ZIM ART Guidelines 2016 - Review Final

Guidelines for
Antiretroviral Therapy
for the Prevention and
Treatment of HIV in
Zimbabwe
National Medicines and Therapeutics Policy Advisory

Committee (NMTPAC)
and
The AIDS and TB Directorate, Ministry of Health and Child
Care, Zimbabwe
December 2016
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe I
Guidelines for
Antiretroviral Therapy for the
Prevention and Treatment of HIV in
Zimbabwe, 2016
Published by:
• The National Medicine and Therapeutics Policy Advisory Committee

(NMTPAC) and
• The AIDS and TB Directorate, Ministry of Health and Child Care
(MOHCC), Harare
Further copies may be obtained via the AIDS and TB Directorate, Provincial
Medical Directorate offices, NMTPAC, or the Directorate of Pharmacy
Services, MOHCC, P.O. Box CY 1122, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Comments can be forwarded to the AIDS and TB Directorate (atp.director@
ymail.com) or the Directorate of Pharmacy Services ([email protected]).
The information presented in these guidelines conforms to current medical,
nursing, and pharmaceutical practice. It is provided in good faith, and hence,
whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the medicine doses are
correct, no responsibility can be taken for errors or omissions.
No part of this publication may be reproduced by any process without
the consent of the copyright holder except for purposes of private study,
research, criticism, review, or teaching, but not for sale or other commercial
use.
Original cover design: Regina Gapa and Charon Lessing
Copyright December 2016 Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare,
Zimbabwe.
II Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe
Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement...................................................................................... vi
Acronyms ..............................................................................................viii
Process of updating the guidelines............................................................. x
Chapter 1: Executive Summary................................................................ 1
Chapter 2: HIV Testing Services (HTS) for children, adolescent and
adults and Linkage to prevention and treatment.................... 4
Chapter 3. Principles Of Antiretroviral Therapy...................................... 17
Chapter 4. Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in
Adults and Adolescents........................................................ 20
Chapter 5. Recommended Treatment Regimens for
Adults and Adolescents........................................................ 27
Chapter 6: Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV.............. 35
Chapter 7: Pediatric Antiretroviral Treatment......................................... 46
Chapter 8: Monitoring Patients on Antitretroviral Therapy...................... 51
Chapter 9: Opportunistic Infections........................................................ 65
Chapter 10: Oral Pre- Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)............................... 84
Chapter 11: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)........................................ 94
Chapter 12: Reporting Of Adverse Drug Reactions
(ADRS) by Health Workers................................................. 101
Appendices ............................................................................................107
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe III
Foreword
HIV and AIDS remains a major public threat in the country with a prevalence
of 14.6% among the adult population. The introduction of antiretroviral
therapy (ARTs) has revolutionized the care and management of HIV and
AIDS and has transformed the disease from being life-threatening into a
chronic and manageable condition. Whilst ARVs do not cure HIV and AIDS,
they dramatically reduce mortality and morbidity if used appropriately. It
must still be emphasised that treatment with ARVs is for life. Evidence
supports HIV treatment as a prevention intervention for HIV transmission
and hence underscores the importance of ART.
The national antiretroviral therapy (ART) roll-out programme continues
to register successes in terms of wide national coverage for treatment to
those in need despite a difficult marco-environment. Through continued
decentralization of ART services more people are now able to access such
services closest to their homes. The government continues committed to
offer ARVs free of charge to PLHIV at public institutions as a policy in order
to overcome potential economic related access challenges. The rational
use of these medicines is imperative if we are to reach more of those in
need of this life-saving therapy. There is also continued need to use the
public-health approach for the management of HIV and AIDS. Health-care
workers need to have simplified treatment regimens as exemplified by
our current national ART guidelines as well as the widely used Essential
Medicines List of Zimbabwe. Using guidelines simplifies clinical decision
making, which allows the use of other cadres and not just doctors in the
delivery of ART as well as the associated monitoring.
We should all pursue and promote a standardised approach to treatment
to minimise the development of HIV drug resistance and ensure the
sustainability of our programme. The guidelines are meant for use in the
public and private sectors. These guidelines will be regularly updated as
new information and evidence becomes available.
I encourage you to make use of the latest edition of the guidelines. You will
find this easy given that we use a different colour for the cover each time
IV Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe
we produce a new version. Again, note that some recommendations might
change in the future as evidence and resources dictate.
We hope you will use these guidelines consistently.
Dr David P Parirenyatwa
Minister of Health and Child Care, Zimbabwe 2016
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe V
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to those people currently involved in the national HIV

response and research programmes for sharing their experiences as well
as best practices and thus contributing to the revision of these guidelines.
Special thanks are still extended to those who developed the original
guidelines, whose basis remains the backbone of this current edition, as
well as to the World Health Organization (WHO) for continually updating
its ART guidelines (latest revision 2016) and allowing them to be adapted
freely by national programmes.
The following people and organisations were actively involved in the current
guideline revision group and hence deserve special mention:
• National Medicine and Therapeutics Policy Advisory Committee,
NMTPAC) members
• Members of the Guideline Adaptation Steering Committee including
PLHIV
• Dr T. Apolo, Deputy Director for HIV and STIs, MOHCC
• Dr R.C Choto, Deputy National ART Coordinator, MOHCC
• Dr J. Murungu, Deputy National ART Coordinator, MOHCC
• Dr R.A.P Kuwengwa, Medical Officer, HIV Care and Treatment, MOHCC
• Dr A. Mushavi, PMTCT and peadiatric HIV coordinator, MOHCC
• Ms. Getrude Ncube – National HIV Prevention Coordinator, MOHCC
• Mrs. Beatrice Dupwa – National HTS Training Officer, MOHCC
• Dr C. C. Chakanyuka, National Professional Officer, WHO
• Dr. S. Mabaya – National Prevention Officer, WHO
• Dr. B. Ncube – HIV Prevention Focal Person, WHO AFRO
• Ms D. Nhamo – Programme Manager, Pangaea
• Dr A Reid. Physician, UZCHS
VI Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe
We also like to acknowledge CHAI, UNICEF, EGPAF, PEPFAR and its
implementing partners, NAC, WHO, UNFPA and the Global Fund for their
financial support in the development and printing of these guidelines
Thank you.
Prof. C.E. Ndhlovu Dr. O. Mugurungi

MMedSc (Clin Epi), FRCP MBChB, MSc
Chairperson, NMTPAC Director, AIDS and TB Unit
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe VII
Acronyms/Abbreviations
3TC Lamivudine
ABC Abacavir
AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ART Antiretroviral therapy
ARVs Medicines for treating HIV
ATV Atazanavir
AZT Zidovudine
BCG Bacille Calmette-Guérin
BHIVA British HIV Association
CHAI Clinton Health Access Initiative
CHBC Community- and home-based care
CD4 Cluster of differentiation 4
CMV Cytomegalovirus
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
D4T Stavudine
ddI Didanosine
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EFV Efavirenz
EID Early infant diagnosis
FCH Family and child health
FDC Fixed-dose combination
FP Family planning
GI Gastrointestinal
HBIG Hepatitis B immune globulin
HBV Hepatitis B virus
HCW Health Care Worker
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HL Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
HPV Human papilloma virus
ICP Intracranial pressure
IDV Indinavir
II Intergrase Inhibitor
IRIS Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
LA Latex agglutination
VIII Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe
LFA Lateral flow assay
LFT Liver function test
LPV Lopinavir
MCAZ Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe
MOHCC Ministry of Health and Child Care
NADCs Non-AIDS defining cancers
NMTPAC National Medicine and Therapeutics Policy Advisory
Committee
NGO Nongovernmental organisation
NHL Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
NNRTI Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
NRTI Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
NtRTI Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor
NVP Nevirapine
OI Opportunistic infection
PCP Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PI Protease inhibitor
PITC Provider-initiated testing and counselling
PLHIV People living with HIV
PMTCT Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
RNA Ribonucleic acid
RTV Ritonavir
SEQAAAR Safe, efficacious, quality, affordable, accessible,
available, rationally used
SQV Saquinavir
STI Sexually transmitted infection
TB Tuberculosis
TDF Tenofovir
USA United States of America
UZCHS University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences
VCT Voluntary counselling and testing
VEN Vital, essential, necessary
VL Viral load
WHO World Health Organization
ZDV Zidovudine
ZNMP Zimbabwe National Medicine Policy
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe IX
Process of Updating the Guidelines
Chapters were allocated to members of the National Medicines and

Therapeutics Policy Advisory Committee (NMTPAC) according to their
areas of expertise or interest. Furthermore, other experts e.g. working
with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the national programmes
for the HIV & AIDS and TB programmes were consulted. Use was made
of the latest WHO recommendations as well as the comments from the
report of a Consensus meeting held on 21-23 June 2016 in Harare which
was convened by the AIDS and TB Directorate to enable a discourse on
the 2015 WHO ART for Prevention and HIV treatment recommendations.
This meeting was attended by various stakeholders including the Steering
Committee that had been set up by the AIDS and TB Directorate to adapt
the newly released WHO guidance as well as people living with HIV.
The principles of applying the “essential medicines” concept were
maintained, and the need to maintain evidence-informed recommendations
as well as the rational use of medicine was paramount. The recommendations
had to be deemed cost-effective and feasible in our health-care delivery.
Essential medicines are those medicines that satisfy the needs of the majority
of the population and therefore should be available at all times. Relevant
ART guidelines and in particular the latest WHO guidance informed the
revision process. The aim was to have an evidence-informed consensus
view of the acceptability, affordability, and feasibility of implementing the
recommendations within the Zimbabwean healthcare delivery system.
The Zimbabwean health delivery system can be divided into four levels:
primary care, first referral level (district hospital), second referral level
(provincial hospital), and third referral level (central hospital). Selection of
medicines is based on SEQAAAR (i.e., safety, efficacy, quality, affordability,
accessibility, availability, and rational use). Medicine availability is also
classified by the level of prescribing—that is, S (specialist), A, B, or C. S
level medicines require special expertise and/or diagnostic tests before
being prescribed. ‘A level’ medicines should be prescribed only at the
central or provincial levels.
‘B level’ medicines are prescribed from the district level upward, and
‘C level’ medicines should be the only medicines freely available at the
X Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe
rural primary care level. B-level medicines can be made available at the
‘C level’ with the consent of the district medical officer. ARV medicines
are classified as ‘C level’ and therefore can be available at primary
care level. The VEN (vital, essential, necessary) classification allows
for priority setting for medicine selection, procurement, and availability:
V medicines are vital, given first priority, and supposed to be available
100% of the time; E medicines are essential and given second priority;
and N medicines are necessary or nonessential and last on the list of
priority needs. The Essential Medicine List of Zimbabwe categorizes the
medicines selected for Zimbabwe by level as well as by VEN classification.
These classifications are reviewed from time to time to correspond to the
country’s current needs.
NMTPAC’s overall objective is to oversee the implementation of the
specific objectives of the Zimbabwe National Medicine Policy (NMP).
The overall goal of the NMP is to provide quality health care for most of
the population through the provision of safe, effective, good-quality, and
affordable medicines.
Rational use of medicines is enhanced by the development, distribution,
and use of treatment protocols and hence the need to keep revising our
guidelines while taking into cognisance the feasibility of implementing the
desired recommendations within our health care delivery system.
NMTPAC is responsible for reviewing the Essential Medicines List and
treatment guidelines as well as monitoring the rational use of medicines
in Zimbabwe. NMTPAC is a multidisciplinary team of health-care workers
who provide voluntary service for the committee. Including its secretariat
i.e. the Directorate of Pharmacy Services, the current NMTPAC
membership has HIV experts, physicians, paediatricians, public-health
specialists, pharmacists, and regulatory officers and is as follows:
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe XI
Name of Member Designation/Institution
Borok M Z, Professor Physician, UZCHS
National Programme Officer, HIV/Hep,WHO

Chakanyuka CC, Dr
Zimbabwe
Hove R, Mrs Pharmacist, Directorate of Pharmacy Services
Khoza S, Dr Clinical Pharmacologist, UZCHS
Manyame S, Dr Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, UZCHS
Maunganidze A J, Mr Surgeon, UZCHS
Mudzimu F, Mr Pharmacist, Directorate of Pharmacy Services

Mudzura-Samukange E,
Regulatory Officer, MCAZ
Mrs
President, College of Primary Care Physicians
Mungwadzi G, Dr
of Zimbabwe
Mujuru H A, Dr Paediatrician, UZCHS
Paediatrician, PMTCT and Paediatric HIV Care

Mushavi A, Dr
and Treatment, MoHCC
Mutasa-Apollo T, Dr Deputy Director, HIV & AIDS and STIs, MOHCC
Ndhlovu C E, Prof Physician, UZCHS
Nyamayaro R T T, Dr Anaesthetist, Parirenyatwa Central Hospital
Nyatsambo C, Dr Physician, Harare City Health Department
Pharmacist and Managing Director, National

Sifeku F, Mrs
Pharmaceutical Company
Torongo M, Mrs Pharmacist, Retail Pharmacists Association
Vuragu D N, Mr Chief Pharmacist, Parirenyatwa Central Hospital
Wellington M, Dr Public Health Specialist, Newlands Clinic
XII Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe
CHAPTER 1: Executive Summary
HIV Testing Services

• As a new recommendation; the MOHCC recommends re-testing of all
people newly and previously diagnosed with HIV before they initiate
ART. Re-testing refers to using the same testing algorithm on a second
specimen from the same individual. It should ideally be conducted by a
different service provider.
• HIV self-testing (HIVST) is being recommended as an additional approach
to HIV testing services.
• It refers to a process in which a person collects his or her own
specimen (oral fluid or blood) and then performs a test and interprets
the result, often in private or with someone that he/she trusts.
• HIVST does not provide a definitive HIV-positive diagnosis and
hence people who test positive during self-testing need to confirm
the positive test at a health facility and be linked to treatment and
care services.
Early Infant Diagnosis

• Birth PCR will be done within 48hrs of birth where available for high
MTCT risk infants ONLY.
• Early ART initiation as soon as birth PCR results are available.
• For babies who test HIV positive at birth ALWAYS retest and confirm
results with repeat PCR but retesting should not delay ART initiation.
• Babies who test negative at birth (birth PCR) or not tested MUST be
tested at 6 weeks.
• Infants at high risk of transmission will receive dual ARVs (AZT and
NVP) for 12 weeks as prophylaxis if breastfeeding and 6 weeks if not
breastfeeding.
• Cotrimoxazole must be started from 6 weeks of age even in babies on
longer duration of prophylaxis and continued through adolescence.
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe 1
HIV Treatment Services
• The country has adopted the “Treat ALL” recommendation where, all
individuals with confirmed HIV diagnosis are eligible for anti-retroviral
therapy (ART) irrespective of WHO clinical stage or CD4 count.
• Low-dose 400 mg Efavirenz-based regimens will be phased in and
will initially be prioritized to adolescents living with HIV and other HIV
infected individuals who cannot tolerate 600 mg Efavirenz or Nevirapine-
containing ARV regimens.
Treatment Monitoring
• Viral load should be monitored routinely at 6 months and at 12 months
after ART initiation, and then annually thereafter.
• A CD4 test is recommended at baseline to determine degree of immune
suppression of a patient to inform ‘differentiated care’ for the patient.
However, CD4 count is no longer used to assess eligibility for ART
initiation.
• The frequency of clinic visits has been reduced. When clients are clinically
stable and on chronic medication, they do not necessarily need to be
seen by the clinician at every visit.
• A stable patient on ART should be seen for a clinical assessment every 6
months.
• A stable patient on ART is defined as someone who:
• Has no current OIs, has a VL<1,000 copies/ml and is at least 6
months on ART
• Where viral load is not available the client should have no
current OIs, a CD4>200 copies/ml and be at least 6 months on ART
PMTCT
• VL should be done on all HIV positive pregnant women who are on ART
at first ANC visit and repeated 6 monthly throughout the breast feeding
period
• Pregnant women not yet on ART or those newly diagnosed to be HIV
positive on the first ANC booking should be initiated on ART on the same
day of first booking and should get a VL after 3 month of starting ART
• Viral load testing during pregnancy and breastfeeding period is needed
2 Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe
to stratify HIV exposed infants as either high risk or low risk. A high risk
infant is defined as follows;
• An infant whose mother has a high maternal viral load >1000copies/
ml during the last 4 weeks before delivery
• An infant born to HIV infected woman who has received less than 8
weeks of ART at the time of delivery
• An infant born to a newly diagnosed HIV infected woman during
labor, delivery and postpartum (Incident HIV infection)
• High-risk infants require dual prophylaxis of Daily AZT plus NVP for 12
weeks among the breast-fed infants and Daily AZT plus NVP for 6 weeks
among the formula-fed infants
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PreP)

•
These guidelines recommend Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
which should be offered as an additional prevention choice for people
at substantial risk of HIV infection as part of combination prevention
approaches.
• The MOHCC will implement PrEP using a phased approach. An
implementation plan and Standard Operating procedures (SOPs) on
PrEP will be developed and shared by MOHCC to guide the introduction
and scale up of PrEP.
Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

• The new guidelines recommend the use of TDF/3TC/ATV/r for adults and
adolescents for PEP
• There is a more pronounced presence of guidelines pertaining to sexual
assault (rape, intimate partner violence, sexual abuse)
Reporting Adverse Drug Events

• A new chapter that provides health workers guidance on reporting
adverse drug reactions has been added. Emphasis is made on recording
and reporting all suspected adverse drug reactions to MCAZ.
CHAPTER 2: HIV Testing Services
(HTS) for Children, Adolescents
and Adults and Linkage to
Prevention and Treatment
2.1 Introduction
HIV testing services serve as the entry point to prevention, care and treatment
programs. HIV Testing Services (HTS) include HIV testing, counselling (pre
and post testing services, disclosure, adherence) and linkage to appropriate
HIV prevention, treatment and care services. Laboratory services should
support quality assurance and delivery of correct results. All HIV Testing
Services in Zimbabwe should be conducted in accordance with the best
interest of the client (child, adolescent or adult). HIV testing should never
be coercive or mandatory, except in unique situations such as court orders.
The goal of the Ministry of Health and Child Care (MOHCC) is to ensure
that 90% of all people living with HIV know their HIV status by 2020 as per
the 90-90-90 Global Fast Track targets and 95% by 2030. In line with the
HTS Strategic framework 2016-2020, the MOHCC has committed to not
only increasing testing coverage for the general population, but prioritizing
strategies and testing initiatives that are more likely to identify those people
living with HIV and those most in need of care and treatment services
who currently are unaware of their HIV status. HTS services are guided
by 6 core principles (6Cs): consent, confidentiality, counselling, comfort for
the woman in labour, correct results and connection-linkage to care and
prevention services. These fundamental principles for HTS are described
in detail below:
Consent – All clients should receive sufficient information to understand
the testing process and possible consequences of being tested. Clients
receiving HTS must give informed consent, which can be written or verbal.
They should be informed of the process of HTS and their right to defer HIV
testing.
Confidentiality – discussions between the service provider and the client
should not be disclosed to anyone without the permission of the client.
Inform the client of shared confidentiality
Counselling – Pre-test counselling may be given as a group, couple or
individual depending on the setting. Post-test counselling may be individual
or as a couple.
Comfort: HTS should be offered during the early stage of labour. The health
worker should assess the woman’s stage of labour, comfort level, and need
for analgesics. The content should be short, to the point, and explained
based on the comfort level of the woman, between contractions. The health
worker should ask the woman to signal for a pause when a contraction is
starting.
Correct and accurate HIV test - results should be provided by trained
service providers with support for internal and external quality assurance
and control from the laboratory personnel as stipulated in the National Rapid
HIV testing QA/QC protocols.
Connections to HIV Prevention, Treatment, Care and Support services
- must be in place. Clients who test HIV negative should be linked to HIV
prevention services, whilst those testing positive are linked to appropriate
HIV treatment services.
2.2 Service Delivery Approaches for HTS

Facility Based HTS: Scale up routine HIV testing to all clients using Provider
Initiated Testing and counselling (PITC) for children, adolescents and adults
in all clinical settings irrespective of the reason for presenting at a health
facility. PITC should be offered routinely within malnutrition and paediatrics
clinics, STI, viral hepatitis and TB services, inpatients and outpatients
settings, ANC settings and in health services for vulnerable groups that
include children, adolescent and also key populations.
Community-based HTS: approaches include door-to-door / home-based
testing (including index case testing) and mobile outreach campaigns in
workplaces, parks, bars, places of worship and educational establishments.
HIV Self-Testing (HIVST): This refers to a process in which a person
collects his or her own specimen (oral fluid or blood) and then performs
a test and interprets the result, often in private or with someone he or she
trusts. HIV self-testing should be offered as an additional approach to HIV
testing services. HIVST does not provide a definitive HIV-positive diagnosis;
meaning a reactive (positive) self-test result always requires further testing
from a trained testing provider using the relevant validated national testing
algorithm. People who test positive during self-testing need to confirm the
positive test at a health facility and if they test positive with confirmatory test
they are then linked to treatment and care
Figure 1: HIV Self Testing (HIVST) Strategy
Perform HIV self-test

A0
A0 –
A0+
Report HIV -ve
Recommend
retesting as
Link to HIV testing needed & linkage
for diagnosis, care to relevant HIV
& treatment prevention
Source: WHO HTS guideline 2015
The proposed distribution models for HIVST are as follows: -

• Community Based Distributors Agents chosen by the Communities (can
be village health workers, behaviour change facilitators)
• New Start Network
• VMMC mobilisers and at VMMC sites
• Clinics for key populations
• Public Health Institutions including ANC sites for pregnant women
• Private Sector Pharmacies
Studies are still going on to gather evidence on which cost-effective models
to distribute self-testing kits and the models might change based on evidence
gathered. The Ministry is in the process of mobilising funds to procure the kits
for scale up of HIVST.
2.3 The HIV Testing Service Package
Figure 2 outlines the components of the HIV testing service package.
This includes the pre-test information, conducting the HIV test, Post- test
counselling and follow up Counselling and referrals.
With the introduction of treat all three key messages must be given in the
post test counselling for those testing positive:
• Treatment is available for all people living with HIV
• Starting treatment as soon as possible will prevent your health from
worsening and also prevent transmission to others
• Taking ART properly will allow you to live a long and fulfilling life
8
Figure 2: Primary Component of HIV Services Package
Pre-test information Conduct HIV Test Follow up Counselling &

Post-Test Counselling
Referrals
• Basics of HIV • Follow National For all client whether HIV HIV negative and HIV positive
(Transmission, testing positive or negative patients /clients.
Prevention and algorithm/ • Provision of result • Empowers clients to
Treatment) guidelines • Risk assessment and continue with their risk
• Ensure a clear • Rapid HIV reduction reduction strategies.
understanding testing with • Screen for STIs, TB and • HIV positive will be
of the benefits of same day other conditions supported ontreatment
HTC results in highly • Disclosure and partner/ adherence and positive
recommended family referral for HIV living
• Explanation
test • Referral for appropriate
of testing and
• Referral and linkage to services such as for
counseling
post- test services opportunistic infection
procedures
• Provide take home (OI), ART, VMMC, Cervical
Explanation on
information Cancer Screening, STI
meaning of results
• If HIV negative emphasis and TB screening and
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe
• Information on on ‘Staying NEGATIVE” management; Prevention of
post test support • If HIV positive emphasis Mother to child Transmission
services available on importance of of HIV (PMTCT); family
• Disclosure and treatment adherence planning; nutrition;
referral support and positive psychosocial and any other
living support deemed necessary.
Source: Adapted from MOHCC PITC Flow Chart

2.2.1 HIV Testing Algorithm for Children Above 18 months,
Adolescents and Adults
Figure 3 shows the National HIV Testing Algorithm for children 18 months and
above. Serial testing is recommended with Determine or SD bioline followed
by Chembio/ First response. If results are discordant then the two tests are
repeated in parallel. If still discordant a third test (INSTI) is performed. If
negative report as negative. If positive, retesting in 14 days.
Figure 3: HIV testing algorithm for children above 18 months, adolescents and
adults
st
Perform 1 screening HIV test using
either DETERMINE / SD BIOLINE
If HIV test result If HIV test result

is POSITIVE is NEGATIVE
nd
Confirm HIV Test using 2 test Report HIV
Chembio/First Response NEGATIVE
DISCORDANT if
nd
If HIV test result result of 2 test is
remains POSITIVE now NEGATIVE
st
Repeat both 1 screening st nd
REPORT st
If 1 and nd If 1 and 2 repeat tests
HIV test and 2 test (PARALLEL both test NEGATIVE
2nd
POSITIVE TEST)
repeat
tests
positive
st
Discordant if 1 parellel
tests are HIV Positive and REPORT
the other HIV NEGATIVE HIV
REPORT HIV NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
rd
Perform the 3 HIV test
using INSTI
If HIV test result If HIV test result is

is POSITIVE NEGATIVE
REPORT
INCONCLUSIVE REPORT
(Retest in 14 Days) HIV
NEGATIVE
Table 1: Priority Populations to be Considered for HTS
Infants and • Infants and children get exposed to HIV mainly from
children their infected mothers. Therefore exposed infants and
children should be tested to determine their HIV status
and link them appropriately to care and treatment.
Adolescents • Adolescent girls and young women are particularly

and Youth vulnerable to HIV infection. Early sexual debut,
often with older partners, coerced sex and low
rates of condom use, combined with their biological
vulnerability at that age, increase the risk of HIV
infection among adolescent.
Pregnant • One of the key steps in preventing mother to child

and breast transmission of HIV starts with the pregnant woman
feeding knowing her HIV status. HTS should be available and
women structured to make it easy for the pregnant woman
and breast feeding women to access. Breast feeding
women to be re tested every 6 months during the
period of breast feeding.
Men • More emphasis should be put in reaching men for HTS

services in high HIV prevalent settings in view of fewer
men compared to women knowing their HIV status.
Couples • It is recommended that HTS service providers

encourage individual testers to test together with their
sexual partners as couples
Key • Key populations are disproportionately affected by

populations HIV and have limited access to HIV prevention, care
and treatment services. There is need for friendly or
appropriate services for the different key populations.
2.2.2 Retesting for the Window Period
For most people who test HIV-negative, additional retesting to rule out being
in the window period is not necessary. This is because most people who
receive HIV testing and test HIV-negative will not be at risk from recent
infection.
Retesting should only be done for a small minority who identify a specific
recent suspected exposure e.g. key populations.
2.2.3 Retesting to Verify HIV Status

Retesting refers to using the same testing algorithm on a second specimen
from the same individual.
The majority of individuals do not require retesting to verify an HIV negative
status particularly with no on-going HIV risk. However, retesting is required
for individuals with on-going risk of contracting HIV where annual retesting
is recommended.
Retest all people newly and previously diagnosed with HIV before they
initiate ART. Retesting should ideally be conducted by a different service
provider with a different specimen.
Retesting people on ART is not recommended as there are potential risks
of incorrect diagnosis. The effect of ART in suppressing viral replication
may extend to suppression of the immune response and thus of antibody
production leading to inaccurate HIV diagnosis.
2.2.4 Linkage to Prevention, Treatment, Care and Support

Services
Linkage is defined as a process of actions and activities that support people
testing for HIV and people diagnosed with HIV to engage with prevention,
treatment and care services as appropriate for their HIV status. For people
with HIV, it refers to the period beginning with HIV diagnosis and ending with
enrolment in care or treatment.
Therefore, without linkage to prevention, treatment and care, testing and
learning one’s HIV status has limited value. Those who test HIV-negative, if
at continuing high risk, as well as those who test HIV positive, need linkage
to prevention services.
Table 2: Linkages to HIV Prevention and Care Services by HIV Test Status
HIV Positive HIV Negative

Preven- Male and female condoms and condom-compatible lubri-
tion cants
Harm reduction for people who use drugs
Behavioural interventions to support risk reduction, particu-
larly for people with HIV and key populations
PEP following suspected
exposure
VMMC
Treatment Antiretroviral therapy PrEP for people at sub-
stantial ongoing risk
SRH Contraception
Brief sexuality counselling
Cervical cancer screening
STI screening
HTS for For all partners and family For partners of people
partners/ members (includes partner from key populations,
family notification and index case where appropriate
members testing)
Retesting • Confirmation from communi- Retesting (as per retesting
for confir- ty-based testing recommendations pg 8)
mation • Retest for verification before
of HIV test ART initiation
Other Assessment and provision of vaccinations, tetanus vaccina-
clinical tion for adolescent boys and men receiving VMMC where
services appropriate
HBV testing and referral for management
Intensified TB case finding and linkage to TB treatment
Other Mental health services
support Psychosocial support, Disclo-
services sure and Treatment adherence
counselling
Support for disclosure and
partner notification
Legal services
Table 3: Recommendations for HIV retesting
Population Recommendation
General population not Offer retesting at least annually

at on-going risk
Individuals with Retest after 14 days

Inconclusive HIV test
results
Individuals on PEP Retest at 3 months and 6 months after the initial

test
Individuals on PrEP Retest after every 3 months
Key populations Retesting according to risk assessments

(suggest three months)
HIV-negative pregnant Retest previously HIV-negative women in

women and lactating the first trimester of pregnancy and at third
women trimester/ or at delivery;
6 weeks post-natal and 6 monthly during the
breastfeeding period. Visits to EPI and 6 weeks(
DTP) and at 9 months (measles) should be time
points where maternal HIV status is reassessed
HIV positive individuals Retest all people newly and previously

before initiation diagnosed with HIV before they initiate ART.
of ART
Retesting should ideally be conducted by
a different service provider with a different
specimen. However if there is only one health
worker at the facility they can take another
blood sample a few hours apart and retest
2.3 Disclosure of HIV Status
Disclosure in HTS is the process through which a client shares information
about their HIV test result with significant others or a third party. The goal of
HIV disclosure is to share one’s challenges and get support that enhances
access to care. However, this support may not always be forthcoming
and clients may face situations of stigma and discrimination. Health care
providers should encourage and support the client to disclose to significant
others.
2.3.1 Disclosure to a Child, Adolescent and Youths of HIV

Status
Disclosure is the process of informing the child/adolescent of his or her own
HIV status or informing someone else about the child’s/ adolescent’s HIV
status. It may be determined by readiness of the parent/caregiver to talk
about it and readiness of the child/adolescent to understand and change their
lives as a result of the knowledge of his/her status. A thorough assessment
of the child’s knowledge and attitude towards HIV and AIDS issues, age and
level of maturity is essential for assessing readiness to receive information
about HIV status.
• Partial disclosure starts with revelation to a child sometimes as young as
6 years without mentioning “HIV” or “AIDS” and can use age appropriate
communication and counselling techniques.
• Progressive disclosure is when more and more information about the
child’s HIV status is shared with the child/adolescent as he/she develops
and matures.
• Full disclosure is when the child is given all the information about his/her
HIV status during a counselling session.
Health workers should also be available to provide on-going support and
counselling for the family as necessary.
Adolescents below 16 years should be offered their HIV test results in
consultation with their parents, guardians, or caretakers. Post-test counselling
should be offered to the adolescent together with the parent. Those 16
years and above should receive their HIV test results if they request the
HTC services, but where they wish to receive the results in the company of
their parents/guardians they can choose to. Adolescents and youth should
be counselled about the potential health benefits of disclosing their HIV
status to significant others, including their parents/guardians/caregiver and
supported to determine, when, how and to whom to disclose to. Parents
/ guardian/caregiver, who find it difficult to disclose the HIV status of their
children, should be supported by health workers.
2.4 Quality Assurance

Ensuring correct HIV test results is a priority and a crucial component of WHO’s
5 Cs for HTS. The cost of misdiagnosis is very high and providers have an
ethical obligation to ensure accurate results are given. Quality assurance for
HTS will be implemented through quality management systems comprising
of Internal and external quality assurance systems. To ensure quality, testing
will be conducted only according to the national algorithm and adhering to
the Standard Operating Procedures for the program. All sites offering HTS
will be accredited to ensure that they meet the minimum standard to provide
quality testing. Testing will be conducted only by providers who are trained
and are competent. Additionally, care should be taken to ensure that the
kits are transported and stored in a way that preserves their quality. Service
providers and program managers will continually monitor and evaluate the
performance of testing and improve the quality of services including that of
counselling.
CHAPTER 3: Principles of Antiretroviral
Therapy
3.1 Background
The guiding principles for effective ART include potency of regimens
chosen, minimum adverse events, reduced pill burden, and accessibility and
affordability of the medicine combinations. The reduced pill burden will be
achieved by using FDCs of antiretroviral medicines. Although the potency
(efficacy) of the regimen is important, adherence to a simple regimen will
ensure that the ongoing viral replication is maximally suppressed, thus
allowing the immune status to recover. Plasma viral load (VL) measures viral
replication, whereas the effect of ART on the immune system is monitored
using the CD4 lymphocyte count in most patients or CD4 percentage in
children under five years.
Health-care personnel will need to receive continuing medical education to
remain up to date on ART recommendations. Guidelines change as new
evidence emerges from clinical trials and lessons are learnt from programme
experiences. The need for those involved in managing patients on ART to
undergo frequent retraining and evaluation cannot be overemphasised. ART
requires in-depth knowledge about antiretroviral agents, their side effects,
and issues such as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).
Being able to detect and manage OIs, knowing when to initiate ART, and
knowing when to change medicines as toxicities occur or when to switch to
second-line or even third-line therapy, as well as counselling abilities, are all
necessary skills. Such skills can be acquired with the relevant training and
experiential learning. Clinical attachments and clinical mentoring are tools
to improve health-care worker skills in all disciplines, including ART delivery.
Adherence to treatment regimens and schedules is crucial to the success of
this therapy. Without high adherence rates, viral resistance to the medicines
emerges readily. Hence, there is need to be vigilant and monitor patients
during ART for adherence rates, side effects, and treatment failure. Treatment
failure should alert the health-care worker on the need to switch to second-
line or third-line therapy.
The Ministry of Health and Child Care is progressively increasing access to
viral load testing therefore switching to second or third line treatment should
be based on viral load testing. However, switching to second-line therapy
can be based on a combination of clinical monitoring plus at a minimum
laboratory testing (CD4 count) where access to VL is poor. VL testing is a
must before switching a patient to third line ART therapy. Given the maturing
ART programme, third-line therapy has become necessary. The use of such
third-line regimens will require close consultations with those specialists who
have experience treating clients who are “ART experienced.”
3.2 Characteristics of Available ARVs

Medicines in use in most of our programmes belong to the following classes:
• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). These medicines block
the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme and prevent the copying of the viral
RNA into the DNA of infected host cells by imitating the building blocks of the
DNA chain. The resulting DNA chain is incomplete and cannot create new
viruses.
• Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs). These medicines
act at the same stage of the viral life cycle as do NRTIs but have a better
resistance profile.
• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). These
medicines also block the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, but have a
different mechanism of action than the NRTIs and the NtRTIs.
• Protease inhibitors (PIs). These medicines block the enzyme protease and
prevent the assembly and release of HIV particles from infected cells.
• Integrase inhibitors (IIs). These medicines target HIV’s integrase protein,
blocking its ability to integrate its genetic code into human cells.
These additional classes of ARVs are not yet in use in Zimbabwe:

• Fusion inhibitors (FIs). These work by preventing HIV from entering healthy
CD4 cells by blocking proteins on the surface of CD4 cells.
• CCR5 inhibitors. These block the CCR5 co-receptor that HIV uses to enter
and infect the cell. CCR5 works specifically against CCR5-tropic HIV.
Before treating a patient with a CCR5 inhibitor, a test to determine the
strain of virus is necessary.
Table 4: Antiretroviral Medicines by Mode of Action
Nucleoside Non-nucleoside Protease Integrase

Reverse Reverse Inhibitors (PI) Inhibitors
Transcriptase Transcriptase (II)
Inhibitors (NRTI) Inhibitors
(NNRTI)
Tenofovir (TDF) Nevirapine (NVP) Lopinavir/ Raltegravir
(NtRTI) ritonavir (LPV/r) (RAL)
Zidovudine (AZT, Efavirenz (EFV) Atazanavir/ Dolutegravir
ZDV) ritonavir (ATV/r) (DTG)
Lamivudine (3TC) Etravirine Darunavir

Emtricitabine (FTC) Ritonavir(RTV)
Abacavir (ABC)
Didanosine (ddI)
Stavudine(d4T)
3.3 Efficacy and safety

Regimens based on two NRTIs plus one NNRTI are efficacious, are less
expensive, have generic formulations, and are available as FDCs. PIs should
generally be preserved for second-line or third-line therapy and for children
less than 3 years.
The preferred first line regimen of Tenofovir, Lamivudine and Efavirenz
has relatively few adverse effects and is taken once daily. Zidovudine (as
an alternative to Tenofovir) can cause anaemia but is less likely to cause
peripheral neuropathy.
Efavirenz has less adverse effects compared to Nevirapine. Nevirapine can
cause a rash and hepatotoxicity and thus should be used with caution when
initiating ART at higher levels of CD4 counts (e.g., in women with CD4 counts
greater than 250 and in men with CD4 counts greater than 400).
All ARVs have class-specific side effects, and individual medicines may cause
specific side effects (see Table 10 in Section 8.4). In addition, significant
medicine interactions and toxicities may occur when using some ARVs in
combination with each other and with other medicines such as TB medicines.
CHAPTER 4: Initiation of Antiretroviral
Therapy in Adults and Adolescents
4.1 Goals of ART

The aims of ART are as follows:
• Maximal and durable suppression of replication of HIV
• Restoration and/or preservation of immune function
• Reduction of HIV-related morbidity and mortality
• Improvement of quality of life
• Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (vertical transmission)
• Reduction of transmission of HIV from infected to uninfected individuals
through use of ARVs by the infected individual now commonly known as
‘Treatment as prevention’
Prior to starting ART, patients should be assessed for readiness to take
ARVs; the ARV regimen; dosage; and scheduling; the likely potential adverse
effects; and the required monitoring. Both medical and psychosocial issues
need to be addressed before initiating ART. Patients should be adequately
counselled about adopting appropriate lifestyle measures such as safer sex
practices (including use of condoms), and any other psychosocial problems
that may interfere with adherence (e.g., alcohol, psychiatric disorders)
should be addressed. Efforts should be made to reduce the time between
HIV diagnosis and ART initiation based on an assessment of a person’s
readiness.
At each clinic visit, always screen for tuberculosis using a TB symptom
checklist, advice patients about adequate nutrition and the importance of
medicine adherence and regular follow-up care. People taking ARVs should
also be regularly asked about whether they are taking other medications
including herbal remedies that may interfere with the efficacy of ARVs. The
ART programme should promote treatment literacy for PLHIV including
information on the benefits of early treatment, the risks of delaying treatment,
the required life-long commitment for adherence to treatment.
Early treatment initiation is associated with clinical and HIV prevention
benefits, improving survival and reducing the incidence of HIV infection
at the community level. Increasing evidence also indicates that untreated
HIV may be associated with the development of severe non-AIDS defining
conditions including cardio-vascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease
and neurocognitive disorders.
4.2 Medical Criteria for Initiating ART in Adults and
Adolescents
All individuals with a confirmed HIV diagnosis are eligible for anti-retroviral
therapy (ART) irrespective of WHO clinical stage and CD4 count level i.e.
TREAT ALL.
Health workers should retest all people newly and previously diagnosed
with HIV before they initiate ART. Retesting should ideally be conducted by
a different service provider with a different specimen.
As a priority, initiate ART in all individuals with severe or advanced HIV

clinical disease (WHO clinical stage 3 or 4) or CD4 count less than or equal
to 350 cells/ mm3.
It is also recommended to initiate ART, as a priority, in the following categories
of patients regardless of CD4 cell count:
• Active TB disease
• Pregnant and breast-feeding women with HIV
• Individuals with HIV in sero-discordant relationships
• HBV co-infection with severe chronic liver disease
Once an individual is confirmed to be HIV positive; health workers
should provide adequate counselling and start ART within a week.
However, for those patients who are not ready yet to start ART, they
should receive on-going counselling and support. EXCEPTIONS:
Pregnant and breast-feeding women should be started ART on the
same day of HIV diagnosis.
Patients with CD4 cell count <100

Patients with low CD4 below 100 should be fast-tracked for treatment
initiation. They should be screened for symptomatic TB and cryptococcal
disease (see section 9.3). They should receive cotrimoxazole and isoniazid
(INH) prophylaxis like all other patients and should be closely monitored
for 3 months as this is their highest risk period for bacterial infections and
TB or cryptococcal IRIS. Health workers should educate them and their
families to report immediately to a health facility if they are unwell whilst
their CD4 cell count is< 100 copies.
See the WHO clinical staging system (Appendixes I and II).
The revised medical criteria i.e. treating all individuals who are HIV infected,
means that many more PLHIV will be eligible for ART and that will include
many healthier people. Given our limited resources as a country, there will
be need to prioritize as indicated above. The AIDS and TB Directorate of the
MOHCC will regularly advise you on availability of funds to procure ARVs, so
as to ensure that those started on ARVs are maintained on them to reduce
the potential development of HIV medicine resistance.
4.3 Psychosocial Criteria for Initiating ART

Consider the following psychosocial criteria when initiating ART:
• Has the patient been adequately counselled and informed about ARVs?
• Is a treatment partner available and/or has disclosure been made to that
treatment partner (strongly encouraged)?
• Is there an easy method of following up on the patient?
• Is the patient ready to take medications indefinitely?
4.4 Reasons for Deferring ART

A patient may be deferred (delayed) from starting therapy if the patient
• has cryptococcal meningitis (defer for at least a month)
• needs further psychosocial counselling (e.g., for alcohol problems),
• has TB (defer starting ART for at least 2 weeks)
• needs further information on HIV and AIDS,
• is terminally ill and unable to swallow oral medication (palliative care is
then offered to such a patient).
Such patients should be offered continued monitoring and close follow-up as
well as counselling so that ART can be commenced at an appropriate time.
4.5 Adherence to ART

WHO defines treatment adherence as ‘the extent to which a person’s
behaviour- taking medications, following a diet and/or executes lifestyle
changes corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care
provider.
It should be noted that motivation to start and adhere to treatment may be
more difficult for people who feel well and have higher CD4 counts than for
people who are ill. Therefore, health workers should put special emphasis
on adherence counselling for this particular group of patients. Efforts to
support adherence should start before ART initiation and should include
basic information about HIV, the ARV medicines, expected adverse events,
preparations for long-term ART. Many factors affect adherence to treatment.
Patients may just forget to take their ARVs, be away from home, be depressed
or may abuse alcohol. Medication factors may include adverse events, pill
burden, dietary restrictions. Health care factors include medicine stock outs,
long distances to health facilities and costs related to care.
Effective adherence support interventions include client-centred behavioural
counselling and support, support from peer educators trained as “expert
patients,” community treatment supporters and mobile text messaging.
High quality evidence from randomized trials has shown that text messages
contributed to reduced non-adherence and unsuppressed viral load. Other
interventions involve encouraging people to disclose their HIV status and
providing them with adherence tools such as pill boxes, diaries, and patient
reminder aids. During follow-up, patients should be assessed for adherence
to whatever treatment plan has been agreed upon (OSDM, 2016).
4.6 ART in Adolescents

4.6.1 Who is an Adolescent?
The WHO defines an adolescent as a child between the ages of 10 and 19
years. This period of life encompasses many physiological and psychological
changes that should be taken into account when treating an adolescent.
Adolescence is characterized by rapid physical, neurodevelopmental,
emotional and social changes. This age- group appears to be underserved
by current HIV services. They have significantly worse access to ART
services than adults, high risk of loss to follow-up, sub-optimal adherence,
and require comprehensive health care and support services.
Perinatally infected adolescents are likely to experience chronic diseases
and neuro-developmental growth and pubertal delays. However, adolescents
who acquire HIV behaviourally may not face the same clinical problems, but
may potentially have challenges relating to stigma and lack of support to
access care.
4.6.2 HIV Testing Services (HTS) for Adolescents
• It is important to increase uptake for HIV testing services by adolescents
through: provider-initiated HTS coupled with other entry services such
family planning services, VMMC and immunization campaigns
• Ensuring that all health facilities are oriented towards the adolescent-
friendly health services approach
Special attention should be given to:
Post-test counselling; appropriate and successful linkage to prevention,
treatment and care services; and consent and confidentiality, which are
major concerns for adolescents
Adolescents should be counselled about potential benefits and risks of
disclosure of their HIV status and empowered and supported to determine if,
when, how and to whom to disclose to.
4.6.3 Principles of ART in Adolescents
The principles of therapy are similar to those in adults and children. However,
one should bear in mind specific issues when monitoring and treating HIV
positive adolescents, which are discussed in the following sections.
Dosage of ART
Decisions regarding dosage for adolescents should take the following factors
into account:
• The age at which to start adult dosing can be difficult to determine.
• Stunting and wasting which are common among HIV-positive adolescents.
• It is recommended that those under the weight of 25 kg should be
dosed according to paediatric dosing guidelines. Thus, all adolescents—
regardless of age—should be weighed before commencing ART and at
each visit.
4.6.4 Staging HIV-Positive Adolescents

HIV-positive adolescents are at risk not only of the HIV-associated infections
typically used to stage HIV-positive adults but also of chronic non-infective
complications typically used to stage paediatric HIV. These specifically
include chronic lung disease, lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (stage 3)
and HIV-associated cardiomyopathy/nephropathy and stunting (stage 4).
Such conditions should be taken into account when staging HIV-positive
adolescents
4.6.5 Monitoring of HIV Disease

In monitoring adolescents, remember the following:
• Stunting and pubertal delay are common.
• As well as CD4 count and Viral load monitoring, clinical monitoring should
include measurement of height and weight at every clinic visit as well as
evaluation of pubertal stage using Tanner staging every six months.
• Girls should specifically be asked about menstruation, including age of
menarche and timing of menstrual cycles.
4.6.6 Chronic Complications

As well as looking for and treating OIs, clinicians should monitor patients for
chronic complications such as heart failure, lung and skin infections.
4.6.7 Disclosure
Lack of knowledge of HIV status can result in poor adherence to ART.
Adolescents should be involved in the discussion about HIV testing, and their
HIV status should be disclosed to them. Do not assume that adolescents
are aware of their HIV status. Unless exceptional circumstances make it
difficult for an adolescent to understand his or her HIV status (severe mental
disability), it is strongly recommended that HIV status be disclosed before
the patient starts ART. Disclosure is a gradual process and should be carried
out with the involvement of the guardian, a counsellor, and the doctor.
4.6.8 Adherence
Adherence is particularly problematic in adolescents. Particular attention
should be paid to assessing adherence at every visit and to providing
adherence support. Counselling on adherence should include exploring
specific reasons that may contribute to poor adherence. Adolescents face
many psychosocial issues that can affect their adherence, and those should
be assessed:
• In particular, ways of supporting attendance at clinic appointments and
taking medicines while at school (especially for those at boarding schools)
should be addressed.
• Patients should be encouraged to identify a family member who will help
support their treatment.
• Peer support at the clinic level can be very helpful in encouraging
adherence e.g. through introduction of Community Adolescents Treatment
Support (CATS).
• Counselling should be adolescent-friendly, and counselling patients on
their own without the presence of guardians/parents is recommended
whenever possible. This ensures that patients can talk about personal
issues that affect their ability to take medicines.
4.6.9 Education, Information and Services on Sexual and
Reproductive Health
Education about sexual and reproductive health should be part of the
counselling and treatment of HIV-positive adolescents. Education and
information should be tailored according to the patient’s own knowledge and
maturity. This clearly varies across the age group and should be assessed
during counselling.
Specific information/services that should be given to adolescents include
information on;
• Avoiding onward HIV transmission, including delaying sexual relationships
and using condoms;
• Specific modes of HIV transmission (it is a common misconception that
kissing and non-sexual physical contact can transmit HIV); and
• Where to access family planning services and STI treatment and how to
seek help in cases of sexual assault.
• Where available HPV vaccine should be administered to young girls
4.6.10 Transitioning from Adolescence into Adulthood:

Transitioning from adolescence to adulthood can be a difficult period even
for those without HIV. Changes in their bodies may affect their emotions and
behaviors. HIV is an added burden and adolescents who have previously
adhered to therapy from childhood may start to default treatment. Health Care
workers should anticipate this and discuss it with adolescents and caregivers
as part of the treatment plan. Health workers should prepare adolescents
to take control of their own treatment and be less dependent on caregivers.
Service providers should encourage mature adolescents (in consultation
with caregivers) to attend clinic visits alone where appropriate. As a last step
to transitioning to adult care, adolescents should be familiarized with the
adult care setting and procedures.
CHAPTER 5: Recommended Treatment
Regimens for Adults and
Adolescents
5.1 Introduction
The choice of medicine regimen is based on the “essential medicine” concept
and the rational use of medicine. To maximise adherence, use of Fixed-Dose
Combination (FDCs) medicines is strongly encouraged.
Essential medicines are defined as those medicines that satisfy the healthcare
needs of the majority of the population, at a price they and the community
can afford; they should therefore be available at all times and in adequate
amounts, and in appropriate dosage forms (WHO Expert Committee on
Essential Medicines, December 1999). On the other hand; rational use
of medicines requires that patients receive medicines appropriate to their
clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an
adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and the community.
(WHO Conference of Experts, Nairobi, 1985)
The National ART programme uses simplified and user friendly fixed-dose
combinations for ARVs. The following FDCs will be used for the first line
regimens:
Dual combinations:
• Tenofovir (TDF) 300mg + Lamivudine (3TC)300mg
• Zidovudine (AZT) 300mg + Lamivudine (3TC) 150mg
The above dual FDC should be used in combination with single formulation
of:
• Efavirenz (EFV) 400mg (soon to be introduced by the MOHCC)
• Efavirenz (EFV) 600mg
• Nevirapine (NVP) 200mg
Triple combinations:
• Tenofovir (TDF) 300mg + Lamivudine (3TC) 300mg + Efavirenz (EFV)
400mg
• Tenofovir (TDF) 300mg+Lamivudine (3TC) 300mg + Efavirenz (EFV)
600mg
• Zidovudine (AZT) 300mg + Lamivudine (3TC) 150mg + Nevirapine (NVP)
200mg
Tenofovir (TDF) plus Lamivudine (3TC) plus Efavirenz (EFV) is the

preferred first-line regimen.
The National ART programme has stocks of Tenofovir 300mg + Lamivudine
300mg + Efavirenz 600mg that will last until early 2018. Wastages and
expiration of medicines has to be minimized as much as possible as part of
good pharmaceutical management.
To this effect, the National ART programme is going to continue
utilizing the Tenofovir 300mg plus Lamivudine 300mg plus Efavirenz
600mg combination until most of the stocks are exhausted.
Exceptions: Only patients with severe adverse events from the Efavirenz
600mg will be given EFV400mg until such a time when the transition phase
begins.
When the Efavirenz 400mg becomes available, the Ministry of Health will
provide written guidance on when and how to transition from the EFV600mg
to the 400mg. Studies have shown comparable efficacy between standard-
dose EFV at 600 mg/day and the reduced dose of 400 mg/day in non-
pregnant adults. However, the 400 mg Efavirenz formulation has been
found to have fewer EFV-related adverse reactions, including fewer CNS
symptoms. It is important to note that Efavirenz 400mg CANNOT be used
in pregnant women, lactating women and TB patients as currently there is
insufficient evidence for its use in these categories of patients.
5.2 First-line Regimen for Adults and Adolescents

Table 5: : First-line Regimen for Adults and Adolescents
Preferred First line Alternative

Regimen Regimens
Adolescents (10-19 years) ≥ TDF + 3TC + EFV TDF + 3TC + NVP
25kg AZT + 3TC + EFV
AZT + 3TC + NVP
Adults including pregnant &
breastfeeding women,
A. Preferred First-line Regimen
Tenofovir + Lamivudine and Efavirenz will be taken once a day.
There is no need for a starter pack when using TDF/3TC/EFV.
Initiation and Maintenance

Triple combination of
Tenofovir + Lamivudine + Efavirenz
Caution: Tenofovir (TDF)

TDF may be associated with acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease as
well as reduced bone mineral density in pregnant women.
Clinical Considerations when using TDF
• Routine blood pressure monitoring may be used to assess for hypertension.
• Urine dipsticks may be used to detect glycosuria or severe TDF
nephrotoxicity in individuals without diabetes using TDF-containing
regimens.
• Ideally creatinine test should be performed, use the estimated glomerular
filtration rate at baseline before initiating TDF regimens.
Calculation of GFR or Creatinine clearance in ml/min using

Cockcroft Gault Equation
Male: 1.23 X (140 minus Age)x body wt in Kg/ Creatinine (in micromols/L)
Female: 1.04 X (140 minus Age) x body wt in kg/Creatinine (in micromols/L)
• Do not initiate TDF when the estimated glomerular filtration rate is <50ml/
min, or in long term diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension and renal failure.
B. Alternative first-line Regimen

When Tenofovir, Lamivudine and Nevirapine is used; there is need for a
starter pack and ideally this FDC should be prescribed as follows:
Two-Week Starter Pack

Morning Dose Evening Dose
Dual combination of Nevirapine (200mg)
Tenofovir (300mg) + Lamivudine
(300mg)
After the starter pack has been completed, if there are no adverse events
such as rashes, “step up” the dose of the Nevirapine. “Stepping up” means
giving Nevirapine twice a day plus FDC Tenofovir + Lamivudine once daily
as in the table below:
Step Up After the First Two Weeks

Morning Dose Evening Dose
Combination of Tenofovir (300mg) Nevirapine (200mg)
+ Lamivudine (300mg) + Nevirapine
(200mg)
Caution: When Nevirapine is used as 1st line ART; introduce the Nevirapine
gradually (i.e., a leading-in dose). Patients are more likely to develop
adverse medicine reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or hepatitis
if started on the full regimen including Nevirapine twice a day. If the patient
has been using Efavirenz and needs to change to Nevirapine, just start using
the Nevirapine at twice-a-day dosing (i.e. no need for the leading-in dose).
A. Starter Pack (2 weeks):
• Dual Zidovudine 300 mg plus Lamivudine 150 mg orally twice a day
plus
• Nevirapine 200 mg orally once a day
B. Stepping Up, after the First Two Weeks:

Give triple combination of Zidovudine (300mg) + Lamivudine (150g) +
Nevirapine (200mg) twice a day.
Substitutions due to Toxicities or Unavailability of Medicines
Some patients may experience adverse events related to ARVs and require
appropriate management (Refer to Table 10 on Adverse Events and their
management) In the event of unavailability of certain ARV medicines,
substitutions should be considered.
The following actions should be taken prior to medicine substitution.
• If patient has been on ART for < 6 months proceed with single drug
substitution
• If patient has been on ART for > 6 months do the following:
• If patient had a VL test within the last 6 months and the VL is <1000
copies/ml proceed with single drug substitution
• If VL within past 6 months is >1000 copies /ml treatment failure is
likely, proceed as the national algorithm
• If patient did not have a VL test done in past 6 months, conduct a
VL test, if VL results show VL <1000 copies /ml proceed with single
drug substitution however if it is over 1000 copies/ml then treatment
failure is likely proceed as per national guidelines
If the patient has suspected adverse medicine events, therapy should be

altered as follows (change of a single medicine in a multi-medicine regimen
is permitted—that is, the offending medicine may be replaced, preferably
with an alternative medicine of the same class):
• If a patient cannot tolerate Efavirenz 600mg formulation consider using
lower dose efavirenz 400 mg
• In case of severe psychiatric reaction on EFV give NVP.
• Given Zidovudine adverse events such as anaemia or neutropenia,
Zidovudine will be replaced by Tenofovir.
• If a patient reacts to Nevirapine, he or she should be changed to Efavirenz
600 mg orally once daily at night.
• In the event of lactic acidosis, the current ARVs should be discontinued
and ART restarted after checking for normalization of the lactate levels.
• In case creatinine clearance is known and < 50 ml/min give AZT.
An alternative to Lamivudine (3TC) is emtricitabine (FTC); these medicines
are considered pharmacologically equivalent. In the event that you come
across a patient on Tenofovir/Emtricitabine/Efavirenz, you may substitute
Emtricitabine with Lamivudine.
For patients presenting with renal impairment; consult/ refer for specialist
opinion.
5.3 Second-line Treatment Recommendation for Adults

and Adolescents
Ideally, patients who fail to respond to first-line treatment should be treated
with a different regimen that contains medicines that were not included in
the first line regimen. The second-line regimen will still consist of two NRTIs
but with the addition of a PI. The second-line regimen should be initiated
only after assessing for treatment adherence and failure and in consultation
with a specialist in HIV and AIDS treatment or the clinical mentorship team
at the OI/ART clinic. Clinical mentors should be consulted where there is
doubt about what to do. More adherence counselling will be required in
preparation for the planned new therapy. (To diagnose treatment failure see
Section 8.11.)
Table 6: Preferred second line regimens for adults and adolescents (10 – 19
years) including pregnant and breastfeeding women
Target Population Preferred second line regimens
Adolescents 10 – 19 If TDF was used in first AZT + 3TC + ATV/r or LPV/r

years Adults, Pregnant line ART
and Breastfeeding
If AZT was used in first TDF + 3TC + ATV/r or LPV/r
women
line ART
HIV and TB co-infection Patients receiving Same NRTI backbone as
Rifampicin recommended for adults and
adolescents plus double dose
LPV/r (800mg/200mg BD)
HIV and HBV co- AZT + TDF +3TC
infection +ATV/r or LPV/r*
Note: * ATV/r is the preferred PI in all cases
• Those patients with Hepatitis B infection will always need Tenofovir and
Lamivudine among their medicines.
• For adults who cannot tolerate both TDF and AZT use ABC/3TC and
ATV/r or LPV/r
• Abacavir /Lamuvudine 600 mg /300mg orally once daily
plus
• Atazanavir/ritonavir one daily or Lopinavir/ritonavir twice daily
5.4 Third-line Treatment Recommendations for

Adolescents, Adults, Pregnant and Breast-feeding
Women
Those failing second-line therapy will need to be referred for Specialist
assessment which includes viral load and genotype testing prior to
recommending the third-line medicines. Adherence needs to be reinforced
all the time.
In adolescents >12 years and adults, the preferred 3rd line ART regimen
should include Dolutegravir (50mg) and Darunavir (600mg)/Ritonavir
(100mg) twice daily (for PI-experienced patients) and must be based on
genotypic testing results. Raltegravir (400mg) twice a day can be used
when DTG is not available. You will need to be advised by the Paediatricians
regarding ARV regimens for children. Safety and efficacy data on the use of
DTG in adolescents younger than 12 years and pregnant women are not yet
available.
5.5 Patients with TB who are not yet on ART

• All people with presumptive and or diagnosed TB should be tested for
HIV at first contact with a health care worker and those who test negative
should be linked with other HIV preventive services
• All TB patients who test HIV positive should be started on ART within 2
– 8 weeks of commencement of TB treatment regardless of CD4 status,
with the ART PREFERABLY GIVEN IN THE TB SETTING and clients
should be linked with HIV prevention, treatment and care at the end of the
TB treatment.
• All clients co-infected with TB and HIV should be managed for both
conditions concurrently with TB treatment taking precedence over ART
initiation
• TB/HIV co-infected patients with severe immunosuppression [CD4 count
less than 50 cells/mm3] should receive ART within the first 2 weeks of
initiating TB treatment. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis should have been
provided with the commencement of the TB therapy if the patient is not
on it already.
• All HIV infected persons with intracranial TB who have a severe
immunosuppression [CD4 count of equal or less than 50] should be
initiated on anti-TB treatment promptly and have their ART initiation
delayed until after 8 weeks of commencement of TB treatment to
reduce the risk of intracranial TB – Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory
Syndrome (IRIS) which could end fatally.
• RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ART IN HIV INFECTED CHILDREN BEING
TREATED FOR TB REMAIN THE SAME AS THOSE IN ADULTS.
5.5.1 Key Considerations for ART in TB/HIV Co-infected
Populations
Drug – drug interactions can complicate TB and HIV treatment. The rifamycins
used in TB treatment (Rifampicin, Rifabutin and Rifapentine) are hepatic
enzyme inducers and will lower the serum concentration of many medicines
used to treat HIV. This effect is most pronounced with Protease Inhibitors
(PIs) and rifampicin. For these reasons the following is recommended in
management TB/HIV co-infected clients:
• There is limited information on use of EFV 400mg among TB patients on
ART and as such an EFV 600mg based triple ART regimen once daily
remains the recommended treatment regimen and dose of choice.
• In patients receiving PIs for the treatment of HIV, Rifabutin given at a dose
of 150 mg once daily, should be substituted for Rifampicin. If Rifabutin is
not available the doses of Ritonavir boosted Lopinavir (LPV/r) should be
doubled or the doses of ritonavir increased to 400 mg twice daily (super
boosting). Clinicians should be aware that both double dosing and super
boosting are associated with increased risk of adverse drug reactions.
• In children being treated for TB with a Rif based regimen, using a triple
NRTI regimen (such as AZT+3TC+ABC) may be considered. This
regimen may however be inferior in children with high plasma viral loads.
• Bedaquiline is primarily metabolised by CYP3A4 therefore its concomitant
use with EFV and PIs for patients with XDR/MDR TB can interfere with
drug concentrations and should be undertaken with extreme caution and
close clinical, bacteriological and virological monitoring. Therapeutic
drug monitoring should be considered in these patients
• Rifampicin is known to significantly lower plasma concentrations of
Dolutegravir (DTG) and therefore in patients receiving TB treatment with
a Rif based regimen, the dose of DTG should be increased from 50 mg
once daily to 50 mg twice daily.
5.5.2 Patients who Develop TB when already on ART

Treat TB as per national TB guidelines.
CHAPTER 6: Prevention of Mother to
Child Transmission
6.1 Introduction
Mother to child transmission of HIV is an important contributor of HIV
transmission. The MOHCC is committed to the elimination of MTCT of both
HIV and Syphilis and as such efforts should be intensified to reach this goal.
The aim of ‘elimination’ is to have an eMTCT rate of HIV of less than 5% in
breast-feeding communities.
The national PMTCT programme therefore aims to achieve the following
targets:
• ANC coverage of ≥ 95%
• Coverage of HIV and Syphilis testing of pregnant women ≥ 95%
• ART coverage of HIV positive pregnant women of >90%
• Treatment of Syphilis sero-positive pregnant women of ≥95%
The Zimbabwe PMTCT programme has four main strategies:
• Primary prevention of HIV infection among women of reproductive age
• Prevention of unintended pregnancies in HIV infected women.
• Prevention of HIV transmission from HIV infected women to their infants
during pregnancy, labour, child birth and beast-feeding through HIV
counselling and testing, ARV prophylaxis, ART for life for all pregnant
and breast-feeding women and safer infant feeding practices
• Provision of comprehensive care to mothers living with HIV, their children
and families.
In view of the increasing evidence around the benefits of life-long ART for
all adults and the successful uptake of Option B+ by many programmes;
WHO 2015 ARV guidelines now recommend moving away from ‘options’ for
PMTCT to providing lifelong ART for all HIV positive pregnant and breast-
feeding women regardless of their immune status or clinical stage of the
woman.
Figure 4: below summarizes the synergistic purposes of providing ART to all
pregnant and breast-feeding women
6.2 HIV Testing Services for Pregnant and Lactating

Women
PITC for women should be considered a routine component of the package
of care in all antenatal, childbirth, postpartum and paediatric care settings.
In our settings, where breastfeeding is the norm, lactating mothers who
are HIV negative should be retested periodically throughout the period of
breastfeeding.
Health workers should retest previously HIV-negative women as follows:
• first trimester of pregnancy
• third trimester/ or at delivery
• 6 weeks post-natal and
• 6 monthly during the breastfeeding period.
In antenatal care settings, couples and partners should be offered voluntary
HIV testing services with support for mutual disclosure.
Service package for pregnant women whose test result is HIV positive
(including those already on ART) should include the following:
• HIV prevention during pregnancy and breastfeeding period, including
dual protection, condoms and PrEP
• Discussion of childbirth plans and encouragement to deliver in a health
facility for health reasons and to ensure access to services for PMTCT
• Use of ARV drugs both for the mother’s health and to prevent transmission
to the infant
• Importance of partner testing and information on the availability of couples
testing services
• Screening for TB and testing for other infections, such as syphilis and
hepatitis B
• Counselling on maternal nutrition, including iron and folic acid
supplementation
• Advice on infant-feeding and support to carry out the mother’s infant-
feeding choice
• HIV testing for the infant and necessary follow up for HIV-exposed infants
• Counsel on sexual and reproductive health including family planning and
the need for dual contraception (reliable hormonal contraceptives plus
barrier methods i.e. male and female condoms)
Acquisition of HIV infection in pregnancy or during the breastfeeding period
is associated with peak viremia and increased risk of HIV transmission to
the baby. As such women at risk of new infections (sero-discordant couples),
should be provided with PrEP during pregnancy and breast feeding (Refer
to PrEP chapter).
6.3 When to start Lifelong ART in HIV Positive Pregnant and

Lactating Women
All HIV positive pregnant and breastfeeding women should initiate lifelong
ART as soon possible after their HIV positive status is confirmed irrespective
of their CD4 count or WHO clinical stage; and continue ART throughout the
breastfeeding period and beyond. Health workers should conduct rapid
assessment of a person’s readiness for ART (refer to OSDM, 2016). In
the context of pregnancy and breastfeeding and to minimize risk of MTCT,
same day initiation is recommended. Women who are not yet ready for
lifelong ART should be initiated on triple ARVs (ART), which should be
continued at least for the duration of breastfeeding.
In Zimbabwe, due to the high HIV prevalence in ANC and the need to scale
up towards eliminating mother to child transmission of HIV, ART should be
initiated urgently in all pregnant and breastfeeding women, even if they
are identified late in pregnancy or postpartum, because the most effective
way to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission is to reduce maternal viral
load.
ART should be initiated and maintained in eligible pregnant and postpartum
women and in infants at maternal and child health-care settings, with
linkage and referral to on-going HIV care and ART at the end of 5 years or
earlier at 2 years as appropriate.
Table 7: First and second-line ARVs for Pregnant and breast-feeding women
Pregnant and 1st line therapy 2nd line therapy

Lactating women
Preferred Option TDF + 3TC+ EFV600 If TDF was used as first

line, use AZT plus 3TC
plus ATV/r or LPV/r
If AZT was used as first
line, use TDF plus 3TC
plus ATV/r or LPV/r
Alternative Options AZT + 3TC + EFV600
AZT + 3TC + NVP
TDF + 3TC + NVP
There is INSUFFICIENT DATA for using low dose EFV in pregnant women,
and therefore TDF +3TC+ EFV600 will continue to be used for HIV positive
pregnant women till more information on dosing becomes available.
6.4 Use of Viral Load Testing in Pregnancy

Viral load testing has additional value for assessing the risk of transmission
of HIV from mother to child. For HIV infected pregnant and lactating women
on ART, Health workers should
• Perform a Viral load at first ANC visit and provide adherence counselling
• If VL is > 1000 copies/ml explore possible reasons for their high viral
load, commence enhanced adherence counselling immediately and VL
should be repeated after 1 months and patient managed according to the
national VL algorithm
• For women with a VL< 1000 copies/ml repeat VL every 6 months
throughout pregnancy and breast feeding
For newly identified HIV pregnant women and those who initiate ART on their
current pregnancy health workers should
• Perform a VL Test after 3 months from date of commencing ART
recommendations of what to do for VL > 1000 copies/ml and < 1000
copies/ml are the same as above
40
Algorithm for VL monitoring in HIV-positive pregnant women
HIV+ woman already on ART Pregnant HIV+ woman not yet on
and pregnant ART/newly diagnosed HIV+
VL at first ANC visit Initiate ART same day
Review VL result within 2 weeks VL at three months on ART
VL <1000 VL >1000 VL <1000 VL >1000
Repeat VL every 6 Repeat VL at 6

months throughout months on ART
pregnancy and
breast-feeding
Below is the VL algorithm to be used during pregnancy
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe
VL <1000
Manage as possible Repeat VL every 6months Manage as possible

treatment failure; repeat throughoutpregnancy and treatment failure; repeat
VL in ONE MONTH breast-feeding VL in ONE MONTH
“Adapted and adopted from the Republic of South Africa VL algorithm”

6.5 HIV Exposed Infant Prophylaxis
VL testing during pregnancy and breastfeeding period is needed to stratify
HIV exposed infants as either high risk or low risk. It is important not to use a
“one size fits all” for infant prophylaxis as infants are not all at the same risk
for HIV transmission.
A high risk infant is defined as follows:
• An infant whose mother has a high viral load >1000copies/ml during the
last 4 weeks before delivery
• An infant born to HIV infected woman who has received less than 4
weeks of ART at the time of delivery
• An infant born to a newly diagnosed HIV infected woman during labor,
delivery and postpartum (Incident HIV infection)
All infants who do not meet the criteria for ‘high-risk’ infants are classified as
‘low-risk’ infants.
The figure below shows infant prophylactic ARV regimen.
Figure 5: Prophylaxis for the high and low risk infants
Table 8: Infant dosing table for Nevirapine and Zidovudine
Infant age Dosing NVP Dosing AZT
Birth to 6 weeks
Birth weight 10 mg once daily 10 mg twice daily

2000−2499 g (1 ml of syrup once (1 ml of syrup twice daily)
daily)
Birth weight 15 mg once daily 15 mg twice daily
≥2500 g (1.5 ml of syrup once (1.5 ml of syrup twice daily)
daily)
>6 weeks to 12 weeks
20 mg once daily No dose established for

(2 ml of syrup once daily prophylaxis; use treatment
or half a 50 mg tablet dose 60 mg twice daily 6 ml of
once daily) syrup twice daily or a 60 mg
tablet twice daily)
For infants weighing <2000 g and older than 35 weeks of gestational age, the
suggested doses are: NVP 2 mg/kg per dose once daily and AZT 4 mg/kg
per dose twice daily. Premature infants younger than 35 weeks of gestational
age should be dosed using expert guidance.
6.7 Infant Feeding in the Context of HIV

The Ministry of Health and Child Care (MOHCC) promotes, supports and
protects breastfeeding because it is the first and best investment for a child’s
nutrition and health.
Appropriate feeding methods including their advantages and disadvantages
should be explained to all mothers to allow them to make an informed
decision.
Mothers who chose to breastfeed are advised to
• Exclusively breastfeed their infants for the first 6 months of life,
introducing appropriate complementary foods at 6 months, and continue
breastfeeding up to 24 months and beyond.
• Avoid mixed feeding (feeding infants with breast milk and other fluids,
and semi-solid or solid foods).
• Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended however mixed feeding is
not a reason to stop breastfeeding in the presence of ARV drugs.
• HIV-infected mothers may consider expressing and heat-treating breast

milk as an interim feeding strategy:
• In special circumstances such as when the infant is born with low
birth weight or is otherwise ill in the neonatal period and unable to
breastfeed; or
• When the mother is unwell and temporarily unable to breastfeed or
has a temporary breast health problem such as mastitis;
• If ARV drugs are temporarily unavailable
• Expressing breastmilk should also be taught to mothers to assist mothers

to stop breastfeeding;
• Breastfeeding mothers who decide to stop breastfeeding at any
time should stop gradually within one month. Abrupt cessation of
breastfeeding is not advised
• Breastfeeding mothers should be counseled on how to solve common
difficulties, such as sore nipples, perceptions of “insufficient milk,”
engorgement, manual expression, and storage of breast milk
• Breastfeeding mothers are advised to immediately seek treatment
for mastitis, cracked nipples, infant mouth lesions, and thrush to
decrease the risk of MTCT
• Breastfeeding mothers should be counseled on appropriate
complementary foods that must be introduce to the infants’ diet
beginning at 6 months as per the Zimbabwe Infant and Young Child
Feeding Guidelines.
For HIV infected mothers who choose not to breastfeed, they can adopt
exclusive Formula Feeding* for the first six months, introducing appropriate
complementary foods at 6 months, and continue formula feeding up to 12
months and beyond if they chose. It is important to support the mother in the
feeding option they may choose. The following conditions must be met in
their entirety for safe Exclusive Replacement Feeding. (AFASS)
• Safe water and sanitation are assured at the household level and in
the community, and
• The mother, or other caregiver can reliably provide sufficient infant
formula* milk to support normal growth and development of the
infant, and
• The mother or caregiver can prepare it cleanly and frequently enough
so that it is safe and carries a low risk of diarrhoea and malnutrition,
and
• The mother or caregiver can, in the first six months, exclusively give
infant formula milk, and
• The family is supportive of this practice, and
• The mother or caregiver can access health care that offers
comprehensive child health services.
6.8 Early Infant Diagnosis of HIV Infection (EID)

All infants with unknown or uncertain HIV exposure being seen in health-care
facilities at or around birth or at the first postnatal visit (usually 4–6 weeks)
or other child health visit should have their HIV exposure status ascertained.
This can be done in by:
• Asking if the mother knows she is HIV positive or is on ART
• Checking the hand held child health card for information on maternal HIV
status
• Performing a rapid HIV test on the mother
• Performing a rapid HIV test on the baby- N.B. this can be used to assess
HIV exposure only in infants less than 4 months of age. HIV-exposure
status in infants and children 4–18 months of age should be ascertained
by undertaking HIV serological testing in the mother
6.9 Testing of HIV Exposed Infants

All babies of HIV-infected mothers are born with maternal anti-HIV antibodies
that are passed on to them transplacentally. These antibodies start to wane
from about 4months, and by 18 months have cleared off completely.
Due to the presence of these maternal antibodies, HIV antibody tests in
infants under the age of 18 months cannot be used to definitively diagnose
HIV infection. Diagnosis of HIV infection in children less than 18 months
requires testing for the virus itself (called virologic testing, or PCR testing).
Infants with an initial positive virological test result should be commenced
on ART without any delay and, at the same time, a second specimen should
be collected to confirm the initial positive virological test result. Immediate
initiation of ART saves lives and should not be delayed while waiting for the
results of the confirmatory test.
Infants testing HIV PCR negative and those HIV-exposed infants who are
well should undergo HIV serological testing at around 9 months of age (or at
the time of the last immunization visit). Infants who test positive by HIV rapid
test at 9 months should have a virological test to definitively diagnose HIV
infection and the need for ART.
Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) at birth (birth PCR) for high Risk Infants is
recommended to improve the identification of infants at highest risk for
early disease progression. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) technologies that are
developed and validated for use at or near to the point of care (POC) can be
used for early infant HIV testing. If the birth PCR is negative, the baby should
have DBS collected at 6 weeks for re-testing with PCR.
It is strongly recommended that test results from virological testing in infants
be returned to the clinic and child/mother/caregiver as soon as possible,
but at the very latest within four weeks of specimen collection. Positive test
results should be fast-tracked to the mother–baby pair as soon as possible
to enable prompt initiation of ART
Rapid diagnostic tests for HIV serology can be used to diagnose HIV infection
in children older than 18 months following the national HIV testing strategy
CHAPTER 7: Paediatric Antiretroviral
Treatment
Infants and young children have an exceptionally high risk of poor outcomes
from HIV Infection. Upto 52% of children die before the age of 2 years in
the absence of any intervention. By 5 years of age, as many as 75% of HIV
positive children will be dead if they are not initiated on ART.
The goal of ART for children is to increase survival and decrease HIV related
morbidity and mortality.
• Always offer PITC every time a child is in contact with healthcare
services.
• ART should be initiated in ALL children living with HIV
• Children are a priority for HIV treatment and should be started on ART
the same day
• Counselling to prepare caregivers and children for ART is very important
but should not delay ART
• Health workers should retest ALL children newly and previously
diagnosed with HIV before they initiate ART
• Investigate and manage opportunistic infections including TB before
ART initiation.
N.B. ART should be started in any child with active TB disease as soon
as possible and within 8 weeks following the initiation of anti-tuberculosis
treatment, regardless of the CD4 cell count and clinical stage.
• ALWAYS initiate Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis at first contact with an
exposed infant or infected child.
• A baseline CD4 test is recommended at baseline to determine degree
of immune suppression of a child. However, CD4 count is no longer
used to assess eligibility of ART initiation.
• Health workers should develop a plan for age appropriate disclosure to
children and disclosure assistance to care givers
7.1 When to Start ART in Children Younger than 10

Years of Age
Test earlier, test closer and treat earlier. ART should be initiated in ALL
children living with HIV, regardless of WHO clinical stage and at any CD4
count. Children less than 5 years or with WHO clinical stage III/IV or CD4 <
25% (< 5 years) or ≤ 350 (>5 years) should be a priority.
What regimens to use in children
LPVr-based regimens are preferred for children less than 3 years. This is
due to documented high levels of NNRTI resistance as a result of exposure
to maternal ART and infant postnatal prophylaxis.
First line for children less than 3 years

For infants and children younger than 3 years
Preferred first line
• ABC+3TC+LPV/r
Alternate:
• AZT+3TC+LPV/r
• ABC +3TC + NVP
N.B. If LPV/r is not feasible, treatment should be initiated with an NVP-
based regimen instead of holding off treatment. If HIV positive children less
than 3 years develop TB, a ‘’triple nuc regimen’’ of ABC + 3TC + AZT is
recommended as an option due to the interactions of LPV/r or NVP with
rifampicin. Once TB therapy has been completed, this regimen should be
stopped and the initial regimen should be restarted
First line for children 3 years to less than 10 years

Preferred first line
• ABC+3TC+ EFV
Alternative first line:
• AZT+3TC+ EFV
• AZT+3TC+ NVP
• TDF+3TC+EFV (or NVP)
The recommended second line ART regimen will depend on the regimen the
child was taking when the diagnosis of treatment failure was made.
7.2 Third Line ART Regimen in Children

Third line ART regimen should be based on genotypic test results.
Children 0-10yrs
RAL + 2 NRTIs
DRV/r + 2 NRTIs
DRV/r + RAL +/- 1–2
Table 9: Recommended ART regimens in children
Age First line Second line Third line

0-2 weeks AZT +3TC+NVP
2 weeks to Preferred: ABC + Preferred :
Less than 3TC + LPV/r AZT+3TC +RAL
3 yrs
Alternative: AZT+ Alternative:
3TC + LPV/r ABC+3TC+RAL RAL + 2 NRTIs
ABC+ 3TC+ NVP DRV/r + 2 NR-
3years to Preferred: ABC AZT+3TC+LPV/r TIs
less than + 3TC + EFV or RAL DRV/r + RAL
10yrs +/- 1–2
Alternative: AZT ABC +3TC + LPV/r
+ 3TC + EFV ABC+3TC+ATV/r
AZT + 3TC + NVP
TDF + 3TC+ EFV
(or NVP)
• LPV/r can be substituted for EFV at 3 years of age if viral suppression has
been proven to be sustained
• LPV/r pellets should be avoided in children less than 3 months old
• For children younger than 2 weeks initiated on AZT+3TC+NVP , NVP
should be substituted with LPV/r at 2 weeks of age
• Regimens and dosage should be adjusted appropriately based on age
and weight at each visit
• When the Child gets to 10 years of age or > 25kgs they are ready for the
adult regimen and should be followed up in the adolescent clinic.
7.3 Scheduled Visits

Post initiation visits are monthly then change to 3 monthly when patient
stable.
1. Services should be delivered across a continuum of care. This requires
integrated and linked service provision at all levels of the health system,
from primary to secondary to tertiary (specialist) care, embracing all
elements of the health system.
2. During these visits the following actions should be taken:
• Growth should be monitored and development assessed (see
Appendixes VI, VII, and VIII on growth monitoring).
• Infant-feeding practice should be reviewed regularly and appropriate
supportive counselling provided.
• Breast feeding is recommended for all babies - Exclusive
breastfeeding for 6 months with addition of complementary feeding
thereafter.
• The baby should continue breastfeeding for up to 2 years.
• Immunisations should be given according to the national guidelines.
The BCG vaccination should still be given at birth, but BCG should
not be given to children with symptomatic HIV infection.
• Always look for and treat opportunistic infections at each and every
visit at the clinic.
• Be aware of and watch for potential drug interactions. The
management of TB in HIV-infected children and the treatment of
severe HIV infection with ARVs is complicated by the potential for
multiple drug interactions.
• Monitoring schedule for children for viral load…
7.4 Psychosocial Factors

It is important to identify and counsel at least one dedicated caregiver who
can supervise and/or give drugs. Disclosure to another adult in the same
household (secondary caregiver) is encouraged to assist with medication.
The process of disclosure to the child should be initiated as early as possible,
usually after seven years of age. Please note that adherence is good in
children who know their status and are supported to adhere to medicines.
Health workers, in consultation with the care givers, should develop a plan
for disclosure that age appropriate for the child. Care givers may require
assistance and health workers should provide the necessary guidance.
Recommendations for children need to take into consideration the age
and weight of the child, the availability of paediatric formulations of the
medications, the palatability of the medications, and the effect of food on
the absorption of the drugs. Always ask about the PMTCT regimens used.
Infants who have been exposed to nevirapine and have confirmed HIV
infection should be treated with a PI-based regimen.
7.5 Administering Medicines
• Medicine doses must be adjusted as the child grows.
• Dosing is by weight. So weighing the child at ALL visits is essential
• Tablets may be crushed and mixed with a small amount food or water and
administered immediately.
• Give explanation to the caregiver.
• Use pill boxes if available.
• Standardization is important to safely dispense correct doses.
7.6 Adverse Effects of Medicines

Always check for possible adverse effects of the medicines
AZT: Anaemia, Neutropenia
NVP: Stevens Johnson, Hepatitis
EFV: Neuropsychiatric symptoms, gynaecomastia.
ABC: Hypersensitivity reaction is very rare in our population and occurs in
patients with the human leukocyte antigen HLA–B 5701 allele
CHAPTER 8: Monitoring Patients on
Antiretroviral Therapy
Patients on ART need close monitoring to assess adherence to the treatment

regimen, tolerance, the side effects of the medications, and the efficacy of
the treatment. Health workers should document patient visit’s record in the
patient-held booklet (OPD card). Clinical assessments and laboratory tests
are important in assessing individuals following a positive HIV diagnosis to
assess for co-infections, NCDs and other co-morbidities that may impact on
treatment response.
8.1 Initial Evaluation

Before commencing ART, all patients should have a detailed history taken, a
physical examination carried out, and basic laboratory tests performed. Prior
to commencing ART, the patient should be re-tested to verify HIV positive
status, plus it is essential to screen and test for TB in all patients. Document
the patient’s WHO clinical staging in his or her facility-held booklet ‘Green
book’ and in the patient-held booklet.
It is preferable in most instances to perform the following baseline tests/
measurements:
• Full blood count (especially if Zidovudine will be used)
• Serum creatinine test (if Tenofovir will be used)
• Baseline CD4 lymphocyte count (or CD4 percentage for children under 5
years)
• Pregnancy test
• Alanine transaminase test (ALT)
• Mantoux test (useful in children)
• GeneXpert test or Chest X-ray (to exclude TB)
• Blood pressure measurement
NB. A baseline CD4 test is recommended at baseline to determine degree of
immune suppression of a patient to inform ‘differentiated care’ for the patient
(refer to the OSDM manual).
If possible, perform the following tests also prior to commencing ART:
• Syphilis serology test
• Hepatitis B and C virus screening
8.2 Monitoring Adherence to Treatment
Strict adherence (which is at least 95% adherence) to recommended
treatment regimens is important for treatment to be effective. Counselling
and the provision of accurate information to all patients (treatment literacy)
is an important determinant of treatment adherence. Information on side
effects should be provided, and patients should be told what to expect
from the treatment. Patients should be encouraged to seek help between
visits as needed. Patients should be instructed to bring all medications and
containers at each visit. Providers should carry out an adherence assessment
to determine whether the medications have been taken as per schedules
agreed upon.
8.3 Frequency of Clinic Visits

Initially the patient should be seen every two weeks for the first month after
initiating treatment, and thereafter monthly for another three months, then
every two months thereafter.
After the first six months, the patient can be seen at reduced frequency
depending on whether they are stable or not.
When clients are clinically stable and on chronic medication, they do not
necessarily need to be seen by the clinician at every visit. (Refer to the
Operational and Service Delivery Manual/OSDM).
A stable patient on ART is defined as someone who:
• Has no current OIs, has a VL<1,000 copies/ml and is at least 6 months
on ART
• Where viral load is not available the client should have no current OIs, a
CD4>200 copies/ml and be at least 6 months on ART
There are three main types of clinic visits:

• A clinical visit is a scheduled appointment where the clinician makes a
thorough assessment and reviews monitoring blood tests. A stable patient
on ART should be seen for a clinical assessment every 6 months.
• A refill visit is a scheduled appointment where a patient has a pre-filled
prescription and attends pharmacy directly to collect their medicine.
Clients coming from a re-fill do not need to see a nurse for a consultation.
• An unscheduled visit is when a patient attends in-between refills or clinical
visits when they develop any problems.
8.4 Monitoring Adverse Medicine Events or Medicine
Side Effects
A patient on ART may develop new symptoms whilst on treatment. Such
symptoms may be indicative of inter-current illnesses, adverse medicine
events, or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. All patients should
be examined carefully at each visit. Any inter-current illness should be treated
appropriately. If in doubt, refer the patient to your clinical mentor or higher
level OI/ART clinic.
The patient should be provided with written and verbal information on potential
side effects and should be requested to report immediately for examination
should side effects occur. See Appendix III for the grading of side effects.
There is a need to watch out for common side effects such as anaemia, renal
impairment, CNS symptoms and peripheral neuropathy.
Central Nervous System Toxicities
Hallucinations, abnormal dreams, depression, mental confusion and
convulsions can occur especially with Efavirenz. These events tend to occur
within the first month. In some cases, they can persist for months and not
resolve at all. Patients should be warned about them but if the symptoms do
not settle down, consider using Nevirapine. However, if both NNRTIs cannot
be tolerated use boosted PIs.
Metabolic Abnormalities
Hyperglycaemia i.e. development of diabetes and hyperlipidaemia should be
anticipated with the long-term use of ARVs. Check blood sugar and lipid levels at
least with every CD4-level check or when clinically indicated.
Anaemia
Check haemoglobin after the first month of Zidovudine use.
Lactic Acidosis
Lactic acidosis is characterized by non-specific symptoms and signs such
as shortness of breath, hyperventilation, fatigue, weight loss, abdominal
pain, vomiting, and tachycardia. Lactate levels are currently not routinely
available, but one needs to have a high index of suspicion. Use a full urea
and electrolytes screen with bicarbonate levels as a surrogate marker. The
treatment for this is to stop all ARVs and keep the patient well hydrated.
When the patient’s symptoms have settled down, restart an ARV regimen
that contains Tenofovir. Referral to a higher level of care or a specialist is
encouraged.
Lipodystrophy / Fat Redistribution
With longer duration of use of ART, cosmetic problems such as loss of fat
in the face or limbs and buttocks or increasing breast size and abdominal
fat accumulation will be encountered more frequently. If the patient is on a
Zidovudine -containing regimen, consider changing to Tenofovir, but counsel
the patient appropriately.
Other Side Effects
Mild side effects such as headache, fatigue, gastrointestinal upsets, and
diarrhoea occur fairly frequently, but serious side effects occur rarely. Mild
side effects usually occur early in treatment and often wear off and should be
treated symptomatically. Side effects of medicines are summarized to follow.
Table 10: Some Important Side Effects of Antiretroviral Agents
Medicine Side Effects Risk Factors Action to be

taken
Nucleotide/Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Tenofovir Renal Underlying Monitor creatinine.
(TDF) complications renal disease;
Substitute with
Age > 50 years;
untreated Zidovudine
diabetes and
hypertension;
concomitant use
of nephrotoxic
medicines or PI
Decreases in bone Vitamin D
mineral density deficiency;
risk factors for
oesteoporosis
or bone mineral
density loss
Other SE:
Gastrointestinal
(GI) symptoms,
rash
Zidovudine Anaemia, CD4 < 200 cells/ Monitor full blood
(AZT) neutropenia, mm3 count; if severe
Lipoatrophy, anaemia change
Anaemia at
lipodystrophy, to
baseline
myopathy,
Tenofovir (TDF) or
headache, lactic
Abacavir (ABC)
acidosis
Lamivudine Usually nil
(3TC)
Medicine Side Effects Risk Factors Action to be
taken
Nucleotide/Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Efavirenz Central nervous Pre-existing For CNS
(EFV) system symptoms psychiatric symptoms:
(dizziness, disorder e.g. consider dosing
confusion, depression at night or use
convulsions low dose EFV
History of
headache, sleep (400mg/day);
seizures
disturbance, if this fails then
abnormal withdraw EFV and
dreams) or mental substitute with
sysmptoms Nevirapine (NVP)
(anxiety,
depression, mental
confusion) usually
during the first
three weeks and
then resolve
Hepatotoxicity Underlying Withdraw EFV
hepatic and substitute with
disease or boosted PIs
concomitant use
of hepatotoxic
medicines
Gynaecomastia Risk factors substitute
unknown Efavirenz (EFV)
with Nevirapine
(NVP)
Nevirapine Liver toxicity, Underlying If LFTs are
(NVP) abnormal liver hepatic suggestive
function disease or of hepatitis
concomitant use or if jaundice
tests (LFTs);
of hepatotoxic is present,
Mild or severe
medicines discontinue; if
skin rashes (e.g.
rash is severe,
Stevens- Johnson High baseline
discontinue and
syndrome [rare]), CD4 cell count
replace with
(>250 cells/mm3
Fever, fatigue, Efavirenz
in women and
nausea,
>400 cells/mm3
in men)
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
Atazanavir Jaundice, nausea, Monitor; withdraw
(ATV/r) diarrhoea, medicine if
headache, symptoms are
hyperbilirubinaemia severe
Lopinavir/ Hepatotoxicity Underlying Give loperamide

ritonavir hepatitic disease for the diarrhoea
Pancreatitis
(LPV/r) Advanced HIV
Hyperlipidaemia, disease and
GI intolerance, alcohol misuse
diarrhoea, Obesity, diabetes
hyperglycaemia,
Lipodystrophy,
Darunavir Hepatotoxicity Underlying Monitor; withdraw
(DRV/r) hepatic medicine if
disease or symptoms are
concomitant use severe.
of hepatotoxic
Severe skin and medicines
hypersensitivity Sulfonamide
reactions allergy
Integrase inhibitor
Raltegravir Mood changes, Monitor; withdraw
(RAL) depression, medicine if
myopathy. symptoms are
severe
skin reactions e.g.,
Stevens- Johnson
syndrome,
Dolutegravir Hepatotoxicity and Underlying liver Monitor; withdraw
(DTG) hypersensitive disease medicine if
reactions symptoms are
severe
8.5 Key Antiretroviral Medicine Interactions
Drug-drug interactions can reduce or increase the efficacy of ARV-related
toxicities. Care providers should be aware of all medicines used by the
patient, including alternative medicines products such as herbal remedies,
vitamins and dietary supplements that may interact with ARV medicines
(Refer to Table 8 to follow)
Table 11: Key ARV drug interactions and management
ARV Medicine Key interactions Suggested management

Efavirenz (EFV) EFV may lower the Use alternative or
efficacy of some additional contraceptive
long-acting hormonal methods e.g. condoms
contraceptives
Amodiaquine (Anti- Use alternative anti-

malarial) malaria drug
Nevirapine (NVP) Rifampicin Substitute nevirapine

(NVP) with Efavirenz
(EFV)
Ketoconazole and Use alternative antifungal
Itraconazole drug
Boosted PIs Hormonal contraceptives Use alternative or

(ATV/r, LPV/r and additional contraceptive
DRV/r) methods
Rifampicin Substitute rifampicin with

rifabutin if available
For children adjust dose
of LPV/r or substitute with
three NRTIs
Tenofovir (TDF) Monitor renal function
Dalutegravir Carbamazepine, Use alternative anti-

(DTG) phenobarbital and consultants
phenytoin
8.6 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is characterized by a
clinical deterioration after starting ART. It is the immune system interacting
with latent infections. This syndrome should be considered if the following
occur within 2 to 12 weeks of commencing ART:
• Patients with advanced HIV disease, particularly those with a CD4 count
of less than 50, may become ill with IRIS. Typical symptoms are fever,
sweats, loss of weight, and occasionally skin rash and lymphadenopathy.
• Immune reconstitution illnesses occur when improving immune function
unmasks a previously occult OI (an infection that was present in the
patient’s body but was not clinically evident).
• Common immune reconstitution illnesses in Zimbabwe are TB,
cryptococcal meningitis and recurrent herpes simplex virus.
An immune reconstitution illness is not indicative of treatment failure

or medicine side effects. It is not a reason to stop ART or to change
the ARV regimen, but the emerging OI must be treated.
8.7 Monitoring Effectiveness of ART

The effectiveness of ART may be monitored by assessing clinical
improvement, immunologic function (CD4 count/CD4%), and HIV viral
load (VL). It is necessary to make an assessment of response to treatment
through regular careful clinical examinations backed where possible by
simple laboratory tests.
WHO is recommending VL testing as the gold standard for monitoring
response to ARV medicines as it is more sensitive and can detect adherence
problems and treatment failure much earlier than CD4 count testing.
The Ministry of Health has in its plans to scale up routine viral load testing,
however if VL testing is not yet available, CD4 testing should be conducted
regularly at six-monthly intervals.
8.8 Clinical Monitoring

Monitoring ART in adults and adolescents
The following clinical indices suggest that the patient is responding to ART:
• The patient feels better and has more energy to perform daily tasks.
• The patient is gaining weight (record the patient’s weight at each visit).
• There is an improvement in symptoms and signs of the original presenting
illness.
• Infections such as oral thrush, hairy leukoplakia, genital herpes, skin
rash, and molluscum contagiosum have improved.
• There has been an improvement in chronic diarrhoea.
• There has been an improvement in Kaposi’s sarcoma.
• The patient is free of new moderate or severe infections.
Monitoring ART in Children

In children, growth and development are important clinical monitoring
indicators and are assessed using growth charts. Laboratory indices of
CD4 lymphocyte counts and HIV VL levels may also be used in assessing
response to therapy, noting that sometimes the VL will come down but may
still not be undetectable.
Clinical assessment involves the following:
• Always check the child’s and caregiver’s understanding of ART as well as
anticipated support and adherence to ART.
• Always check for symptoms of potential medicine toxicities.
• Always assess for treatment failure (i.e. reassessment of clinical stage).
Important signs of infants’ and children’s response to ART include the

following:
• Improvement in growth—in children who have been failing to grow
• Improvement in neurological symptoms and development—in children
with encephalopathy or who have been demonstrating delay in the
achievement of developmental milestones
• Decreased frequency of infections (bacterial infections, oral thrush, and/
or other OIs)
8.9 Virological (HIV Viral Load) Monitoring

WHO is recommending VL testing as the gold standard for monitoring
response to ARV medicines. Compared to clinical or immunological
monitoring, viral load provides an early and a more accurate indication of
treatment failure and the need to switch to second or third-line drugs. The
VL usually decreases to undetectable levels within six months with greater
than 95% adherence to ART. Dried blood spot specimens using venous or
capillary copies/ml can be used to determine viral failure when using DBS
samples as defined for testing using plasma.
Viral load should be monitored routinely at 6 months and at 12 months after
ART initiation, and then annually thereafter.
Figure 12 below is an algorithm for routine VL testing. It is important to note
that studies have shown that around 70% of patients on first-line ART who
have a first high viral load will suppress following an adherence intervention.
Enhanced adherence counselling is therefore, crucial to reduce unnecessary
switches of patients. (Refer to OSDM for Job Aid on Enhanced Adherence
Counselling).
Figure 12: Viral Load testing strategies to detect or confirm treatment failure
and switch in adults, adolescents and children
VLmonitoring at 6 months after

starting ART
VL<1000 copies/ml VL>1000 copies/ml
• Mantain first line • Assess for and address any

therapy possible causes of non-
• Continue routine adherence and treatment failure
adherence counselling • Start Enhanced adherence
• Schedule next VL counselling sessions (EAC)
testing at month 12 • Repeat VL testing after 3
after ART initiation months
• Then yearly thereafter
VL≤1000 copies/ml VL≥1000 copies/ml
• Mantain current • This indicates treatment

regimen failure
• Continue routine • Prepare patient for new
adherence counselling treatment regimen
• Schedule next VL • Switch to second line
testing at month 12 regimen
• Then yearly thereafter
8.10 Immunological Monitoring (CD4 count)
With successful ART, the CD4 lymphocyte count increases. The rate of
increase depends on the initial CD4 count. Persistently declining CD4 counts
(as measured on two occasions, at least three to six months apart) and
clinical deterioration as described above are suggestive of treatment failure.
CD4 count testing should be performed six-monthly, particularly after the first
two years of initiation of ART. More frequent testing should be performed if
immunological failure is suspected. CD4 testing will continue to be used for
some time while viral load testing is being scaled up.
8.11 Treatment Failure

Clinical criteria that suggest treatment failure
Before diagnosing treatment failure, one must assess adherence to
treatment. The decision to switch from first-line to second-line or even third
line therapy should not be taken lightly. Treatment failure can be determined
clinically (this tends to result in delayed switching to second-line therapy),
immunologically using CD4 trends over time, or virologically (e.g., VL greater
than 1000 copies/ml based 2 consecutive VL measurements 3 months apart
with enhanced adherence (EAC) support).
Table 13: Treatment Failure (WHO. 2015)
Clinical failure Children: New or recurrent clinical event indicating

Children: advanced or severe immunodeficiency (WHO stage
3 and 4 clinical conditions with exception of TB)
after 6 months of effective treatment
Adults and Adolescents
New or recurrent clinical event indicating severe
immunodeficiency (WHO stage 4 clinical condition)
after 6 months of effective treatment
Immunological Children
failure (CD4
Decrease to pre-therapy CD4 count/percentage
failure)
Younger than 5years – Persistent CD4 level below
200 cells/ mm3 or CD4% < 10%
Older than 5 years – Persistent CD4 levels below
100 cells/mm3
Adults and adolescents
CD4 counts falls to the baseline (or below) or
persistent CD4 levels below 100 cells/mm
Virological failure Viral load greater than 1,000 copies/ml based on
two consecutive VL measurements after 3 months
with enhanced adherence counselling
Note: A second-line regimen should be started only after consultation with an
appropriate specialist in HIV and AIDS care/treatment or your mentor.
Treatment Failure in Children

Consider the following before switching ART regimens:
• The child should have received the regimen for at least 24 weeks (six
months).
• Adherence to therapy should be assessed and considered to be optimal.
• Any inter-current OIs should have been treated and resolved.
• Before considering changing treatment due to growth failure, ensure that
the child is receiving adequate nutrition.
In children on ART, the main clinical indications to switch therapy are the
development of new or recurrent stage 3 or 4 events at least 24 weeks (six
months) after starting therapy with a first-line regimen. Of note are
• a lack of or decline in growth rate in children who showed an initial
response to treatment (moderate or severe unexplained malnutrition not
adequately responding to standard therapy despite adequate nutritional
support and without other explanation); loss of neurodevelopmental
milestones (see Appendix VI) or development of encephalopathy; OR
• occurrence of new OIs or malignancies or recurrence of infections,
such as oral candidiasis that is refractory to treatment or oesophageal
candidiasis.
Note: A second-line regimen should be started only after consultation
with a specialist in HIV and AIDS care/treatment or your mentor.
CHAPTER 9: Opportunistic Infections
and Co-morbidities
Various opportunistic infections (TB, cryptococcosis) co-infections (hepatitis

B or C), co-morbidities and other health conditions are common among people
living with HIV and have implications for the treatment and care, including
the timing and choice of antiretroviral medicines HIV is also associated with
cancers such as Kaposi Sarcoma, Non-Hodgkins’ Lymphoma, invasive
cervical cancer as well as non-communicable diseases such as diabetes,
cardiomyopathies and chronic kidney disease. This section provides a brief
overview of the most common and important conditions.
9.1 Cotrimoxazole Preventive Therapy

Immunosuppressed people are prone to develop OIs such as Pneumocystis
jirovecii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, and lower respiratory tract bacterial
infections and bacterial skin infections.
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis can potentially prevent the following OIs:
• Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia
• Nontyphoid salmonelloses
• Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
• Cerebral toxoplasmosis
• Nocardiosis
• Isosporiasis
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for adults including pregnant and breast-feeding

women should be given to the following:
• All patients with WHO clinical stages II, III, and IV disease
• All patients with CD4 counts of less than 350 cells/mm3
• Pregnant women with CD4 counts of less than 350 cells/mm3
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV infants, children and adolescents should

be given to the following:
• All HIV positive infants, children and adolescents irrespective of clinical
and immunological condition
• Priority should be given to all children younger than 5 years regardless
of CD4 count or clinical stage and children with severe or advanced HIV
clinical disease (WHO clinical stage 3 and 4) and all those with CD4
count ≤350.
• All children born to HIV-positive mothers at six weeks of age until they are
tested and confirmed to be HIV free
In settings where malaria/or severe bacterial infections are highly prevalent;

provide CTX to all HIV infected infant, children, adolescents and adults
including pregnant and breast-feeding women regardless of CD4 cell count
and WHO clinical stage.
Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis should be started as soon as any of the above
conditions are suspected; this should be done at every entry point and not
just be left to the OI clinics.
Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis in Aults
Cotrimoxazole (sulphamethoxazole 800 mg and trimethoprim 160 mg)
should be given once daily orally.
Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis in Children

Give once daily orally according to the following table.
Table 13: Cotrimoxazole Dosing Chart for Children
Age Dose (ml)
Suspension Adult tablets Paediatric tablets

(240 mg / 5 (480 mg) (120 mg)
ml)
0 to 6 months 2.5 ¼ 1
6 months through 3 5 ½ 2
years
Over 3 years 10 1 3
Health-care providers should keep the following recommendations in mind

when offering cotrimoxazole prophylaxis:
• Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis should be commenced at least one to two
weeks before the commencement of ART. This allows time to identify
those who might be allergic to cotrimoxazole.
• For patients who are allergic to cotrimoxazole, consider desensitization
(see Appendix IV).
When to discontinue Cotrimoxazole:
In settings with low prevalence for both malaria and bacterial infections;
CTX may be discontinued for children 5 years of age and older who are
clinically stable /or virally suppressed on ART for at least 6 months and with
a CD4 count more than 350 cell count.
For adults, pregnant and breast-feeding women, discontinue when clinically
stable on ART, with evidence of immune recovery and viral suppression.
In malaria endemic settings/or areas with high prevalence of severe
bacterial infections; once CTX has been initiated, it should be continued
(do not stop).
9.2 TB/HIV Collaborative Activities

The association between TB and HIV is now well documented with an
estimated 72% of TB patients in Zimbabwe co-infected with HIV. Management
of TB and HIV requires close collaboration between the NTP and AIDS
programmes. This will help reduce the burden of TB in HIV and the burden
of HIV in TB patients.
HIV care settings should implement the three I’s strategy:
• Intensified TB case- finding
• Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) – as part of TB Preventive Therapy
(TBPT)
• Infection Control at all clinical encounters
9.2.1 Intensified TB case- finding

• All HIV positive clients should be routinely screened for TB at every
encounter with a health care worker, using a four symptom checklist
(current cough, night sweats, loss of weight and fever) and/or a CXR
(where available) in order to timely assess their eligibility to be commenced
on TB Preventive Therapy or TB treatment
• All HIV positive clients with a positive enquiry to any one of the symptoms
on the checklist and or having an ABNORMAL CXR should be classified
as presumptive TB cases and MUST have one sputum sample collected
and submitted for TB investigation using the Xpert MTB/Rif assay as
preferred diagnostic platform of choice.
• All HIV positive clients who are seriously ill and or have a CD4 T cell
count of equal or less than 100 should have the Urine Lateral flow
-Lipoarabinomannan Assay (LF-LAM) to assist in TB diagnosis.
• Where resources are available ALL NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV POSITIVE
PATIENTS should submit one spot sputum sample for Xpert MTB/Rif to
rule out active TB disease even if when they have a negative symptom
screen
9.2.2 TB Preventive Therapy [TBPT]

Both ART and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy are effective in preventing HIV
associated TB individually and with additive effects when combined.
In adults, adolescents and pregnant women eligible for IPT, OI/ART clinics
should aim to initiate IPT immediately or within 3 months and according to
current practices and visit frequency in the facility. Health workers should
provide sufficient information to patients on the benefits of IPT.
The following are the target groups for IPT in Zimbabwe:
• Adults and adolescents including pregnant women living with HIV (Pre-
ART & on ART)
• Children living with HIV (Pre-ART & on ART)
• HIV infected adults, adolescents and children contacts of active TB cases
• HIV infected health care workers
Adults and adolescents living with HIV should be screened with a clinical
algorithm; those who do not report any one of the symptoms of current
cough, fever, weight loss or night sweats are unlikely to have active TB and
should be offered IPT. The following patients should be excluded
• Symptoms and signs suggestive of active TB
• Patient on treatment for TB
• Completion of IPT within the past 3 years
• Patients who have been on ART for 3 months or less
• PATIENTS ON ART FOR MORE THAN 3 YEARS WHO ARE DOING
WELL [CD4 > 450]*
• Signs of active liver disease or history of INH induced hepatitis
• In the subgroup of patients eligible and in the process of being ‘worked
up’ for ART, there is a high prevalence of undiagnosed TB even among
those that do not have TB symptoms. It is reasonable in this subgroup
therefore to wait 3 months before considering initiation of IPT during
which TB symptom screening should be repeated at each clinic visit.
• Adults and adolescents including pregnant women living with HIV and
unlikely to have active TB will receive IPT for 6 months at a daily dose of
5mg/kg with maximum dose not supposed to exceed 300mg/day.
• Adults and adolescents (including pregnant women) will be given 6
months of IPT immediately following the successful completion of TB
treatment (i.e. as secondary prevention).
9.2.3 IPT and Unknown or Positive TST Status

Adults and adolescents living with HIV who have an unknown or positive
tuberculin skin test (TST) status and are unlikely to have active TB should
receive at least six months of IPT as part of a comprehensive package of HIV
care. IPT should be offered to such individuals regardless of the degree of
immunosuppression, and also to those on ART, those who have previously
been treated for TB and pregnant women
Figure 13: TB Screening Algorithm for Children More Than One Year of Age
and Living with HIV
Figure 14: TB Screening Algorithm for Adults and Adolescents Including
Pregnant Women Living with HIV
9.2.4 Infection Control at all Clinical Encounters
People who work or receive care in health care settings are at higher risk for
becoming infected with TB; therefore, it is necessary to have a TB infection
control plan as part of a general infection control program designed to ensure
the following:
• prompt detection of infectious patients,
• airborne precautions, and
• treatment of people who have suspected or confirmed TB
The following measures should be in place;

• Administrative
• Environmental controls
• Use of respiratory protective equipment
Figure 15: Infection Control Recommendations
• A triage system should be in place to identify

people suspected of having TB and minimize
diagnostic delays with rapid diagnostics, e.g.
Xpert MTB/RIF
Administrative • Separate people with suspected or confirmed
TB
• Ensure cough etiquette and respiratory
hygiene
• Minimize the time spent in health-care facilitie
• Inform and encourage health workers with

TB symptoms to undergo TB diagnostic
investigation as well as HIV testing and
Health workers and counselling
care-givers • HIV testing and counselling
• Provide a package of care for HIV-positive
workers (ART and IPT) living with HIV to a
lower-risk area
•
Protective equipment (such as N95
Use of particulate respirators) should be provided for health-
respirators care workers caring for patients with
infectious TB (suspected or confirmed)
Environmental • Ventilation (natural or mechanical)
Source: WHO policy on TB infection controls in health-care facilities, congregate settings and households.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009 (http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2009/9789241598323/en).
9.2.5 Laboratory Diagnostic Tools
Use of Xpert MTB/RIF
Xpert MTB/RIF should be used rather than conventional microscopy,
culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) as the initial diagnostic test in
all patients suspected to have TB.
Xpert MTB/RIF should be used in preference to conventional microscopy
and culture as the initial diagnostic test for cerebrospinal fluid specimens
from patients suspected of having TB meningitis.
Use of LF-LAM
Urine lateral flow (LF-LAM) may be used to assist in the diagnosis of
active TB in adult inpatients living with HIV, with signs and symptoms of
TB (pulmonary and/or extra-pulmonary), who have a CD4 count less than
or equal to 100 cells/mm3, or people living with HIV who are seriously ill,
a regardless of CD4 cell count or with unknown CD4 cell. LF-FAM use is
limited to admission/inpatient institutions. LF-LAM should not be used as a
screening test for active TB
9.2.5 Summary of Management of TB/HIV co-infection:

The activities to be undertaken in the management of TB/HIV co-infected
persons are summarised below;
• HIV testing and counselling should be routinely offered to all persons
suspected or known to have TB
• HIV-related prevention, care and support services should be routinely
offered to all persons suspected or known to have TB
• Case definitions and anti-TB treatment regimens are the same for HIV-
positive and HIV-negative TB patients, and drug dosages in mg/kg are also
the same.
• In TB / HIV co-infection the first priority is to initiate anti -TB treatment
followed by cotrimoxazole, and then ART
• All TB patients co-infected with HIV should be given co-trimoxazole
preventive therapy (CPT) for the whole duration of TB treatment.
• All people living with HIV with active TB disease, irrespective of CD4 cell
count and the site of TB disease, should be initiated on ART as soon as
practicable ( Refer to Section 4.4)
• All PLHIV should be screened for TB at every contact with health services.
Patients should be screened for current cough, fever, night sweats and
loss of weight.
• PLHIV who develop TB should be started on anti-TB treatment immediately.
• TB/HIV patients benefit from the use of steroids for the same indications as
found in HIV-negative TB patients ( refer to TB Guidelines)
9.3 Treatment of Cryptococcal Disease

9.3.1 Prevention of Cryptococcal Disease
Patients initiating ART with undiagnosed cryptococcal disease are at higher
risk of early mortality than patients who are pre-emptively diagnosed and
treated for cryptococcal disease. All patients initiating ART should be
clinically screened for evidence of symptomatic cryptococcal disease –
headache, neck stiffness, fever, focal neurologic signs, confusion, altered
mental status. All those who screen positive should be referred for further
diagnostic work up for meningitis. Screening of asymptomatic ART naïve
individuals with CD4 count <100cells/mm3 is recommended and should
be done with a Cryptococcal neoformans antigen test (CrAg)using latex
agglutination tests (LA) or lateral flow assays (LFA) on serum, plasma or
CSF. A lumbar puncture should be offered to individuals who screen positive
for cryptococcal antigen, as a positive cryptococcal antigen may precede the
onset of clinical cryptococcal meningitis by many weeks.
Individuals who are screened for cryptococcal disease should be managed as
indicated in Table 9.
Table 14: Treatment decisions for asymptomatic cryptococcal disease
Serum CrAg negative No LP necessary. No fluconazole required.

Initiate ART.
Serum CrAg positive If available recommend LP:
If CSF CrAg positive, manage for cryptococcal

meningitis
If CSF CrAg negative treat with Fluconazole 800mg
orally once daily for 2 weeks, then Fluconazole
400mg orally daily for 8 weeks, followed by
maintenance therapy with Fluconazole 200mg
orally daily until CD4>200 cells/mm3 for 6 months
Timing of ART for individuals with asymptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia
is unknown. We recommend initiation of ART 2-4 weeks after initiation of
antifungal therapy in individuals who screen positive for serum CrAg without
any evidence of disseminated cryptococcal meningitis.
9.3.2 Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis remains a major cause of death in HIV infected
patients. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of cryptococcal meningitis
is critical to improve clinical outcomes. The mainstay of treatment is
rapid diagnosis, prompt initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy and
management of raised intracranial pressure. Patients at greatest risk of
cryptococcal meningitis are those with low CD4 counts and clinical suspicion
must be high for all patients presenting with headaches, confusion, altered
mental status.
Diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis must be made by lumbar puncture.
Opening pressure must be measured. If a manometer is not available,
intravenous tubing may be used and a tape measure used to measure the
column of CSF fluid. CSF samples must be tested for cryptococcus by India
ink staining and/or CSF cryptococcal antigen test. Sensitivity and specificity
for India ink staining are not as high as cryptococcal antigen testing, and a
negative test does not exclude cryptococcal meningitis in the right clinical
setting.
Treatment of cryptococcal disease must be with amphotericin B based
regimens. Ideally amphotericin B must be combined with flucytosine.
However, flucytosine is typically not available in resource limited settings,
including Zimbabwe. Combination therapy with amphotericin B and
fluconazole is strongly recommended. In the absence of amphotercin B, high
dose fluconazole can be used as alternative therapy (See Table 15).
Therapy is characterized by a 2 week induction phase, followed by an 8
week consolidation phase, and maintenance therapy which is continued until
adequate immune reconstitution is achieved.
Table 15: Recommended Therapy for Cryptococcal Meningitis
Treatment Phase Regimen Duration of

therapy
Preferred Induction phase Amphotericin B 0.7- 2 weeks
1mg/kg/day
IV + Fluconazole
800mg orally once daily
Consolidation Fluconazole 800mg 8 weeks
Phase orally
once daily
Maintenance/ Fluconazole 200mg Until CD4
Secondary orally count >200
Prophylaxis once daily cells/mm3 for 6
months
Alternate Induction Phase Fluconazole 1200mg 2 weeks
orally daily
Consolidation Fluconazole 800mg 8 weeks
Phase orally daily
Maintenance/ Fluconazole 200mg Until CD4
Secondary orally once daily count >200
prophylaxis cells/mm3 for 6
months
9.3.3 Management of Raised Intracranial Pressure
Mortality and morbidity from cryptococcal meningitis is high with a significant
proportion attributable to raised intracranial pressure. Management of raised
ICP is critical to ensure good clinical outcomes. If the intracranial pressures
is >25cm of water, remove 10-30ml of CSF and continue with daily lumbar
punctures until CSF pressures have normalized (<25cm of water).
Failure to adequately manage intracranial pressures can result in persistent
headache, cranial nerve abnormalities which include hearing loss, vision
loss, and death.
A repeat lumbar puncture at 2 weeks after initiation of appropriate induction
antifungal therapy is not necessary except in the setting of persistently
elevated intracranial pressure and evidence of poor clinical response.
Cryptococcal latex agglutination titres are not indicated for monitoring
response to therapy.
9.3.4 Management of Amphotericin B Associated Toxicities
Amphotericin B, particularly amphotericin deoxycholate is associated with renal

tubular toxicities and can lead to electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia
and hypomagnesemia. It can also result in anaemia and administration related
febrile reactions.
• Amphotericin B is often provided as a powder and should be mixed with 5%
dextrose water. It should never be mixed with normal saline or half normal
saline as this will result in precipitation of the amphotericin B. To minimize
renal toxicities, amphotericin B must be administered slowly over 4 hours.
Initial therapeutic doses should be given as Amphotericin B 1mg/kg/day.
• Prehydration with 500ml-1L of normal saline with 20mEq of potassium
chloride is recommended based on the volume status of the patient.
• Patients must receive oral potassium supplementation – e.g. 1200mg twice
a day. The potassium supplementation minimizes the extent of hypokalemia
that can develop. Where available supplementation with magnesium
trisilicate 500mg orally twice daily is also recommended.
• Renal function must be monitored at baseline. U & Es should be measured
twice weekly.
If the creatinine doubles a dose of amphotericin B can be omitted, and
prehydration increased to 1L of normal saline every 8 hours and creatinine
rechecked. If creatinine normalizes, prehydrate with IL normal saline with 20mEq
KCL and restart at amphotericin B (0.7mg/kg/day) given over 4 hours. Monitor
renal function twice weekly.
If repeat creatinine remains elevated or continues to increase, amphotericin B
should be discontinued and high dose fluconazole 1200mg orally once daily
initiated (Table 15).
Monitoring of haemoglobin at baseline and weekly is also recommended. Timing
of ART in cryptococcal meningitis
The timing of the initiation of ART in patients with cryptococcal meningitis is
still uncertain. Early initiation of ART is recommended for all OIs except
for intracranial OIs such as TB meningitis and cryptococcal meningitis. In
cryptococcal meningitis ART can be initiated 2- 4 weeks after initiation of
antifungal therapy with amphotericin B based regimens. In patients who are
predominately treated with fluconazole monotherapy, ART should be initiated at
least 4 weeks after initiation of antifungal therapy.
ART should not be commenced at the same time that amphotericin B and/or
fluconazole therapy is commenced for cryptococcal meningitis.
9.4 Hepatitis (B and C)

Viral Hepatitis is an increasing cause of mortality and morbidity among PLHIV. A
comprehensive approach including preventation (screening, vaccination) testing
treatment and care of people who are coinfected is advised.
Use of ARVs in HIV and Hepatitis B Coinfected Patients

• ART should be prioritised for people coinfected with HIV and HBV with
evidence of severe chronic liver disease.
• Treatment should be provided regardless of ALT levels if client has
chronic HBV with clinical evidence of liver cirhosis.
• Treatment regimens of choice should include a TDF/3TC backbone (refer
to Table 6).
Ministry of Health is currently in the process of developing guidelines
strategies and SOPs for use in the management of Hepatitis.
9.5 Mental Health
Assessment and management of mental health issues among people living
with HIV
People living with HIV are at high risk of mental, neurological and substance-
use disorders. All individuals living with HIV should be assessed and managed
for mental health problems, including depression. People living with HIV
who have depression are less likely to achieve optimal treatment adherence.
Treatment or lack of it for mental health disorders can affect general health,
adherence to ARV drugs and retention in care and may lead to potential side-
effects and drug interactions being overlooked. Management of depression
improves mental health and general well-being in people with HIV.
Standard tools are available for the routine screening of depression among
PLHV
9.6 HIV and Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

People with HIV have an increased risk of NCDs compared to HIV-negative
people in the same age ranges and NCDs account for an increasing proportion
of mortality observed in this population. This includes cardiovascular disease
(CVD), hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), kidney disease and cancers. Both HIV and NCDs require health
systems that can deliver effective acute and chronic care and support
adherence to treatment. Chronic HIV care provides the opportunity for
assessment, monitoring and managing NCDs, especially through primary
care.
Assessment and management of cardiovascular risk should be provided for
all individuals living with HIV according to standard protocols recommended
for the general population
Strategies for the prevention and risk reduction of cardiovascular diseases
by addressing modifiable factors such as high blood pressure, smoking,
obesity, unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity should be applied to all
people living with HIV.
Table 16 A core set of interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality
from major NCDs that are feasible for implementation in primary care in low
resource settings
Essential Interventions for primary care
Primary prevention of heart attacks and strokes:

• Tobacco cessation, Regular physical activity 30 minutes a day, Reduced
intake of salt <5 g per day, Fruits and vegetables at least 400g per day
• Aspirin, statins and antihypertensives for people with 10 year
cardiovascular risk >30%
• Antihypertensives for people with blood pressure ≥160/100
• Anthypertensives for people with persistent blood pressure ≥140/90
and 10 year cardiovascular risk >20% unable to lower blood pressure
through life style measures
Acute myocardial infarction:
• Aspirin
Secondary prevention (post myocardial infarction):
• Tobacco cessation, healthy diet and regular physical activity
• Aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, beta-blocker, statin
Secondary prevention (post stroke):
• Tobacco cessation, healthy diet and regular physical activity
• Aspirin, antihypertensive (low dose thiazide, angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitor), and statin
Secondary prevention (Rheumatic heart disease):
• Regular administration of antibiotics to prevent streptococcal pharyngitis
and recurrent acute rheumatic fever
Type 1 diabetes:
• Daily insulin injections
Type 2 diabetes:
• Oral hypoglycemic agents for type 2 diabetes, if glycemic targets are
not achieved with modiﬁcation of diet, maintenance of a healthy body
weight and regular physical activity
• Metformin as initial drug in overweight patients and non overweight
• Other classes of antihyperglycemic agents, added to metformin if
glycemic targets are not met
• Reduction of cardiovascular risk for those with diabetes and 10 year
cardiovascular risk >20% with aspirin, angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitor and statins
Prevention of foot complications through examination and monitoring
• Regular (3-6 months) visual inspection and examination of patients’
feet by trained personnel for the detection of risk factors for ulceration
(assessment of foot sensation, palpation of foot pulses inspection for
any foot deformity, inspection of footwear) and referral as appropriate
Prevention of onset and delay in progression of chronic kidney
disease:
• Optimal glycemic control in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor for persistent albuminuria
Prevention of onset and delay of progression of diabetic retinopathy:
• Referral for screening and evaluation for laser treatment for diabetic
retinopathy
• Optimal glycemic control and blood pressure control
Prevention of onset and progression of neuropathy:
• Optimal glycemic control
Bronchial asthma:
• Relief of symptoms: Oral or inhaled short-acting ß2 agonists
• Inhaled steroids for moderate /severe asthma to improve lung function,
reduce asthma mortality and frequency and severity of exacerbations
Prevent exacerbation of COPD and disease progression:
• Smoking cessation in COPD patients
Relief of breathlessness and improvement in exercise tolerance
• Short-acting bronchodilators
Improvement of lung function
• Inhaled corticosteroids when FEV1 < 50% predicted
• Long-acting bronchodilators** for patients who remain symptomatic
despite treatment with short-acting bronchodilators
Cancer:
• Identify presenting features of cancer and refer to next level for
conﬁrmation of diagnosis
Adapted from Package of Essential Non communicable Disease Interventions for

Primary Health Care in Low-Resource Settings, WHO, 2010
9.7 Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a preventable disease and is curable if diagnosed and
treated early. Women living with HIV have a higher risk of pre-cancer and
invasive cervical cancer. Women living with HIV should be followed closely for
evidence of precancerous changes in the cervix, regardless of whether they
are taking ART or their CD4 count or viral load. Cervical cancer screening
leads to early detection of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions
that will prevent serious morbidity and mortality. All women with HIV should
therefore be screened for cervical cancer regardless of age. Immediate
management for precancerous and cancerous lesions should be provided
according to the standard national guidelines.
CHAPTER 10: Oral Pre-Exposure Prophy
laxis (PrEP)
10.1 Introduction
PrEP is defined by WHO as the use of antiretroviral drugs before HIV
exposure by people w ho are not infected with HIV in order to prevent the
acquisition of HIV.
WHO recommends that a PrEP regimen, containing Tenofovir Disoproxil
Fumarate (TDF), should be offered as an additional prevention choice
for people at substantial risk of HIV infection as part of a combination of
prevention approaches that include: HIV Testing Services (HTS), male and
female condoms, lubricants, ART for HIV-positive partners among sero-
discordant couples, voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) and STI
prevention and management.
Zimbabwe has had experience with PrEP in demonstration projects

involving sex workers. As such the country needs to gain more experience
with implementing PrEP and put in place functional surveillance, support
and monitoring systems. The Ministry of Health and Child Care (MOHCC)
will implement PrEP using a phased approach. An implementation plan
and Standard Operating procedures (SOPs) on PrEP will be developed
and shared by MOHCC to guide the introduction and scale up of
PrEP. Regular updates will be provided by the MOHCC on progress in
implementation of PrEP in the country.
10.2 Indications for PrEP

Oral PrEP will be made available to all individuals who are HIV uninfected
and are at substantial risk of HIV infection after individual risk assessment.
The following are indications for PrEP by history over the past 6 months:
• HIV negative and sexual partner with HIV who has not been on
effective therapy for the preceding 6 months OR
• HIV negative and sexually active in a high HIV prevalence population
AND any of the following:
• Vaginal or anal intercourse without condoms with more than one
partner, OR
• A sexual partner with one or more HIV risk factors, OR
• A history of an STI by lab testing or self-report or syndromic STI
treatment, OR
• Any use of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), OR
• Requesting PrEP
However, individuals belonging to certain population groups may be at
higher risk of HIV infection than others and should be offered PrEP. These
may include:
• Female and male sex workers;
• Sero-discordant couples (the HIV sero-negative partner)
• Adolescent girls and young women;
• Pregnant women in relationships with men of unknown status
• High-risk men (MSMs, prisoners, long distance truck drivers) and
• Transgender people.
Individual risk assessment will be made based on various behavioural factors

and other factors to assess vulnerability.
10.3 Contraindications for PrEP
• HIV positive status
• Unknown HIV status
• Allergy to any medicine in the PrEP regimen
• Unwilling/unable to adhere to daily PrEP
• Known renal impairment
• Estimated creatinine clearance <60 cc/min (if known)
10.4 Ruling out Current HIV Infection when Starting

PrEP
Before starting PrEP:
• Conduct a rapid HIV test to rule out existing HIV infection preferably
on the same day that PrEP is being started.
• Take a complete history and full physical examination to rule out any
signs or symptoms of an acute viral syndrome, including a flu-like
illness, then consider the possibility that acute HIV infection could
be the cause. In such circumstances testing for HIV RNA or antigen
is helpful, if such tests are available. Alternatively, PrEP can be
deferred for 4 weeks and the person tested again. This allows time
for possible seroconversion to be detected
• Blood creatinine should be measured before starting PrEP and
at every 6 months after PrEP where available. Blood creatinine is
mandatory in people with comorbid conditions that can affect renal
function, such as diabetes mellitus and uncontrolled hypertension.
Who Should Administer PrEP

• PrEP should be administered by medical doctors and nurses trained
in ARV management.
Table 16: Medicines Recommended for Oral PrEP
Drug Dosage Duration

Preferred Tenofovir (TDF Fixed dose Period of
Regimen (300mg) plus combination one substantial risk
Emtricitabine tablet once a day
(FTC) (200mg)
Alternative TDF (300mg) Fixed dose Period of
Regimens plus 3TC combination one substantive risk
(300mg) tablet once a day
Figure 17: Medicines Recommended for Oral PrEP
Screening Form for PrEP

Start Up or Follow-Up Visits
Date of Birth (DD/MM/YYYY)
________/_________/___________
What is your sex? (Tick what is applicable) Male [ ] Female [ ]
* Consider offering PrEP

1.In the past 6 months: How many people did you have vaginal or anal
sex with?
0[ ] 1 [ ] 2+* [ ]
(If response is zero (0) skip to question 6)
2.In the past 6 months: Did you use a condom every time you had sex?
Yes [ ] No* [ ] Don’t Know* [ ]
3.In the past 6 months: Did you have a sexually transmitted infection?
Yes* [ ] No [ ] Don’t Know* [ ]
4.Do you have a sexual partner who has HIV?

Yes* [ ] No [ ] Don’t Know* [ ]
Yes No* Don’t
Know*
a. If, “Yes, has he or she been on therapy for 6 or
more months?
b. If “Yes,” has the therapy suppressed viral load?
**Consider offering PEP
1. In the past 3 days: Have you had sex without a condom with some-
one with HIV who is not on treatment?
Yes** [ ] No [ ] Don’t Know** [ ]
*** Consider acute HIV

1. Have you had a “cold” or “flu” like symptoms such as sore throat
fevers, sweats, swollen glands, mouth ulcers, headache, or
rash?
Yes*** [ ] No [ ] Don’t Know*** [ ]
PrEP is safe, with no side-effects for 90% of users. However, about 10% of
people who start PrEP will have some short-term mild side-effects. These may
include gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, nausea, decreased appetite,
abdominal cramping, or flatulence). Dizziness or headaches have also been
experienced. Such side-effects are usually mild and resolve without stopping
PrEP. Typically, these symptoms start in the first few days or weeks of PrEP
use and last a few days and almost always less than 1 month.
Providers may dispense a one-month supply at the first visit and then a 3 to
4 month supply at subsequent visits. Providers trained to provide ART can
also provide PrEP.
Table 18: Procedures when PrEP is Started (first visit)
Investigation/ Rationale
intervention
Mandatory
HIV test Assessment of HIV infection status
Symptom checklist for possible acute HIV
infection
To assess whether the client is at substantial
risk for HIV
To discuss prevention needs and provide
condoms and lubricants
To discuss desire for PrEP and willingness to
take PrEP
To develop a plan for effective PrEP use,
Brief counselling
sexual and reproductive health
Assess fertility intentions and offer
contraception or safer conception counselling.
Assess intimate partner violence and gender
based violence
Assess substance use and mental health
issues
Other STI screening To diagnose and treat STI
Where available
Pregnancy testing To guide antenatal care, contraceptive
and safer conception counselling, and to
assess risk of maternal to child transmission.
Pregnancy is not a contraindication for PrEP
use.
Serum creatinine To identify pre-existing estimated creatinine
clearance less than 60 ml/min.
Hepatitis B surface
antigen (HBsAg) To identify undiagnosed current hepatitis B
(HBV) infection.
Hepatitis B surface If negative, consider vaccination against
antibody hepatitis B.
Hepatitis C antibody If positive, consider HCV treatment.
Rapid Syphilis Test To diagnose and treat syphilis infection
10.5 PrEP Follow Up and Monitoring
After initiating PrEP the client should be reviewed after 1 month to monitor
adherence and side effects as well as for resupply of medicines and thereafter
3 monthly.
Table 19: PrEP follow-up procedures
Intervention Schedule following PrEP initiation

Mandatory
Confirmation of HIV-negative status Every 3 months
Address side-effects Every visit
Provide STI screening, condoms,
contraception or safer conception As needed
services
Counselling regarding effective
PrEP use (adherence), prevention
of sexually transmitted infections,
recognition of symptoms of sexually
Every visit
transmitted infections, and issues
related to mental health, intimate
partner violence, and substance use
and HIV risk assessment
Where available
Estimated creatinine clearance Every 6 months. Consider more
frequently if there is a history of
conditions affecting the kidney,
such as diabetes or hypertension;
consider less frequently if age
less than 45, baseline estimated
creatinine clearance more than
90ml/min, and weight more than 55
kg.
Hepatitis C antibody Consider testing MSM every 12
months. Incident HCV infections
have been reported among PrEP
users who deny injection drug use
10.6 When to Discontinue PrEP
• The duration of PrEP use may vary and individuals are likely to start and
stop PrEP depending on their risk assessment at different periods in their
lives. PrEP can be stopped 28 days after the last possible exposure to
HIV if the client is no longer at substantial risk for HIV infection. It can also
be stopped if client:
• Has a positive HIV test
• Develops renal disease (Creatinine Clearance <60ml/Min)*
• Has an adverse medicine reaction and
• In sero-discordant couples, when HIV infected partner on ART has
achieved viral suppression
*Refer to Chapter 5, section 5.2 for calculation of Creatinine Clearance
10.7 Practical Screening Questions

These questions are provided to make the screening of potential PrEP users
easy and should be not used to ration or exclude people from accessing
PrEP. People who ask for
PrEP are likely to have made this choice based on a careful assessment
of their own personal circumstances, risk and desire for additional HIV
prevention and should not be excluded on the basis of these questions.
Screening questions can also be used to introduce the consideration and
offer of PrEP to people who are attending services but had not presented
specifically to access PrEP.
Any “yes” answer should prompt a discussion of the risks and benefits of
PrEP.
General Screening Questions
In the past 6 months,
• Have you had sex with more than one person?
• Have you had sex without a condom?
• Have you had sex with anyone whose HIV status you do not know?
• Are any of your partners at risk of HIV?
• Do you have sex with a person who has HIV?
• Have you received a new diagnosis of a sexually transmitted infection?
• Do you desire pregnancy?
• Have you used or wanted to use PEP or PrEP for sexual exposure to HIV?
Additional Factors to Ask About:

Are there aspects of your situation that may indicate higher risk for HIV? Have
you…
• Started having sex with a new partner?
• Ended a long-term relationship and are looking for a new partner?
• Received money, housing, food or gifts in exchange for sex?
• Been forced to have sex against your will?
• Been physically assaulted, including assault by a sexual partner?
• Injected drugs or hormones using shared equipment?
• Used recreational or psychoactive drugs?
• Been forced to leave your home (especially if due to sexual orientation or
violence)?
• Moved to a new place (possibly having a higher prevalence of HIV
exposure)?
• Lost a source of income (such that you may need to exchange sex for
shelter, food, or income)?
• Left school earlier than you planned?
Any “yes” answer may indicate situations that confer increased vulnerability
to HIV and help to identify someone who may benefit from PrEP.
The sexual partner of someone with HIV who is not on suppressive ART
PrEP can protect the uninfected partner in a sero-discordant relationship
when the HIV-infected partner is either not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) or
has not yet achieved viral
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) that suppresses viral load is highly effective
for preventing transmission to others. Still, PrEP may provide additional
protection to sero-discordant couples in a number of situations:
• The partner with HIV has been taking ART for less than 6 months. ART may
take up to 6 months to suppress viral load; in studies of sero-discordant
couples, PrEP has provided a useful bridge to full viral suppression during
this time.
• The uninfected partner has doubt about the effectiveness of the partner’s
treatment or has other partners besides the HIV-positive partner on
treatment.
• There have been gaps in the partner’s treatment adherence or the couple
is not communicating openly about treatment adherence and viral load
test results.
• In addition, any sign of intimate partner violence, controlling behaviour,
or anger or fear in response to questions about HIV treatment should
prompt discussion about PrEP as a way to control risk for HIV.
For people who have a sex partner with HIV, the following questions
will help to ascertain whether that person might benefit from PrEP:
• Is your partner taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV?
• Has your partner been on ART for more than 6 months?
• At least once a month, do you discuss whether your partner is taking
therapy daily?
• If you know, when was your partner’s last HIV viral load test? What was
the result?
• Do you use condoms every time you have sex?
Any “no” answer to any of the above questions including a desire for
pregnancy with HIV positive partner may indicate increased risk for HIV
infection.
CHAPTER 11: Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
In people who have been exposed to HIV through needle-stick inoculation

or through contamination of mucous membranes by secretions, it has been
shown that administration of ARVs within 72 hours of exposure reduces the
likelihood of HIV infection being transmitted. There are also similar benefits
of reduction of HIV transmission by the use of PEP within 72 hours for those
who have been sexually assaulted (rape, intimate partner violence or sexual
abuse) or had a high risk unprotected sexual encounter. In these situations,
ART needs to be continued for one month. The following guidelines should
be followed in the event of accidental occupational exposure to material (i.e.,
blood, secretions, excretions) that may contain HIV, and also after sexual
assault or high risk sexual encounter. Occupational exposure to potentially
infectious material may occur through an injury with a sharp object that has
been used on a patient or through the contamination of mucous surfaces
with patients’ blood or secretions.
The following types of exposures should be considered for post-exposure
prophylaxis:
• Needle-stick injury or injury with a sharp object used on a patient
• Mucosal exposure of the mouth or eyes by splashing fluids
• Broken skin exposed to a small volume of blood or secretions such as
may occur with sexual assault (rape, intimate partner violence or sexual
abuse)
Occupational exposure can be classified as high risk or low risk for HIV
infection, as follows:
Low risk:
• Small volume (e.g., drops of blood) on mucous membranes or non-intact
skin
• Source patient asymptomatic or with VL less than 1,500 copies/ml
High risk:
• Large-bore needle, deep injury
• Large-volume splash on mucous membranes or non-intact skin
• Source patient symptomatic or with high VL levels
11.1 Prevention of Occupational Exposure in Health
Facilities
All health facilities in the private and public sector should adopt a policy for the
prevention of occupational accidental exposure to blood-borne pathogens.
Universal precautions (i.e., the use of disposable latex gloves when handling
bodily fluids, single-use equipment, and proper management of sharp
and contaminated materials) should be observed by all levels of health-
care workers. Universal precautions are designed to prevent transmission
of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other blood-
borne pathogens when providing health care. Under universal precautions,
the blood and certain body fluids of all patients are considered potentially
infectious for HIV, HBV, HCV and other blood-borne pathogens.
Universal precautions involve the use of protective barriers such as gloves,
gowns, aprons, masks, or protective eyewear, which can reduce the risk
of exposure of the health-care worker’s skin or mucous membranes to
potentially infective materials.
Health facilities should implement universal precautions for the prevention of
exposure to potentially infectious material. The programme should include the
training of all employees in the handling and disposal of infectious material. All
personnel should be made aware of the risks involved in improper handling
of such material, and the steps necessary for preventing exposure should be
clearly displayed in posters.
The greatest risk of accidental exposure is in the handling of sharp objects
that have been used on patients. All personnel should be taught how to
safely handle and dispose of sharp objects. Messages should promote the
avoidance of recapping needles, using “sharps bins” for disposing of sharps,
and taking care in performing procedures.
Health personnel should also be conscious that blood and secretions from
patients may be infectious and that simple contamination of unbroken skin
does not comprise a significant risk, but contamination of intact mucous
surfaces of the mouth and eyes does. The health facility should ensure the
continuous supply of personal protective equipment, educational materials,
disposable syringes and needles, and sharps bins. Health facilities should
ensure the availability and accessibility of medicines for post-exposure
prophylaxis.
11.2 Procedure to be Followed in the Event of Injury
with a Sharp Object
In the event of an injury with a sharp object, such as a needle or scalpel,
that has been used on a patient or in the event of a mucous surface being
contaminated with blood or secretions from a patient, the following steps
should be followed:
1. Wash the exposed area thoroughly with soap and water (do not pinch or
press would to try to express blood).
2. Rinse the eye or mouth with plenty of water if contaminated.
3. Report the injury to a senior member of staff or the supervisor.
4. Start the ARVs recommended for post-exposure prophylaxis
immediately—these should be started within 1 hour if possible and at the
latest within 72 hours of the exposure.
5. Ascertain the HIV status of the source patient and the injured health
worker after providing appropriate counselling—the standard rapid HIV
antibody tests should be used and the results of tests obtained as quickly
as possible. Offer viral DNA or RNA testing if source is suspected to be
in the window period.
6. Depending on the results of the HIV tests, the following actions should
be taken:
• If the source patient is HIV-negative, no further post-exposure
prophylaxis is necessary for the exposed health worker. There will
be need to consider exposure to other infections such as hepatitis B.
• If the exposed health worker is HIV-positive, no further post-
exposure prophylaxis is necessary for the health worker. The health
worker should be referred for further counselling and the long-term
management of his or her HIV infection, which would have occurred
prior to the exposure.
• If the health worker is HIV-negative and the source patient is HIV
positive, continue ARVs for a period of one month; repeat the health
worker’s HIV tests at three months and at six months after the initial
test. If the health worker should seroconvert during this time, provide
appropriate care and counselling and refer for expert opinion and
long-term treatment.
• If the health worker refuses to be tested, he or she may have no
claim for possible future compensation.
7. If it is not possible to determine the HIV status of the source patient,
then assume that the source is positive and proceed according to the
guidelines in the previous bullets.
8. In the event of HIV infection exposure to the HCW, the greatest risk of
transmission to other individuals is in the first six weeks. The exposed
Health Care Worker should be instructed to use measures to reduce the
potential risk of HIV transmission to others, e.g. condom use, abstinence
and refraining from blood transfusion until the 6 month serologic test is
negative.
9. Healthcare workers who are breastfeeding should consider discontinuing
breastfeeding following exposure to HIV. This avoids infant exposure to
ARVs and HIV in breast milk should the mother be infected.
10. Post-exposure prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and/
or hepatitis B vaccination series should be considered for occupational
exposure (within 24 hours) after evaluating the hepatitis B status of the
source patient and the vaccination status of the exposed person. Hepatitis
B vaccine and HBIG can be given at the same time but using different
injection sites. Routine pre-exposure hepatitis B vaccination should be
offered to all health-care workers. Ideally the Hepatitis C status of the
source patient should be ascertained.
11.3 Post Exposure Prophylaxis after Sexual Assault

(Rape or Sexual Abuse) or High Risk Sexual Encounter.
It is recommended that a victim of rape or sexual abuse or who has had
an unprotected high risk sexual encounter, presenting within 72 hours of
exposure be counselled and provided with the medicines recommended for
post–occupational exposure prophylaxis. It is important to try to determine
the HIV status of the perpetrator. If that is not possible, it may be assumed
that the perpetrator is HIV-positive, and the victim is provided with the
treatment as listed in the preceding section. Refer the client to the nearest
support centre for sexual assault survivors.
11.4 ARVs to be used in Post Exposure Prophylaxis

Immediately after exposure, all exposed adult adolescent individuals should
take the following:
• Tenofovir 300 mg orally once daily
plus
• Lamivudine 300 mg orally once daily
Plus
• Atazanavir (300mg)/ ritonavir 100mg orally once daily
The above regimen is given for one month.
The Dosage for Children is as follows:
AZT + 3TC is recommended as the preferred backbone regimen for HIV
post-exposure prophylaxis for children 10 years and younger.
ABC + 3TC or TDF + 3TC (or FTC) can be considered as alternative regimens.
LPV/r is recommended as the preferred third drug for HIV post-exposure
prophylaxis for children younger than 10 years.
An age-appropriate alternative regimen can be identified among ATV/r, RAL,
DRV, EFV and NVP.
The exposed individuals should be counselled regarding side effects
prior to receiving the medicines. If the source is HIV-negative, medicine
administration should be discontinued.
11.5 Toxicity Monitoring

All people on Atazanavir/Ritonavir based PEP should have a baseline liver
function test and a repeat at two weeks. If there is any derangement in
transaminases urgent advice must be sought. Please note that atazanavir
causes hyperbilirubinaemia which is a normal part of treatment. Patients
on atazanavir may develop a rash. If this happens urgent advice must be
sought.
If there is intolerance to Atazanavir due to rash or liver toxicity then
Atazanavir/Ritonavir can be replaced with Lopinavir/ritonavir or Raltegravir
or Dolutegravir.
All people on Zidovudine based PEP should have a baseline full blood count.
It should be repeated at two weeks looking for anaemia, neutropenia, or
thrombocytopaenia.
All people on Tenofovir based PEP should have a baseline U&E. It should
be repeated at two weeks, looking for elevations in creatinine from baseline.
If there is elevation in creatinine from baseline, then Tenofovir/Lamivudine
should be replaced with Zidovudine/Lamivudine.
HBV Testing
There is concern about the potential risk of hepatic flares among people with
chronic HBV once TDF-, 3TC- or FTC-based PEP is stopped. Assessment of
HBV infection status should not be a precondition for offering TDF-, 3TC- or
FTC-based PEP, but people with established chronic HBV infection should
be monitored for hepatic flare
after PEP discontinuation. Among people with unknown HBV status and
where HBV testing is readily available, people started on TDF-, 3TC- or FTC-
based PEP should be tested for HBV to detect active HBV infection and the
need for on-going HBV therapy after discontinuing PEP.
Sexually transmitted infections after Sexual Assault (rape, intimate partner
violence, or sexual abuse) or after high risk sexual encounter
Exposure to sexually transmitted infections will often co-exist with HIV
exposure through sexual routes. Screening, diagnosis and presumptive
treatment of sexually transmitted infections should follow established
guidelines.
11.6 Access to PEP

All health facilities should have known easy access points for PEP such as
the casualty or emergency room of hospitals, OI clinics, or city health or rural
health clinics. In addition operating theatres and labour wards should have
easy access points for PEP. A hospital ward also may be designated as an
access point for PEP.
Health staff or those potentially exposed to HIV through sexual assault (rape,
intimate partner violence, or sexual abuse) or through a high risk unprotected
sexual encounter should be able to access PEP easily 24 hours a day 365
days a year. The key to success in PEP is avoiding delay in starting PEP-
ideally PEP should be started straight away within 1 hour of exposure.
Health-care workers should not wait to ascertain the HIV status of the source
patient, but they should start PEP straight away.
Every staff member of a health care institution (whether they be a doctor,
dentist, nurse, nurse aid, laboratory technician, researcher, healthcare
student, domestic cleaner, security guard et al) should be trained to know
what to do in the event of an occupational injury. Please note students be
they medical or nursing, and also staff members under contract to hospitals
such as cleaners and security guards are all entitled by right to access PEP-
there should be no discrimination.
Each health care facility should have a specific PEP policy and procedure in
line with National Guidelines.
For occupational injuries a 24 hour started pack should be issued (or a 72
hour starter pack for a weekend) until the health care worker can be seen
at a staff health clinic or its equivalent and also the HIV status of the source
patient and health care worker is ascertained. The health care worker should
be able to access a starter pack straight away within 1 hour of injury without
delay. If the source patient is found to be HIV positive (and the health worker
negative) then the healthcare worker should continue the PEP for a full 28
day course accessed through the OI clinic or Pharmacy. Thus starter packs
must be kept at known 24 hour accessible sites as documented above.
For those who have been sexually assaulted (rape, intimate partner violence
or sexual abuse) a full 28 day course of PEP should be given at the onset
(a starter pack may be started again to avoid delay of obtaining the 28 Day
PEP course).
11.7 Psychosocial Support

Exposure to HIV through occupational injury or through sexual exposure is
a potentially stressful event and the person will need counselling support
at baseline and regularly over the 4 weeks of PEP and at the 3 month and
6 month HIV tests. Enhanced adherence counselling is recommended
for individuals initiating HIV post-exposure prophylaxis as there is a high
defaulter rate owing to side-effects of medication and other factors. There
should be a designated Staff Heath Nurse-Counsellor or equivalent who is
focus person to trace and follow-up occupational injured staff or students in
an intentional way to make sure they do not default follow-up visits and to
check how they are doing.
CHAPTER 12: Reporting of Adverse Drug
Reactions (ADRs) By Health
Workers
12.1 Reporting of Suspected ADRs

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): A response to a medicine which is noxious and
unintended, which occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis,
diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological
function.
Adverse Event: Any untoward medical occurrence that may present during
treatment with a pharmaceutical product, but which does not necessarily
have a causal relationship with this treatment. Treatment failure is also
considered as an adverse event.
All health care workers, including doctors, pharmacists, nurses, other health
professionals and the patients are requested to report all suspected adverse
reactions to drugs (including vaccines, X-ray contrast media, complementary
medicines), especially when the reaction is unusual, potentially serious or
clinically significant. It is vital to report an adverse drug reaction and adverse
events to the Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe pharmacovigilance
programme even when all the facts are not available or there is uncertainty
that the medicine definitely caused the reaction.
12.1.2 Who Should Report
• All health professionals (in the public or private sector). They
include physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, including public health
professionals, staff in medical laboratories and pathology departments,
and pharmaceutical companies.
• Health and community workers (who are literate) should be encouraged
to report, preferably to the clinician who prescribed the treatment, or
directly to the MCAZ.
• Patients or patient’s family members
• General public
12.1.3 When to Report Suspected ADRs and ADR Reporting

Tools
An ADR report should be submitted to the MCAZ, as soon as possible
after the reaction. To report an ADR, the MCAZ e-ADR reporting platform
http://www.mcaz.co.zw/index.php/2016-01-08-06-40-00/e-reporting can be
used. Once submission is made on-line, the e-ADR form is received by the
MCAZ. A standard ADR reporting form can also be completed (Annex 2),
and submitted to the MCAZ. It is better not to wait until final results and
information such as hospital letters are received, because the report may be
forgotten. These additional details can be sent to the MCAZ later. All ADR
reports once submitted, are treated in an anonymous format
12.1.4 ADRs to be Reported to the MCAZ

• All ADRs to marketed medicines or medicines added to the Essential
Medicines List
• All serious reactions and interactions
• All known and unknown ADRs
• Unusual or interesting adverse medicine reactions
• All adverse reactions or poisonings to traditional or herbal remedies
Product Quality Problems to be reported to MCAZ
• Suspected contamination
• Questionable stability
• Defective components
• Poor packaging or labeling
• Therapeutic failures
12.1.5 Reporting a Suspected ADR

The following steps should be followed when reporting ADRs:
Step 1: Obtain Patient History and Do a Proper Examination

• Take a full medicine and medical history
• Conduct physical examination as some medicines produce distinctive
physical signs.
• Establish time relationships i.e. the time from the start of therapy to the
time of onset of the suspected reaction.
• Determine if there are other possible causes for the new symptoms
(e.g. patient’s underlying disease, other medicine/s, over-the-counter
medicines or complementary medicines; toxins or foods) and conduct
further investigations e.g. FBC, ALT, U & E. Laboratory tests are especially
important if the medicine is considered essential in improving patient care
or of the lab test results will improve management of the patient
• Describe the reaction as clearly as possible and, where possible provide,
an accurate diagnosis
Step 2: Check the Known Pharmacology of the Medicine.

• Is the reaction known to occur with the particular medicine as stated in the
package insert or other reference?
• If the reaction is not documented in the package insert, it does not mean
that the reaction cannot occur with that particular medicine.
Step 3: Management of the ADRs

Manage the patient based on the findings and the guidance in table 10
In addition, consider Dechallenge and Rechallenge.
• Re-challenge refers to starting the same medicine after having stopped
usually for an adverse event.
• A positive rechallenge refers to the adverse events recurring after
restating the medicine. Stop the medicine
• A negative rechallenge is when the adverse event does not recur after
restarting the medicine. Continue the medicine
• Rechallenge is only justifiable when the benefit of re-introducing the
medicine to the patient outweighs the risk of recurrence of the reaction
• Dechallenge refers to the stopping of a drug usually after an adverse
event
• Positive dechallenge refers to the adverse events disappearing after the
stopping of the drug. In this event consider substituting with another drug
OR rechallenging with the same drug
• Negative dechallenge refers to the adverse event not disappearing after
the stopping of the drug. In this event, refer for further investigations and
consider other potential drugs that can cause similar adverse events.
Example see Cotrimoxazole desensitization Appendix 4
12.1.6 Components of a Complete Case Report

Complete case reports include the following elements:
• Description of the adverse events or disease experience, including time
to onset of signs or symptoms;
• Suspected and concomitant product therapy details (i.e., dose, lot number,
schedule, dates, duration), including over-the-counter medications,
dietary supplements, and recently discontinued medications;
• Patient characteristics, including demographic information (e.g., age,
race, sex), baseline medical condition prior to product therapy, co-morbid
conditions, use of concomitant medications, relevant family history of
disease, and presence of other risk factors;
• Documentation of the diagnosis of the events, including methods used to
make the diagnosis
• Clinical course of the event and patient outcomes (e.g., hospitalization or
death)
• Relevant therapeutic measures and laboratory data at baseline, during
therapy, and subsequent to therapy, including blood levels, as appropriate;
• Information about response to dechallenge and rechallenge; and
• Any other relevant information (e.g., other details relating to the event
or information on benefits received by the patient, if important to the
assessment of the event).
12.1.7 How to Minimize Occurrence of ADRs

Some ADRs are unavoidable and cannot be prevented. However, most
ADRs can be prevented by following the basic principles of rational use of
medicines that are described as follows:
• Use few medicines, whenever possible
• Use medicines that you know well
• Do not change therapy from known medicines to unfamiliar one without
good reasons.
• Use text books and other reference material providing information on
medicine reactions and interactions.
• Take extra care when you prescribe medicines known to exhibit a
large variety of interactions and adverse reactions (anticoagulants,
hypoglycemic, and drug affecting the CNS) with careful monitoring of
patients with such reactions.
• Beware of the interaction of medicines with certain food stuffs, alcohol
and even with house hold chemicals.
• Review all the medicines being used by your patients regularly, taking
special notice with those bought without prescription (over the counter,
complementary).
• Be particularly careful when prescribing to children, the elderly, pregnant
and nursing women, the seriously ill and patients with hepatic and renal
diseases. Careful ongoing monitoring is also essential in these patients.
If the patient shows signs and/or symptoms not clearly explained by the
course of their illness, think of adverse drug reaction. If you suspect an
adverse reaction, consider stopping the medicine or reduce the dosage as
soon possible and please report the adverse drug reaction to the Medicines
Control Authority of Zimbabwe.
12.1.8 Follow-Up
All reports of serious events should be followed up if details are incomplete.
This may require the involvement of health professionals in a clinical setting
who have been trained and appointed for this type of work. Occasionally
follow-up information is required to fully assess reports of non-serious events.
Follow-up requests should be kept to a minimum as they can discourage
further reporting. Examples of follow-up information might be: essential
missing details, information on the final outcome, the result of re-challenge,
the results of laboratory tests, and post-mortem results from health facilities
where autopsy is undertaken.
12.1.9 Feedback to Reporters
The pharmacovigilance centre (MCAZ) will provide feedback to anyone who
reports an ADR. Further feedback information will be provided to the reporter
after causality assessment by the MCAZ PVCT Committee.
Benefits of reporting to the health worker and the patient;
• Improved patient confidence in professional practice
• Improved quality of care offered to patients
• Reduced medicine related problems leading to better treatment outcomes
• Satisfaction in fulfilling moral and professional obligation on the part of
the health worker
• Improvement in the knowledge of the health worker
Protection of Health worker who reports an ADR
Adverse drug reaction reports do not constitute an admission that a health
professional contributed to the event in any way. The outcome of the report,
together with any important or relevant information relating to the reaction
that has been reported, will be sent back to the reporter as appropriate.
The details of the report will be stored in a confidential database. The name
of the reporter or any other health professionals named on a report and the
patient will be removed before any details about a specific adverse drug
reaction are used or communicated to others. The information obtained from
the report will not be used for commercial purposes. The information is only
meant to improve understanding of the medicines used in Zimbabwe.
APPENDIX 1: Clinical Staging for Adults
and Adolescents
(Adapted from WHO, WHO Case Definitions of HIV for Surveillance and
Revised Clinical Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-Related
Disease in Adults and Children, 2007. Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/
pub/guidelines/hivstaging/en/index.html)
Clinical Stage 1
• Asymptomatic
• Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
Clinical Stage 2
• Weight loss,<10% of body weight
• Recurrent RTI
• Herpes Zoster
• Angular Cheilitis
• Recurrent ulcerations occurring twice or more then in six months.
• Papular pruritic eruptions
• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Fungal nail infections of the fingers
Clinical Stage 3
• Weight loss; >10 % of body weight
• Unexplained chronic diarrhoea >1 month.
• Unexplained prolonged fever >1 month
• Pulmonary Tuberculosis ,current or within the past 2 months or TB
adenitis
• Severe infection including pneumonia, meningitis, bone or joint
infection.
• Oral Candidiasis
• Oral hairy leukoplakia
• Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis or necrotizing ulcerative
periodontitis
• Unexplained anaemia >1 month.
Clinical Stage 4
• HIV wasting syndrome
• Pneumocystis Pneumonia
• Recurrent severe or radiological bacterial pneumonia (two or more
episodes within a year).
• Cryptococcal meningitis or other extra pulmonary.
• Cryptococcus infections
• Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis except TB adenitis
• Kaposi Sarcoma
• HIV Encephalopathy
• Candidiasis of the oesophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs
• Chronic Herpes simplex virus (HSV)infection (orolabial, genital or
anorectal >1 month, or visceral any duration)
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease of an organ other than liver, spleen or
lymph nodes.
• Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
• Any disseminated mycosis (e.g. histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis,
or penicilliosis)
• Lymphoma (cerebral or B cell non-Hodgkin)
• Recurrent non typhoidal salmonella septicaemia (2 or more episodes
in last year).
• Invasive cervical cancer
• Visceral leishmaniosis
• Cryptosporidiosis with diarrhoea lasting more than 1 month.
• Psoriasis
• Disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection.
• CNS toxoplasmosis
APPENDIX 2: Revised WHO Clinical Staging of
HIV/AIDS for Infants and Children
with Established HIV Infection
(Adapted from WHO, WHO Case Definitions of HIV for Surveillance and Revised Clinical
Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-Related Disease in Adults and Children, 2007.
Available at: http://www.who.int/hiv/ pub/guidelines/hivstaging/en/index.html.)
Primary HIV Infection

• Asymptomatic
• Acute retroviral syndrome
Clinical Stage 1
• Asymptomatic
• Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
Clinical Stage 2
• Unexplained persistent hepatosplenomegaly
• Papular pruritic eruptions
• Extensive wart virus infection
• Extensive molluscum contagiosum
• Recurrent oral ulcerations
• Unexplained persistent parotid enlargement
• Lineal gingival erythema
• Herpes zoster
• Recurrent or chronic upper respiratory tract infections (otitis media,
otorrhoea, sinusitis, tonsillitis)
• Fungal nail infections
Clinical Stage 3
• Moderate unexplained malnutrition not adequately responding to
standard therapy
• Unexplained persistent diarrhoea (14 days or more )
• Unexplained persistent fever (above 37.5° C intermittent or constant,
for longer than 1 month)
• Persistent oral candida (outside first 6 to 8 weeks of life)
• Oral hairy leukoplakia
• Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis/periodontitis
• Lymph node TB
• Pulmonary TB
• Severe recurrent presumed bacterial pneumonia
Clinical Stage 3
• Symptomatic lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis
• Chronic HIV-associated lung disease, including bronchiectasis
• Unexplained anaemia (< 8 g/dL), neutropenia (< 500/mm3), or chronic
thrombocytopenia (< 50,000/mm3)
• HIV-associated cardiomyopathy or HIV-associated nephropathy
Clinical Stage 4
• HIV wasting syndrome
• Pneumocystis pneumonia
• Recurrent severe bacterial pneumonia
• Chronic herpes simplex infection (orolabial, genital, or anorectal of
more than 1 month’s duration) or visceral at any site
• Oesophageal candidiasis (or candidiasis of trachea, bronchi, or lungs)
• Extrapulmonary TB
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Central nervous system toxoplasmosis
• HIV encephalopathy
• Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis, including meningitis
• Disseminated nontuberculous mycobacteria infection
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
• Chronic cryptosporidiosis
• Chronic isosporiasis
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (retinitis, or CMV infection of other
organs)
• Disseminated mycosis (e.g., extrapulmonary histoplasmosis,
coccidiomycosis)
• Recurrent septicaemia (including nontyphoidal salmonella)
• Lymphoma (cerebral or B-cell non-Hodgkin’s)
• Invasive cervical carcinoma
• Atypical disseminated leishmaniasis
• Symptomatic HIV-associated nephropathy or HIV-associated
cardiomyopathy
APPENDIX 3: Grades of Adverse Events
Grade 1 (Mild) Transient or mild discomfort; no limitation

in activity; no medical intervention/therapy
required
Grade 2 (Moderate) Mild to moderate limitation in activity; some
assistance may be needed; no or minimal
medical intervention/therapy required
Grade 3 (Severe) Marked limitation in activity; some assistance
usually required; medical intervention/therapy
required; hospitalization possible
Grade 4(Life-threatening) Extreme limitation in activity; significant
assistance required; significant medical
intervention/therapy required; hospitalization
or hospice care probable
APPENDIX iv: Rapid Cotrimoxazole
Desensitization Protocol
(Adapted from Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, HIV/AIDS

Standard Treatment Guidelines, 2004)
Suitable for prophylactic-dose cotrimoxazole or high-dose cotrimoxazole for
treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Desensitization can be offered rapidly or over a longer period of time. Do not
desensitize anyone who has had an anaphylactic reaction to cotrimoxazole
or a severe skin rash such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Desensitization
is usually about 60% effective. Rapid desensitization ideally should be
performed during the day in a setting where emergency resuscitation
can be provided and adrenaline can be given. Observations during rapid
desensitization should take place every 30 minutes, before each dose is
given, and should include temperature, pulse, and blood pressure.
If only mild rash or pruritus occurs, administer antihistamine (e.g.,
chlorpheniramine or promethazine) and continue. If more serious side effects
occur, such as severe wheeze, severe or symptomatic hypotension, severe
rash, and so on, discontinue desensitization, manage appropriately, and do
not try to restart desensitization.
Once cotrimoxazole has been started, it can be continued indefinitely as long
as no reactions are noted, but if the medicine is stopped at any time, there
may be a risk of reaction when it is restarted.
Using a 1 ml syringe, put 0.5 ml of paediatric cotrimoxazole 240 mg / 5 ml
syrup in 1,000 ml of 5% dextrose and mix well.
Minutes Quantity of Above Mixture Given Orally

0 1 ml (use 10 ml syringe)
90 0.5 ml
120 5 ml
150 480 mg tablet
180 Start full prophylactic or therapeutic dose.
APPENDIX 5: Some Important
Medicine Interactions
Avoid giving the following medicines together:
Medicines Involved Effects of the Interaction

Avoid giving Nevirapine and Both medicines are toxic to the liver. The
ketoconazole together. level of Nevirapine is increased while
that of ketoconazole is reduced.
Use alternative contraception ARVs can make oral contraceptives
with Nevirapine. less effective. Encourage dual methods
of contraception (including using
condoms).
Avoid giving Efavirenz and Efavirenz increases the levels of
diazepam together except in diazepam in the blood.
an emergency that requires
diazepam.
Avoid giving Stavudine and Both medicines work to prevent the
Zidovudine together. virus from entering the CD4 lymphocyte.
They antagonize each other when given
together.
APPENDIX 6: Developmental Milestones
APPENDIX VI. DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
Age Psychosocial Gross Motor Fine Motor / Communication/

Visual Hearing
1 month Follows faces Moves all Opens hands Startled by loud
to the midline extremities spontaneously sounds; cries;
equally; lifts quiets when fed
head when and comforted
lying on
stomach
2 months Follows faces Lifts head up Looks at own Makes baby
past midline; 45 degrees hand sounds (cooing,
Smiles when on squealing,
responsively stomach gurgling)
3 months Recognizes Supports Opens hands Responds to
mother; head for a frequently voices; laughs
smiles few seconds
responsively when held
Upright
4 months Follows an Bears weight Brings hands Turns head to
object with on legs; good together in sound
eyes for 180 neck control midline (clasps
degrees; when pulled hands); grabs
regards to sitting; lifts an object (such
own hand; chest and as a rattle);
anticipates supports self reaches for
food on sight on elbows objects
when pulled
to sit
6 months Reaches Rolls from Plays with Responds to
for familiar stomach to hands by name; babbles
people back or back touching them
to stomach; together; sees
sits with small objects
anterior such as crumbs
support
9 months Indicates Can sit Looks for a toy Responds to soft
wants; waves without when it falls sounds such as
bye-bye; support; from his or her whispers
has stranger creeps or hand; takes
anxiety crawls on a toy in each
hands and hand; transfers
knees a toy from one
hand to the
85

Other
12 Has Pulls self up Points at Says at least one
months separation to standing objects with word; makes “ma-
anxiety; position; index finger ma” or “da-da”
social walks with sounds; locates
interactions support sounds by turning
intentional head
and goal
directed
15 Imitates Can take Can stack one Able to say mama
Months activities; steps by cube on top of and dada to
finds a himself or another respective
nearby herself; parents
hidden object can get to
a sitting
position
from a lying
position
18 Initiates Walks Takes off own Says at least 3
Months interactions without help shoes; feeds words
by calling to self
adult
2 years Does things Runs without Looks at Combines 2
to please falling pictures in a different words
others; book; imitates
engages drawing a
in parallel vertical line
(imitative)
Play
Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV in Zimbabwe 86 115

APPENDIX 7: Developmental Red Flags
Birth to 3 months • Failure to alert to environmental stimuli

• Rolling over before 2 months (hypertonia)
• Persistent fisting at 3 months
4 to 6 months • Poor head control
• Failure to smile
• Failure to reach for objects by 5 months
6 to 12 months • No baby sounds or babbling
• Inability to localise sounds by 10 months
12 to 24 months • Lack of consonant production
• Hand dominance prior to 18 months
(contralateral weakness)
• No imitation of speech and activities by 16
months
Any age • Loss of previously attained milestones
APPENDIX 8: Six Gross Motor Milestones
Windows of achievement for six gross motor milestones
Reference: WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Motor Development
Study: Windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones. Acta Paediatrica
Supplement 2006:450:86-95.
APPENDIX ix: ARVs Paediatric Dosing Chart
APPENDIX IX. ARVs PAEDIATRIC DOSING CHART

Medicine Strength Number of tablets or ml by weight Strength Number of

of band (AM + PM) of adult tablets by
paediatric tab (mg) weight band
tablet (mg) Children 6 weeks of age and over (AM + PM)
or liquid
(mg/ml 3–5.9 6–9.9 10– 14– 20– 25–29.9 30–
kg kg 13.9 19.9 24.9 kg 34.9
AM + AM + kg kg Kg AM + kg
PM PM AM + AM + AM + PM AM +
PM PM PM PM
6/30 1+1 2+1 2 +2 3+2 3+3 30/150 1+1 1+1

12/60 0.5 + 1+ 1 + 1 1.5 2+1
0.5 0.5 +1
1+1 2+1 2 +2 3+2 3+3 30/150 1+1 1+1
0.5 + 1+ 1 + 1 1.5 2+1 /200
0.5 0.5 +1
NVP 200; 10 5 ml + 8 ml + 10 ml 1+ 1+ 200 1+1 1+1

mg/ml 5 ml 8 ml + 10 0.5 0.5
ml
AZT 60 1+1 2+1 2 +2 3+2 3+3 300 1+1 1+1

AZT 300; 10 6 ml + 9 ml + 12 ml 0.5 + 1+ 300 1+1 1+1
mg/ml 6 ml 9 ml + 12 0.5 0.5
ml
AZT/3TC 60/30 1+1 2+1 2 +2 3+2 3+3 300/150 1+1 1+1

AZT/3TC 60/30 1+1 2+1 2 +2 3+2 3+3 300/150 1+1 1+1
/NVP /50 /200
ABC 60 1+1 2+1 2 +2 3+2 3+3 300 1+1 1+1
ABC 300; 20 3 ml 4 ml + 6 ml + 0.5 + 1+ 300 1+1 1+1
mg/ml +3 ml 4 ml 6 ml 0.5 0.5
ABC/3TC 60/30 1+1 2+1 2 +2 3+2 3+3 600/300 1+0 1+0
Lop/r 100/25 n/r n/r 2 +1 2+2 3+2 100/25 3+3 3+3

(paed)
80/20 2 ml
Lop/r mg/ + 2 ml + 2 ml + 3 ml + 3 mL+ 200/50 2+1 2+1
ml 1 ml 1 ml 2 ml 2 ml 3 ml (adult)
Note: Higher doses of Lop/r may be required when co-administered with enzyme-inducing medicines such
Note: Higher doses of Lop/r may be required when co-administered with enzyme-inducing medicines
such as NVP, EFV; n/r = not recommended. 8

as NVP, EFV; n/r = not recommended.
Medicine Strength Number of tablets by weight band Strength Number of
of once daily Of tablets by
paediatric Children 3 years and over paediatric weight band
tablet (mg) tablet (mg) once daily
(PM dosing
preferred)
EFV 200, 50 n/r n/r 1x200 1x200 1x200 200, 50 1.5x200 2x200
mg mg + mg + mg + mg
1x50 2x50 1x50 mg
mg Mg
EFV 200, 50 n/r n/r 0+1 0+2 0+3 0 + 2.5 0+2
(Note: Pediatric Dosing Chart on preceding page was adapted from: International Center for A
(Note: Pediatric Dosing Chart on preceding page was adapted from: International Center for AIDS Care
Care
and and Treatment
Treatment Programs, Programs,
Global AIDSGlobal
Program,AIDS Program,
Baylor Baylor
International International
Pediatric Pediatric
AIDS Initiative, AIDS Initiat
Pediatric
Pediatric Antiretroviral
Antiretroviral Dosing in Resource-Limited
Dosing in Resource-Limited Settings, UpdatedSettings,
NovemberUpdated November
2006. Available 2006. Available
at: http://www.
http://www.cdc.gov/globalAIDS/pa_pmtct_
cdc.gov/globalAIDS/pa_pmtct_ pediatric.htm.) pediatric.htm.)
APPENDIX x: Early Infant Diagnosis
Algorithm
Establishing the presence of HIV infection in HIV-exposed infants and children less than 18 months of
age in resource-limited settings.
HIV-exposed newborn (0-2 days)
a
Conduct NAT Negative
HIV-exposed Infant or child (4-6 weeks or at the earliest opportunity thereafter)
Conduct NATa
NAT available NAT not available
Positive Negative
Infant/child is likely infected Never breastfed Ever breastfed or currently

breastfeeding
Immediately start ARTb Infant/child is Infant /child remains at risk Regular and periodic

uninfected for acquiring HIV infection clinical monitoring
And repeat NAT
until complete cessation of
to confirm infection
breastfeedingc
Infant/child develops signs or symptoms Infant remains well and reaches 9 months of age
suggestive of HIV
Conduct HIV antibody test at

NAT not available approximately 9 months of age
NAT available Positive

Negative

Negative Positive
NAT not available assume
infected if sick assume
uninfected if well
Infant/child is infected

sick
well
HIV unlikely unless still

Start ARTb breastfeedingc
And repeat NAT to confirm infection

Repeat antibody test at 18 months of age

and/or 6 weeks after cessation of
breastfeeding
a
a POC NAT POCtoNAT to provide
provide testingtesting
closercloser
to thetopoint
the point of care
of care cancan
bebe used
used
b
Startwithout
bStart ART, ART, without delay.
delay. At the At the same
same time,time,
retestretest to confirm
to confirm infection.
infection.
c
cThe risk The
of risk
HIVof HIV transmission
transmission remains
remains as long
as long continues.
as breastfeedingcontinues.
as breastfeeding
APPENDIX xi: Spontaneous Adverse Drug
Reaction Report Form
APPENDIX xii: Medicinal/Pharmaceutical
Product Defect Form
APPENDIX xiii: Medication Error Form

ZIM ART Guidelines 2016 - Review Final

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Guidelines for

National Medicines and Therapeutics Policy Advisory

• The National Medicine and Therapeutics Policy Advisory Committee

We are grateful to those people currently involved in the national HIV

Prof. C.E. Ndhlovu Dr. O. Mugurungi

Chapters were allocated to members of the National Medicines and

Borok M Z, Professor Physician, UZCHS

National Programme Officer, HIV/Hep,WHO

Hove R, Mrs Pharmacist, Directorate of Pharmacy Services

Khoza S, Dr Clinical Pharmacologist, UZCHS

Manyame S, Dr Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, UZCHS

Maunganidze A J, Mr Surgeon, UZCHS

Mudzimu F, Mr Pharmacist, Directorate of Pharmacy Services

Mujuru H A, Dr Paediatrician, UZCHS

Paediatrician, PMTCT and Paediatric HIV Care

Mutasa-Apollo T, Dr Deputy Director, HIV & AIDS and STIs, MOHCC

Ndhlovu C E, Prof Physician, UZCHS

Nyamayaro R T T, Dr Anaesthetist, Parirenyatwa Central Hospital

Nyatsambo C, Dr Physician, Harare City Health Department

Pharmacist and Managing Director, National

Torongo M, Mrs Pharmacist, Retail Pharmacists Association

Vuragu D N, Mr Chief Pharmacist, Parirenyatwa Central Hospital

Wellington M, Dr Public Health Specialist, Newlands Clinic

HIV Testing Services

Early Infant Diagnosis

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PreP)

Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

Reporting Adverse Drug Events

2.2 Service Delivery Approaches for HTS

Figure 1: HIV Self Testing (HIVST) Strategy

Perform HIV self-test

Source: WHO HTS guideline 2015

The proposed distribution models for HIVST are as follows: -

Studies are still going on to gather evidence on which cost-effective models

Pre-test information Conduct HIV Test Follow up Counselling &

Source: Adapted from MOHCC PITC Flow Chart

If HIV test result If HIV test result

If HIV test result If HIV test result is

Adolescents • Adolescent girls and young women are particularly

Pregnant • One of the key steps in preventing mother to child

Men • More emphasis should be put in reaching men for HTS

Couples • It is recommended that HTS service providers

Key • Key populations are disproportionately affected by

2.2.3 Retesting to Verify HIV Status

2.2.4 Linkage to Prevention, Treatment, Care and Support

HIV Positive HIV Negative

General population not Offer retesting at least annually

Individuals with Retest after 14 days

Individuals on PEP Retest at 3 months and 6 months after the initial

Individuals on PrEP Retest after every 3 months

Key populations Retesting according to risk assessments

HIV-negative pregnant Retest previously HIV-negative women in

HIV positive individuals Retest all people newly and previously

2.3.1 Disclosure to a Child, Adolescent and Youths of HIV

2.4 Quality Assurance

3.2 Characteristics of Available ARVs

These additional classes of ARVs are not yet in use in Zimbabwe:

Nucleoside Non-nucleoside Protease Integrase

Lamivudine (3TC) Etravirine Darunavir