IB Biology Notes - 25 Cell Division

IB Biology Notes - 2.
5 Cell division
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1 Statisical Analysis
Working with data Cell division
2 Cells
2.5.1 Outline the sages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis.
Cell theory
Prokaryotic cells
The first stage of cell division is interphase which is divided into 3 phases; G1, S and G2. The cell cycle starts with G1
Eukaryotic cells
(Gap phase 1) during which the cell grows larger. This is followed by phase S (synthesis) during which the genome is
Membranes
replicated. Finally, G2 (gap phase 2) is the second growth phase which separates the newly replicated genome and marks
Cell division
the end of interphase.
3 Chemical elements and water The fourth stage is mitosis which is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During mitosis the spindle
Chemical elements & water fibers attach to the chromosomes and pull sister chromatids apart. This stage separates the two daughter genomes.
Carbohydrates, lipids & proteins Finally, cytokinesis is the last stage during which the cytoplasm divides to create two daughter cells. In animal cells the
Dna structure cell is pinched in two while plant cells form a plate between the dividing cells.
Dna replication
Transcription & translation
2.5.2 State that tumours (cancers) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can
Enzymes
occur in any organ or tissue.
Cell respiration
Photosynthesis
Tumors are formed when cell division goes wrong and is no longer controlled. This can happen in any organ or tissue.
4 Genetics
Chromosomes, genes, alleles & mutations
2.5.3 State that interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions
Meiosis
Theoretical genetics
occur, including protein synthesis, DNA replication and an increase in the number of mitochondria
Genetic engineering & biotechnology
and/or chloroplass.
5 Ecology and evolution Interphase is an active period in the life of a cell during which many metabolic reactions occur such as protein synthesis,
Communities & ecosystems DNA replication and an increase in the number of mitochondria and/or chloroplast.
The greenhouse effect
Populations
Evolution
2.5.4 Describe the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase
Classification and telophase).
6 Human health and physiology During prophase the spindle microtubules grow and extend from each pole to the equator. Also chromosomes super coil
Digestion and become short and bulky and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
The transport system
During metaphase the chromatids move to the equator and the spindle microtubules from each pole attach to each
Defence against infectious disease
centromere on opposite sides.
Gas exchange
Nerves, hormones & homeostasis During anaphase the spindle microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart splitting the centromeres. This splits the sister
Reproduction chromatids into chromosomes. Each identical chromosome is pulled to opposite poles.
7 Nucleic acids and proteins During telophase the spindle microtubules break down and the chromosomes uncoil and so are no longer individually
Dna structure visible. Also the nuclear membrane reforms. The cell then divides by cytokinesis to form two daughter cells with identical
Dna replication genetic nuclei.
http://ibguides.com/biology/notes/cell-division[10/8/2018 12:07:34 PM]

IB Biology Notes - 2.5 Cell division
Transcription
Translation
Proteins
2.5.5 Explain how mitosis produces two genetically identical nuclei.
Enzymes
Mitosis is divided into four stages; prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During prophase, the chromosomes
8 Cell respiration and become visible under a light microscope as they super coil and therefore they get shorter and more bulky. The nuclear
photosynthesis envelope disintegrates and the spindle microtubules grow and extend from each pole to the equator. At metaphase the
Cell respiration chromatids move to the equator. The sister chromatids are two DNA molecules formed by DNA replication and are
Photosynthesis therefore identical. These sister chromatids are then separated in anaphase as the spindle microtubules attaches to
centromere and pulls the sister chromatids to opposite poles. As the sister chromatids separate they are called
9 Plant science
chromosomes. This means that each pole has the same chromosomes (same genetic material). Finally the microtubules
Plant structure & growth
break down, the chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear membrane reforms. The cell then divides into two daughter cells
Transport in angiospermophytes
with genetically identical nuclei.
Reproduction in angiospermophytes
2.5.6 State that growth, embryonic development, tissue repair and asexual reproduction involve
10 Genetics
Meiosis
Dihybrid crosses & gene linkage
mitosis.
Polygenic inheritance
Growth, embryonic development, tissue repair and asexual reproduction involve mitosis.
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