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    Redox

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    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. A redox reaction involves both an oxidation half reaction and a reduction half reaction. Common oxidizing agents transfer electrons and are reduced, while common reducing agents gain electrons and are oxidized. Redox reactions can be balanced using the ion-electron method by equating the number of electrons lost with the number gained between the half reactions.

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    Redox

    Uploaded by

    sara
    63 views14 pages
    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. A redox reaction involves both an oxidation half reaction and a reduction half reaction. Common oxidizing agents transfer electrons and are reduced, while common reducing agents gain electrons and are oxidized. Redox reactions can be balanced using the ion-electron method by equating the number of electrons lost with the number gained between the half reactions.

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    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. A redox reaction involves both an oxidation half reaction and a reduction half reaction. Common oxidizing agents transfer electrons and are reduced, while common reducing agents gain electrons and are oxidized. Redox reactions can be balanced using the ion-electron method by equating the number of electrons lost with the number gained between the half reactions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    63 views14 pages

    Redox

    Uploaded by

    sara
    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. A redox reaction involves both an oxidation half reaction and a reduction half reaction. Common oxidizing agents transfer electrons and are reduced, while common reducing agents gain electrons and are oxidized. Redox reactions can be balanced using the ion-electron method by equating the number of electrons lost with the number gained between the half reactions.

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    of 14

    REDOX REACTIONS

    Oxidation:

    Addition of oxygen
    Removal of hydrogen
    Loss of electrons
    Or a reaction in which oxidation number increases.

    Reduction:

    Addition of hydrogen
    Removal of oxygen
    Gain of electrons
    Or a reaction in which oxidation number decreases.

    Redox reaction:

    A reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occurs at the same time.

    Example
    Oxidizing agent (oxidant):

    A substance which helps in oxidation and itself undergoing reduction (a


    substance that gains electrons)

    Reducing agent (reductant):

    A substance which helps in reduction and itself undergoing oxidation (a


    substance that loses electrons)

    Oxidation number:

    Number of electrons lost, gained or shared by bonded atom.


    If electrons are lost → oxidation number increases
    If electrons are gained → oxidation number decreases
    In ionic bonds, the charge of the ion is the oxidation number.
    In covalent compounds: the more electronegative ion has a negative
    oxidation number and the other atom has a positive oxidation
    number.
    Rules for assigning oxidation number

    Oxidation number of any uncombined element is zero.


    Example: oxidation number of H in H2 = O, C = O, Na = O

    Oxidation number of the ion is equal to its charge


    Example: oxidation number of Na+ = +1, Cl- = -1

    The sum of oxidation number of all atoms of a molecule is zero.

    The sum of oxidation number of all atoms in a polyatomic ion is equal


    to its charge.

    Oxidation number of fluorine in any compound is always (-1)

    Oxidation number of oxygen in any compound is (-2), except in


    peroxide ( in peroxide oxidation no of O is -1) and in oxyfluorides.
    ( in oxiflouride , the oxidation number of oxygen is positive.)

    Oxidation number of hydrogen in any compound is (+1) except in


    metal hydrides ( where the oxidation number of H is -1)

    Oxidation number of chlorine always (-1), except in compounds with


    fluorine and oxygen where it is positive.

    Group I metals (+1), group II metals (+2) and group III (+3)

    All metals have positive oxidation number, transition metals can have
    more than one oxidation number.

    Assign oxidation number of the underlined elements in the following

    NH3 N = -3 K2Cr2O7 Cr = +6
    Cu2O Cu = -1 (CrO4)-2 Cr = +6

    KMnO4 Mn = 7 SO3 S = +6

    CuO Cu = +2 (NH4)+ N = -3

    Cr2O3 Cr = +2 H2O2 O = -1

    OF2 O = +2 MnO4- Mn = +7

    MnO2 Mn = +4 (SO4)2- S = +6

    Na Na = +1 PCl5 P = +5

    O2− O= -2

    Redox reaction:

    Examples of redox reactions

    Metal with oxygen


    reduction

    4Na + O2 2Na2O

    oxidation

    Oxidation half equation:


    4Na → 4Na+ + 4e- or 4Na - 4e- → 4Na+

    Reduction half equation:

    O2 + 4e- → 2O2-
    Full ionic equation is obtained by adding the oxidation half
    equation and the reduction half equations

    Number of electrons gained and lost in both equations should


    be the same .

    4Na + O2 → 4Na+ + 2O2-

    Reaction of metals with water


    reduction

    2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2


    oxidation

    Oxidation half equation:

    2Na → 2Na+ + 2e-

    Reduction half equation:

    2H+ + 2e- → H2

    Net ionic equation:

    2Na + 2H+ → 2Na+ + H2

    Reaction of metals with acid


    reduction

    2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2

    oxidation
    Oxidation half equation:
    2Na → 2Na+ + 2e-

    Reduction half equation:


    2H+ + 2e- → H2

    Net ionic equation

    2Na + 2H+ → H2 + 2Na+

    Displacement reaction
    reduction

    CuSO4 + Fe FeSO4 + Cu
    Oxidation

    Oxidation half equation:

    Fe → Fe2+ + 2e-

    Reduction half equation:

    Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu

    The spectator ion is not included in net ionic equation since its
    oxidation number doesn’t change.

    Redox reaction involves a shift of electron density


    Disproportionation reaction

    It is a reaction is which a species is both oxidized and reduced in the


    same reaction.

    Example:
    reduction

    Cu2O + H2SO4 CuSO4+ Cu + H2O


    Oxidation

    Cu2O disproportionate

    reduction

    Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO

    Oxidation

    Cl2 disproportionate
    Using oxidation number in naming compounds

    IUPAC (systematic) system uses oxidation number for naming


    compounds an element with more than one oxidation number.

    Example IUPAC Traditional


    PCl3 Phosphorous (III) Phosphorous trichloride
    chloride
    PCl5 Phosphorous (V) chloride Phosphorous
    pentachloride

    O2F2 Oxygen (I) fluoride Dioxygen difluoride

    OF2 Oxygen (II) fluoride Oxygen difluoride

    S2Cl2 Sulphur (I) chloride Disulphur dichloride

    More complex compounds

    KMnO4 Potassium manganite VII

    K2CrO4 Potassium chromate VI

    H2SO4 Sulphuric VI acid

    H2SO3 Sulphuric IV acid

    SO32- Sulphate IV

    SO4-2 Sulphate VI
    Common oxidizing agents:

    Oxygen
    O2 + 2e- → O2-

    Chlorine
    Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl-

    Iodine
    I2 + 2e- → 2I-

    Br2 + 2e- → 2Br-

    Manganate VII in acidic solution (MnO4-)


    MnO4-+ 8H= + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O

    Dichromate VI in acidic solution (Cr2O72-)


    Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

    Hydrogen ion
    2H+ + 2e- → H2

    Iron III salt ( Fe3+)


    Fe3+ + e- → Fe2+

    Concentrated H2SO4
    2H2SO4 + 2e- → SO42- + SO2 + 2H2O

    (H2O2) hydrogen peroxide in absence of another oxidizing agent


    H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → 2H2O

    Common reducing agents:


    M → Mn+ + ne- (metals)

    Acidified potassium iodide (KI)


    2I- → I2 + 2e-

    Thiosulphate (S2O32-)
    2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2e-

    Hydrogen
    H2 → 2H+ + 2e-

    Ethane doic acid (C2O42-) ethane dioate ion


    C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e-

    H2O2in presence of acid and absence of strong oxidizing agent


    H2O2 → O2 + 2H+ + 2e-

    Iron(II) Fe2+
    Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-
    Balancing redox equations by ion-electron method
    Example 1

    Example 2

    Multiply the first equation by 2 to balance the number of electrons. Then

    add them together.


    Balancing equations in acidic medium
    Oxygen is balanced by adding water molecules to the other side.

    Hydrogen is balanced by adding H+ ion to the other side (only in acid


    medium)

    Charge is balanced by adding electrons

    Examples:

    1) Conversion of iron II sulphate to iron III sulphate by using acidified


    potassium dichromate.

    Oxidation half equation Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- ---------(1)

    Reduction half equation 14H+ + 6e- + Cr2O72- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O ----(2)

    Equation (1) x 6 --------- 6Fe2+ → 6Fe3+ + 6e- -------(3)

    (2) + (3) 14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 6Fe3+ -------(4)

    2) Conversion of iron(II) sulphate to iron (III) sulphate using acidified


    potassium per manganite

    Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-
    5e- + 8H+ + MnO4 → Mn2+ + 4H2O

    5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e-

    Net ionic 8H+ + MnO4- + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+

    Molecular equation:

    10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 → 5Fe2(SO4)2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O + 2MnSO4

    Spectator ions: K+, SO42-

    Q) Write the ionic equation for the reaction of thiosulphate and iodine.
    Ans) Oxidation half equation:
    2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2e-
    Reduction half equation:
    I2 + 2e- → 2I-
    Net ionic equation:
    2S2O32- + I2 → S4O62- + 2I-

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