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Lessons: 5s, 10 Better Technicians, and Diesel Engine

Principles of 5S
It is the key point to make the environment of the work easily, quickly and certainly
How does one ensure the quality of automotive service? 10 better technicians
Keep your workplace clean and orderly. Professional appearance
Instead of trying to clean your workplace make an effort not to dirty it in the first Careful vehicle handling and treatment
place
Neatness and cleanliness
Seiri (Sifting) Work Safety
process for identifying whether certain items are needed and those that are not Planning and Preparation
needed are immediately discarded to use space effectively Speedy, reliable work
Seiton (Sorting) Finished by promised time
process for sorting tools and parts in an order that facilitates their use
Check work when finished
Seiso (Sweeping and washing)
process for keeping everything in the workplace clean
Keep old parts
Seiketsu (Spick and Span) Follow through
the process for maintaining the SEIRI, SEITON and SEISO conditions to prevent
problem from occurring
Shitsuke (Self-Discipline)
the process involves extensive training to make a person being a proud
employee

Diesel Engines
also known as compression-ignition engine
is an internal combustion engine
uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the
fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber
this is in contrast to spark-ignition engines such as a petrol
engine or gas engine which uses a spark plug to ignite an air-
fuel mixture
was developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1893

Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel

was born on March 18, 1858 and died on Sept. 29, 1913
a German inventor and mechanical engineer
famous for the invention of the Diesel engine

Timing Belt
or cam belt in informal usage, is a part of an internal
combustion engine that controls the timing of the engine's
valves
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Occupational health and safety practices

Automotive work such as engine ,body repair ,welding ,exhaust ,oil and tire changes , glass installation, and painting
can expose workers to hazards chemicals , loud noise, and respiratory diseases.
A smarter safety and compliance program for your operation means stronger risk protection an better bottom line
performance. With the help of the safety consultants and compliance programs, you can build a competitive
advantage that allows you to reduce accidents.
The occupational safety and health fact sheets depict safe working practices related to specific hazards found on the
farm, at motor vehicle repair shops and at the wood workshop. These fact sheets are aimed at employers and workers
in micro and small enterprises including those in informal economy. Following the information and advice contained in
the fact sheets will assist in ensuring that those working in these sectors remain safe and healthy. These information
sheets are supported by videos on the same matters.
Occupational health management is a system that tracks each incident that relates to employee health and safety. It
integrates the entire plan of an organization into a unified whole that assumes complete responsibility for each
employee. This means that it is concerned with prevention as it is with health care after an accident. The goal of
Occupational Health and Safety is to do everything that can be done to prevent accidents and minimize illness
Ultimately, that is all that can be done, but it is also considerably more than has been done in the past
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
These are equipment worn to minimize exposure to a variety of hazards. PPE includes such items as gloves,
foot and eye protection, protective hearing devices (earplugs, muffs), hard hats, respirators, and full body suits.
used to prevent chemical exposures, being struck by falling objects, and exposure to fire and explosion
Safety tips
always be alert, don't rush you work, wear required safety gear, pay attention to and follow emergency drills

Procedure in installing lighting system in automotive

Importance Of Lights On Your Vehicle
Improves the visibility when you drive. Install grommet. If the wiring is going through the
The lights help others to see you. body, install a grommet in the wiring hole. This
Make sure to check the blinkers. prevents the wires from rubbing through and
C D I O - Is a framework education focusing on the life cycle products grounding out.
and systems, this cycle is divided into four phases. It is well suited for Check the packaging of your off road light to
automotive projects and products. determine exactly which tools you may need for
Conceive- understanding and defining the needs of the user your application
trough research materials needed: drill bits, marker or pen,
Design- all about idea through creative methods masking tape, measuring tape, power drill,
Implement- focuses on realization and validation of ideas as ratchet and sockets, silicone, and touch up
formed in the design phase paint
Operate- develops the solution so that it meets the need of the Install the wiring for your off road lights
user Disconnect the battery. To prevent the possibility of
electric shock, fire, or damage to your new lights,
How to install lighting system on a vehicle
disconnect the battery.
Choose light for your needs
Install the switch in your desired location. Choose a
Determine you needs - determine what your needs are based on
location that is easily accessible to the driver such
your off road conditions and habits
as on the center console, under the ratio, or on the
driving on the highway with off road lights is dangerous to
dash by the steering column.
upcoming traffic
Connect your lights. Connect the wiring to your
Purchase the necessary supplies - buy high-quality lights backed
lights. The lights will have a ground wire that is black
by a manufacturer’s warranty in case of failure
and another wire that supplies power to the lights.
Install the lights on your vehicle
Install the power wire to the battery. There must be
Determine your mounting location. Your off road lights will need to
a fused connection to the battery. If there isn’t one
be mounted in a location where wiring can be run in a relatively
on the supplied wiring with the lights you purchased,
safe fashion.
install an inline fuse holder onto the wire with the
Mark your light locations. Put a piece of masking tape on your
same crimp connectors and tool.
mounting location for one side and mark the exact spot with a
Reconnecting your battery. Connect the positive
marker and pen.
terminal first, using your battery terminal wrench in a
Drill holes for your lights and wiring. Always use the exact drill bit
clockwise direction. Connect the negative terminal,
measurement that your lights instructions indicate so you don’t
turning the terminal in a clockwise direction. Test
have issues fastening the light.
the operation of your off road light to make sure
Touch up the paint on the raw metal. To prevent rust from forming,
they are pointed at the right angle.
apply touch-up paint to the raw metal from the drilled holes
materials needed: battery terminal wrench,
Install the lights in their location. Run a small bed of silicone along
crimping tool, crimp-style wiring connectors,
the edge of the hole where the light will be mounted. Place the
extra wiring, fuse holder with fuse, light switch,
mounting bolt from the light assembly into the hole drilled. Make
power drill with drill bit, screwdrivers, wire
sure the light assembly is pointed in the forward direction you
stripper
want.
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Battery Charging
Hooking up the battery charger Procedure on Battery Charging
Make sure the charger is off With the engine off, pop the hood and find the battery. Detach the
Hook up the positive cable on the charger to the negative(black) battery cable from the battery. First loosen the nut with
positive terminal on the battery a combination wrench.
Hook up the negative cable on the charger to the Twist and pull up on the end of the cable with your hand. If it does not
negative terminal on the battery. come off easily you may want to purchase a battery terminal puller.
Set the charger to the slowest charge rate. Detach the positive (red) battery cable from the battery using the same
Turn on the charger and set the timer. method.
Take note - When removing the charger, turn it off Using combination wrench or a socket and ratchet, remove the battery
first, then remove the positive then negative cable. hold-down clamp.
The RED cable on the battery charger is positive (+) Take the batteries out of the tray.
and the BLACK one is negative (-). Proper Connection of Battery Terminals
How long should you charge a car battery Connecting jumper cables. Clean both cables on the battery with a
If the battery voltage is below 11.85 and your charger is while brush to get a good connection.
putting out 5-amp charge rate, it will take about 12 Hook up Positive (+) post on the battery first. Connect one end of the
hours to fully charge a battery with 400 to 500 cold jumper cables to the positive (+) side off the dead battery. Always start
cranking amps. The same battery will take about 6 to with the positive (+) cable.
fully change if the charge rate is 10 amp. Negative Sign
CCA is a rating used in the battery industry to define a Connect the negative (-) side of the jumper cables to the fully charged
battery's ability to start an engine in cold temperatures. battery first. Connect the other end of the jumper cable to the engine.
Take note - The lower the open circuit voltage in Locate an unpainted bolt or nut and place the other end of the jumper
the battery and the more cold cranking amps the cable on it, being sure the bolt or nut is free of grease and dirt. This will
longer it takes to charge the battery. let you start your vehicle.
How to clean battery terminals in your car (The 6 step Connecting the Second Battery in the Vehicle
process) Connect a second battery in parallel with the first battery, i.e. hook the
Locate the Battery - Most Car Batteries are located negative post from the first battery to the negative post on the second
underneath the hood and are on the left or right side of battery first. Hook the positive (+) post from the first battery to the
the engine bay. With some models, such as in the positive (+) post on the second battery
Chevrolet Cobalt and Hyundai Sonata is located in the Remove the nut from the negative cable and take the cable off the
trunk. battery. •Take the nut of the positive (+) cable end and place the eyelet
Lift the Terminal Covers - Plastic or rubber covers of the new cable on the bolt, then replace the nut and tighten with a
protect most batteries and must be removed to access wrench. Place the other end of the cable on the positive (+) post on the
the clamps that connect the cables to the terminals. second battery, tighten with wrench
Disconnect the Car Battery - Each clamp fastened to Tip: Unhook the negative battery cable first to prevent a short
the terminals must be disconnected. You will do this by circuit.
loosening the negative clamp first followed by the Warning: Wear your safety goggles and rubber gloves when you
positive clamp. While working on the battery, avoid the work, or around batteries.
frame of the car, otherwise you risk shorting out the
Manual Charging
battery.
Turn the charger power switch to the "off" position. •Position the battery
Choose Your Cleaning Agent - Baking soda - Here, you
charger near the front of the vehicle and close to an electrical outlet.
will mix two tablespoons of baking soda with an equal
Connect the positive cable of the battery charger to the positive post.
amount of water in a clean container. Stir the solution
Clamp the negative (-) cable . The negative cable must clamp on to a
to form a paste, then use a toothbrush to apply the
heavy gauge metal part of the engine block or frame.
paste to each terminal. The solution will begin to sizzle
Turn the voltage switch to the voltage of your battery, either six or
as it interacts with the corrosion. Use a wire brush to
twelve volts. Plug the power cord into an electrical outlet and turn on
remove the remaining residue. Cola product - Simply
the power switch.
obtain one new, 12-ounce can. Then, evenly pour the
Watch the charge gauge on the battery charger. •When the needle
entire contents directly on the battery terminals to get
reads a full charge or indicator lights are green, turn off the charger
the job done. Just follow up with the wire brush, if
power switch.
necessary.
Tips: If necessary, pull the battery out of the vehicle and set it near
Rinse and Dry - With the terminals now nearly free of
the charger
residue, you'll need to remove paste or soda to finish
Warning: Keep your face away from the battery when making the
cleaning. A spray bottle containing water will do; simply
negative cable connection.
wash each terminal to remove the dregs. Then, use a
rag and dry each terminal. Lastly, spray "Battery Automatic Charging
Terminal Protector" on each post to curtail future Alternators are used in modern automobiles to charge the battery and
corrosion. to power the electrical system when its engine is running. A set
Reconnect the Clamps - Connect the positive clamp rectifiers (Diode Bridge) is required to convert AC to DC. Automotive
first, followed by the negative clamp. Use a wrench to alternators require a voltage regulator which operates by modulating
tighten as needed. Lastly, put the rubber or plastic the small field current to produce a constant voltage at the battery
covers over each junction. terminal. A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically
maintain and recharge a batteries constant voltage level.
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Unit 2:
Think about it

Personal Protective Equipment

PPE can prevent, if not, reduce the number and severity of farm work related injuries and illnesses.

1. Hard hat: used to protect the head when performing tasks such as repairing machinery, construction works, and others
2. Safety glasses/Goggles/Face-shields: Used to protect the eyes from exposure to different chemicals or irritants.
3. Acoustic earmuffs/Plugs: Used to protect the cars from excessive noire when operating different equipment.
4. Dust masks/Cartridge respirators/Gas masks/Air packs: Used to protect the lungs when working such as applying chemicals

First Aid
Some form of first-aid service is essential to every workplace. Additional requirements apply when hazardous substances are present.
When a first aid service is being considered, a number of aspects need to be evaluated.

The nature, quantity, and hazards of the substances present;

The availability of trained first aid/medical personnel;
The proximity of the nearest medical facility;
The availability of transport to the nearest medical facility;
The ability to communicate in order to obtain outside help, such as cell phones or two-way radio;
The emergency equipment within the plant, such as emergency showers and eye-wash stations; and
The training of workers in basic emergency procedures.

Important Terms
agrichemicals-chemicals that we used in different agricultural activities: fuels, solvents, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers,
veterinary chemicals.
area-refers to the size of the surface.
equipment -powered tool machine used in farming.
fertilizer - any material added to the soil to support nutrients.
filler-a temporary plant usually small and early bearing one which is planted in between permanent plants
germination-the development of the seed into a young plant.
labor-refers to the work performed by farm workers in exchange for salary.
layouting-locating the position of plants in the orchard.
orchard-an establishment where fruit bearing crops are grown.
preventive maintenance-an activity or operation done to prevent malfunction of tools and equipment and prolong the useful life of tools
and equipment.
pruning-to cut off some of the branches of (a tree or bush) so that it will grow better or look better.
repair-to restore to good condition something broken or damaged.
sharpening-the process of thinning the edge of the tools like knife, pruning shears, hedge shears, etc.
staking- the placing of the pole to mark the position of the plant to be set.
volume- the content of a body or object

Safety Work Practices (SWP)

A set of positive guidelines or Do's and Don'ts on how to perform a specific task that may not always be done in a
certain way.

Pay Attention: Stay alert to the possible hazards in your work environment so that you can take steps to correct or
guard against them.
Concentrate on the task at hand: Distractions, boredom or fatigue can lead to accidents and other safety hazards.
Take care of yourself.
Have the strength to do the right thing even when it's easier not to: Follow safety procedures. Remind co-workers of
safety precautions. Follow district policy at all times.
Take the time to do things correctly every time: Be aware of your surroundings. Take a moment to assess the setting.
There are no shortcuts to safety.
Take responsibility for a safe work environment: If you see something out of place, pick it up or alert someone who can
help. Don't assume that someone else will take action- let it be you!
Stop thinking before you act: Be smart and avoid taking unnecessary risks. Take time to thoughtfully ensure that
objects are safe in their place, and conditions are favorable for your activity before you begin.

aware -> focus -> strong -> patience -> responsible -> think -> safety mindset
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Dish Garden
A dish garden is a garden of plants growing in a shallow dish or bowl for a History
container. The dish garden can be landscaped to represent a scene in nature, it is a While the origins of dish
miniature ecosystem. The plants used in a dish garden should be compatible and gardens are obscure, they are
cultivars that stay small or grow very slowly are most commonly used. said to have begun centuries ago
The medium should be well drained, but hold adequate moisture and should not be as a Japanese artistic hobby as
very fertile, since a fertile medium would tend to encourage rapid growth. If the well as a model for landscape
container has drainage holes, a saucer or other protective device should be put under architects. The leading landscape
it. gardeners of Japan would create
miniature models of their work to
help customers visualize the end
Emotional Benefts Health Benefits result.
Not only can plants fill a home Houseplants such as dish gardens Three stones were always
with a burst of color and give can filter out toxins in the placed in these Japanese gardens
caretakers something to nourish, dish environment leaving your home full of to symbolize Heaven, Earth and
gardens also evoke a spirit of fresh oxygen to promote peace and Mankind. Americans became
peacefulness and serenity. The mere relaxation. Dish gardens can also aid fascinated by these tiny
presence of plants in our in eliminating airborne pollutants and landscapes when travelers would
surroundings brings a feeling of adding humidity to the air making it bring them home from Japan or
refreshment. They can even lift healthier for us to breathe. Studies make them upon their return.
productivity in the workplace so be have proved that people in indoor
wary if the boss gives you a dish environments that contain healthy
garden! houseplants exhibit less stress and
lower blood pressure.

Waste Management
- is the collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Waste
management encompasses management of all processes and resources for proper handling of waste materials,
from maintenance of waste transport trucks and dumping facilities to compliance with health codes and
environmental regulations.

Methods of Waste Disposal

Environmental Laws
Landfill - the most commonly used method of waste disposal Presidential Decree (PD) 1152,
which focuses on burying the waste in the land. The Philippine Environmental Code,
Incineration/Combustion - usually done by burning solid waste which took effect in 1977, provides a
at high temperature in order to convert them into residue and basis for an integrated waste
gaseous products. management regulation starting
Recovery and Recycling from waste source to methods of
Recovery refers to the process of taking discarded items disposal.
and processing them to extract or recover materials and PD 1152 has further mandated
resources or convert them to energy. specific guidelines to manage
Recycling means converting waste products into new forms. municipal wastes (solid and liquid),
Composting- is a natural and easy way of waste management sanitary landfill and incineration, and
which makes use of the remains of plants and kitchen waste and disposal sites in the Philippines.
converts it into fertilizer.

Factors Affecting the Selection of a Suitable Farm Site

:>
Before investing on a farm site, there are some important considerations to think about when deciding and selecting a
farm site. Here are the following:

Water supply
Water is one of the important factors in proper growth of plants. The need for it becomes very necessary during
the dry season. It is important to choose a site where water is easily accessed.
Drainage
The site must have a proper drainage to ensure that the soil is property aerated. With proper drainage, it helps
avoid soil erosion and reduces soil and nutrient loss. The land should be sloping lightly to provide drainage during the
rainy season. It should not have a depression where water will stay. Too much water causes roots to suffer from lack
of air, causing the plants to die.
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Nearness to market
A farm site near the market area facilitates disposal of products and ensures early profit.
Nearness to home
A site near the owner's home enables him or her to work any time he or she wants, and helps him or her manage
the farm efficiently. It also ensures the security of the farm.
Good roads and transportation facilities
Good roads from farm to market or shipping port are important. Rough roads limit the volume of sale, increase
wear and tear, and consume much time. Transporting farm products must be done with care to avoid damages to
crops.
Soil fertility or soil content
The sail should be fertile enough to make the plants grow. Soil fertility means that a certain kind of plant food in
the form of humus must be present in the soil. A good soll must have the following composition: sand, compost, and
ordinary garden matter. This improves the soil's physical makeup and its capacity to provide plant nutrients.
Soil, which is loamy or clay loam, has good aeration and good water holding capacity. Ordinary garden soil helps
retain moisture for the seedlings. Different crops grow in different types of soil.

Types of Soil
Soil Preparation
The type of soil dictates how plants can be
Soil is the top layer of the earth's surface. This is suitable for
best managed to obtain the highest yield and
the growth of plants. Proper soil preparation is necessary to
the type of crop that can be grown. Soil can be
ensure productivity. It should be tilled well for good seed
classified according to texture, composition,
germination and plant growth. The soil should have the right
and formation. Below are the types of soil
amount of moisture content when its preparation is started. The
according to texture:
soil should be prepared when it is not wet or too dh.
In addition, the right kind of implements should be available. To
1. Sandy or Gravelly soil is a loose, single-
ensure lasting growth and vigor of plants, the following steps in
grained soil. Water can easily pass through
preparing garden plots are recommended.
it because it is largely made of coarse
particles. This kind of soil is very deficient in
1. Clean the area or site by pulling out weeds, grass, and other
organic matter, which serves as food for the
rubbish materials.
plants.
2. Plow the land for easier preparation of the plot. This is the
2. Sandy loam soil has soil materials. This kind
most important tillage operation in preparing the land. The
of soil is easy to work with, but loses
main reason for plowing is to pulverize the soil, aerate it, and
moisture during the dry season. It is suited
make it soil retentive.
for growing special garden crops.
3. Harrow the garden. The purpose of harrowing plowed soil is to
3. Loam soil contains particles that are both
level it. make it fine, compact it, and destroy weeds.
fine and coarse. It is silty and clayey. It
4. Turn the soil sideward so that a canal is formed in the middle
makes the soil easy to work on, fertile, and
of the plot. Raise the beds to provide drainage during rainy
retentive of soil moisture.
season.
4. Silt loam soil is much finer and has a
5. Spread the soil evenly so that the plot is 1 meter wide and 5
smoother feel than the loam soil. It is more
meters long and 30 centimeters deep. Plots should not be
fertile and is more retentive to soil moisture.
higher than 6 centimeters above the path so that the soil will
5. Clay soil is a fine textured soil and absorbs
not dry fast. The plot is now ready for planting.
water slowly. It is difficult to dig or plow
when it is wet and breaks into lumps when it
is dry.
6. Clay loam soil is a mixture of sand, clay, and Let's Wrap It Up
silt or organic matter. This is the best soil for
vegetable crops because it is fertile and The factors to consider in choosing a farm site are the water
retentive of soil moisture. supply, drainage, soil content, nearness to market, good
roads, and transportation facilities.
There are also types of soil according to their Proper soil preparation is necessary to ensure productivity. It
formation, these are: should be tilled well for good seed germination and plant
1. Residual soil is formed from underlying rocks growth.
such as sandstone and limestones.
2. Alluvial is formed from soil particles from
streams or lakes.
3. Swamp soil is formed from the decaying
organic matter in swamps.
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Lesson 1: Tracing the History and Development of Fashion Accessory

Production
:>
Do you have any idea of the beginnings of fashion accessories? Well, according to history, fashion design is generally
considered to have started in the 19th century. The manner of clothing highly represents the economic status of an individual and
expression of occasion or feeling of the wearer.
During the mid-19th century, new styles in clothing denoted middle class status. The dark suit in somber shades of black, gray,
or brown, for men connoted authority, responsibility, and respectability. The sailor suit became an essential uniform for middle-
class boys.
Neoclassicism influenced middle class women's styles of dress. A respectable middle class woman did not expose her body.
They wore their hair in curls or knotted like women in classical statues. Middle class girls are like princesses, they wore bows,
ruffles, and pastels as a symbol of their distinctiveness.
Fashion is one way of expressing oneself. It is a way of exploring yourself and standing in front of the crowd with confidence.
In reality, the reason why we want to choose our own clothes and other stuff is to satisfy our own desire and fashion taste. We
wanted to look attractive and presentable through the clothes and other accessories we wear based on personal comfortability,
standard, and preferences. The more we fulfill our wants and desires in terms of fashion accessories, the more we feel happy and
light. And the more we feel happy with what we have, the more we raise our level of confidence to socialize with others.
Examples of Fashion Accessories
a. Jewelry - Fashionable items like necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and brooches have long been used to add stylish touches
to all types of outfits.
b. Footwear - While shoes and boots serve a practical function, they can also be stylish fashion accessories for women,
men, and children.
c. Headwear - Berets and other types of hats are functional and fashionable items, providing warmth while also making a
fashion statement.
d. Hand Coverings - Gloves are an important fashion accessory, with some styles providing warmth and hand protection
while others add elegant style to formal attire.
e. Finishing Touches - Accessories like belts and buckles as well as neckties and neckwear add critical finishing touches to
many outfits.
f. Walking Aids - Items like canes and walking sticks have long been used, sometimes as an elegant accessory and other
times out of medical necessity.
In the Philippines, fashion styles of Filipinos largely depend on the culture, nature of community, and even the weather of a
certain location, mostly experiences from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. It preserves the identity, especially the native Filipinos
which is quite traditional and an antique style of fashion as taught by our great ancestors many years ago. Despite emerging
technologies, other people such as those who are living in the mountains still uphold the values and culture they inherited from
their predecessor.
Still, fashion accessories are continuously evolving and keep on innovating. Before, not all can wear fashion accessories, but
at present it was totally different since it became more accessible, whether young or old, girls or boys are patronizing the use of
fashion accessories.
Whether you came from an upper class family or not, you can have the accessories you want and mix it up with your own
fashion style. Wide varieties of materials are available in the market and if you are patient enough, you can eye materials
cheaper in price but of good quality.

Lesson 2: Select Materials Tools and Equipment in Making Fashion

Accessories
Materials selection in product design is part of the design process that determines appropriate material(s) for
designing products by considering related design criteria such as manufacturing processes, availability,
environment, cost, and function.
There is an importance of using the right tool for the job because it is designed for a specific purpose, so
choosing the correct tool will also decrease the amount of effort required to get a job done right without
causing damage to either the equipment or the surface being worked on.

Fashion Accessories Materials

Metals - includes copper, brass, stainless, wires, and aluminum, as well as alloys
Plastics - a solid molded pieces of transparent, translucent, or opaque plastic, can be used to copy ivory, horn, or tortoise, or
used on its own merits
Paper Clay - a non-toxic modeling material that can be sculpted, molded or shaped, and air dries to a hard finish
Glass - can be formed or molded into any shape, it can be coloured by adding metallic salts and can also be painted
Wire - an extruded metal and is quite versatile in jewelry-making because it can hold its shape
Polymer Clay - is a PVC modeling clay that will harden, thus making firm objects we can use for jewelry making
Beads - varies in types and shapes, are made from a wide range of materials
Leather - a durable and flexible material created by the tanning of animal rawhide and skin
Findings - are the parts used to join jewelry components together to form a completed article
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Fashion Accessories Indigenous Materials Fashion Accessories Cutting Tools Fashion Accessories Measuring and
Tusks - It is the teeth of elephants, Scissors - They are used for cutting paper, Sizing Tools
walruses, and whales where ivory fabric, and thread ends. Ruler - It is used for
comes from. Cookie Cutter - It is ideal for cutting measurement and for drawing
Tortoise Shell - It is the hard, mottled shapes out of slabs of polymer clay. straight lines.
brown shell of some tortoises and Craft Knife - It is a type of utility knife. It is Measuring Tape - It is handy
turtles. Mother-of-Pearl - It is the good for cutting thin, lightweight materials for measuring curved surfaces,
iridescent whitish coating inside oyster with high degree of precision and control. like your wrist for a bracelet.
shells.
Wood - It can be used alone or in
Fashion Accessories Pliers Fashion Accessories Beading and
combination with metals or other
Curved Chain Nose Pliers - It used to reach Knotting Tools
materials.
into tight places to grip components, close Beading Needles - They are thin
Seeds - It has been popular which
jump rings, bend wire, and stabilize a wires with a sharp point at one
beads can be made of.
design while working. end and a narrow eye on the
Paper - It is normally made from trees
Chain-nose Pliers - They are available in other end.
and goes through a pulping process.
both longnose and short-nose varieties. Tapestry Needles - They are the
Coconut Shells - They are the common
Short-nose pliers offer more strength and needles with blunt end and a
materials used as buttons as well as
stability while long-nose pliers give more large eye very useful for
accessories.
reach. beading.
Jute - It is thick and stiff but makes
Crimping Pliers - It is an invaluable tool for Embroidery Needles - They have
great plant hangers.
stringing beads, as they easily secure crimp a longer eye to enable easier
Hemp - It is scratchy and stiff but gets
tubes to your beading wire. threading of multiple
softer with wear and frequent
Flush Cutters - It trim headpins, eye pins, embroidery threads and thicker
washings.
and beading wire, as well as fine wire used yarns.
Rattail - It is really smooth and slippery
in wire working.
but makes up into beautiful pieces.

Lesson 3: Fashion Accessories

Fashion Accessories Types of Accessories :>
A fashion accessory is an item
Those that are carried Those that are worn
used in a secondary manner to the Burberry
Traditionally Accessories that are worn
wearer's outfit. Often used to Dior
carried may include jackets, boots
complete an outfit. Louis Vuitton
accessories and shoes, cravats, ties,
The term came into use in the 20th Chanel
include purses and hats, bonnets, belts and
century. Armani
handbags, suspenders, gloves, muffs,
The type of accessory that an Gucci
glasses, parasols necklaces, bracelets,
individual chooses to wear or carry Dolce & Gabbana
and umbrellas, watches, sashes, shawls,
to complement their outfit can be Prada
wallets, canes, scarves, lanyards, socks,
determined by several factors like Tiffany and Co.
and ceremonial pins, piercings, rings, and
where the individual is going. For Manolo Blahnik
swords. stockings.
example, if an individual is going to
work their choice of accessory
would differ to one who is going Needs to be a successful businessman
out to dinner, thus depending on For This type of business seller who is young, fashionable, competitive has a good
the place different accessories head for business,
would be chosen. Similarly, an Appreciates the concepts of high fashion.
individual's economic status, Knows the fashion market with its fast changing trends and is able to keep up with
religious and cultural background the latest fashion crazes.
would also be identified.
"The fashion accessories industry is Market for Accessories
fast changing. Trends generally Current Economic Status of Accessory Business
Apparel and accessories
change every season." The total fashion accessory retail market is
marketing entails the
worth Rs15,557 crore, growing at 18 per cent
promotion and sale of fashion
to 19 per cent.
products.
Marketing Strategy Rs5,306 crore according to India Retail Report
Marketing involves
Fashion Blogs 2015.
understanding consumer
Fashion Showcase The market is mainly ruled by bags, belts and
trends and demands as well
Events wallets, which holds 60 per cent market share.
as profit maximization and
Print Publication 27 per cent of the market is dominated by
market share.
Press Releases socks, hankies, scarves, caps, gloves, mufflers
Ultimately, it's about selling
Digital Media etc.
what the consumer wants to
Rest of the market, which is 13 percent, goes
buy at a competitive price
to hair accessories, tie pins, cuff links etc.
while still making a profit.
TLE

Designers

Alexander McQueen Thomas Burberry Coco Chanel Christian Dior

He Born on March 17, 1969 in Thomas Burberry is a She is born in 1883 Born in 1905 in
London. designer and founder of She was raised in an northern france.
First worked in Louis Vuitton leading fashion brand orphanage and taught to In 1947 it
as a head designer. Burberry. sew. exploded into
opened his own label in 1992 He was born in 1835. In 1920 she launched her first Paris fashion.
He was awarded British He opened his own small perfume brand. He focuses on
designer of the year four clothing outfitters in 1857. She becomes a style icon for luxury wear
times by the British fashion In 1861 he had 10 male and her simple yet sophisticated women's fashion.
council. 7 female workers which outfits. His designs are
CFDA-Council of Fashion increased in 1871. She said that "Luxury must be worn by film stars
Designer of America awarded In 1880 he did research and comfortable, otherwise it is and royalty alike.
him as best International designed a fabric which is not luxury". He died in Italy in
designer of the year. breathable, waterproof and She died in 1971. 1957.
He died in 2010. tear proof fabric called Accessories from Chanel tend Use logos to add
This designer specializes in Gabardine. to use a variety of different something more
accessories that have a heavy He died in 1926. textures and patterns to their
metal vibe blended with Famous for their distinct Their bags often have chains accessories.
luxury wear. check pattern. rather than straps and tend Dior also tends to
Many of their accessories Burberry accessories are to boldly display the beautiful favor metallic and
include the icon of a golden widely imitated, but never double C symbol of the pastel colors in
skull. matched. brand. accessories such
as handbags.
Dolce & Gabbana Guccio-Gucci
Stefano Gabbana is the founder. Born in 1881 in Italy.
Domenico Dolce is the co-founder of the brand Opened his first Gucci showroom in 1921.
Dolce and Gabbana. His works are known for good quality leather products and fine
In 1982 they started their partnership craftsmanship.
In 1989 they launched their first women's collections. His four sons joined the Gucci firm and worked along with him.
In 1990 they launched their first men's collection. He died in 1953.
In 1995 they released their first book titled "10 years The same year he died the first overseas shop opened in New York
of Dolce and Gabbana". City.
Their works are known for their glamor, style and In their designs, Gucci often uses images and graphics such as
curves. tigers, bees and butterflies.
This designer has been known to use floral patterns They also tend to mix darker shades and brighter colors to create,
and fabrics with their accessories. stunning, stylish effects
They use unexpected color shades. Use their logo in every accessory.

Facts about Fashion Accessories

Necklace Brooch Earring
archaeologists believe that the is a fashion decorative accessory both sexes earrings in most
necklace was born during the stone that usually attaches to clothes with countries
age about 40,000 years ago a rotating pin clasp Earrings became almost absolute
necklaces are worn now for a for women during the middle ages
Pin
variety of reasons not the least of of the sixteenth and seventeenth
usually a smaller brooch
which personal adornment centuries in Europe because they
many people wear medals that are Headband were overshadowed by gigantic
religious significant can be a functional or decorative hats, towering wigs, and high
Bracelet hair accessory collars. However lower neck lines
after the ornaments for the neck, Belts and more subdued hairstyles
another oldest form of jewelry is the can be a decorative or functional brought earrings back in vogue.
bracelet for wrist, arm, or ankle part of a wardrobe By the 1970s, some people wore
the english word "bracelet" is he Egyptians were first civilization more than one set of earrings at a
derived from the Latin word known to have to belts time with multiple piercings.
"brachium" from which simply the "men's sword belt" continued Gold earrings are versatile and can
means arm into the Renaissance be worn with any color or clothing
people have worm bracelets for Egyptian belts represented wealth style from casual to formal.
centuries and royalty. They were gold,
Rings beaded, or embroidered.
rings are noted everywhere in nature
the symbolism of the ring later
became a status symbol of authority
TLE

Lesson 1: History of Origami

Origami, (pronounced or-i-GA-me) is the Japanese art of paper folding. "Ori" is the Japanese word for folding
and "kami" is the Japanese word for paper.

The History of Origami

The Origins of Origami
In ancient times, Origami could only be used for special occasions because the paper was
Although Origami is known
scarce. The figures made from origami were shaped like animals, costumed people, and
as a Japanese Art, it actually
ceremonial designs that had special meanings to them. The constructions were done using a
began in China. The Chinese
single sheet of colored paper that was often, though not always, square.
invented paper around 100
There were no directions back then. None of the folding instructions were ever written down
A.D., and when the invention
for the models. They were passed down by generation through learning and practicing.
spread to Japan around 600
The art of paper folding was not called Origami until the end of the nineteenth century. By
A.D., so did the art of paper
the 1950's origami gained popularity from world famous origami artist Akira Yoshizawa (1911-
folding.
2005).

First Book on Origami Akira Yoshizawa (1911-2005)

The first known book on how to make He is considered to be the grandmaster of origami for developing origami as a
an origami object was written in 1797 and creative art and creating many new folding styles. He created more than 50,000
is called The Secret of One Thousand models and wrote 18 books about the art of origami.
Cranes Origami (Hiden Senbazuru In 1983, he was named into the "Order of the Rising Sun", one of the highest
Orikata). honors that can be given to a Japanese citizen, by Japanese emperor Hirohito.

Lesson 2: Origami for Fun

:> Origami Folds
Bases mountain fold, valley fold, crease, roll in fold, pleat, turn over, squash fold,
When you are making origami models, push in, inside reverse fold, and outside reverse fold
you will be doing the same set of folds Main Folding Lines
in the beginning stage even though the A crease is a line segment, or even a curve, on a piece of paper.
final outcome is different. Creases may be folded in one of two ways: as a mountain fold, forming a
The sets of folds in the beginning protruding ridge, or a valley fold, forming (not altogether surprisingly) a
stages are called origami bases. valley.
Common Origami Bases A crease pattern is a collection of creases.
The preliminary and waterbomb bases A mountain-valley assignment is a specification of which creases should
are the bread-and-butter of the be folded as mountains, and the low parts become valleys.
origami world.
There are many origami models which Fun Fact:
start with these two bases. In fact, the John Collins holds the Guinness World Record for designing the farthest flying
two bases are interconvertible. paper airplane. The plane, folded from a single piece of paper, Flew 227 feet
(76 yards), in 2012.
other variation of origami
Kirigami
It relies on cuts rather than folds, to New Discoveries in Paper Folding
change the structure and function of bullet-proof origami, 3D printed dress using origami links
materials, by just stretching it. to form it, origami-based folding kayak, origami-based
Miura Folding furniture, an origami shell for a drone for safe deliveries,
In 1985, Japanese astrophysicist Koryo diffusion choir, 3D printed origami inspired forceps, MIT's
Miura proposed a form of rigid origami, self-folding origami technology, an origami design purse,
a style of folding paper (or other sunflower-the home solar cell devices, Patrick Jouin
materials) that allows each section to unveils a foldable 3D printed chair, bio-inspired origami,
remain flat-a necessary condition for origami pokeball that safely captures delicate sea
stiff materials, like some solar panels. creatures, curved paper folding, awesome pop-up paper
The Miura fold, or Miura-ori, was used in sculptures, origami uses for spacecraft, sails and solar
Japan's Space Flyer Unit (a satellite panels, paper tubes make stiff origami structures, space-
launched in 1995), and has influenced based solar power, NASA engineers use origami to design
the development of other folds that future spacecraft, origami-inspired robot (the puffer)
allow materials to be packed into a
compact shape and then unfold in one
continuous motion.