Vidarbha Youth Welfare Society’s

Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology & Research

Badnera, Amravati (M.S.) 444701

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati

Department of Information Technology

Course Name : Social Sciences & Engineering Economics

Course Code: [4IT05]
UNIT 1: Outline

Study of Social Science : 1. Importance to Engineer

2. Salient features of Indian constitution

3. Fundamental Rights and Duties

4. Directive Principles of State Policy

Importance of Study of Social Science to Engineers:

Science is defined as a systematized body of knowledge. It is not just a

collection of facts. In fact they are so arranged that the facts speak for
themselves. That is some laws are discovered which explain and make the facts
clear. After this the facts become a science.

Types of Sciences
a. Natural Sciences Physical Sciences ➔ inorganic world
b. Social Sciences Biological Sciences ➔ organic world

a) Natural Sciences

In this we study about nature, the external things which never change Physics,
Astronomy, Biology, Medicine are some examples of natural sciences.

The laws of these sciences are correct because the content of their study is
natural phenomena.
Importance of Study of Social Science to Engineers
b) Social Sciences:

In this we study about human beings living in society. Man's action and behavior
is the subject matter in social sciences. Sociology, Anthropology, Economics,
Political, History are some of the examples of social sciences.

As in physical sciences we study about nature, the laws of natural sciences are
exact and universal whereas in social sciences study is about mankind and
society and there are constant changes in action and behaviors of man. So the
laws of social sciences are not exact, accurate and universal.

Social sciences are of great importance to engineers because it helps them to

understand problems modern society. The study of different social sciences is
useful to engineers from different points of view Some of these are as follows:

1) Economic Point of View 2) Social Point of View

3) Political Point of View 4) Psychological Point of View

Importance of Study of Social Science to Engineers

1) Economic Point of View

➢ In many industries engineers are appointed as Managing Directors.

➢ They have to perform many functions such planning, organizing, motivating,

directing, controlling and coordinating.

➢ They have to take decisions regarding what to produce, how to produce,

where to produce for whom to produce.

➢ Study of economics is useful in taking decisions related to process of

production, it’s volume, pricing policies, labour relations, taxation etc.
Importance of Study of Social Science to Engineers

2) Social Point of View

➢ Engineers are member of society; they are related with group of people in
the factory.

➢ The social and cultural background of workers help them to understand their
problems such as health, education, houses, slums, strikes, lockouts etc.

➢ As a producer one has to sale products to the members living in society.

➢ So, to study consumer behaviour of customers it is very important to know

their likes and dislikes, needs and wants as per that developing product and
deciding price of product. For this study of social science is very important
Importance of Study of Social Science to Engineers

3) Political Point of View

➢ The study of politics makes the engineers the responsible citizens of the
country.

➢ It develops a national sense among the engineers. It creates a sense of pride,

feeling of unity and integrity which is most important from the national
point of view or for the existence of the nation.

➢ Political situation in any country is always changing. With change in

government industrial policies government also changes.

➢ For decentralization of industries government gives various subsidies,

financial assistance, technical assistance and training facilities.

➢ So an engineer must have ability to pick such opportunities and the

government facilities for growth of business with more profit.
Importance of Study of Social Science to Engineers

4) Psychological Point of View

➢ The study of people and work in industry and business.

➢ Engineers have to work with workers. They can find out the causes of
weakness industrial accidents, low productivity and also can suggest the
solutions to these problems

➢ Though engineers are concerned with technology and technical progress but
the study of social sciences makes them more efficient, prompt in taking
decisions, socially aware, and cultural citizens of the nation.

➢ The study of social sciences promotes socio-economic reconstruction,

national integration and social awareness.
Constitution of India

➢ The constitution of India is a unique document. It is framed by a constituent

assembly consisting of the representatives of the people of India. It came into
force from January 26, 1950

➢ The constitution assembly prepared the constitution draft taking in to account

the known constitutions of the world

➢ Various provisions have been borrowed from different constitutions of the

world

➢ It has been much inspired by the British Constitutional practice. The

parliamentary and federal features and provision of emergency are borrowed
from the British Constitution

➢ It is also influenced by the constitutions of America and Canada. The idea of

Fundamental rights, Judicial Review and the Federal form of government has
been borrowed from the American Constitution
Constitution of India

➢ The idea of Directive Principle of State Policy has been borrowed from the
Irish Constitution. The provision of Emergency has been taken from Germany

➢ The procedure of election of the President and nomination of some members

to the Rajya Sabha has been adopted from the Irish Constitution. The inclusion
of the Preamble in our constitution has been inspired by the principles of
American and French revolution

➢ Many critics have supposed that the Indian constitution is a bag of borrowing
but it is totally wrong. It is true that the framers of our constitutions had taken
some provisions from the constitution of Great Britain, USA, Canada and
Ireland, but they did not borrow anything

➢ Whatever was good according to the Indian condition was adapted. Framers
avoided the defects. Though they adapted the idea of fundamental rights and
Independent judiciary from the constitution of the USA they adopted only that
provisions which suited to Indian conditions
Constitution of India

Example: The provision of right to keep arms is rejected. Constitution of India is

result of hard work constituent assembly for 3 years to give best possible
constitution to the country.

Along with borrow there are some original provisions such as:

1) Strong federation and unique distribution of powers between the centre and
states.

2) Independent election Commission.

3) Provisions for all India Administrative Services.

4) Emergency Powers of President.

5) Single Citizenship etc.

Salient features of Indian Constitution

There are many salient features of the Constitution. Some of the popular features
are as follows:

1) Longest Written Constitution

➢ It is the longest and most detailed constitution of the world. At its enactment, it
had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules and many changes made till now.

➢ The reason why it is a bulky one is that not only the broad principles but also
the details of administration are included. The addition of fundamental rights,
Directive Principles of State Policy have made it lengthy. Also, there are
various religions, languages, castes etc. Various provisions have been made to
meet the needs of different people in India, this makes it long.

Note: The constitution currently has 470 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules. It
has been amended 104 times; the latest amendment became effective on 25
January 2020.
Salient features of Indian Constitution

2) Preamble of the Constitution

A preamble is an integral part of the Constitution which states the aims and
objectives of the constitution in short. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution
reads as follows:

“We the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to
secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, Social, economic and political

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of individual and the unity and integrity of
the nation”
Salient features of Indian Constitution

✓ SOVEREIGN means the independent authority of a State. It denotes supreme

and ultimate power.

✓ SOCIALIST means that (since wealth is generated socially) wealth should be

shared equally by society through distributive justice, not concentrated in the
hands of few

✓ SECULAR means there is no difference of religion. All religions are equally

respected and moreover, there is no state religion.

✓ DEMOCRATIC means the people of India elect their governments by voting

✓ REPUBLIC means the head of state is elected and not a hereditary monarch.
Thus, this word denotes a government where no one holds public power as a
proprietary right. As opposed to a monarchy, in which the head of state is
appointed on a hereditary basis
Salient features of Indian Constitution

3) Rigidity/Flexibility in Indian Constitution

➢ Constitutions could be rigid like that of America or flexible like that of the UK
based on process of amendment. India’s Constitution is a synthesis of both,
adapting best features from prominent constitution.

➢ If the Constitution rigid and permanent it stops the growth of the nation. In
Indian Constitution, basic structures like Parliamentary system, Judicial
Independence, Fundamental Rights cannot be amended.

➢ Most parts of the Indian Constitution can be amended just by a simple

majority in Parliament. Flexibility allows the evolution of legal and
constitutional measures. Ex. evolution of creamy layer in reservation system.

➢ Thus, such a balance makes Indian Constitution a living document that

responds to changing time along with making it durable to protect the basic
principle of democracy and ideals on which the country was formed.
Salient features of Indian Constitution

4) Fundamental Rights

The Constitution has a basic principle that every individual is entitled to enjoy
certain rights. The Supreme Court and High Court are the guardians of the
Fundamental rights.

These rights are classified and one of them is the right to constitutional remedy
which gives a person the right to go to the court if any right is violated. These
rights are as follows:

a) Right to Equality: Equality before law prohibition of discrimination on

grounds of religion, race, state, place of birth etc.

b) Right to Freedom: Freedom of speech and expression, freedom to form

associations or unions, right to move freely throughout the territory of India,
right to practice any profession. Freedom from arrest and detention in certain
cases.
Salient features of Indian Constitution

c) Right against exploitation: The prohibition of employment of children in any

factory, of a minor in any of the hazardous work.

d) Right of Freedom of Religion: The right to practice and propagate religion,

the freedom to manage religious affairs

e) Cultural and Educational Right: All minorities are guaranteed cultural

freedom, they have the right to establish educational institutions

f) Rights to Property: Every citizen is guaranteed the right to acquire, hold and
dispose of property

g) Right to Constitutional Remedies: The right to move to the court for

appropriate proceedings for enforcement of fundamental rights.
Salient features of Indian Constitution

5) Directive Principles of State Policy

This is an idealistic and philosophical chapter in our constitution. These

principles assure the people that they can expect from the state to establish and
maintain a new social order in which justice is given in all the spheres social,
economic and political. Some of them are as follows:

a. All the citizens have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.

b. There has to be equitable distribution of material resources, avoidance of

concentration of wealth and the means of production.

c. There is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

d. Children and young boys are protected against exploitation etc.

In short, adding Directive Principles of State Policy was all about creating a
welfare state which works for the individuals of the country
Salient features of Indian Constitution
6) Cabinet Government

The most distinctive feature of cabinet government is the complete responsibility

of the executive to the legislature. The Prime minister is the executive head and
however, is responsible to the legislature.

In India, this system is established not only at the centre but also in states. In
case of the States, there is a council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister.

7) Single Citizenship

The Constitution of India has established single and uniform citizenship for the
whole country. It does not recognize state citizenship and there is no difference
between citizens of two or more states.

A single citizenship for the entire country removes much of the artificial state
barriers and facilitates the freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
throughout the territory of India.
Salient features of Indian Constitution

8) Secular State

➢ The constitution aims to establish a Secular State. A secular state means that
the state is neutral in religious matters and does not have anything as state
religion.

➢ A secular state is a state which guarantees freedom of religion. The state does
not profess any state religion nor does it discriminate against any.

➢ It does not allow its authority to propagate any religion or creed. Religious
instructions in educational institution, wholly maintained out of state funds is
prohibited and even in any privately managed institutions recognized or aided
by the state.

➢ A secular state does not mean a Godless or anti religious state. The state does
not interfere in the matter of religion.
Salient features of Indian Constitution

9) Judicial Review

➢ The Indian constitution is unique as it extremely depends on the Supreme

Court of India and the High Courts for the power of judicial review.

➢ The Judiciary under the Indian constitution is made independent of the

Legislature and Executive.

➢ Supreme Court as well as High Courts have jurisdiction to review acts passed
by administration and the rules framed by the Government. The Constitution
of India is supreme and therefore all other laws must conform to it.

➢ In India, administrative acts can be scrutinized by the courts. However, the

Judiciary is not above the constitution. It is also bound by the terms of the
Constitution. Thus, the Indian Constitution does not place Supremacy in the
hands of either of the legislature or of Judiciary
Salient features of Indian Constitution
Salient features of Indian Constitution

10) Democratic Constitution

➢ The Constitution of India is democratic one. Article 326 of the Constitution

makes the provision for adult permission.

➢ It provides that the election of the Lok Sabha and Legislative assemblies.
Every person who is a citizen of India and is above 18 years of age has a
fundamental right to vote.

11) Uniformity in Diversity

➢ The Constitution of India ensures uniformity in all basic matters. The

uniformity is necessary for the unity of the country. It has been provided by:

➢ Firstly, the establishment of single judiciary. Secondly, the provision of a

uniform fundamental rights and thirdly the provision for common judiciary
review.
Salient features of Indian Constitution

12) Judicial Independence

➢ The Indian constitution makes the judiciary independent. To establish it the

constitution has first separated the executive and judiciary.

➢ Then conditions are created to make judiciary independent. Thus, President

appoints the Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.

➢ While appointing a judge of the Supreme Court he has to consult the Chief
Justice of India. While appointing a judge of a High Court, the Chief Justice of
the High Court concerned must be consulted.

➢ All these facts help the independence of the judiciary. The Supreme Court and
High Court can recruit their own staff and also frame rules and regulations
regarding the conditions of their service. The retired judges of Supreme Court
are not allowed to practice before any court or Judicial authority.
Fundamental Rights
➢ A Right is a power possessed by an individual against others, recognized and
upheld by the state. It is freedom which a citizen enjoys under the protection
of the state.

➢ The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens.
These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, applied irrespective of
race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, gender and equality of opportunity
in matters of employment

➢ The incorporation of Fundamental rights in the Constitution aims at settlement

of individual freedom with state authority. It tries to make a fitting adjustment
between the individual and the state.

➢ The Fundamental rights are not absolute and they are to be exercised by the
individual for the good of the society. These rights also serve as check on
legislative dictatorship.
Fundamental Rights
➢ One of the most important features of the Fundamental Rights is that they are
detailed and complete. The Constitution offers us six fundamental rights that
are listed in constitution under Article 12-35.

➢ These rights enrich the personality of the individuals and therefore, they are
called Fundamental. Every democratic country should assure these rights to its
citizens.

➢ Initially, fundamental rights were incorporated in Indian Constitution can be

classified under seven categories:

1. Right to Equality 2. Right to Freedom

3. Right against Exploitation 4. Right to Freedom of Religion

5. Cultural and Educational Right 6. Right to Property

7. Right to Constitutional Remedies

Fundamental Rights
1) Right to Equality: Articles 14 to 18 of constitution explain Right to equality.

Article 14: Equality before law ➔ It declares that the state shall not deny to any
person equality before the law or to equal protection of the laws within the
territory of India.

It prevents discriminatory practices only by the state and not by the individuals.
There is no place for any unfair discrimination between one group of citizen and
another group

Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste,

gender or place of birth ➔ According to this Article, the state shall not
discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, gender,
place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability liability, restriction
condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, places of
public entertainments, use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, and public resort
maintained wholly or partly on State funds.
Fundamental Rights
Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment ➔
It guarantees equal opportunity in public employment. It states that there shall be
equal opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or
appointment to any office under the state.

Article 17: The Abolition of Untouchability ➔ It provides that untouchability

and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of a disability arising
out of untouchability shall be an offense punishable in accordance with law.

Article 18: The Abolition of titles ➔ It states that no title [except a military or
academic distinction] shall be conferred by the state. No citizen of India shall
accept any title from any foreign state.

Hereditary titles of nobility like Maharaja, Raj bahadur, Rai Saheb etc. which
were conferred by colonial states are banned by this article.
Fundamental Rights
2) Right to Freedom

Personal liberty is the most fundamental of fundamental rights. Articles 19 to 22

of the Constitution explain the right to freedom.

Article 19 ➔ It guarantees six freedoms to the citizens of India. They are:

a) Freedom of speech and expression: It includes freedom of press and different

forms of expression.

b) Freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms: The right of assembly also
comes under a form of speech. But this can be done without arms.

c) Freedom to form association or union: This is for all working people in the
country; all of them have aright to form trade unions and associations.

d) Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India

Fundamental Rights
e) Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India

g) Freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or

business

Article 20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences ➔

It provides that no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation
of a law. No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more
than once. No person accused of any offence shall be forced to be a witness
against himself.

Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty ➔

It is one of the shortest articles and it provides that no person shall be deprived of
his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.
Fundamental Rights
*21A] Right to Education ➔

State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six
to fourteen years. This right was added to the constitution in 2002 & enforced in
2009 after Right to Education bill was passed.

Article 22 Protection against arrest and detention ➔

Every person who is under arrest should be informed the cause of his arrest and
should be given the right to consult and to be defended by a legal practitioner of
his choice.

Also every person who is arrested or detained should be produced before the
nearest magistrate within 24 hours excluding the time necessary for journey and
no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the period of 24 hours
without the authority of a Magistrate.
Fundamental Rights
3) Right against Exploitation

Article 23 and 24 of the Constitution deal with the Right against Exploitation.

Article 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour ➔

It prohibits traffic in human beings and beggar (unpaid labour) and similar forms
of forced labour and the violation of the provision is an offence punishable under
law. The protection given under this article is only against private individuals
and organizations, and does not prohibit the Government from demanding
compulsory military service or compulsory work for nation building program.

Article 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories ➔

According to this article, no child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to
work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.
Fundamental Rights
4) Right To Freedom of Religion

Article 25 to 28 of the Constitution explain this right.

Article 25: It states that subject to public order, morality and health and other
provisions relating to fundamental rights, all people are equally entitled to
freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate
religion. This article symbolizes the concept of a secular state.

Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs. It includes freedom -

a) To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes

b) To manage its own affairs and matters of religion,

c) To own and acquire movable and immovable property and

d) To administer such property in accordance with law

Fundamental Rights
Article 27: Freedom from taxation for promotion of a Religion

It provides that no person shall be compelled to pay any taxes the proceeds of
which are specially appropriated in payment of expenses for the protection or
maintenance of any particular religion or religious domination.

This provision prohibits only levy of a tax and not on a fee. This is because
propose of fee is to control secular administration of religious institution and not
to promote or maintain religion.

Article 28: Freedom from attending religious instruction

It provides that no religious instructions shall be provided in any educational

institution wholly maintained out of state fund.
Fundamental Rights
5) Cultural and Educational Right

This fundamental right is intended to safeguard the cultural and educational right
of the citizens preferably the minorities.

Article 29: According to it, any section of the citizens residing in the territory of
India or any part of India having distinct language, script, or culture of its own,
shall have the right to conserve the same.

No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained

by the state or receiving aid from state funds on grounds only of religion race,
caste, language of any of them.

Article 30: All minorities shall have the right to establish and administer
education institutions of their choice. The state shall not, in granting aid to
educational institutions, discriminate institution on grounds that it is under the
management of minority, whether based on religion or language
Fundamental Rights
6) Right to Property

Article 31: It explains the right to property and originally passed, provided that
no person shall be deprived of his property.

The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times.
The 44th Amendment of 1978 removed the right to property from the list of
fundamental rights.

However, the right to property remained constitutional by adding a new article

300-A in the constitution, which states that, “No person shall be deprived of his
property save by authority of Law."

Therefore, right to property has become a legal right instead of fundamental right
Fundamental Rights
Why it was removed/abolished?

▪ The Indian government wanted to bring land reforms and encourage social
justice (by taking land from landowners who have surplus land and then
distributing it to landless farmers)

▪ It also aimed to establish equal distribution of resources.

▪ Furthermore, it was important for the development of India to abolish it. For
example- if Indian government wanted to built a dam or construct a road it had
to acquire the people's property and in return people used to revolt and
approach judiciary even though the government compensate them by giving
money or land somewhere else for taking there property

▪ This created problem to the development functions of the government and

hence Right to property was abolished.
Fundamental Rights
7) Right to Constitutional Remedies

A mere declaration of fundamental rights in the constitution is meaningless,

useless and worthless without providing an effective machinery for their
enforcement, if and when they are violated.

This remedial right is guaranteed under Article 32 of the Constitution, which

empower the Supreme Court to upheld the Fundamental rights and entitled the
citizens to go to such court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of
their fundamental rights.

The Article 32 made the Supreme Court the protector and guarantor of the
Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court can hear the appeal against the decision
of the High Court involving the break of Fundamental Rights.

However, the Right to Constitutional Remedies can be suspended during

National Emergency up to the maximum period of the existence of Emergency.
Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Duties
➢ The 42nd Amendment of the Constitution [1976] added a new part to the
Constitution Part IV-A incorporating ten fundamental duties of the citizen
under Article 51-A.

➢ 86th amendment in 2002 later added 11th Fundamental duty to the list.

➢ Swaran Singh committee in 1976 recommended Fundamental Duties, the

necessity of which was felt during the internal emergency of 1975-77.

➢ The intention is quite clear and that is to place before the country a code of
conduct which the citizens are expected to follow. The Fundamental Duties are
as follows: It shall be the duty of every citizen of India -

1. To abide (stand) by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions,
the National Flag and National Anthem.

2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle
for freedom.
Fundamental Duties
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so

5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the
people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional
diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of country’s composite culture

7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers
and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures

8. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry & reform

9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence

Fundamental Duties
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity, so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and
achievement

11. To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age
of six and fourteen years.

Importance of Fundamental Duties:

1. They remind Indian Citizens of their duty towards their society, fellow
citizens and the nation
2. They warn citizens against anti-national and anti-social activities
3. They inspire citizens & promote a sense of discipline and commitment
among them
4. They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional
validity of a law
Directive Principles of State Policy
➢ The directive principles of state policy are given in part IV of the constitution
from article 36 to 51

➢ The framers of the constitution borrowed this idea from the Irish Constitution,
which had copied it from Spanish constitution

➢ Dr. B. R. Ambedkar described these principles as ‘Novel Features’ of Indian

Constitution. The Directive Principles along with Fundamental Rights contains
philosophy of constitution and is the soul of Constitution.

➢ The phrase ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ denotes the ideals that the
state should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws. These
are constitutional instructions or recommendations to the state in legislative,
executive and administrative matters.

The term ‘State’ includes legislative and executive organs of the central and state
government, all local authorities and all public authorities in the country.
Directive Principles of State Policy
➢ The Directive Principles constitute a very comprehensive economic, social and
political program for modern democratic state. They aim at realizing the high
ideals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as outlined in the Preamble of
the constitution.

➢ Directive principles embody the concept of a ‘welfare state’. In brief, they

seek to establish economic and social democracy in the country.

➢ The Directive Principles are non-justiciable in nature, that is, they are not
legally enforceable by the courts for their violation. Hence, government
(central, state or local) cannot compelled to implement them.

➢ Nevertheless, the constitution [article 37] itself says that these principles are
fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of state
to apply these principles in making laws.
Directive Principles of State Policy
Importance of Directive Principles:

▪ They facilitate stability and continuity in domestic and foreign policies in

political, economic and social spheres in spite of the changes of party in power

▪ They are supplementary to the fundamental rights of the citizens. They are
intended to fill in the vacuum in part III by providing for social and economic
rights.

▪ They enable the opposition to exercise influence and control over the
operations of government. The opposition can blame ruling party on the
ground that its activities are opposed to the Directives.

▪ They serve as a crucial test for the performance of the government. The people
can examine the policies and programs of the government in the light of these
Directive Principles
Directive Principles of State Policy
Classification of the Directive Principles:

The constitution does not contain any classification of Directives Principles.

However, on the basis of their content and direction, they can be classified into
three broad categories: Socialist, Gandhian and Liberal-Intellectual
Directive Principles of State Policy
A] Socialist Principles: These principles reflect the ideology of socialism. They
lay down the framework of a democratic socialist state, aim at providing social
and economic justice, and set the path towards welfare state. They direct state:

1. To promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by

justice (social, economic and political) and to minimize inequalities in income,
status, facilities and opportunities [Article 38]

2. To secure: (a) Adequate means of livelihood to all citizens.

(b) A proper distribution of material resources of the community for the common good.

(c) The prevention of concentration of wealth to the common detriment

(d) Equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

(e) Preservation of health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse

(f) Opportunities for healthy development of children [Article 39]

Directive Principles of State Policy
3. To promote equal justice and free legal aid to the poor [Article 39-A]

4. To secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of

unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement [Article 41]

5. To secure just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief [Article 42]

6. To secure work, a living wage, a decent standard of life, and social and
cultural opportunities for all workers [Article 43]

7. To take steps to secure the participation workers in the management of

industries [Article 43-A]

8. To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to
improve public health [First part of Article 47]
Directive Principles of State Policy
B] Gandhian Principles: These principles are based on Gandhian ideology.
They represent the program of reconstruction enunciated by Gandhi during the
national movement. In order to fulfill the dreams of Gandhi some of his ideas
were included as Directive Principles. They require state:

1. To organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and
authority to enable them to function as units of self-government [Article 40]

2. To promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural

areas [Article 43]

3. To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control

and professional management of co-operative societies [Article 43-B]

4. To promote the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of

the people, especially the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and to protect them from
social injustice and all forms of exploitation [Article 46]
Directive Principles of State Policy
5. To prohibit the consumption (except for medicinal purposes) of intoxicating
drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health [Article 47]

6. To prohibit the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught
cattle and to improve their breeds [Article 48]

C] Liberal-Intellectual Principles: The principles included in this category

represent the ideology of Liberalism. They direct the state:

1. To secure for all citizens a uniform civil code throughout the country [Art. 44]

2. To provide early childhood care and education for all children until they
complete the age of six years [Article 45]#

3. To organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines

[Article 48]
Directive Principles of State Policy
4. To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild
life of the country [Article 48-A]

5. To protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest

which are declared to be of national importance [Article 49]

6. To separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state
[Article 50]

7. To promote international peace and security and maintain just and honourable
relations between nations; to foster respect for international law and treaty
obligations, and to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration
[Article 51]
Difference between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles

SN Fundamental Rights Directive Principles

1) These are negative as they prohibit These are positive as they require the
the state from doing certain things state to do certain things
2) They are justiciable, that is, legally These are non-justiciable, that is, they
enforceable by the courts in case of are not legally enforceable by the
their violation courts for their violation
3) They aim at establishing political They aim at establishing social and
democracy in the country economic democracy in the country
4) These have legal sanctions These have moral & pollical sanctions
5) They promote the welfare of the They promote the welfare of the
individual. Hence, they are community. Hence, they are socialistic
individualistic
6) They do not require any legislation They require legislation for their
for their implementation. They are implementation. They are not
automatically enforced automatically enforced
Important Questions:
1. Explain importance of Study of Social Science to Engineers.

2. Explain various Salient Features of Indian Constitution.

3. State the Fundamental Right and Duties of Indian citizen as given by the
Constitution of India.

4. Explain the Directive Principles of State Policy

5. State the difference between the Fundamental Rights and Directive

Principles of State Policy