑐⃗ satisfying the condition 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0, evaluate 𝜇 = 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗ ,
if |𝑎⃗| = 1, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 4 and |𝑐⃗| = 2 2017M – 36Q
Sol: Given 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0 and |𝑎⃗| = 1, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 4 and |𝑐⃗| = 2
2
⇒ (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗) = 0
2
⇒ |𝑎⃗|2 + |𝑏⃗⃗| + |𝑐⃗|2 + 2(𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗) + 2(𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗) + 2(𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗) = 0
⇒ (1)2 + (4)2 + (2)2 + 2(𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗) = 0
⇒ 1 + 16 + 4 + 2𝜇 = 0
21
⇒𝜇=− 2
49. Prove that [𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑐⃗ + 𝑑⃗ ] = [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗] + [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑑⃗]. 2014M – 35Q
Sol: [𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑐⃗ + 𝑑⃗ ] = 𝑎⃗. [𝑏⃗⃗ × (𝑐⃗ + 𝑑⃗ )]
= 𝑎⃗. [𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗]
= 𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + 𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗)
= [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗] + [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑑⃗]
50. Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 4 = 0 and
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0 and the point (2, 2, 1).
Sol: The equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 4 = 0 and 𝑥 +
𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0 is
(3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 4) + 𝜆(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2) = 0 ------- (1)
Equation (1) passing through the point (2, 2, 1).
(1)⟹ (6 − 2 + 2 − 4) + 𝜆(2 + 2 + 1 − 2) = 0
⟹ 2 + 3𝜆 = 0
2
⟹ 𝜆 = −3
2
(1)⟹ (3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 4) + (− 3)(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2) = 0
Hence the required plane equation is 7𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 8 = 0
51. A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event ‘head appears on the coin’ and
B be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether A and B are independent events or not.
Sol: A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed, then sample space
𝑆 = {𝐻1, 𝐻2, 𝐻3, 𝐻4, 𝐻5, 𝐻6, 𝑇1, 𝑇2, 𝑇3, 𝑇4, 𝑇5, 𝑇6}
𝐴 = ‘ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛’ = {𝐻1, 𝐻2, 𝐻3, 𝐻4, 𝐻5, 𝐻6} and
𝐵 = ‘3 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑒’ = {𝐻3, 𝑇3}
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝐻3}
6 1
𝑃(𝐴) = =
12 2
2 1
𝑃(𝐵) = 12 = 6
1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 12
1 1 1
𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵) = (2) (6) = 12 = 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
∴ 𝐴 and 𝐵 are independent events.

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 PART– D
Answer any six questions: (𝟔 × 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟎)

52. State whether the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 2 is one-one, onto or bijective.
Justify your answer.
Sol: Given 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 2
Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ ℝ, such that 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
⇒ 1 + 𝑥12 = 1 + 𝑥22
⇒ 𝑥12 − 𝑥22 = 0
⇒ (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑥1 = −𝑥2 or 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
∴ 𝑓 is not one – one. (not Injective)
Let 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2 , such that 𝑦 ∈ ℝ.
⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝑦 − 1
⇒ 𝑥 = √𝑦 − 1 ∉ ℝ (if 𝑦 < 1).
∴ 𝑓 is not onto. (not Surjective)
Thus 𝑓 is not bijective.

53. Prove that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 3 is invertible and find the inverse
of 𝑓. 2015J
Sol: Given that 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 3
Let 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3 such that 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅.
⇒ 4𝑥 = 𝑦 − 3
𝑦−3
⇒𝑥= 4
𝑦−3
Let 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑔(𝑦) = 4
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
= 𝑔(4𝑥 + 3)
4𝑥+3−3
= 4
4𝑥
= 4
=𝑥
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑦))
𝑦−3
= 𝑔( 4 )
𝑦−3
= 4( )+3
4
=𝑦−3+3
=𝑦
Thus 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝐼𝑅 and 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝐼𝑅 , which implies that 𝑓 is invertible and 𝑔 is the inverse of 𝑓.
𝑥−3
Hence 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 4 .

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 1 2 −3 3 −1 2 4 1 2
54. If 𝐴 = [5 0 2 ] , 𝐵 = [4 2 5] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [0 3 2] then compute
1 −1 1 2 0 3 1 −2 3
(𝐴 + 𝐵) & (𝐵 − 𝐶). Also verify that 𝐴 + (𝐵 − 𝐶) = (𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝐶. 2015J
1 2 −3 3 −1 2
Sol: 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [5 0 2 ] + [4 2 5]
1 −1 1 2 0 3
4 1 −1
= [9 2 7]
3 −1 4
4 1 −1 4 1 2
(𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝐶 = [9 2 7 ] − [0 3 2]
3 −1 4 1 −2 3
0 0 −3
= [9 −1 5 ] ------ (1)
2 1 1
3 −1 2 4 1 2
𝐵 − 𝐶 = [4 2 5] − [0 3 2]
2 0 3 1 −2 3
−1 −2 0
= [ 4 −1 3]
1 2 0
1 2 −3 −1 −2 0
𝐴 + (𝐵 − 𝐶) = [5 0 2 ] + [ 4 −1 3]
1 −1 1 1 2 0
0 0 −3
= [9 −1 5 ] ------ (2)
2 1 1
From (1) and (2)
𝐴 + (𝐵 − 𝐶) = (𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝐶
55. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix method 2016J, 2019M & 2019J
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1, 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
Sol: Given 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
The system of equation can be written in the form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, where
3 −2 3 𝑥 8
𝐴 = [2 1 −1], 𝑋 = [𝑦] and 𝐵 = [1]
4 −3 2 𝑧 4
|𝐴| = 3(2 − 3) − (−2)(4 + 4) + 3(−6 − 4) = −3 + 16 − 30 = −17 ≠ 0
Hence, 𝐴 is nonsingular matrix and has a unique solution.
1 −1 −2 3 −2 3
+| | −| | +| |
−3 2 −3 2 1 −1
2 −1 3 3 3 3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = − | | +| | −| |
4 2 4 2 2 −1
2 1 3 −2 3 −2
[ + |4 −3| − |4 −3| + |2 1 | ]
−1 −5 −1
= [ −8 −6 9 ]
−10 1 7
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 1
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝐵
−1 −5 −1 8
−1
= [ −8 −6 9 ] [1]
17
−10 1 7 4
−8 − 5 − 4
−1
= 17 [−64 − 6 + 36]
−80 + 1 + 28
−17
−1
= 17 [−34]
−51
𝑥 1
[𝑦] = [2]
𝑧 3
Hence 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 2and 𝑧 = 3
56. If 𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥)2 ,then show that (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑦2 + 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦1 = 2. 2015J, 2017M, 2018M
Sol: Given 𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥)2
Diff. w.r.t. 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2(tan−1 𝑥) 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 (multiplying with 1 + 𝑥 2 )
Again differentiating w.r.t. 𝑥.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + (2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2(1+𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (multiplying with 1 + 𝑥 2 )
(or) (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑦2 + 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦1 = 2

57. The length 𝑥 of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 3 𝑐𝑚/ 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 and the width y is increasing
at the rate of 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒. When 𝑥 = 10𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 6𝑐𝑚, find the rate of change of (a) the
perimeter and (b) the area of the rectangle. 2016M – 42Q & 2019M
Sol: Given, the length 𝑥 of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 3 𝑐𝑚/ 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 and the width y is
increasing at the rate of 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒. i.e.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −3 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛 and = 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(a) The perimeter 𝑃 of a rectangle is given by 𝑃 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦)
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑡
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2( 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃
= 2(−3 + 2) = 2(−1) = −2
𝑑𝑡
Thus the perimeter 𝑃 of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
(b) The area 𝐴 of a rectangle is given by 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t. 𝑡
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ( 𝑑𝑡 ) 𝑦 + 𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
When 𝑥 = 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 6 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝐴
= (−3)6 + 10(2) = −18 + 20 = 2
𝑑𝑡
Thus the area 𝐴 of a rectangle is increasing at the rate of 2 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

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 1 1
58. Find the integral of 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 w.r.t. 𝑥 and hence evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 −16 𝑑𝑥 2014M
1
Sol: Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 (𝑥+𝑎)−(𝑥−𝑎) 1 1 1
= (𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥−𝑎) = 2𝑎 [ (𝑥+𝑎)(𝑥−𝑎) ] = 2𝑎 [𝑥−𝑎 − 𝑥+𝑎]
𝑥 2 −𝑎2
1 1 1
𝐼 = ∫ 2𝑎 [𝑥−𝑎 − 𝑥+𝑎] 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= 2𝑎 [∫ 𝑥−𝑎 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥+𝑎 𝑑𝑥]
1
= 2𝑎 [log|𝑥 − 𝑎| − log|𝑥 + 𝑎|]+C
1 𝑥−𝑎
= 2𝑎 log |𝑥+𝑎| + 𝐶
1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 −16 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 −42 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥−4
= 8 log |𝑥+4| + 𝐶
𝑥2 𝑦2
59. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 2
+ = 1 by the method of integration.
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol: Given 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 B 𝑦
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ 𝑏 2 = 1 − 𝑎2 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑏2
⇒ 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) O A 𝑥
𝑎
𝑏
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥=𝑎
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥=0
Area of the region bounded by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 is 4 ×[Area of the region OAB].
𝑎𝑏
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4 ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
4𝑏 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
= [2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎]
𝑎 2 0
4𝑏 𝑎2 −1
= [(0 + sin 1) − (0 + 0) ]
𝑎 2
4𝑏 𝑎2 𝜋
= [2 ×2]
𝑎
= 𝜋𝑎𝑏 Sq. units
𝑑𝑦
60. Find the general solution of the differential equation cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥. 2017M
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given Differential Equation: cos2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + (sec 2 𝑥)𝑦 = tan 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
Comparing with + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
We have 𝑃 = sec 2 𝑥 and 𝑄 = tan 𝑥
2
∴ 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥
Solution of the given differential equation is
𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = ∫ tan 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥)(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 ------- (1)
Let 𝐼1 = ∫ tan 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥)(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Put tan 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐼1 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − ∫ 1. 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐼1 = 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡
(1) ⇒ 𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = tan 𝑥 (𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 or 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶𝑒 −tan 𝑥
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JSP
 61. Derive the equation of the line in space passing through a given point and parallel to a vector
both in vector and Cartesian form. 2014J, 2015M & 2019M
Sol: Let the line 𝐿 passing through the point A with position vector 𝑎⃗ and parallel to a given vector
𝑏⃗⃗ in space.
Let 𝑟⃗ be the position vector of an arbitrary point 𝑃 on the line.

𝐴𝑃 // 𝑏⃗⃗
Here ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Z 𝑏⃗⃗

𝐴𝑃 = 𝜆 𝑏⃗⃗,
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝜆∈𝑅 P L

⇒ 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆 𝑏⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴 A

⇒ 𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗ = 𝜆 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎⃗ 𝑟⃗

⇒ 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆 𝑏⃗⃗ -----------( 1 )
O Y

X
⃗⃗
Hence the Vector equation of the required line is 𝒓 ⃗⃗ + 𝝀 ⃗𝒃⃗
=𝒂

Cartesian Form:
Let the co-ordinates of point 𝐴 𝑏𝑒 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and arbitrary point 𝑃 𝑏𝑒 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and the direction
ratios of the line are 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐.

Then 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂

𝑎⃗ = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ &

𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂

From (1)

𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ = (𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂) + 𝜆(𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂)

Comparing 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ & 𝑘̂ co- efficient, we get the parametric equations
𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝜆𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝜆𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑧1 + 𝜆𝑐
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧
⇒𝜆 = 𝑎 𝜆= 𝑏 𝜆= 𝑐1
Eliminating the parameter 𝜆
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
Then the Cartesian equation of the line is = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

15
JSP
 62. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One of the
two bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from the bag which is found to be red. Find
the probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag. 2018M
Sol: Let 𝐸1 be the event of choosing bag I, 𝐸2 be the event of choosing bag II and 𝐴 be the event of
drawing a red ball.
1 1
i.e. 𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 2 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 2
4 2
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 ) = 8 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) = 8
The probability that the red ball is drawn from bag II is 𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴).
Using Baye’s theorem
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )
𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐸 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸
1 1 )+𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 )
1 4
×
2 8
=1 4 1 2
× + ×
2 8 2 8
4
= 4+2
4
=6
2
=3

63. If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of 2014J, 2016J, 2017J & 2018M
(i) exactly six heads (b) at least six heads
Sol: The repeated tosses of a coin are Bernoulli trials. Let 𝑋 denote the number of heads in an
experiment of 10 trials.
1
Clearly, 𝑋 has a binomial distribution with 𝑛 = 10 and 𝑝 = 2
1 1
⇒𝑞 =1−𝑝 =1−2=2
1 10−𝑥 1 𝑥 1 10
∴ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 = 10𝐶𝑥 (2) (2) = 10𝐶𝑥 (2)
(a) 𝑃(𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 6)
1 10
= 10𝐶6 (2)
10×9×8×7×6×5 1
= 6×5×4×3×2×1
× 1024
105
= 512
(b) 𝑃(𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 6)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 6) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 7) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 8) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 9) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 10)
1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10
= 10𝐶6 (2) + 10𝐶7 (2) + 10𝐶8 (2) + 10𝐶9 (2) + 10𝐶10 (2)
1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10
= 10𝐶4 (2) + 10𝐶3 (2) + 10𝐶2 (2) + 10𝐶1 (2) + 10𝐶10 (2)
1 10
= (2) {10𝐶4 + 10𝐶3 + 10𝐶2 + 10𝐶1 + 10𝐶10 }
1 10 10×9×8×7 10×9×8 10×9
= (2) { 4×3×2×1 + + + 10 + 1}
3×2×1 2×1
1
= 1024 {210 + 120 + 45 + 11}
386
= 1024
193
= 512

16
JSP
 PART– E
Answer any one question: (𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎)
64. (a) Solve the following linear programming problem graphically: 2020M
Maximize 𝑍 = 4𝑥 + 𝑦
Subject to the constraints: 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 50,
3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 90,
𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0

Sol: Objective function: 𝑍 = 4𝑥 + 𝑦 – Maximize

Subject to the constraints:
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 50,
3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 90,
𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0 (Non – negative constraints)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑌
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 50
𝑥 50 0
𝑦 0 50 (0, 90)

3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 90
𝑥 30 0
𝐶(0, 50)
𝑦 0 90
𝐵(20, 30)

𝑂 𝐴(30, 0) (50, 0) 𝑋
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The region OABC (double shaded) is the feasible region determined by the constraints.

The corner points are 𝑂(0, 0), 𝐴(30,0), 𝐵(20, 30), 𝐷(0,50)

Values of 𝑍 at corner points.

Corner Point 𝑍 = 4𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑂 (0, 0) 0+0=0
𝐴 (30, 0) 4(30) + 0 = 120  Max
𝐵 (20, 30) 4(20) + 30 = 110
𝐶 (0, 50) 0 + 50 = 50

∴ Maximum value of 𝑍 = 120 at (30, 0) .

17
JSP
 2 3
(b) If 𝐴 = [ ] satisfying the equation 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 𝐼 = 𝑂, where 𝐼 is 2 × 2 identity matrix and 𝑂 is
1 2
2 × 2 zero matrix. Using this equation, find 𝐴−1 .
Sol: Given 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 + 𝐼 = 𝑂
⇒ 𝐴. 𝐴 − 4𝐴 = −𝐼
Post multiplying with 𝐴−1
𝐴. 𝐴. 𝐴−1 − 4𝐴. 𝐴−1 = −𝐼. 𝐴−1
⇒ 𝐴. 𝐼 − 4𝐼 = −𝐴−1
⇒ 𝐴 − 4𝐼 = −𝐴−1
⇒ 𝐴−1 = 4𝐼 − 𝐴
4 0 2 3 2 −3
⇒ 𝐴−1 = [ ]−[ ]=[ ]
0 4 1 2 −1 2
2 −3
Hence 𝐴−1 = [ ]
−1 2
𝜋
𝑎 𝑎 √sin 𝑥
65. (a) Prove that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 and hence evaluate ∫02 𝑑𝑥
√sin 𝑥+√cos 𝑥
𝑎
Proof: Let 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑡 = 𝑎 − 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎 − 𝑡 & 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
𝐿. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎 − 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑈. 𝐿: 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑡 = 0
0
𝐼 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑡)(−𝑑𝑡)
0
𝐼 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ∵ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
∴ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
√sin 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥 ----------- (1)
√sin 𝑥+√cos 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 √sin( −𝑥)
2
𝐼 = ∫0 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑥
√sin( −𝑥)+√cos( −𝑥)
2 2
𝜋
√cos 𝑥
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥 ---------- (2)
√cos 𝑥+√sin 𝑥
𝜋
√sin 𝑥+√cos 𝑥
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥
√sin 𝑥+√cos 𝑥
𝜋
⇒ 2𝐼 = ∫02 1 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
⇒ 2𝐼 = [𝑥]02
𝜋
⇒ 2𝐼 = [ 2 − 0]
𝜋
⇒𝐼= 4
𝜋
√sin 𝑥 𝜋
∴ ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 =
√sin 𝑥+√cos 𝑥 4

18
JSP
 𝑘𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
(b) Find the value of 𝑘, if 𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋. 2021A
cos 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 𝜋
𝑘𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
Sol: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋.
cos 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 𝜋
So lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝜋 𝑥→𝜋
⇒ lim−(𝑘𝑥 + 1) = lim+ cos 𝑥
𝑥→𝜋 𝑥→𝜋
⇒ 𝑘𝜋 + 1 = cos 𝜋
⇒ 𝑘𝜋 + 1 = −1
2
⇒ 𝑘 = −𝜋
66. (a) Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the
maximum area.
Sol: Let radius of a circle be 𝑟 cm. (Fixed)
Let length and breadth of the rectangle are 𝑙 & 𝑏.
From fig. 𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2 = 4𝑟 2 ⇒ 𝑏 = √4𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2
𝐴(𝑙) = 𝑙 √4𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2
1
𝐴′ (𝑙) = √4𝑟 2 − 𝑙 2 + 𝑙 ( (−2𝑙))
2√4𝑟 2 −𝑙2
4𝑟 2 −𝑙2 −𝑙2

𝑏
= √4𝑟 2 −𝑙2
4𝑟 2 −2𝑙2
= √4𝑟 2
−𝑙2
For critical points 𝐴′ (𝑙) = 0
𝑙
4𝑟 2 − 2𝑙 2 = 0
⇒ 2𝑙 2 = 4𝑟 2
⇒ 𝑙 = √2r
1
−4𝑙(√4𝑟 2 −𝑙2 )−(4𝑟 2 −2𝑙2 )( (−2𝑙))
′′ (𝑙) 2√4𝑟2 −𝑙2
𝐴 = 4𝑟 2 −𝑙2
−4√2r(√4𝑟 2 −2𝑟 2 )−0
𝐴′′ (√2r) = <0
4𝑟 2 −2𝑟 2
So 𝐴(𝑙) has maximum at 𝑙 = √2r.
𝑏 = √4𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 = √2𝑟 2 = √2r

1 𝑎 𝑎2
(b) Prove that |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 | = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)
1 𝑐 𝑐2
1 𝑎 𝑎2
Sol: Δ = |1 𝑏 𝑏 2 |
1 𝑐 𝑐2
1 𝑎 𝑎2
Δ = |0 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 | Apply 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 and 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
2 2
0 𝑐−𝑎 𝑐 −𝑎
1 𝑎 𝑎2
Δ = (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎) |0 1 𝑏 + 𝑐 | Take (𝑏 − 𝑐) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑐 − 𝑎) common from 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 , respectively
0 1 𝑐+𝑎
Δ = (𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)[1(𝑐 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐) − 0 + 0] Expanding along 𝐶1
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑎)

19
JSP