Cadastral Survying and Mapping Service Level Iii

CADASTRAL
SURVYING
AND
MAPPING
SERVICE
LEVEL III
Institution Nameባህር ዳር ፖሊ ቴክኒክ ኮሌጅ DocumentNo.
Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
BAHIR DAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
900/ 09
Yil kal de ssie B,P .T .C.R

922/ 09
A zmer aw d emissie B,P .T .C.R
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Hay man ot yi rg a B,P .T .C.R

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A ste d ywo n e k assi B,P .T .C.R

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UNIT OF COMPITENCE-ONE
OPERATING AND MAINTANANCE OF SURVYING EQUPMENTS (EIS CSM3 01 0112)
Session plan-1- Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III
Module Title: Operating
and Maintaining Surveying Equipment, nominal Duration:50/hr,
Program: regular, Academic Year 2010 E.C
Unit of Competence : Operate and Maintain Surveying Equipment
Module Title : Operating and Maintaining Surveying Equipment
Nominal Duration 50/hr.
MODULE CODE: LDM CSM301 0311
LO 1 : Prepare for Plan the survey task
Session Objectives: At the end of this session the learners shall be able to –
1.1 Definitions of reconnaissance surveying
1.2 Surveying Measurement
1.2.1 Calculation
1.2.2 Accuracy
1.2.3 Conversion
1.2.4 Data recording
1.3 Sketch and survey design
1.4 Planning surveying activities and resources
1.5 Recent surveying practice
Nominal
Learning
Activities Duration Contents
Methods
4/hr.
Introduction 40min  Introduce about Land Surveying Lecture
1.1. Definitions of reconnaissance surveying
1.2. Surveying Measurement
1.2.1 Calculation
Sessions 1.2.2 Accuracy Lecture & lab,
2/hr 1.2.3 Conversion group
1.2.4 Data recording discussion
1.3 Sketch and survey design
1.4 Planning surveying activities and resources
1.5 Recent surveying practice
written Exam&
Evaluation 40min Demonstration
group work
Summary 40min Revision lecture
Resources  Reference book

 Internet
 Proclamation
Trainers: Approved by:

Sign:- Date _________ STAMP Sign:- Date:____________
1
Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
900/ 09

922/ 09
Issue No.
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LO-1:-Plan the survey task

 INTRODUCTION
 Land surveyingcan be defined as the science of determining the dimension and contour of the earth’s
surface and its features by measuring distance, direction (bearings normally used) heights.
 The three components of surveying can be stated as, measuring:-Distance, Angel &Elevation.
 IMPORETANCE OF SURVYING
 Surveying is basic to all civil engineering works.
 Surveying provides a threadof continuity throughout an engineering project.
 The acceptability and cost effectiveness of planning, land acquisition, design, and construction are
dependent up on property performed survey.
 TYPES OF SURVEYS
 Control survey:-made to establish the horizontal& vertical positions of arbitrary points to be used as a
reference in prior & future survey.
 Property survey:-surveys that include retracement& establishment of property boundaries including
highway right-of-way. These are also known as land boundary survey.
 Topographic survey:-made to determine the configuration of the ground.
 Engineering survey:-survey performed for the design and cost estimation of fixed work.
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SURVYING

 Working from whole to part
 It is a fundamental rule to always work from the whole to the part. This implies a precise control
surveying as the first consideration followed by subsidiary detail surveying.
 This surveying principle involves laying down an overall system of stations whose positions are
fixed to a fairly high degree of accuracy as control, and then the survey of details between the
control points may be added on the frame by less elaborate method.
 Spatial reference system

 Locations/Positions on the earth’s surface are measured and represented in terms of
coordinates; a coordinate is a set of two or more numbers that specifies the positions of a point,
line, or other geometric figure in relation to some reference system.
Eg. The Cartesian coordinate system
 Cartesian coordinate system is coordinates that measure the position of a point from a defined
origin along axis that are perpendicular in the represented two dimensional or three dimensional
spaces.
 Geographic coordinate system shows the location of points using longitudes and latitudes.
 Projected coordinates are planar Cartesian coordinates that result from performing a
mathematical mapping from a point on the earth’s surface to a plane.
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
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 A Datum is any numerical or geographic quantity or set of such quantities,which may serve as a
reference or base for other quantities.
 Local coordinates are Cartesian coordinates in a non-earth (non-georeferenced) coordinate
system.
X P(X, Y)
YY
 In order to determine the location of a point, we need to get the bearing and distance from the
point of reference.
 Determining the location of a feature or data capture.
 Measuring angles and distances
 Booking angular measurements
 Distance measurement
 To measure distance a tape is used.
 EDM(Electronic Distance Measuring) instruments have largely replaced steel tapes particularly all
measurements.
 EDM is more accurately measure the distance than steel tapes.
 Method of height determination
Definition of height system:-The potential energy of a point should be represented by the height of a point.
Hence water should flow from the higher elevation towards the lower elevation. It should have a metric unit.
What should be the reference of height determination? What is the 0(zero) level?
Now we need a reference surface, which is an equipotential surface of the earth’s gravity field.
Finally mean sea level is the reference surface of height determination on earth’s surface.
The height deference can be determined using two methods:-setting a horizontal plane and measuring the
offset from this plan
Level Horizontal line of sight
Graduated staff
Reference level
Differences in height
 Setting out procedures

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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
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The process requires calculating the required elements to stakeout points from coordinates or manually
entered angels, horizontal distances and highs. Setting out can be seen as the reverse process of data
capturing whereby instead of determining locations from angels and distances, we are now determining the
angles and distances from known locations.
LO2: Execute the Task

Session Plan 2__ Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III
Module Title:Operating and Maintaining Surveying Equipment, nominal Duration5/hr.,
MODULE CODE: LDM LSO2 M01 0711
Nominal Duration 50/hr
LO 2 : Perform land surveying
2.1. Basics in Geometry and trigonometry
2.2. Traverse and land survey
2.2.1. Data collection, measurements and calculations
2.2.2. Angle measurements
2.2.3. Distance, Angle/Bearing, Coordinate, Area and Height data
2.2.4. Operation of surveying equipments
2.2.5. Elimination of errors and mistakes
2.3. Preparation of field notes
Nominal
Learning
Methods
\14\
Introduction 40min Introducing about how to Perform land surveying Lecture
Sessions 2.1 Surveying equipment
2.1.1 Handling of equipment’s Lecture &group
4hrs
2.1.2 Adjustments of equipment’s discussion
5/hrs 2.2 Field measurement and data collection Lecture&
2.3 Comparison of survey data and design discussion
2.4 Validity and integrity of measurements
2.5 Supervise surveying activities and team
work
2.6 OHS requirement for surveyor
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
900/ 09

922/ 09
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Lecture&
3hrs
discussion
written Exam
Evaluation 40min Demonstration &group work
Revision
Summary 40min lecture

 Internet
 Proclamation
Trainer Approved
Sign:- Date: STAMP Sign:- Date:______________
 Equipment care and operation

Surveying equipment normally involves making fine observation from millimeters for dimensions to second
to micro seconds in direction determination. Therefore, if we want reliable, accurate survey results,
operation of thisequipment is essential. It is also necessary to maintain our instrument to reduce
inaccuracies.
 Operation of survey equipment

 Tripod
 All tripods must cap when they are not in use whether they are being stored or transported.
 The head of the tripod should be as horizontal as possible when mounting on to the ground.
 When mounting the tripod the legs should be set solidly and wide enough for the site.
 Care should be taken and use only body weight when mounting. Twisting and exerting excessive
pressure may damage them.
 Use tripod leg weights in working areas with high winds to prevent the tripod and the attached
equipment from being blown away.
 Tripod leg weights may be required to prevent the tripod and its attached equipment. Legs should also
be set wider apart in these situations.
 Position the tripod over the marked ground point, centering it as well as possible.
 Clean the dirt off the tripods when the exercise is finished before they are put away.
 Mounting the instrument
TOTAL STATION
1. Tighten the tribranch and total station onto the tripod.
2. Turn on the instrument and insert the batteries.
3. Center the instrument using the laser or optical plummet by moving the tripod legs. Use the foot
screws for finer centering over the point.
4. Adjust the tripod legs up or down so as to center the circular bubble.
5. By using the electronic level turn the tribranch foot screws (6) to precisely level the instrument.
6. Shift the tripod on the tribranch to precisely center the instrument on to the marked ground
point.
 Important terms
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
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1. ZA=line of sight/collimation axis (Telescope axis=line from the reticule to the center of the objective.)
2. SA=standing axis(vertical rotation axis of the telescope)
3. KA=tilting axis (horizontal rotation axis of the telescope/ trunion axis )
4. V=vertical angle/zenith angle
5. VK=vertical circle (with coded circular division for reading the V-angle.)
6. Hz=horizontal direction
7. HK=horizontal circle(with coded circular division for reading the Hz-angle)
 Source of errors and limitations in surveying equipment
 Source of errors includes:-
 Equipment out of calibration
 Use of insufficiently accurate computation equations(too few terms in a series)
 Failure to apply necessary geometric reductions of measurement.
 Failure to apply necessary reductions of measurements due to weather related conditions
 Personal biases of the observer
 Use of incorrect units(feet instead of meter)
 Imperfect linear or angular scales
 Instrument axes are not perfectly parallel or perpendicular to each other
 Misalignment of various part of the instrument
 Optical distortions causing “what you see is not exactly what you supposed to see”
 The independent check

It is a technique of quality assurance. It is also a means of guarding against a blunder or gross error
and the principle must be applied at all stages of a survey. A standard format should be used,with
sufficient arithmetic checks up on the booking sheet to ensure that there are no computational
errors. The observations should be repeated, or better, made in a different manner to ensure that
they are in sympathy (understanding) with each other.
 Care, maintenance of equipment and safe work practice.
 Do not leave the instrument unprotected or unattended in unsecured area.
 Do not carry tripod-mounted instruments over the shoulder.
 Remove the instrument from the tripod when changing set up locations.
 Calibrate instrument daily per manufacturer’s recommended procedures.
 Ensure the instrument prism offset value is set correctly for the prisms in use.
 Ensure that the appropriate version of the instrument firmware is installed.
 Never point the telescope directly to the sun. The sun rays may damage the electronic
distance measuring (EDM) circuitry.
 If possible shade the instrument from direct sunlight to protect the damage of EDM circuitry.
 To maintain maximum signal return at longer ranges shade prisms from direct sunlight.
 Avoid multiple, unrelated prisms in the same field of view; this can cause blunders in distance
observations.
 Consult the operator’s manual for exact procedures and error definitions.
 Do not point the instrument directly at the sun. The telescope acts as a magnifying lens and
can injure your eyes or damage the internal components (diodes) of the EDM, ATR and EGL.
 Solar observations are not permitted for total station and theodolite instrument without a
solar eyepiece filter for shorter period of time.
 Instrument should not be stored in a room close to a heat source or transported close to a
heat source.
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
900/ 09

922/ 09
Issue No.
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 Instruments are water-resistant from the top down not from the bottom up.
 Inspect cables and plugs occasionally. Plugs and sockets should be kept dry and clean.
 Objective, eyepiece and prisms should be treated with particular care.
 Maintenance of total station, theodolite and level.
 Before using an instrument, make a visual inspection for any damage.
 The instrument motions should be checked to insure they have a smooth operation.
 The interior of the instrument should be cleaned regularly in accordance with the
specification given by the manufacturer.
 The external lens surface should also be cleaned using a lens tissue using liquids such as pure
alcohol.
 Take care not to scratch lenses or their coating. Never touch optical glasses with your fingers.
 Theodolite/Total station
 Instrument maintenance involves calibration (checking and adjusting) of the instrument.
 Calibration is the re-determining of instrument errors.
Guidelines to properly maintain prisms include:-

 Transport and store prisms separately in padded components, padded containers, or soft cases to
prevent damage.
 Do not lay prisms where they might be damaged, for example in the bed or a truck.
 All prisms should be removed from prism poles before storage.
 Clean glass surfaces regularly using water and a soft towel (cloth) or specially treated silicon free
lens cleaning tissue.
 Global navigation satellite system(GNSS) equipment

This is a system that is used to provide positions on any part of the surface of the earth. It is basically
uses communication between satellites in space with enabled receivers placed on points whose
position are to be determined. Fieldcomponents of GNSS survey system includes:- receivers, data
collection system, antennas, data link system(for real time system), accessories(such as cables,
tripods, tribranches, batteries, and chargers, rover pole, and others)
 Professional code of ethics
1. Professional land surveyors shall hold paramount (overriding) the safety, health and welfare
of the public in the performance of their professional duty.
2. Make sure you perform services only in the areas of their competences.
3. Issuance of public statements should be only in an objective and truthful manner.
4. Professional land surveyors shall act in professional matters for each employer or clients as
faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interests.
5. Professional land surveyors shall build their professional reputations on the merit of their
services.
6. Professional land surveyors shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor,
integrity, and dignity of their profession.
7. Professional land surveyors shall continue their professional development throughout their
careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional development.
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
900/ 09

922/ 09
Issue No.
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LO3: Prepare survey returns

Session plan-3- Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III,
Module Title: Operating and Maintaining Surveying Equipment, nominal Duration:50/hr.,
MODULE CODE: LDM LSO2 M01 0711

LO 3 : Prepare survey returns
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
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3.1. Data analysis
3.2. Filed reports
Nominal Learning
Activities Duration \ Contents
Methods
12hrs\
Introduction 40min Introducing about how to Prepare survey returns Lecture
8hrs 3.1 Data analysis Lecture
Sessions 3.2 Filed reports Lecture&
2hrs
discussion
Written exa
&group work
Summary 40min Revision Lecture

 Internet
 Proclamation

Sign: - ________ Date: STAMP Sign: _________--Date: ____________
3.1. Data analysis

First collect and check all the necessary equipment that is available for our work. Then, collect all the
necessary data that we need for our work.
After collecting all the necessary data we must analyze the data we collect or interpret/explain it through
mathematically, graphically, or pictorially.
When we analyze the data we perform a mathematical calculation, interpretation of data, and making
corrections for errors.
We make this analysis in the field or in the office after all the field work will be finished.
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
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3.2. Field report
After all the field work the last work is field report preparation.
When we prepare field report we start from date, time, weather conditions (temperature, humidity,
etc.) name of the surveyor, equipment used, procedures followed, type of work, collection of all the
necessary data, calculations, error corrections, finally the output of the survey.
We can include all the obstacles we face during the field work and the mechanism and ability used to
treat that obstacle.
In the field report we include all good or bad things faced during the field work.
We make data analysis before field report preparation.
The field report may be depending on facts and must be:-
• Legible I.e. visible and readable.
• Accurate; data recorded should be accurate with correct precision.
• Integrity; notes should be complete in all respect before living the site.
• Clarity; records should be clear and readable.
UNIT OF COMPITENCE-TWO
ORGANIZE EQUPMENT AND SUPLIES (EIS CSM3 02 01 12)
LO-1-Select equipment and supplies
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
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S
Session plan-1- Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III
Organizing Equipment and Supplies, nominal Duration:30/hr.,
Module Title:
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
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Unit of Competence : Organize Equipment and Supplies

Module Title : Organizing Equipment and Supplies
MODULE CODE: LDM CSM3 M02 0711
LO 1 : Select equipment and supplies
1.1. Surveying tools and equipment’s and their applications
1.2. Utilization of surveying equipment’s in terms of contingencies and
risk management
Sessions 1.3. Safe working order of surveying equipment’s
1.4. Supervise surveying activities and team work
1.5. OHS requirements for surveyor
1.6. Recent surveying equipment technology
Nominal
Learning
Methods
14/hrs
Introduction 40 min  Introduce about how to Select equipment &supplies Lecture
3 1.1 Surveying tools and equipment’s and their applications Lecture & lab
4 1.2 Utilization of surveying equipment’s in terms of Lecture & lab
contingencies and risk management
4 1.3 Safe working order of surveying equipment’s Lecture & lab
1.4 Supervise surveying activities and team work
1.5 OHS requirements for surveyor
1.6 Recent surveying equipment technology
written
Evaluation 1:40/hr Demonstration Exam& group
work
Revision Lecture
Summary 40min
&questioning
 Internet
 Proclamation
Traine Approved by:

Sign:- Date:_______________ STAMP Sign:- Date: ______________
Organizing equipment’s for filed surveys

A reconnaissance(or reco) excursion (expedition) is the first step in the organization process. A good
reconnaissance assists in making the following preparations:-
 Transportation-mode of transportation is selected in order to transport the survey team and the
equipment to be used to the site.
 Communication-mode of communication is established for both fields to office and within the field
environment.
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
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 Travel and work hours-work scheduling for both office and field work is set and a project time-
frame is established.
 Map data acquisition-the acquisition of this data is important and inclusive (general) of the planning
and organization of field work.
 Selection of survey equipment- the suitable tools of survey are selected based on the type of job,
area extents, project time frame field, scope of work and level of required accuracy. The equipment
selected is check-listed and signed for from the storage room.
 Authority-it is important to acquire all the necessaryapprovals from the relevant authorities before
embarking on (begin)the project. This may involves contacting the owner for permission and other
technical support which may be required. This is important since guidance into the survey job may
require some assistance from the property owner.
LO-2-Outlay equipment and supplies to be used.
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
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Session Plan -2-Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III
Module Title: Organizing Equipment and Supplies , nominal Duration:30/hr,
MODULE CODE: 30/hr
Nominal Duration LDM CSM3 M02 0711
LO 2 : Outlay equipment and supplies to be used
2.1 Surveying task planning
2.2 Roles and responsibilities of surveying team members
Nominal
Activities Duration Contents Learning Methods
18\hr
Introducti 40min Introduce how to access, retrieve and Lecture
on manipulate data
2.1 Surveying task planning
Sessions 8hrs Lecture &group discussion
2.2 Roles and responsibilities of surveying
8/hrs Lecture& discussion
team members
written Exam &group
Evaluation 40min Demonstration work
Revision
Summary 40min Lecture

 Internet
 Proclamation
Sign:- Date: STAMP Sign:- Date:________________
Surveying task planning

Preparing a check list of survey equipment
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Name
Ge tn et mh r et u
Id
B,P .T .C.R
BTC/133 -11
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As stated earlier the survey equipment selected for a particular job relies on:-
 The type of survey job being undertaken.
 The extents of the area under survey.
 The accuracy of work required.
 The cost of the project.
Based on these factors different equipment may be used to conduct the survey. A checklist of the equipment
is therefore prepared before embarking on (begin) further field work procedures. The checklist details have
the following items:-
 Date/time of picking the items

 Return date/time of the items
 Name of team party leader incharge of the equipment
 Equipment name and number of items collected from storage
 Officer incharge of the storage room
 Condition of the item taken
Make sure that all the participant/members of the survey work must have their own role and responsibility with
in the team to perform the task.
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LO3: Maintain equipment

Session plan-3-Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III
Module Title: Organizing Equipment and Supplies, nominal Duration:30/hr, Program: regular,
Academic Year 2010 E.C
MODULE CODE: 30/hr
Nominal Duration LDM CSM3 M02 0711
LO 3 : Maintain equipment
3.1 Safety of surveying equipment’s
3.2 Basic operational maintenance of equipment’s
Nominal Learning
Methods
6hrs
Introduction 40min Introducing about how to maintain equipment Lecture

3.1 Safety of surveying equipment’s
Sessions
4hrs 3.2 Basic operational maintenance of equipment’s Lecture & lab
Written exam
&group work

 Internet
 Proclamation

Sign:- Date: STAMP Sign:- Date:-___________________
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 Field work adjustments and care of instruments

The following are good practices while using the surveying instruments and maintain its use:-
 Tape should be straight when used and avoid stepping on it. Clean it regularly.
 The instrument should be removed and returned to its box carefully.
 Survey chain should be checked for its links, rings and length before its use.
 The instrument with mechanical parts should be protected from vibration and impact.
 The dust and dirt should be regularly cleaned from movable part of the instrument.
 The clamping and adjusting screws should not be tightened far more than necessary.
 The objective and eye piece lens should not be touch with fingers.
 Raise the magnetic needle off the pivot of the instrument when not in use.
 Recharge the battery after its use in the field. Also carry a spare battery for field work.
 Shelter the total station against harsh weather elements using an umbrella.
 Charge a GPS station after a day work.
 When transporting a total station/theodolite for long distances, return carefully into casing box. For
mediumdistances relies from tribranch clamp and carry from top handle. For short distances move it
holding it vertically upright.
 Select instrument stations that would not put instrument man, instrument or team at danger during
field work.
 Conduct daily inspection on the instrument used.
 Never leave the instruments unattached.
 Never point the total station/theodolite directly at the sun.
 Keep the shoes of the tripods clean and dirt free.
Recording field notes

Field notes are the written records of the survey field work. Modern survey equipment record data in digital
data files and allow for easy storage and retrieval of survey data although it is still advisable to book parallel
survey data in the field note. The field note should be:-
 Legible I.e. visible and readable.
 Accurate; data recorded should be accurate with correct precision.
 Integrity; notes should be complete in all respect before living the site.
 Clarity; records should be clear and readable.
Basic operational maintenance of equipment’s

Use always the manual of the equipment for maintenance, if the equipment is damaged or need some
correction/calibration.
The operational manual also used for operating all the functions without the help of other person.
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UNIT OF COMPITENCE-THREE
PLAN AND CONDUCT SURVEY EXPENDITIONS (LDM CSM3 03 0711)
LO1:Planning a survey expedition.
Session plan-1-Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III
Module Title: Planning and Conducting Survey Expeditions, nominal Duration:25/hr,
Unit of Competence : Plan and Conduct Survey Expeditions
Module Title : Planning and Conducting Survey Expeditions
MODULE CODE: LDM CSM3M03 0711
LO 1 : Plan a survey expedition.
1.1 Surveying works and activities
1.2 Surveying Equipment’s
1.3 Surveying expedition plan
1.4 Relevant OHS plan
1.5 Recent surveying trends and equipment’s
Nominal Learning
Methods
12 hrs
Introduction 40min Introducing about plan a survey expedition lecture
1.1 Surveying works and activities
Sessions
1.2 Surveying Equipment’s
4/hrs 1.3 Surveying expedition plan
1.4 Relevant OHS plan
1.5 Recent surveying trends and equipment’s
Written exam
Evaluation 1:40hr Demonstration
&group work
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 Proclamation
Trainers:. Approved by:

Sign:-__________ Date: STAMP Sign:- Date:______________
Preparation of equipment
It is important to check that the equipment are properly adjusted and in good working order prior to
commencement of the project.
Any accessories such as batteries for example should be fully charged.
Transport for equipment and personnel
Depending on the project site, adequate and safe transport arrangements for both equipment and personnel should be
made as appropriate.it is necessary to have backup should the vehicle get grounded during the field work where the site is
far from the office.it is important to have extra set of equipment and accessories should one fail when the project is on-
going. If no provision has been made for extra equipment, then a plan should be in place to replace damaged equipment
as soon as practically possible to avoid extra expenses in terms of time and money.
Depending on the duration and location of the project, the survey party should make plan to have enough provisions such
as accommodation, food and fuel for the duration of the entire project. Most important is also ensuring that the necessary
occupational health standards for all the personnelare maintained at all times.
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LO2: Organizing a survey expeditions

Session Plan-2- Sector: EIS, Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III
Module Title: Planning and Conducting Survey Expeditions, nominal Duration: 25/hr,

Module Title : Planning and Conducting Survey Expeditions
Nominal Duration LDM CSM3M03 0711
MODULE CODE: 40/hr
LO 2: Organize a survey expedition
2.1 Preparing survey camp site
2.2 Controlling and monitoring OHS plan
2.3 Environmental impact and camp activities
2.4 Communicating with team members
Nominal
Learning
Methods
8/hrs
Introduction 40 min  Introduce about organize a survey expedition Lecture

2.1 Preparing survey camp site Lecture & lab
2.2 Controlling and monitoring OHS plan Lecture & lab
2.3 Environmental impact and camp activities
2.4 Communicating with team members Lecture & lab
written
Exam& group
Evaluation 2/hr Demonstration
work
Revision Lecture
Summary 40min
&questioning
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 Internet
 Proclamation

Sign:- Date: STAMP Sign:- ________ Date: ___________
Preparing survey camp site

A survey camp should be established and properly maintained by observing all OHS equipment’s. The supervisor
should ensure that all basic requirements such as ablutions (toilet), catering (provide with what is needed or
required) and safety are available at the project site.
Prepare the camp that does not cause environmental impacts to the community. When we prepare a camp
there must be follow OHS procedures. i.e. make sure that allare clear from hazards and obstacles.
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LO3: Apply/conduct of the survey.

Session Plan- 3-Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III,
Module Title: Planning and Conducting Survey Expeditions, nominal Duration:25/hr,
Planning and Conducting Survey Expeditions
Module Title :
LO 3 : Apply safety and survival skills
3.1 Relevant OHS requirement
3.2 Emergency requirement for survival
Nominal
Activities Duration \ Contents Learning Methods
12\
Introduce: About apply safety and survival
Introduction 40min Lecture
skills
1/hrs 3.1 Relevant OHS requirement Lecture &group discussion
Sessions
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written Exam &group
work
Resources
Reference book
Internet
Proclamation
Trainers: . Approved by:

Sign:- Date: STAMP Sign:- Date:____________
The establishment of two-or-three-dimensional control networks is the most fundamental operation in land
surveying. Control networks comprise a series of points or positions which are specially located for the purpose
of topographic surveying, for the control of supplementary points, or dimensional control on site.
The purpose and nature of the project is established for which the survey is required in order to assess the
accuracy specifications, the type of equipment required and the surveying processes involved.
Using total stations, GPS satellites or aerial photogrammetry depends on the extent of the area to be surveyed.
For examples the cost of photogrammetric surveying is closely linked to the counter interval required and the
extent of the area.
Thus, the accuracy of the control networks would define the quality of the equipment and the number
observations required. The time duration of the project will affect the design of the survey stations required for
the control points.
 SURVEY OPERATIONS
 Reconnaissance survey
Reconnaissance is the first and most important step in the surveying process. After this the surveyor decide
upon the techniques and instrumentation required to complete the work economically and meet the accuracy
specifications.
Surveying requires management and decision making in deciding the appropriate methods and instrumentation
required to complete the task satisfactorily to the satisfied accuracy and within the time limits available.
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Reconnaissance can also be used:-

 Location of services those are important for execution of the work. For Example, accommodation
services, transport facilities among others.
 Familiarizing with the area of the study in order to assist in location of existing controls.
 Informing the locals and if necessary obtaining the approvals for the source survey.
 Horizontal and vertical controls
It provides the basis for positions structures, utilities, roads, etc., in each of the stages of planning, design, and
construction. On most projects, additional horizontal and vertical control points are required to supplement any
control already available in the job area.
The control points must be:-

1. Convenient for use, that is, located sufficiently close to the item being built so that work is minimized and
accuracy enhanced in transferring alignments and grade.
2. Far enough from the actual construction to ensure working room for the contractor and to avoid possible
destruction of stakes.
3. Clearly marked and understood by the contractor in the absence of a surveyor.
4. Supplemented by guard stakes to deter removal and referenced to facilitate restoring them. Contracts
usually require the owner to pay the cost of setting initial control points and the contractor to replace
damaged or removed ones.
5. Suitable for securing the accuracy agreed on for construction layout (which may be to only the nearest foot
for a manhole, 0.01ft for an anchor bolt0.001ft for a critical feature).
The controls can be provided using the following methods:-
a) Traversing
b) Resection
c) Intersection
d) GPS observation
 Surveying safety
Surveyors are normally in both the field work exercise and the office work planning.
The field work consists in making observations with various types of instruments to either;
1) Determine the relative locations of points or

2) To set out stakes in accordance with planned locations to guide building and construction operation.
The office work involves:-
1) Conducting research and analysis in preparing for surveys.

2) Computing and processing the data obtained from field measurements, and
3) Preparing maps, charts, reports, and other documents according to clients’ specifications.
Sometimes the fieldwork must be performed in hostile or dangerous environments, and thus it is very important
to be aware of the need to practice safety precautions.
 Booking field notes

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Field notes are records that are kept of the field work that has been carried out. They typically contain
measurements, sketches, descriptions and many other items of miscellaneous information. In the past, field
notes were prepared exclusively by hand lettering in field books or spatial note pads as the work progressed and
data were gathered. However, automatic data collectors, also known as electronic field book and survey
controls, have been introduced that can interface with many different modern instruments. As the work
progresses, they crate computer files containing a record of observed data.
 General requirements of handwritten field notes

The following points are considered in appraising a set of field notes:-
1. Accuracy: - This is the most important quality in all surveying operations.

2. Integrity: - Notes should be checked carefully for completeness before leaving the survey site and never
’edited’ to improve closers.
3. Legibility:-Notes can be used only if they are legible .
4. Arrangement:- Note forms appropriate to a particular survey contribute to accuracy, integrity, and
legibility.
5. Clarity:- Advance planning and proper field procedures are necessary to ensure clarity of sketches and
tabulations, and to minimize the possibility of mistakes and omissions .avoid crowding notes, paper is
relatively cheap.
The following information should be included in the field notes:-
1. Project name, location, date, time of day (A.M. or P.M.), and starting and finishing times.
2. Weather, wind velocity, temperature and advance weather conditions such as rain, snow, sunshine and
fog have a decided effect on accuracy in surveying operations.
3. Party. The name and initials of the party members and their duties are required for documentation and
future reference.
4. Instrument type and number. The type of the instrument used and its degree of adjustment affects the
accuracy of a survey.
Precision and accuracy
A set of measurement is said to be precise if all the measurements carried out for the same entity are close to
one another. The degree of precision attainable is dependent on equipment sensitivity and observer skill.
Accuracy denotes the absolute nearness of observed quantities to their true values. A survey can be precise
without being accurate. Also, a survey may appear to be accurate when rough observations have been taken.
For example, the angels of a triangle may be read with a compass to only the nearest degree and yet produce a
sum of exactly 180°, or a zero misclosure error.
Three survey crews are asked to measure a distance of 300m five times, the reading are shown in table 1 below.
measureme Crew1 Crew2 Crew3

nt
1 295.902 299.980 299.997
2 295.908 300.060 299.999
3 295.905 299.955 300.002
4 295.907 300.020 299.998
5 295.903 299.990 300.003
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Mean 295.905 300.001 300.000

Error 4.905 0.001 0.000
Table 1 distance measurement
Crew 1: precise but not accurate
Crew 2: accurate but not precise
Crew 3: accurate and precise
Elimination of mistakes and systematic errors

It would always be preferable if survey observation do not contain any mistakes. One of the most common ways
of detecting and eliminating mistakes is by taking repetitive observations. Serious consideration must be given
to the effect on an average before discarding a value. It is seldom safe to change a record number, even though
there appears to be a simple transposition in figures.
Basic calculations
Along with the actual survey measurements are the mathematical calculations. Distance, angle, direction,
location, elevation, areas, and volumes are thus determined from the data of the survey.
Pythagorean Theorem
In right angles, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square of the other two sides. The
figures below describe this theorem.
C2=A2+B2where: C is the hypotenuse (side opposite to

the right angle). A and B are the remaining
sides.
A C
Figure: Pythagorean Theorem
Trigonometric functions
Hypotenuse(C) opposite side (A)
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Angle AAdjacent side (B) Figure: trigonometric functions
Sine =opposite side / hypotenuse
Cosine =adjacent side / hypotenuse
Tangent =opposite side / adjacent side
 Communication with local people before survey is undertaken

General – Dealing with property owners is a most vital phase of public relations.
Entry on private property _ To promote good relations, a diligent effect to contact the property owner or tenant
will be made prior to entering the property. The purpose of the contact shall be to explain:-
a) That entry is required.

b) The survey activity to be performed and their duration.
c) Any effect the surveys might have on the property.
If possible, acquire verbal approval for entry at the time of the contact.
Objection to entry _ When a property owner or tenant objects to entry –DO NOT ENTER!. If a property owner
claims actual or anticipated damage or interference after a survey has begun, immediately leave the property.
Survey party conduct:
1. Conduct operations in a manner that will not crate ill feelings with property owners or tenants.
2. Guard against any cause for compliant.
3. Tone down oral communications in populated areas.
Property care:
1) Survey method –choose the survey method, which will have the least effect on the land
2) Stake location –place stakes and other markers where there is little likelihood of creating a hazard.
3) Property rehabilitation –as much as possible, leave the property in the condition that existed prior to the
survey.
4) Removal of hazards – remove all temporary and hazardous survey stakes and other potentially
hazardous items from the work area after their usefulness has ended.
5) Concern for children – consider hazards to children when setting or leaving survey stakes.
6) Litter removal – DO NOT LITTER. Litter shall not be left on private or on public property.
Planning for the survey work shall include:-
a) Prior to beginning the actual work, develop a “plan of attack” for the survey.
b) Be sure that all planned traverse lines are indivisible.
c) Be sure tall available information, such as computer printouts, maps,and reconnaissance notes are in
hand.
d) Before leaving the office, check for locked gates and other entry problems with the people who
commissioned the project.
e) Be sure that you have all the necessary equipment before proceeding to the field. (Do not leave the
battery at home).
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f) Do not plunge into the day’s work without first organizing the day’s activity.
g) Be sure that all party members understand the job and their individual deities.
h) Measure as many lines from a single setup, as possible: move the reflector not the instrument
i) Use two-way radios. They also serve as safety equipment.
j) Record data directly into the traverse program.
k) Look ahead. If subsequent work will be expedited by setting additional points while on a setup, such
points should be set.
l) Prior to leaving the project, verify that all points have been checked, or can be checked by the record
data.
m) Close the survey, if possible.
UNIT OF COMPITENCE-FOUR
COLLECT AND INTERPRIT BASIC GPS DATA
(LDM CSM3 04 0711)
LO 1 Prepare for GPS data collection
Session plan-1-Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III,
Module Title:Collecting
and Interpreting Basic GPS Data: NOMINAL DURATION: 30 Hours,
Unit of Competence : Collect and Interpret Basic GPS Data
Module Title : Collecting and Interpreting Basic GPS Data
LO 1 Prepare for GPS data collection
1.1 Definition and types of GPS
1.2 Data collection planning
1.3 GPS survey requirement
1.4 GPS tools and techniques
1.5 Stakeholder role and responsibility in data assessment
Nominal
Learning
Methods
8/hr
Introduction 40min Introducing about how to Prepare for GPS data collection Lecture
1.1 Definition and types of GPS
1.2 Data collection planning Lecture & lab,
6/hr 1.3 GPS survey requirement group
Sessions 1.4 GPS tools and techniques discussion
1.5 Stakeholder role and responsibility in data assessment
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Evaluation 40min Demonstration written

Revision Exam& group
Summary 40min lecture

 Internet
 Learning Module
 Satellite image
 Aerial Photographs
 Proclamation

Sign:-________Date: STAMP Sign:-_________ Date:
INTRODUCTION TO GPS POSITIONING

Different types of definition can be given to GIS depends on the profession and the purpose it is using. But
common to all definition is the spatial location. For our purpose we can define GIS as “A GIS is a system,
consisting of hardware, software, data, procedures and proper organizational context, which compiles, stores,
manipulates, analyses, models and visualizes spatial data, to solve planning and management problems”
(Christiansen, 1998) GIS as a system and science can be defined as follow: Geographic Information system (GIS):
It is a computer based system used to store, analyze and display spatial information.
Geographic Information Science (GISc): It is a set of principles, procedures and technologies providing scientific
foundation to spatial analysis or spatial science.
Key elements of GIS
GIS has three key elements: the Geographic, Information and the System Geographic: It shows the real world or
the spatial realities (Example: the location of a city, location of a school etc) Information: It is about the data and
their meanings (Example: The name of a city, the area of a city, the population density of a city etc) System: The
system is also about the computer technology (Example: Computer hardware &Software)
Components of GIS
The people, software, data, hardware and procedures are the five components of a GIS:
Hardware: It consists of the computer systems on which the GIS software will run
Software: It provides tools to manage analyze and effectively display and disseminate spatial data and spatial
information. The main function of a GIS software’s are analytical functions, that provides means for driving new
geo-information from the existing spatial and attribute data. GIS software’s can be divided as public domain and
commercially available software’s. Example: ArcView, ArcGIS, ENVI, ERDAS and many more others
Data collection & Data input techniques in GIS

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The first step of using a GIS is to provide with data. Much of the success of a GIS project depends on the quality
of the data that is entered into the system, and thus this phase of a GIS project is critical and must be taken
seriously. GIS technology utilizes two basic types of data
A- Spatial data
B- Attribute (Non-spatial) data
Spatial data: it is also known as geospatial (Coordinate) data or geographic information/data. It is the data or
information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on earth, such as natural or
constructed features, parcels, roads, buildings and more
Attribute (Non-spatial data): area the non-spatial record or characteristics of an entity. These characteristics
can be quantitative and/or qualitative in nature (example: Population density of a city, ownership of a parcel,
road name and others) 1.6.1- Data collection in GIS Raster and vector are two methods of representing
geographic or spatial data in digital computers.
Raster data: Raster representation divides the world into arrays of cells and assign attributes to the cells. Raster
data can be obtained from remote sensing and/or from scanning of the hard copy maps. Remote sensing is a
technique used to drive information about the physical, chemical and biological properties of objects without
direct physical contact. The technique can be ground based, air based and space based.
Vector data: Vector representation divides the world into point, line, and polygon features and assign attribute
in the attribute table.
Data input/entry in GIS
Data input/entry is process of entering data/information into the system. Data has to be entered and stored in a
proper digital format in the computer to apply any GIS analysis. Different methods are used to for data input:
1. Data can be recoded directly from the field in a digital format by using devices as GPS and satellite sensors
and cameras.
2. Data can be also entered from analogue format (hard copy) by means of digitizing or scanning
Digitizing: It is a method of converting raster data into vector data and the process called as Vectorization.
Scanning: It is the process of converting analogue map into a computer readable form.
Data collection is one of the most time-consuming and expensive yet important, of GIS tasks. The two main
methods of data collection are:
1) Data capture- It can be through direct measurement (Primary data) or derive from other sources like from
earlier studies or obtained from other sources (Secondary data)
2) Data transfer: It involves importing digital data from other sources (E.g.: Internet, WAN, LAN and from
physical media CD ROMS
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Application areas of GIS
1. Traffic and transport planning

2. Agricultural planning
3. Environmental and natural resource management
4. Recreation planning
5. Location decisions
6. Service planning (education, social services etc.)
7. Regional and town planning
8. Thematic cartography etc.
DEFINITION AND COMMPONENTS OF GIS
Geographic Information System (GIS) are also commonly known as geographical information systems is “ a
system of hardware, software and procedures to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis,
modeling and display spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems”.
Geographical information systems have three important components.
1. Computer hardware 2. Sets of application software modules
3. Proper organizational context and skilled people/Scientists.
Computer Hardware:
The hardware of GIS is made up of a configuration of core and peripheral equipment that is used for the
acquisition, storage, analysis and display of geographic information. The heart of GIS hardware architecture is
the central processing unit (CPU) of the computer. The CPU consists of hard disk drive (HDD) for storing data
and programs. The CPU also performs all the data processing and analysis tasks and also controls input/output
connectivity with data acquisition storage, and display systems. Depending on the data processing power of the
CPU, computers are classified super computers, mainframes, mini computers, workstations, and
microcomputers or personal computers.
GIS at present are mostly implemented in client/server model of computing. A server is the computer on which
data and software are stored. A client is the computer by which the users access the server. The application
programs can be executed on either the server or the client computer. A client can access multiple servers and
a server can provide services to a number of clients at the same time.
A digitizer and scanner is used to convert maps and documents into digital form so that they can be used by
computer programs in GIS environment. A plotter or a printer or any other kind of output device is used to
present the results of the data processing.
A network modem is also one of the hardware components of GIS used for inter computer communication
(internet/intranet) using telephone lines or special data lines with optic fibers.
GIS Software Modules:

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The software of a GIS may be split into fine functional groups.
a. The data input and verification b. Data storage and database management c. Data output and presentation d.
Data transformation e. Interaction with the user.
a. Data Input:
Data input covers all aspects of capturing spatial data from existing maps, field observations, sensors (aerial
photography, satellites, and recording instruments) and converting them to a standard digital form.
b. Data storage and database management:
Data storage and database management concerns the way in which data about the location, linkages (topology),
and attributes of geographic elements (points, lines, polygons and more complex entities representing the
objects on the earth surface) are structured and organized, both with respect to the way they must be handled
in computer and how they are perceived by the users of the system. The computer program used to organize
the database is known as database management system(DBMS).
c. Data output and presentation:
Data output and presentation concern the ways the data are displayed and how the results of analyses are
reported to the users. Data may be presented as maps, tables and figures, graphs and charts.
d. Data Transformation:
Data transformation has two classes of operations.
a. Transformations needed to remove errors from the data or to bring them up to data or to match them to
other data sets.
b. The large array of analyses methods that may be applied to the data in order to achieve answers to the
questions asked of the GIS.
Transformations can operate on the spatial non-spatial and topological aspects of the data, either separately or
in combination.
e. Interaction with the user:
This includes the interaction between the user and GIS for data and query input and writing of models for
analysis.
Characteristics of Geographical data
Geographical data consists of two elements. They are i) Spatial data ii) Non- Spatial data (aspatial data).
Spatial data gives the information about geometrical orientation of a feature. The geometrical orientation
refers to shape, size, and relative position with respect to other features. All the spatial data will be described
by x, y coordinates.
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Ex. Maps prepared by field surveys, remote sensing data.
Non-spatial data which is also referred as attribute data, gives the information of the spatial features. The
information includes length, perimeter, area, population etc. For example the attributes of soil can be soil type,
texture, depth of soil, area of extent. Spatial data and non-spatial data are stored separately and links should be
established.
MEASUREMENT SCALES IN GIS
The attributes pertaining to spatial objects shown in a thematic map can be recorded by four different levels of
measurements. They are 1. Nominal, 2. Ordinal, 3. Interval and, 4. Ratio.
1. Nominal scale: Nominal scale is the simplest of all because it uses names and labels. There are again two
types of scales in nominal: i) Dichotomous scale is used for mutually exclusive sets represented as ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
For example a road has lanes ‘yes’ and no lanes ‘no’. Categorical scale shows descriptive labels such as wheat
region, rock types etc. The nominal scale is applied over polygons, lines and point features.
2. Ordinal scale: This ordinal scale shown ordering or ranks. A map can show the rank of cities, classification of
roads into first, second and third class. Countries in the world can be ranked according to their population size
as high, medium, low. Soils can be classified according to their drainage conditions. Thus ordinal scale can be
expressed in different ways and is applicable to points, lines and polygons.
3. Interval scale: This is a continuous scale of measurement. The class definition is rank order where the
differences between the ranks are quantified. The representation of population in rank order is an example of
interval data.
4. Ratio scale: Ratio scale is the continuous scale of measurement. Ratio intervals represent scaling between
individual observations. The ration scale makes use of an absolute zero (or a true region). Division or ration
makes ratio scale. For example if ‘A’ drives a car at 60 miles per hour, ‘A’ is driving twice as fast as ‘B’ driving at
30 miles per hour. Ratio scale supports arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
DATA SOURCES
The major data sources for GIS data base are
a) Satellite Images, b) Available map data c) Aerial photographs d) Tabular data available with different
organizations e) Survey data and records.
From the remote sensing satellite images, the data on land features, natural resources, dynamic changes due to
human activities (Roads, canals, forest etc) can be generated.
Available map data in government and private organizations is most important source of data for GIS. The maps
are available in various scales, sizes, format, and time periods. Aerial photographs acquired from aerial plat
forms need conversion in digital format. Tabular data available in the form of census records hand books etc.
survey records and maps like geological, soil, topographical survey available with national survey organizations.
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GIS Data Sets
Data sets need for GIS applications depends on the end goal of the application. Most important applications of
GIS are effective management of natural resources, monitoring and planning in regional and global scale. For
this kind of studies variety of data sets are needed.
a) Natural Resources data
- Land use/Land cover
- Cropping area with type - Water bodies and drainage - Soils, slope, GW potential - Forest types, mineral
resources
b) Demographic Data - Like population, sex ratio, age, urban/rural, migration pattern. c) Agro-economic data:
- Cropped and irrigated area - Agricultural production - Land holdings - Livestock, market and pricing
c) Socio-economic data - industrial - fishing - Tourism development, beneficiaries
d) Infrastructure data: Level of availability of various facilities like
- Roads, electricity, rails, water supply, communication, medical, drainage etc.
The GIS technology is being used in different areas and the in major application areas.
Representation of Spatial data in GIS
Unlike many other kinds of data handled routinely by modern information systems, geographical data are
complicated by the fact that they must include information about position, possible topological connections,
and attributes of the objects recorded. The topological and spatial aspects of geographical data processing
distinguish systems designed for graphics and mapping from those other modern data processing systems such
as those used for banking, airline booking, library or medical records.
Geographical data are referenced to locations on the earth’s surface by using a standard system of coordinates.
The coordinate system may be purely local, as in the case of a study of a limited area, or it may be that of a
national grid or an internationally accepted projection such as the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
coordinate system. Geographical data are very often recognized and described in terms of well-established
geographical ‘objects’ or phenomena. All geographical studies have used phenomenological concepts such as
‘town’, ‘river’, ‘flood plain’, ‘ecotope’, ‘fallow’, as fundamental building blocks for analyzing and synthesizing
complex information.
Points, Lines and Polygon (Areas)
The spatial data can be represented and entered into GIS database in three basic graphical elements.
1. Points 2. Lines/Polylines 3) Polygons.
1. Points
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The features having specific location, without any extension in any direction can be represented as points. The
points are represented by pair of x, y coordinates and a label(name).
Ex: Location of oil wells, location of rain gauge stations, electrical poles, bore wells, epicenter of an earth quake
etc.
2. Lines
Linear features on the map or earth surface can be represented by lines/polylines in GIS database. Lines
consists of series of x, y coordinates with starting and ending points and a label.
Line features will have length attributes.
Ex. Roads, drainage, rail, lineaments etc.
Oil well
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UNIT OF COMPETENCE FIVE

Collect and setout basic surveying data
LDM CSM3 05 0711
Introduction
Setting out involves the transfer of spatial data from a design, map, or plan on to the ground. It may be
considered as the opposite of surveying which is to determine by measurement the positions of the existing
features. In cadastral surveying, setting out will involve the placement of beacons to demarcate property
boundaries and missing or lost monuments. Good surveying practices and techniques in setting out are essential
in order to minimize errors. The aims of setting out are to position the works in their correct relative spatial and
absolute positions, to ensure that they proceed smoothly and at minimum cost.
Session plan-1 Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III
Module Title: Collecting and Setting Out Basic Surveying Data Nominal Duration: 40
HrsProgram: regular, Academic Year 2010 E.C
Unit of Competence : Collect and Set Out Basic Surveying Data

Module Title : Collecting and Setting Out Basic Surveying Data
Nominal Duration 40 HOURS
LO 1 Gather basic surveying data.
1.1. Types of surveying equipment and its operation
1.2. Types and nature of surveying data
1.3. Planning for field data collection
1.4. Methods of surveying data collection
1.6. Recent surveying equipment technology and its operation Existing laws and
regulations
Nominal
Learning
Methods
8/hr
Introduction 40min Introducing about how to Gather basic surveying data. lecture
5/hrs 1.1. Types of surveying equipment and its operation Lecture &
Sessions 1.2. Types and nature of surveying data Field practice
1.3. Planning for field data collection
1.4. Methods of surveying data collection
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1.6. Recent surveying equipment technology and its
operation Existing laws and regulations
Written exam
&group work
Resources Reference book Learning ModuleProclamationMapsInternetProclamation
Trainer: Approved by:

Sign: ___________ Date: __________ STAMP Sign:-________Date:_________
LO 1 Gather basic surveying data
SETTING OUT DATA

Basic setting out data includes distances, bearing, and level or heights. Setting out data is obtained from any of the
following surveying procedures:
 Traversing
 Leveling
 GPS/GNSS positioning
 Tachometry
 Photogrammetric mapping
SETTING OUT PROCEDURES
In any setting out task, the most critical aspect is to insure that setting out data and an accurate plan of the project is
available. A typical setting out exercise should involve the following task:-
 Maintain field notes records

 Neat & tidy recorders (field books, sheets, digital files),
 Note any that had an influence on the works,
 Can be used as evidence in any dispute.
 Adopt & implement sensible filling procedures
 The amount of field record and setting out documents grows quickly as project proceeds.
 Records should carefully store for safe and ease of retrieval.
 Records should be properly & adequately labeled.
 Care of instruments and safe use
 Care of instruments must be observed at all times.
 Equipment should be properly adjusted and calibrated.
 Equipment should be transported correctly to avoid damage.
 Check for correctness of drawings/ plans
 It is important to ensure that you have the correct information. All information, including plans,
drawings, and auxiliary data should be checked for consistency and completeness.
 Reconnaissance survey
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Adequate reconnaissance survey must be carried out before commencement/beginning of the project. This
will insure that the surveyor has familiarized him/herself with the project site. It assists to identify any
problems that may arise in the setting out. This may include ground surface problems missing
control,discrepancies between the site & the drawings among others.
 Observe project specification

The surveyor should adhere to project specifications as spelled out in the contract documents which set the
required tolerances for different setting out operations. This is easily achieved by using the most suitable
equipment and techniques.
 Maintain accuracy
The basic principles of surveying, working from “whole to the part” principle should always apply. In practice
this means that all design points must be set out from control framework. This ensures that propagation of
errors is minimized.
 Communicatethe
 Lack of communication is one of the main causes of errors on construction sites. It is important for all
members in the survey team to understand what is to be done before proceeding with the task.
 Verbal communication is acceptable in most cases. However for matters which may be disputed will
require conformation in writing.
ELEMENTS OF SETTING OUT
Setting out involves placing stakes, pegs, profile boards or monuments at the appropriate plan metric positions
and height within the project either by use of total stations or theodolite and simple equipment’s such as
leveling staves/staff and tapes.
PROFILEBOARDS AND RANGING ROADS.
These are useful for setting out levels. Also, the ranging roads are used for setting out straight lines and curves.
The profile boards, ranging roads and travelers are inexpensive and can easily be mead by a local metal work
business.
The level of each of the profile boards can be collected by using a line level. The line level is a short level (about
100mm long) with a hook at each end to hang it from a nylon string. This instrument needs two person to
operate- one at the end of the line, and the second to watch the spirit level. The line operator moves the string
up and down until the bubble is centered in the middle between the line level has a range of up to about 50
meters.
Points to remember when using a line level:-
 The string used should be a thin nylon fishing line, enabling the line level to easily slide along the string.
 The line level must be placed half-way between the two ranging road. Use a measuring tape to find the
exact middle point.
 Keep the string tight – do not let it sag.
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 The line level is a delicate instrument, look after it – do not throw it around and treat it roughly.
 Check the accuracy of the line level regularly in the field.
THE PROFILE BOARD METHOD
A commonly used setting out procedure is based on the use of a series of profile boards and a string line level
giving control of levels during construction. The basic principle when using profile boards is that when they are
out we are placing a series of level boards that show the level 1 meter above the completed construction level.
Session plan-2 Sector: EIS , Occupation: CADASTRAL SURVEYING AND MAPPING SERVICE Level III
Module Title: Collecting and Setting Out Basic Surveying Data Nominal Duration: 40 Hrs
Unit of Competence : Collect and Set Out Basic Surveying Data
Module Title : Collecting and Setting Out Basic Surveying Data
Nominal Duration 40 HOURS
LO 2 Finalize the collection process
2.1. Completion of required documentation
2.2. Data collection
2.3. Validating and recording of measurements
Nominal
Learning
12/hr Methods
Introduction 40min Introduction to finalize the collection process Lecture

2.1. Completion of required documentation
Sessions Lecture &lab
8hrs 2.2. Data collection
practice
2.3. Validating and recording of
measurements
Written exam
&group work, lab
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Resources  Reference book Learning Module

 Proclamation
 Maps
 Internet
 Proclamation
Sign:- Date: STAMP Sign:-________ Date: ___________
SETTING OUT HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENTS
 Responsibility for setting out

Prior to construction, it is normal practice for the surveyor to prepare a detailed center line survey. This
center line survey should normally consist of stakes located every 20 meters on straights and every 5 to 10
meters along curves. A mark should place on each of these stakes defining the distance (up or down) to the
finished formation level of the road surface. In order to remove (relieve) the surveyor from the onus
(duty/responsibility) of providing daily assistance to the site, it is essential that the basic survey skills are
available on site.
 Setting out a straight line
Straight lines are set out by making points every 50m to 100m with ranging roads. Between these ranging
roads, intermediate points are set out at every 10m. Normally, sections of not more than 50m to 100m are
set out at the time. In mountainous terrain, sections of less than 50m may be chosen. In hilly or rolling
terrain, when the line of sight between two fixed points is obscured(not clearly expressed or understood),
the following method can be used to set out the straight.
 Setting out curves
The center line is normally described by means of a series of straight lines meeting at points of intersection.
Two simple methods to set out circular and parabolic curves using only a tape measure, ranging roads, pegs
and strings are described below.
 Curve With A Small Radius
A circular curve with a 30 meter radius is set out. This method can only be applied when the area around the
curve is easily accessible.
 The Intersection Method

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It is a simple and effective method to set out a parabolic curve. It requires simple and can be easily understood
by the foremen.
Step 1: First place a peg at the point where the two straight lines meet (intersection point). Then locate the
tangent points, TP. The first tangent point is where your curve begins, and the second is where it ends. Divide
the tangent lines in equal lengths, by setting out a number of ranging roads along the tangent lines, at say 5m
intervals. With longer tangents, you will achieve a longercurve with a larger radius.
Step 2: Sight along a – a with an assistant holding ranging rod in your sight line. A second assistance standing at
a point b – b and sights along the line b – b. Move your assistance along the line a- a until he also stands on line
b – b. Mark this spot with a ranging rod and a peg. This is your first point defining the curve.
Step 3: Now repeat this exercise sighting along b – b while an assistance sighting along c – c to find the next
point.
Step 4: Complete the exercise for line c – c, d – d, etc. finally, use these curve points to set out intermediate
points along the curve at 5m intervals. Intersect the curve and make sure that all the points provide a smooth
curve.
 Off-setting the curve line
Once the center line survey has been established, it is desirable to establish permanent references off-set from
the center line as the center line pegs may be lost during construction. These off-set pegs became the
permanent marker for setting out works, and provide an efficient reference for checking completed works. In
other words, these off-set pegs are used for planning, organizing and measuring the works.
Of crucial importance is that off-set pegs are located at right angles to the design center line.
 Setting out the vertical alignment
Planning the vertical alignment Setting out
41

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CADASTRAL

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Resources  Reference book

Trainers: Approved by:

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LO-1:-Plan the survey task

 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SURVYING

 Spatial reference system

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 Setting out procedures

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Mu ha med e nd r ies B,P .T .C.R

Se lam g ash aw e B,P .T .C.R

B ele tc h amog ne B,P .T .C.R

Me qu an en t e ngd a w B,P .T .C.R

A lemi tu mn ilik B,P .T .C.R

LO2: Execute the Task

Yil kal de ssie B,P .T .C.R

Hay man ot yi rg a B,P .T .C.R

A ste d ywo n e k assi B,P .T .C.R

Mu ha med e nd r ies B,P .T .C.R

Se lam g ash aw e B,P .T .C.R

B ele tc h amog ne B,P .T .C.R

Me qu an en t e ngd a w B,P .T .C.R

A lemi tu mn ilik B,P .T .C.R

Resources  Reference book

 Equipment care and operation

 Operation of survey equipment

Yil kal de ssie B,P .T .C.R

Hay man ot yi rg a B,P .T .C.R

A ste d ywo n e k assi B,P .T .C.R

Mu ha med e nd r ies B,P .T .C.R

Se lam g ash aw e B,P .T .C.R

B ele tc h amog ne B,P .T .C.R

Me qu an en t e ngd a w B,P .T .C.R