available in almost every part of the globe, and

CONCRETE concrete can be made into buildings with tools

Prepared by Ar. Nathalie Audrey Santos, UAP, MS ranging from a primitive shovel to a computerized
Revised by Ar. Aurora Amanda Fernandez, UAP, pre-casting plant.
LEED-GA, MA

Concrete is an artificial, stone-like building material CONCRETE IS A DIVERSE BUILDING

made by mixing cement and various mineral MATERIAL
aggregates with sufficient water to cause the cement o Concrete does not rot or burn; it is relatively low in
to set and bind the entire mass. (Ching, 2012, p. 40) cost; and it can be used for every building
___________________________________________ purpose, from lowly paving to sturdy structural
BRIEF HISTORY frames to handsome exterior claddings and
From (Allen & Iano, 2008) interior finishes.

ANCIENT ROMANS SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF

o While quarrying limestone for mortar, accidentally CONCRETE
discovered a silica- and alumina-bearing mineral
on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius that, when mixed Instructor’s Notes
with limestone and burned, produced a cement It is important to know these characteristics of
concrete to able to understand its’ weaknesses and
that exhibited unique properties.
strengths as a material in construction. For
o Discovered mortar which contained all the example, concrete is not durable enough to resist
essential ingredients of modern Portland cement water absorption. Thus, we would know that
and that the Romans were the inventors of waterproofing is needed with our concrete façade,
concrete construction. flooring, etc.

18TH CENTURY
o Regained knowledge of concrete construction. o
English inventors began experimenting with both
natural and artificially produced cements. o Joseph
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
Aspdin, in 1824, patented an artificial cement that he CONCRETE
named portland cement, after English Portland From (Allen & Iano, 2008, p. 528)
limestone.
1. Concrete has no form of its’ own.
1850’S – REINFORCED CONCRETE o - The designer and builder must learn to produce
Reinforced concrete, in which steel bars are concrete of consistent and satisfactory quality, to
embedded to resist tensile forces, was developed in combine concrete skillfully with steel reinforcing
the 1850s by several people simultaneously. o to bring out the best structural characteristics of
Among them were the Frenchman J. L. Lambot, who each material, and to mold and shape it to forms
built several reinforced concrete boats in Paris in appropriate to its qualities and to our building
1854, and an American, Thaddeus Hyatt, who made needs.
and tested a number of reinforced concrete beams. - The provision for forming and molding is required
o But the combination of steel and concrete did not before placing for setting and curing.
come into widespread use until a French 2. Inherently strong in compression but weak in
gardener, Joseph Monier, obtained a patent for tension (steel reinforcement is required to handle
reinforced concrete flower pots in 1867 and went tensile and shear stresses)
on to build concrete water tanks and bridges of 3. Capable of being formed into any shape with
the new material. variety of surface finishes, textures and patterns 4.
Relatively low-cost and inherently fire-resistant 5.
END OF 19TH CENTURY Liability is its own weight (150 lbs/cu.ft)
o Engineering design methods had been developed
for structures of reinforced concrete and a number PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
of major structures had been built. From (Underwood & Chiuini, 2007, p. 551)

1. Workability - Workability is the ease with which

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF concrete can be placed in the formwork and
CONCRETE finished. The addition of water makes concrete
From (Allen & Iano, 2008, p. 516) more workable but decreases its strength.

CONCRETE IS UNIVERSAL 2. Weight - Weight depends largely on the display of

o Concrete is the universal material of construction. the coarse aggregate: lightweight aggregates (such
According to the World Business Council for as expanded clay) obviously reduce the overall
Sustainable Development, concrete is, after density of the concrete but can also adversely
water, the most widely used material on earth. affect its strength.
o The raw ingredients for its manufacture are readily
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 1
Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Concrete

1.1. Types of Cement

a) Type I: Normal - Portland cement for general
3. Strength construction
- It is generally believed that the specified strength will b) Type II: Moderate - sulfate resistant, where
be reached after 28 days for ordinary concrete. - The heat build-up can damage the structure
strength of concrete increases almost indefinitely with c) Type III: High Early Strength (HES) - cures
time if adequate moisture is present. After the initial faster (3 - 7 days) and gains earlier strength d)
setting period, the concrete will harden at a rate Type IV: Low Heat - generates less heat
depending on the cement type, the water-cement hydration where heat build-up can significantly
ratio, and the curing environment damage the structure and used for massive
4. Creep - long duration stress produces stress over concrete structures
time and consequently causes permanent e) Type V: Sulfate Resistant - used where
deformation. This phenomenon can be reduced resistance to severe sulfate action is required
through the use of reinforcement in the that damage the structure when it leach out
compression zone. from the soil.
1.2. Other Uses of Cement
5. Fire Resistance – concrete is incombustible and a) Mortar = cement + sand + water
somewhat insulative, but long exposure to fire can b) Plaster = cement + lime + sand + water c)
be damaging. Density of the concrete and type of Grout = cement + sand + considerable amount
aggregate affect fire resistance. of water
d) Paste = cement + water
6. Shrinkage – ordinary concrete shrinks amount
during curing process. This may account for 2. Aggregates
potential movement over 100ºF temperature - Any of various hard, inert, mineral materials, such
differential causing cracks. This must be controlled as sand and gravel, added to cement or mortar.
by providing expansion joints and steel Since aggregates represent 60% to 80% of the
reinforcements. concrete volume, its properties are important to the
strength, weight, and fire-resistance of the
7. Hardness hardened concrete. Aggregate should be hard,
- Hardness is a property of the surface which is dimensionally stable and free of clay, silt, and
related to durability as well as to appearance. - A slab organic matter, which can prevent the cementing
can be troweled or floated to draw more paste to the matrix from binding the particles together.
surface, but the harder superficial layer has a
tendency to spall due to the different coefficient of Instructor’s Notes
The strength of a concrete mixture is highly
expansion from the core material.
dependent on its’ composition of aggregates.
8. Porosity – Sizes of pores left during hydration It is therefore important for architects to
have at least a general understanding of
process or created by excessive evaporation and
how concrete mixture works.
shrinkage cracks affects the watertightness of
concrete. Apply compaction techniques.

9. Durability - Concrete is not waterproof, and

consequently will absorb water and potentially 2.1. Types of Aggregates
allow it to reach the reinforcing—the primary a) Fine Aggregates / Sand
component that can be harmed by exposure to - Consisting of sand having a particle size
moisture. When this happens, the reinforcing will smaller than ¼ in. (6.4mm)
oxidize (rust) and expand, causing cracks in the
concrete at the location of the bar. This reduces or
destroys the concrete bond to the steel and allows
even more water to enter the system.

PREPARING CONCRETE
From (Ching, 2012, p. 40)
Source: (Ultratech
Cement, 2014)
CONCRETE MIXTURE / INGREDIENTS OF b) Coarse Aggregates / Gravel
CONCRETE - Consisting of crushed stone, gravel, or
1. Cement - a calcined mixture of clay and limestone, blast-furnace slag having particles larger
finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in than the ¼ in. (6.4mm)
concrete and mortar. The term is frequently used
incorrectly for concrete.
 Cement, 2014)

Source: (UltraTech
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 2
Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Concrete
architectural effect.
• Dispersal Agents- prevents bleeding of
concrete from concrete.
3. Water
- The water used in a concrete or mortar mix, • Bonding Agent – either metallic
exclusive of any absorbed by the aggregate and aggregate (bonding thru oxidation and
free of such harmful substance as organic expansion) or synthetic latex emulsion
material, clay and salts. Water fit for drinking is (sprayed or painted to coalesce and
generally acceptable. (Ching, 2012, p. 41.) bond) to improve the bond between old
a) Water Cement Ratio and new concrete.
- Water cement ratio controls the strength, • Air – Entraining Agent – can be inter
durability and water tightness of hardened ground during manufacturing of Type I,II
concrete. and III cement. Enables the concrete to
- Based on Abram’s Law (D.A. Abrams, 1919) be highly resistant against corrosion.
“the compressive strength of concrete is • Gas Forming Agent – develops the
inversely proportional to the ratio of water to potential strength of a concrete.
cement” • Non-Skid Surfaces - use abrasive
- The Average water-cement ratio is 6 gallons material in topping to produced un
per 40 kg. of cement bag. slippery surface for pavement
- Effects of water to the Concrete Mixture: • construction.
Too much water will weaken concrete. • Little • Hardener – chemical/fine metallic
water is dense but causes difficulty in aggregate improve the density of
placement and workability of concrete surface subject to impact and
concrete. wear.
• Excessive water causes bleeding and • Accelerator – Speeds up the setting of
laitance. concrete to reduce the whole curing
period or for early removal of forms.
4. Admixtures • Retarder – delays or extend the setting
4.1 Types of Admixtures and its Effects to the time of concrete especially during hot
Concrete Mixtures weather condition (hydration
• Pozzolanic Admixture – used as accelerates curing) allowing more time
substitute for cement (35%) for to place, consolidate and finish the
structures in high temperatures and concrete.
seawater installation or as additives to
decrease the weight of a concrete per CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
cubic foot (see Table 1)
• Water Reducing Admixture – an agent or
super plasticizers that improves
workability and maintain consistency of
concrete
• Coloring Agent – are pigments or dyes
mixed into topping to render/alter color
evenly to concrete surface
• Surface Sealing Agents – liquid waxes
sprayed over the surface that is easily
removed after curing. Prevents
evaporation of water into a new concrete
allowing hydration and seal the pores of
concrete surface after it has hardened
• Set Inhibiting Agent – in liquid form
(applied immediately before pouring of
concrete) or powder form (applied
Table 1: Concrete Proportioning per class CONCRETE IN
directly after pouring). Inhibits the setting
of cement paste avoiding bonding to CONSTRUCTION
surface aggregates and left exposed for CONCRETE CURING PROCESS 1. Set the
assumption of a rigid or hard state by concrete, materials and proper hardening of concrete.
mortar, plaster, or glue to a physical or chemical (Emmons, 1992, p. 284)
change. - To maintain newly placed concrete or mortar at
2. Curing Process the required temperature and humidity for the
- maintaining the humidity and temperature of first seven days following placement, casting or
freshly placed concrete during some definite finishing to ensure satisfactory hydration of the
period following, placing, casting or finishing to cementitious materials and proper handling.
assure satisfactory hydration of cementitious
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 3
Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Concrete

- 28 days Full Curing process

• Concrete is normally considered fully cured
after 28 days.
• The curing process does not end abruptly
unless it is artificially interrupted. Rather, it tapers off
gradually over long periods of time 3. Hydration
From (Allen & Iano, 2008, p. 527)
- Occurs during curing
- In which, the cement combines chemically with Photograph of a polished cross section of
water to form strong crystals that bind the hardened concrete
aggregates together. (Allen & Iano, 2008, p. 517)
- During this process, considerable heat, called - Good quality concrete can be determined using
heat of hydration, is given off, and, especially as these criteria as guidance:
excess water evaporates from the concrete, the Criteria Can be achieved by:
concrete shrinks slightly, a phenomenon referred
to as drying shrinkage.
(1) Strength proper selection of
materials

(2) Durability correct proportion

and mixing process

(3) Uniform careful transportation

Hydration / Water evaporation to Shrinkage of Quality and placement
Concrete Illustrated
(Ching, 2012, p. 45) (4) Thoroug timed curing and
4. Shrinkage hly provision for
*The end of the concrete curing process. The Sound protection
concrete mixture set on site is expected to shrink
due to moisture loss.
• Drying Shrinkage – a reduction in volume of
concrete, mortar or plaster caused by loss
2. Control of Concrete Mixes
of moisture.
- Concrete is normally specified according to the
• Setting Shrinkage – A reduction in volume of compressive strength it develops depending on
concrete prior to the final set, caused by the type of cement used. If ordinary Portland (7 -
hydration of the cement paste. 28 days) or high early strength (3 – 7 days) after
placement
EVALUATING CONCRETE MIXTURES
1. Qualities of Good Concrete a) Two methods of testing concrete’s
- In properly formulated concrete, the majority of compressive strength:
the volume consists of coarse and fine i. Slump Test
aggregate, proportioned and graded so that the - to measure the consistency of freshly
fine particles completely fill the spaces between mixed concrete including mortar and
the coarse ones (See photo below). stucco. Where a concrete is placed at a
- Each particle is completely coated with a paste of slump cone (12” high with a respective
cement and water that bonds it fully to the top diameter and bottom is 4” and 8”)
surrounding particles. and tamped in a prescribed manner then
lifted to determine the decrease in height
expressed by vertical settling in inches.
Used for: Allowable
slump
 Beams & Columns 3” Heavy Mass of Concrete 2”

Slabs, Walls, Parapets 2”

and Tops
Table 2: Allowable slump displacement
Side Walls and Arches 4”

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 4
Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Concrete
t

)
S

ii. Compressive Cylinder Test

e

i
eature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR1E9p1NwCV54b6kAjXS
V

w-o8w1DY09JNElt2J4Wsx-TLw_5s85vrCG_Ynb0 (Indian
g
Tech, 2018)
n

r
3. Bagger Mixer / Mechanical Mixer
e - equipped with diesel engine and pump operated
e

n
mechanical mixing drum (1 or 2bags) or rotating
i
mixing drum at the back of a truck
- Most efficient and produces better quality concrete at
g

E
a faster rate
l

i
*See Video – How to Mix Concrete in a Mixer by UltraTech
v Cement (on Youtube):
i

C
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DkyWOyjiVE (UltraTech,
- 2014)
u

E
METHODS OF TRANSPORTING
_ CONCRETE
e

From (Ching, 2012, p. 44)

m

n
1. Ready Mixed – concrete mixed at batch plant for
A

(
delivery by an agitator to construction site. 2. Shrink
 Mixed - concrete partially mixed at the batch plant then 22XbXKlLe8PlMMOzxC8m7wa5T7DKOCAXbVo
mixed completely in a truck mixed en route to (UltraTech Cement, 2014)
construction site. 2. Small Power
- a manual mixing rotating drum
*See Video – Horizontal manually operated
cement mixer by Indian Tech (on Youtube):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1U0W2STDS
Q&f

Source: (Ching, 2012, p. 44)

3. Transit Mixed - concrete dry batch at a batch

- a quasi-quality control test based on plant & mixed at the truck mixer en route to
7–28 days curing period to determine construction site.
the compressive strength of a concrete 4. Gunite – or “shotcrete” for lightweight
specimen. A metal cast cylinder (12” construction, where concrete mix is pumped
high and 6” diameter) is poured with through a hose and sprayed at high velocity
concrete and taken out within 24 hours over reinforcement until desired thickness is
while still wet and dated. Sent to reached.
laboratory check if it can support axial
compression before fracturing. THE CONCEPT OF STEEL
REINFORCEMENT IN
CONCRETE From (Allen & Iano, 2008,
p. 529)

1. Concrete has no useful tensile strength. 2.

Structural uses were limited until the concept of
steel reinforcing was developed.
3. Compatibility of Steel and Concrete:
a) Thermal Expansion Compatibility
Source: (Ching, 2012, p. 42)
- If the two materials had grossly different
DIFFERENT PROCESS OF MIXING coefficients of thermal expansion, a
CONCRETE reinforced concrete structure would tear
itself apart during seasonal cycles of
1. Manual temperature variation.
- flat surface with shovels and buggy b) Chemical Compatibility
*See Video – How to Mix Concrete Manually by - If the two materials were chemically
UltraTech Cement (on Youtube): incompatible, the steel would corrode or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2D2V2MID18& the concrete would be degraded. If
feat
concrete did
ure=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR12IfDtuDVwoU7JUiZI
kSNh

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 5
Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Concrete

CONCRETE PRODUCTS
not adhere to steel, a very different and more From (Salvan, 2000, pp. 9-11)
expensive configuration of reinforcing would
Made from lightweight and heavyweight materials for
be necessary.
interior and exterior load-bearing walls, firewalls,
c) Rate of Shrinking / Change in Dimension –
curtain and panel walls. Common concrete products
nearly the same rate are as follows:
- Concrete and steel, however, change
dimension at nearly the same rate in
CONCRETE BLOCK
response to temperature changes; steel is
1. Hollow load-bearing - concrete hollow blocks 40-50
protected from corrosion by the alkaline
lbs.
chemistry of concrete; and concrete bonds
strongly to steel, providing a convenient
means of adapting brittle concrete to
structural elements that must resist not only
compression, but tension, shear, and bending
as well.
 Source: (Archi Expo)
2. Solid load-bearing block - core area not more than
25% of gross sectional cross area Source: (Google Image, 2020)

CELLULAR CONCRETE BLOCKS (LIGHT

WEIGHT BLOCKS)
• Lightweight block with outstanding thermal & sound
insulation qualities
• Made from silica rich sand & lime water mixed with
Source: (Archi Expo,
aluminum powder.
2020)
3. Hollow non-load bearing block - core area more
than 25% of gross-sectional cross area
4. Concrete Tile - a surfacing unit of slate or of some
other impervious composition
5. Concrete Brick - solid or hollow masonry unit of clay
or shale molded into rectangular shape while
plastic & burn in a kiln.
Source: Common Cellular Concrete Blocks (The
CAST STONE Constructor, 2020)
Used to simulate stone from concrete methods by
splitting solid concrete block to expose two rough DECORATIVE BLOCKS
surfaces with either: Used for fences, sun baffles, tiles, pipes, balusters
a) High quality silica mortar cast in mold with face and trellises.
shaped to imitate chipped sandstone, shale
or slate mixed with color additive.
b) White cement mortar cast in mold with hard
and smooth surface ground off to expose
some stone on a surface mixed with granite
or marble chips.

PRE-CAST FACING SLABS

• Units custom made to any size to fit a particular
structure. Made from lightweight aggregates and
are hoist over the building. Source:
• Fixed by pins or dowels to a steel frame or metal (Google Image, 2020)
strap anchors to a concrete back up wall

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 6
Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Concrete

ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE
CONCRETE FINISHES Exposed concrete work requiring special care in the
selection of material, forming, placing and finishing to
Instructor’s Notes acquire the desired appearance.
Knowing the different concrete finishes allows an
architect to explore the materials’ potential most
especially in terms of playing with texture, shades and
shadows. For this section, refer to the photo at the end
of this section:
 p. 45)

Source: (Google Image,

2020)
Source: Le Corbusier - Notre Dame du Haut
Invalid source specified. 3. Float Finish – A fine textured finish obtained by
smoothing fresh concrete, plaster or stucco
surface with a wood float.

Source: (Ching, 2012, p.

Source: Frank Lloyd Wright - Falling Water
45)
Invalid source specified.
4. Broom Finish- A striated finish obtained by
stoking a broom or stiff brush over a freshly
1. Dry-shake Finish- A colored finish produced by
troweled concrete surface
sprinkling a dry mixture of cement, sand and a
pigment on a fresh concrete surface following
screeding and after any free water has evaporated,
and then working the mixture into the surface with
a float.

Source: (Ching, 2012,

p. 45)

Source: (Sika Services

AG, 2020) Source: (Google Image, 2020)
2. Bèton brut- Concrete left in its natural state
after formwork is removed, especially, when the 5. Exposed Aggregate Finish – A decorative
concrete surface reflects the texture, joints, and finish produced by sandblasting etching with an
fasteners of a form board. acid or scrubbing a concrete surface after the
initial set-in order to remove the outer layer of
cement paste and expose the aggregate.

Source: (Ching, 2012,

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 7
 Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Concrete

Source: (Ching, 2012, p. 45)

Source:
(Google Image, 2020)
6. Trowel Finish – A dense, smooth finish
obtained by working a fresh concrete or plaster Source: (Ching, 2012,
surface with a steel trowel. p. 45)

Source: (Google Image, 2020)

8. Bush-hammered Finish - A coarse-textured

finish obtained by fracturing a concrete or stone
surface with power-driven hammer having a
rectangular head with a corrugated, serrated,
Source: (Ching, or toothed face.
2012, p. 45)

Source: (Pioneer Concrete, 2020)

7. Swirl Finish - A textured finish given to a fresh

plater or concrete surface by trowelling with a Source: (Ching, 2012, p. 45) Source:
circular, overlapping motion.
 Images, 2020)
_______________________________________

REFERENCES
Allen, E., & Iano, J. (2008). Fundamentals of Building
Construction Materials & Methods (Fifth Ed. ed.). New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Anime_Edu - Civil Engineering Videos. (2018, May 15).

Concrete Slump Test || Test for Workability of
Concrete#1. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJMSIu7B8ko
& feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR1thntjSYI
Nves6eZq-YOHbQiScPKDZyZHS21wI_6Ux
(Google ayUCNsKWiMr_o

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 8
Building Technology 1 | ARC1112 | Building Materials Concrete
piled-in-the-garden.jpg

Google Image. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from

Anime_Edu - Civil Engineering Videos. (n.d.). What is
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.cCwHox1ivjyL4e7bV
Lightweight Concrete? || Types of Concrete #5 by
A IDRwHaFj?pid=Api&rs=1
Anime_Edu - Civil Engineering Videos . Retrieved
from
Google Image. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tlo386DQx-U https://www.activeconcrete.ca/wp2/wp
content/uploads/Screenshot-2018-09-04-
Archi Expo. (n.d.). Retrieved from
17.58.54.png
https://www.archiexpo.com/prod/ballut
blocks/product-59429-144149.html Google Image. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from
https://www.mqc.com.au/images/site/article/brisb
Archi Expo. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from a ne-concrete-exposed-aggregate-finishes.jpg
https://www.archiexpo.com/prod/perin/product
67866-466590.html Google Image. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.qDPhGOKbhBaD
Artisticrete. (2020, Dec 22). t4_vgFWSAHaE9?pid=Api&rs=1

Ching, F. (2012). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture (2nd Google Image. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from
ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://buchheitconcrete.com/wp
content/uploads/2014/04/swirl-finish-concrete
Concrete Cylinder Compression Test (ASTM C39). (2018, driveway-finish.jpg
Jul 5). Concrete Cylinder Compression Test
(ASTM C39). Retrieved from Google Images. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYmil0luMEs&f https://i.pinimg.com/originals/74/5a/05/745a055a
eature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR12IfDtuDVwoU7JUi 6 a26e82f02c7df078adf55f9.jpg
Z
IkSNh22XbXKlLe8PlMMOzxC8m7wa5T7DKOCA Hawk Plant. (2019). What Is Ready Mix Concrete. Retrieved
XbVo from http://www.hawkplant.org/en/what-is-ready
mix-concrete-265
Daily Civil. (2020, 22 Dec). Retrieved from
https://dailycivil.com/wp Indian Tech. (2018, Feb 14). Horizontal manually operated
content/uploads/2016/10/shotcrete.jpg cement mixer --2018 p.

Emmons, P. H. (1992). Concrete Repair and Maintenance Pioneer Concrete. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from
Illustrated: Problem Analysis; Repair and https://www.pioneerconcrete.net/everything-you
Maintenance Illustrated. John Wiley & Sons Inc. need-to-know-about-broom-finished-concrete/

Google Image. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from Salvan, G. S. (2000). Architectural Bldg. Materials. Quezon
https://maps.app.goo.gl/ey8FYK4tvxns7VXJ City: Goodwill Trading Co., Inc.
6
Sika Services AG. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from
Google Image. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from https://www.sika.com/en/knowledge-hub/dry
https://www.photos-public-domain.com/wp shake-hardeners-for-concrete-floors.html
content/uploads/2011/04/decorative-cinder-blocks
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2D2V2MID1
The Constructor. (2020, Dec 22). Retrieved from 8
https://theconstructor.org/wp &feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR12IfDtuDVwoU7
content/uploads/2016/11/cellular-lightweight J
concrete-blocks.jpg UiZIkSNh22XbXKlLe8PlMMOzxC8m7wa5T7DK
O CAXbVo
UltraTech. (2014, Oct 21). How to Mix Concrete in a Mixture.
Retrieved from Underwood, J. R., & Chiuini, M. (2007). Structural Design : A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DkyWOyjiVE Practical Guide for Architects (2nd ed.). New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultratech Cement. (2014, Oct 21). How to Assess the Quality
of Fine Aggregates. Ultratech Cement. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/ui97zTT7rCU
Special thanks:
UltraTech Cement. (2014, Oct 21). How to Choose Good • Ar. Jose Saguindan (+)
Quality Coarse Aggregates. Retrieved from
https://youtu.be/cFwPOuawhD4 Date Prepared: December 2020
Revision Date: January 14, 2021
UltraTech Cement. (2014, Oct 21). How to Mix Concrete ______________________________________
Manually. Retrieved from

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_ UST College of Architecture | Building Technology and Utilities Cluster | AY 2020-2021 9