FACTORS ALTERING

BEHAVIOR AND COPING

MECHANISM

CRIM 103 – HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND

VICTIMOLOGY
FACTORS ALTERING
BEHAVIOR
EMOTION DEPRESSION

FRUSTRATION
CONFLICT STRESS
EMOTION Refers to feelings affective responses as
a result of physiological arousal,
thoughts and beliefs, subjective
😉 evaluation and bodily expression. It is a
state characterized by facial
expressions, gestures, postures and
subjective feelings.
THEORIES OF

EMOTION
 JAMES-LANGE THEORY
By William James and Carl Lange.
States that emotion results from physiological
sates triggered by stimuli in the environment: emotion
occurs after physiological reactions.
This theory and its derivatives states that a
changed situation leads to a changed bodily state.
 CANNON-BARD THEORY
By Walter Cannon and Philip Bard.
This suggests that people feel emotions first
and then act upon them.
This is a theory that emotion and physiological
reactions occur simultaneously.
This theory is based on the premise that one
reacts to a specific stimulus and experiences the
corresponding emotion simultaneously.
 Model of Cannon-Bard Theory

03 REACTION
Example: Run Away

STIMULUS
Example: Bear

01 02
EMOTION
Example: Fear
 TWO-FACTOR THEORY
By Schachter and Singer.
This theory suggests that emotion is the
cognitive interpretation of a physiological response.
Most people consider this to be the “common
sense” theory to explain physiological changes; their
physiology changes as a result of their emotion.
BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMOTION
CONFLICT A stressful condition that occurs when a
person must choose between
incompatible or contradictory
😉 alternativeness. A negative emotional
state that caused by an inability to
choose between two or more
incompatible goals or impulse.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF CONFLICT
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICT SOCIAL CONFLICT APPROACH AVOIDANCE
A conflict that could be going A conflict between people. Conflict can be described
on inside the person and no The different kinds of as having features of
one would know. conflict are: interpersonal, approach and avoidance.
two individual, inter-group
struggles, individual
opposing a group and
intra-group conflict.
 KINDS OF APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
APPROACH-APPROACH AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE
An individual must choose An individual must coose
between two positive goals of between two or more negative
approximately equal value. outcomes.

Alternatives that contain both

Conflict that exists when there is positive and negative
an attractive and unattractive consequences.
part to both sides. MULTIPLE-APPROACH-
APPROACH-AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE
FUNCTIONAL VS DYSFUNCTIONAL CONFLICT
FUNCTIONAL CONFLICT DYSFUNCTIONAL CONFLICT
If conflict is responsive and If conflict disrupts, hinders job
innovative aiding in creativity performance, and upsets
and viability. personal psychological
functioning.
DEPRESSION Is an illness that causes a person to feel
sad and hopeless much of the time. It is
different from normal feelings of
😉 sadness, grief or low energy.
CAUSES OF DEPRESSION

Illnesses
Certain
Medicines

Major events that

create stress
Alcohol or
illegal drugs.
 SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION

Complain about
Have feelings of problems that don’t
guilt and have a physical
Think and speak Have changes in hopelessness, cause, such as
more slowly than their eating and wondering if life is headache or
normal sleeping habits worth living stomachache

1 2 3 4 5 7
6

Have trouble Lose interest in Think a lot

concentrating, things they enjoyed about death or
remembering and before they were suicide
making decisions depressed
 FORMS OF DEPRESSION

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DYSTHYMIC PSYCHOTIC

DISORDER DISORDER DEPRESSION

POSTPARTUM SEASONAL BIPOLAR DISORDER

DISORDER AFFECTIVE DISORDER

ENDOGENOUS SITUATIONAL AGITATED

DEPRESSION DEPRESSION DEPRESSION
STRESS The consequence of the failure of an
organism – human or animal – to
respond appropriately to emotional or
😉 physical threats, whether actual or
imagined. Stress is a form of the Middle
English “destresse”, derived via Old
French from the Latin “stringere”, to
draw tight.
 WHAT IS STRESSOR?“
Is anything (physical or psychological) that produces stress
(negative or positive).
 TWO TYPES OF STRESS
EUSTRESS (Positive) DISTRESS (Negative)
“eu” = well or good Persistent stress that is not
resolved through coping or
eustress = good stress
adaptation, that may lead to
A stress that is healthy, or anxiety or withdrawal
gives one a feeling of behavior.
fulfillment or other positive
feelings.
 INEFECTIVENESS AT TASKS

SELF-DEFEATING BEHAVIOR

TRANSITIONAL SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR

EFFECTS
OF
ANXIETY AND FEAR
DISTRESS
LOSS OF INTEREST
AND INITIATIVE

POOR
DECISION-MAKING

DANGEROUS
ACTION

ACCIDENTS

APHATY AND
CYNICISM
 THREE STAGES OF STRESS
ALARM RESISTANCE EXHAUSTION
Threat or stressor is realized If the stressor persist, it At this point, all the of the
or identified, the body’s stress becomes necessary to body’s resources are
response is a state of alarm. attempt some means of eventually depleted and
coping with the stress. the body is unable to
maintain normal function.
 • ACUTE TIME
SHORT • BRIEF
TERM NATURALISTIC
STRESS

SHORT AND
LONG TERM
STRESS
• STRESSFUL
EVENT
LONG SEQUENCES
TERM • CHRONIC STRESS
• DISTANT STRESS
FRUSTRATION Is a negative emotional state that
occurs when one is prevented from
reaching a goal. An unpleasant state of
😉 tension and heightened sympathetic
activity, resulting from a blocked goal.
EXTERNAL VS PERSONAL FRUSTRATION

EXTERNAL FRUSTRATION PERSONAL FRUSTRATION

A distress caused by Is a distress caused by the
outwardly perceivable individual’s inner characteristic
conditions that impedes that impedes progress toward
progress toward goal. a goal.
 SOURCES OF RESPONSES TO
FRUSTRATION FRUSTRATION

▹ Physical obstacles ▹ Aggression

▹ Social circumstances ▹ Displaced aggression
▹ Personal shortcomings ▹ Scapegoating
▹ Conflicts between ▹ Escape
motives
COPING MECHANISMS
 WHAT IS COPING MECHANISM?“
Are the sum total of ways in which people deal with minor to
major stress and trauma. Some of these processes are
unconscious ones, others are learned behavior, ans still others
are skills that individuals consciously master in order to reduce
stress, or other intense emotions like depression.
 WHAT IS DEFENSE MECHANISMS?“
Refer to an individual’s way of reacting to frustration. Tese are
unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by
various entitties to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.
LIST OF COPING
MECHANISM
 ACTING OUT
This means literally acting out the desires that are
forbidden by the Super ego and yet desired by the Id.

AIM INHIBITION
Lowering the sights, reducing our goals to something
that we believe is actually more possible or realistic.
 ALTRUISM
Avoiding pains by concentrating on the pains of others.

ATTACK
When a person feels stressed in some way, they may
lash out at whoever is in the way, whether the other person is a
real cause or not.
 AVOIDANCE
Simply finding ways of avoiding having to face
uncomfortable situations, things or activities.

COMPARTMENTALIZATION
It is a “divide and conquer” process for separating
thoughts that will conflict with one another.
 COMPENSATION
Where a person has a weakness in one area, they may
compensate by accentuating or building up strengths in another
area.

CONVERSION
Occurs where cognitive tensions manifest themselves in
physical symptoms. The symptom may well be symbolic and
dramatic and it often acts as a communication about the
situation.
 DENIAL
Refusing to acknowledge that an event has occurred.
The person affected simply acts as if nothing has happened,
behaving in ways that others may see as bizarre.

DISPLACEMENT
Refers to the shifting of actions from desired target to a
substitute target when there are some reasons why the first
target is not permitted or not available.
 DISSOCIATION
Separating a set of thought or activities from the main
are of conscious mind, in order to avoid the conflict that this
would cause.

EMOTIONALITY
When a person become stressed or tension is caused, a
number of negative emotions mat start to build, including anger,
frustration, fear, jealousy and so on.
 FANTASY OR DAY DREAMING
Channeling the energy created by the desire into
fantastic imaginings.

FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT REACTION
When an individual perceive a significant threat to them,
then their body gets ready either for a fight to the death or a
desperate flight from certain defeat by a clearly superior
adversary.
 HELP-REJECTING COMPLAINING
A person becomes upset or otherwise elicits supporting
actions from other people.

IDEALIZATION
It is the over-estimation of the desirable qualities and
underestimation of the limitations of a desired thing.
 IDENTIFICATION
It occurs when a person changes apparent facets of
their personality such that they appears to be more like other
people.

INTELLECTUALIZATION
This refers to a “flight into reason”, where the person
avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic.
The situation is treated as an interesting problem that engages
the person on a rational basis, whilst the emotional aspects are
completely ignored as being irrelevant.
 INTROJECTION
When a person take on attributes of other people who
seem better able to cope with the situation than the former do.

PASSIVE AGGRESSION
A person who uses passive-aggressive method to cope
with stresses does this by “attacking” others through passive
means.
 POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH
An individual who has suffered a traumatic experience
somehow finds ways to turn it into something good.

PROJECTION
When a person has uncomfortable thoughts or feelings,
they may project these onto other people, assigning the
thoughts or feelings that they need to repress to a convenient
alternative target.
PROVOCATION OR FREE-FLOATING
When a person feels stressed, their way to avoid dealing
with the real issues is to provoke others into some kind of
reaction.

REACTION FORMATION
Occurs when a person feels an urge to do or say
something and then actually does or says something that is
effectively the opposite of what they really wants.
 RATIONALIZATION
When something happens that a person find difficult to
accept, then they will make up a logical reason why it has
happened.

REGRESSION
Involves taking the position of a child in some
problematic situation, rather than acting in a more adult way.
 REPRESSION
Involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively
inaccessible areas of the subconscious mind.

SELF-HARMING
A person deliberately hurts their self in some way or
otherwise puts themselves at high risk of harm.
 SOMATIZATION
Occurs where a psychological problem turns into
physical and subconscious symptoms.

SUBLIMATION
It is the transformation of unwanted impulses into
something less harmful.
 SUPPRESSION
This is where the person consciously and deliberately
pushes down any thought that leads to feelings of anxiety.

SUBSTITUTION
This takes something that leads to discomfort and
replace it with something that does not lead to discomfort.
 SYMBOLIZATION
Is a way of handling inner conflicts by turning them into
distinct symbols.

TRIVIALIZING
When an individual is faced with a disappointment over
something that is important to them, they are faced with the
problem of having their expectations and predictions dashed.
 UNDOING
It refers to performance of an act to “undo” a previous
unacceptable act or thought.
 POSITIVE COPING
Approaches that people can take to cope in a positive
way with problems, including:

▹ Immediate Problem-Solving
▹ Root-Cause Solving
▹ Benefit-Finding
▹ Spiritual Growth
 THANKS!

PRESENTATION BY: MISS LYKKA JANE FLORES PROCURATO, RCRIM