Reviewed Thesis Slops Hydrogel Fertilzier 1.2
Reviewed Thesis Slops Hydrogel Fertilzier 1.2
Reviewed Thesis Slops Hydrogel Fertilzier 1.2
Hydrogel Fertilizer
A Thesis Paper
Bacolod City
Hyacinth C. Gamao
Danilo J. Parcon
Co-Researcher
INTRODUCTION
Food production has been a challenge to the Philippine Islands owing to both
geographical and meteorological factors. Every Filipino is affected by the economic
inconsistency of farming as a livelihood. The agricultural industry supplies food for
domestic animals as well as meeting people's nutritional needs. Agriculture is one of the
people's principal sources of income in the Philippines, and farmers must maintain high
crop quality in order to provide high-quality fruits and vegetables. Agriculture also
creates jobs opportunities in the country, promotes economic development, and ensures
food security.
Food in agriculture is not only dependent on livestock but also in plants. In order
to promote plant growth and crop sustainability by increasing its yield, the most common
way is providing a fertilizer. A fertilizer must carry a sufficient amount of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). The amount of NPK varies on the farmer’s ratio or
what type of fertilizer is being used. Nitrogen promotes plant leaves, phosphorus is
responsible for the development of roots, flowers, and fruit, and potassium helps the
overall proper functions of the plant. There are different sources of fertilizers which the
nutrients and the NPK value can vary, fertilizers are made from other organic materials
like plants and animal manures. Food industries can also produce wastes that can be
turned into fertilizer products using anaerobic digestion which breaking down
biodegradable material using bacteria without oxygen (Meyer & Marrs, 2017).
Since the start of the pandemic, there has been an increase on alcohol production
in the Philippines, alcohol distilleries are a good source of liquid fertilizers and since they
produce wastes like slops or stillages from derived from molasses and proven to be an
effective fertilizer since it is a rich source of plant nutrients including potassium,
magnesium, sulfur, and chloride. The distillery slops are also being used by farmers for
quite a while, it contains different types bacteria that is beneficial to the plant, and it is
commonly used as a liquid fertilizer once its acidity is reduced or neutralized.
Liquid fertilizers’ efficacy varies on the properties of the soil it is in and the soil
changes due to climate change. Climate change remains a threat to agriculture, especially
in the Philippines. With the effects of climate change, population growth, and
urbanization, the dangers of economic and food insecurity are projected to increase. The
vulnerability of the Philippines to climate change and agricultural shocks is caused by El
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), especially because of its high vulnerability to
climate shocks (Sutton et al., 2019). It has been estimated that low levels of and
uncertainty in rainfall limit agricultural production in about three-quarters of the world's
cultivated lands. Crops depend not only on precipitation but also on the ability of the soil
to absorb and store water. Inappropriate agricultural practices like the burning of crop
residues, excessive tillage, eliminating hedges, etc. may destroy soil structure, reduce
organic matter levels, eliminate beneficial soil fauna, and do not favor water infiltration
leading to their negative effects to the natural main causes of soil moisture scarcity, and
then add water stress in crops (Bot & Benites, 2005).
Due to the large irrigation rate cause by El Niño, scientists found a way to retain
water and fertilizer in water tressed areas using hydrogels. Hydrogels are crosslinks
polymers that acts as a superabsorbent sponge to hold liquids hundreds of times its
weight, studies also found that plants with hydrogels showed greater results with less
water used in terms of plant yield, and decrease in fertilizer loss rate that could be useful
during La Niña. Some farmers use hydrogel to promote seed germination and keeps the
soil moisturized and absorbs some of the fertilizer which will be locked in the hydrogel.
Though some synthetic hydrogels are toxic to soil and plants, and contributes to pollution
due to their lack of biodegradability.
The researchers aim to study the feasibility of the gelatin-based hydrogel with
distillery slops as fertilizer by the hydrogel formation and its characterization, and to
investigate the effects of the gelatin-based hydrogel loaded with distillery slops on plant.
Statement of the Problem
3. What will be the properties of the hydrogel fertilizer based on the results of the
following tests?
A. Composition,
B. Hydrogel formation percentages,
C. Swelling,
E. Biodegradability, and
F. Water retention?
4. Is there a difference in plant growth in the following experimental setups:
A. Soil with commercial fertilizer, and
B. Soil with hydrogel fertilizer?
Hypothesis
2. There will be no significant difference in the swelling rate and water retention
of the hydrogel with or without the tannic acid.
3. There will be no significant difference of the fertilizer loss rate in the gelatin-
based hydrogel fortified with distillery slops.
4. There okra with gelatin-based hydrogel fertilizer will have no significant growth
compared to commercial fertilizer.
Scope and Limitations
The study is focusing on utilizing the VMC Distillery’s slop by forming it into a
hydrogel using gelatin and will be used as a fertilizer. The researchers will be testing the
NPK ratio and pH levels of distillery slops. The hydrogels will be characterized using
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), determining the hydrogel formation,
swelling ratio, biodegradability, and water retention. The release rate of the hydrogel was
calculated to measure the amount of hydrogel released for a particular time. The effect of
the hydrogel fertilizer was tested in terms of stem elongation yield.
The researchers will plant okra seedlings to determine the efficacy of the
produced distillery slop hydrogel fertilizer to know if there is any significant
improvement on the okra’s growth compared to just using a distillery slop fertilizer, okra
was chosen to be tested because it reaches the maturity of 50-65 days and it is not too
long or too short of a time to determine whether the distillery slop hydrogel fertilizer is
more effective or not, and the hydrogel fertilizer contents and materials are applicable
and can be used on the plants okra.
This research aims to produce a slow-release hydrogel fertilizer that can help the
growth of plants. Furthermore, results of this investigation will be beneficial to the
following:
Farmers. The results of this study would be beneficial to the farmers by helping them
grow their crops where the fertilizer is more applicable. It can also help them lessen
irrigation water consumption, lower the death rate of plants, improve fertilizer retention
in soil and increase plant growth rate.
Distilleries. The main raw material of this study is slops from distillery industry.
Therefore, this study can be beneficial to distilleries in helping them manage their waste
materials that could harm the environment and surroundings. Thereby saving them
money in disposing these waste materials.
Community. The results of this study can give advantage to the community by
mitigating the issues like poverty, and malnutrition, they also play a vital role since they
are considered consumers, they could get affected of the wastes of distilleries if we
couldn’t provide a solution to it.
Environment. This study can be beneficial to the environment by helping in soil erosion
control, environmental cleanups and a substitute of using harmful chemicals as fertilizers
for plants. Also prolongs the fertility of the soil.
Future Researchers. This study will serve as a reference in utilizing distilleries waste
materials that could help in decreasing the probable harmful effects of the wastes. This
will also serve as guide to further develop their research.
Definition of Terms
The following are terms that were used in the study and their conceptual and
operational definitions:
Lime. A caustic highly infusible solid that consists of calcium oxide often
together with magnesium oxide, that is obtained by calcining forms of calcium
carbonate, and that is used in building and in agriculture (Retrieved from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lime ) , In this study, this mineral
compound is commonly used for stabilizing the pH levels of the distillery slops.
Review of Related Literature
This section summarizes the relevant literature and studies that the researcher
considered while determining the significance of the current research. It also includes a
summary of the art in order to fully comprehend the research and gain a better
understanding of the study.
Distillery Slops as Fertilizer. The Philippines ranked 13th in the world’s top
sugarcane producers in 2019, supplying 70 billion to the Philippine economy annually and 51%
of sugarcane is planted in Negros making it possible to be recognized for molasses-based alcohol.
In this article it highlights the history of one of the most recognizable alcohol brands in the
Philippines which is Don Papa Rum and one Brand Manager for Asia at bleeding heart rum
company which produces Don Papa rum stated that since their production in this agricultural
product is getting bigger and bigger, there is a continuous and increasing need for ingredients to
supply in creating this product which is the sugarcane. A number of distillery companies are here
in Negros producing thousands of liters of alcohol from molasses as well as a huge amount of
waste water having various characterizations based on the quality of the molasses used (Tan,
2020).
Magnesium hydroxide in the slurry neutralizes the hydrogen ions (H+) in the acid
wastewater. This can significantly improve the pH value of acid wastewater to reach
industrial wastewater discharge standards. Before and after the treatment, we run tests of
the water quality of the wastewater. Through experiments, first thing is to determine the
relationship between the amount of slurry and pH value of acid wastewater. The pH value
of acid wastewater after treatment can meet industrial wastewater discharge standard (pH
value 6 to 9). Since wastewater is highly acidic, dilute it for 10 times to experiment with.
Under the same conditions, use electrolytic magnesium hydroxide slurry and
commercially available magnesium hydroxide slurry to treat the acid wastewater to run a
comparison test. Add 2 to 7 ml of magnesium hydroxide slurry into 10 diluted acid
wastewater respectively; stir the water in the velocity of 400 r·min-1 for 30min and then
stir the water in the velocity of 500 r·min-1 for 2min; let the water stand for 4h; stir the
water in the velocity of 150 r·min-1 for 2min for complete reaction; then let the water
stand for 3h (Nie & Yi, 2015).
Caffeic acid, a simple plant-derived phenolic molecule, has been used to study
natural crosslinking of gelatin. The creation of a thermo-irreversible gelatin gel at 60
degrees Celsius. Gelatin with changed material characteristics has been obtained by
controlling the crosslinking reaction. To achieve varying degrees of crosslinking, reaction
parameters such as reaction pH, reaction duration, and caffeic acid concentration were
optimized. Small and large deformation rheology were used to investigate the improved
material properties. Gelatin was crosslinked for 20 minutes at 60°C and pH 9 with a 1.5
percent concentration of caffeic acid, resulting in greater melting and setting
temperatures. At higher temperatures, the storage modulus and gel strength of crosslinked
gelatin were also shown to be higher (Kosaraju et al., 2010).
Plant growth and development are harmed by biotic and abiotic stresses such as
nutritional shortages, hormone imbalances, ion toxicity, and osmotic and oxidative
anxiety. The most effective mechanism is the cellular biosynthesis of secondary
metabolites, which include organic compounds that help plants cope with stress by
increasing antioxidant activity, detoxifying toxic ions, regulating nutrient uptake, and
mediating the transport and distribution of various hormones. Caffeic acid is involved in
plant physiology and stress tolerance mechanisms. It is largely used by plants to
synthesize lignin, which thickens cell walls and makes plants resistant to ion toxicity
sodium and heavy metal stress. The synthesis of ferulic acid via the methylation of
caffeic acid mediated by O-methyltransferase also reconciles the uptake of high energy
radiations in mesophyll cells during drought stress. Exogenous administration of caffeic
acid has been found to be the greatest alternative for dealing with salinity, ion toxicity,
drought, and heavy metal stress (Riaz et al., 2018).
Related Studies
Gelatin. Overheating the gelatin could weaken its gelling properties. Additional
gelatin may be needed in salty and acidic ingredients since they tend to soften the gel.
Sugar is hygroscopic, which means it draws water from gelatin molecules, enhancing the
gelling effect. Proteases are enzymes that break down gelatin proteins and boiling could
neutralize the enzymes (Joachim & Schloss, 2020). The collagen can thoroughly dissolve
in 0.1 M acetic acid (Truong et al., 2021).
Glutaraldehyde.
The m is the weight of the dried disc sample and mo is the weight of the wet disc
sample.
Swelling. The dried hydrogels were weighed before being soaked in distilled
water for a week at room temperature. The inflated films were weighed after blotting
away the extra water on the surface. After that, each swelled hydrogel was reweighed
after being left at room temperature overnight (Rattanamanee et al., 2014).
The degree of swelling (DS) and water solubility (WS)was calculated using the
equation,
W2 − W1
𝐷𝑆 =
W1
W1 − W3
𝑊𝑆 =
W1
W1 − W2
𝑊% = 𝑥 100
40
Release Studies. AN (Merck) (53 mg per disc) was added to the gelatin-GA
mixture during crosslinking procedures to produce fertilizer-entrapped hydrogel samples
in this study (Bajpai and Giri, 2002). For 60 hours, the AN release was monitored
spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 305 nm. In 100 mL of water, AN-entrapped
samples were inserted. To follow the AN release, 0.2 mL aliquots were obtained from the
medium at various periods; a total of 30 aliquots were taken, so the volume could be
deemed constant. The AN release maintained sink conditions at all times (Pulat &
Saglam, 2018). The following equation was used to determine the cumulative release of
AN:
𝑊𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 (%) = 𝑥 100
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Wt indicates the original total weight of the fertilizer entrapped in the gel system,
and Wtotal reflects the weight of the released fertilizer in the releasing medium at any
time.
Seed Germination. The following formula was used to compute the seed
germination percentage (SG) (Pulat & Saglam, 2018).
Sg
𝑆𝐺 (%) = x 100
S
Where Sg denotes the number of seeds that have germinated and S denotes the
total number of seeds.
Stem Elongation Yields. From the base to the tip of the plant, the height of the
stems was measured with a ruler (Pulat & Saglam, 2018). The following formula was
used to compute stem elongation yields (E percent):
Hs − Hc
𝐸 (%) = 𝑥100
Hc
Hs and Hc are the stem heights of the sample and control, respectively.
Okra pH. Okra can grow in a wide range of soil pH, but it favors soil with a pH
of 6.0 to 6.8. If the pH of the soil is less than 5.8, it should be limed to raise it to 6.0 or
higher (Brandenberger et al., 2019).
Soil. Soils are divided into major categories based on the types of particles
present. The three principal particle types are clay, silt, and sand. The majority of soils
are aggregates with varying amounts of each particle type. Sandy loam soils often have a
high proportion of sand, a minor quantity of silt, and a small to moderate proportion of
organic loam. In sandy loam soils, most common vegetables grow well, especially if the
soil is supplemented with organic matter before planting (Cochran, 2016).
When it comes to planting garden plants, sandy loam soil is ideal. Sandy loam has
a rich, medium-dark color and a light, airy texture. The sandy loam's texture permits
oxygen to reach the plant roots, where it can be put to good use. The sand enables for
proper drainage, while the loam holds moisture for subsequent use by the plants. The
sandy loam's texture permits oxygen to reach the plant roots, where it can be put to good
use. Sandy loam is composed of 50 to 70 percent sand, less than 20% clay, and 10 to 50%
silt or organic debris (Lewis, 2017).
Coarse Sand. Water can collect in pockets in coarse sand, sometimes known as
yellow sand or builder's sand, to feed roots as they search for nutrients in the soil. The
grainy sand also produces pockets of oxygen, allowing exhausted roots that have recently
been transplanted or roots that have recently emerged from well-cared for seeds to
breathe new life. The larger rock material in yellow or coarse sand also aids water
drainage away from roots, preventing them from being submerged overnight or for long
periods of time (Mcgee, 2021).
Kaolin Clay. Kaolin clay has been reported to manage insect pests and disease in
the garden, as well as protect against sunburn or heat stress and possibly improve fruit
color. Kaolin clay insect control is a natural mineral that works by forming a barrier film
by covering leaves and fruit with a white powdery film that sticks to insects and irritates
them, preventing them from feeding on fruit or foliage. Grasshoppers, leafrollers, mites,
thrips, some moth species, psylla, flea beetles, and Japanese beetles can all be deterred by
using Kaolin clay on fruit trees and plants (Grant, 2021).
Loess Soil. About 10% of the earth's surface is covered by loess soil, which is
found primarily in the mid-latitudes. Except for Antarctica, it can be found on every
continent. The primary substrate for the world's most arable soils is loess soil.
Approximately 80% of cereals are said to grow in loess soil. Despite the fact that it forms
the foundation for global food security, loess soil is presently critically endangered and
hence deserves special protection (“Loess Soil,” 2021).
Materials and Methods
Research Design
This study will employ the experimental research methods in the production of a
slow-release gelatin-based hydrogel from distillery slops. The independent variables of
this study are the pre-treatment process of the raw materials and …. The dependent
variable is the amount of distillery slops to be optimized in the gelatin hydrogel and…..
Research Procedure
Preparation of
Materials
Concentration of
Slops
Production of
Hydrogel Fertilizer
Characterization
Testing
Figure 1. Production of hydrogel fertilizer
Preparation of Materials
The distillery slops will be obtained from the VMC Distillery at the municipality
of Manapla. The slops will be inside a plastic gallon container and it will be used after
received. The slops will be tested for pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at Negros
Prawn, Bacolod City.
The gelatin (Ferna) will be used for gelling and to encapsulate the distillery slops.
The acetic acid (Chem Lab CL05.0107.1000), 0.1 M will be purchased at Thermo
Fisher Scientific Inc. and it will be used to dissolve the gelatin to make a solution.
The glutaraldehyde (25% aqueous solution) acid will be purchased online at Sigma-
Aldrich, it will already be in aqueous state once purchased. It will be used as a crosslinker
for the gelatin.
The sandy loam soil will be prepared by mixing 50-70% sand (coarse), less than
20% clay (kaolin), and 10-50% silt (loess) (Lewis, 2017). It will be used test the
biodegradability and water retention of the hydrogel, and it will be used to fill the pots for
planting.
Concentration of Slops
The lime will be slowly added to the distillery slops (Feng at al., 2017). While stirring
the pH will be measured using a pH meter until it will be approximately 6.0 to 6.8
(Brandenberger et al., 2019). The distillery slops and quicklime solution will then be heated
at 180 °C using a convection dryer until the slops turn into a dry powder (Mikucka &
Zielińska, 2020). To maximize the concertation of slops in the hydrogel.
Production of Hydrogel Fertilizer
Characterization
Air-Drying Method
For the drying the hydrogel discs, it will be heated in an oven 70 °C for 24 hours
(Suratman et al., 2020).
Hydrogel Formation
The hydrogel formation (HF) percentage will be calculated using the formula
below. The dried discs samples will be weighed and placed in water for 48 hours (Pulat &
Saglam, 2018). To determine how much percentage of hydrogel is formed.
m
𝐻𝐹 (%) = mo 𝑥 100 (1)
The m is the weight of the dried disc sample and mo is the weight of the wet disc
sample.
Swelling
The dried hydrogel discs will be weighed before being soaked in distilled water
for a week at room temperature. The inflated discs will be weighed after blotting away
the extra water on the surface (Rattanamanee et al., 2014). To determine the capacity of
the hydrogel to hold liquid.
W2−W1
𝐷𝑆 = (2)
W1
Respectively, the weights of dried hydrogel and water saturated hydrogel are W1
and W2
Biodegradability
The biodegradation environment was created using a sandy loam soil. Hydrogel
discs will be buried at a depth of around 10 cm below the soil's surface. The typical
temperature for incubation is 25 degrees Celsius. After 2 to 30 days of burying, the
disintegrated hydrogel fragments will be removed one by one starting on the 2 nd day. A
balance will be used to determine the weight of deteriorated hydrogel pieces (Cui et al.,
2019). This is to anticipate how long will the hydrogel will last before planting.
Water Retention
W1−W2
𝑊% = 𝑥 100 (3)
40
Where W1 is the weight of the plastic container with hydrogel fertilizer and W2 is
the weight of the plastic container without hydrogel fertilizer; and 40 is the volume of water
(mL).
Testing
𝑊𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 (%) = 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑥 100 (4)
Wt indicates the original total weight of the fertilizer entrapped in the gel system,
and Wtotal reflects the weight of the released fertilizer in the releasing medium at any
time.
Effects of Slow-Release Hydrogel Fortified with Distillery Slops on the Growth of Okra
Following germination and shooting periods, the effect of distillery slop hydrogels
on vegetable growth will be examined based on the study of Pulat & Saglam (2018). Table
1 summarizes the testing circumstances.
Table 2
Set up for Samples with Gelatin-based Hydrogel Fertilizer
1 9 1.5 cm
2 9 1.5 cm
3 9 1.5 cm
4 9 1.5 cm
5 9 1.5 cm
Table 3
Set up for Samples with commercial Fertilizer
Two sets of seed germination studies will be conducted. Five Okra seeds that were
healthy and uniform in size will be chosen and put into the soil pots. The seeding pots will
be filled with 9 discs at a depth of 1.5 cm. Commercial fertilizer will be used in the other
five pots. Table 1 shows the watering schedule. During the experiment days, a series of
images will be taken. The following formula will be used to compute the seed germination
percentage (SG).
Sg
𝑆𝐺 (%) = 𝑥 100 (5)
S
Where Sg denotes the number of seeds that have germinated and S denotes the total
number of seeds.
From the base to the tip of the plant, the height of the stems will be measured with
a ruler. The following formula will be used used to compute stem elongation yields (E
percent):
𝐻𝑠−𝐻𝑐
𝐸 (%) = 𝑥 100 (6)
Hc
Hs and Hc are the stem heights of the sample and control, respectively.
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Work Plan
AY 2021-2022
ACTIVITIES
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
Preparation of raw
materials/procurement
of reagents
Chemical Analysis of
Distillery Slops
Forming of hydrogel
fertilizer
FTIR Analysis
Materials
Characterization
Budget Requirements:
Gelatin (5 x 10 g) 92.00
Commercial 60.00
Fertilizer per pack
Reference 1,800.00
Glutaraldehyde
(100 mL)
Fourier-Transform 4,000.00
Infrared Spectroscopy
Freight 2,500.00