112 I Strength of Materials

a, and a;.If a, > a;,the change in length AL will be < La,T but more
than La;T. Material 1 will be under compression as it is not able to
expand to its natural length. Material 2 will be under tension as it has
been pulled to a greater length. Reverse will be the case if a, > a,.
(iii) If 0,and 0,are the stresses in the two materials, then the forces acting
,
on them will be P, = o,A and P2 = 0,A ,. If there is no external force,
,
then these two forces are equal for equilibrium. o,A = 0,A ,.
(iv) We need one more equation to find these stresses. As the final change in
length is common, the strains in the two materials are the same. E, =
o,L/E, and E, = 02L/E2.This gives o l / E , = 02/E, as the length L is
the same.
(v) We find the stresses using these two equations.

Example 3.30 Thermal stress in a bar between rigid supports

A steel bar 2 m long is fixed between two supports. If the temperature of the bar is raised by
18"C, find the stress in the bar if the supports are rigid.
a= 12 x 10-6/oC/m and E = 200 GPa.
Solution The situation is shown in Fig. 3.28. The
temperature rise causes the rod to expand but the
rod is unable to expand because of the rigid sup-
ports.
Extension of the rod due to temperature rise AL
=L f l .
In this case, L = 2 m = 2000 mm, a=12 x and Fig. 3.28
T = 18°C
AL = 2000 x 12 x x 18 = 0.432 mm. The force P to cause equal extension is
given by
P = A EALIL [from AL = PLIA E] or PIA = o=EALIL
Stress = 200,000 x 0.43212000 = 43.2 N/mm2. This stress is compressive. 0
Example 3.31 Temperature stress in a steel rod between rigid and yielding supports

A steel rod, 20 mm Q and 1.5 m long, is constrained between supports A and B as shown in
Fig. 3.29. The material is stress-free at 27 "C. Determine the stress in the material when the
temperature increases to 50 "C (a) if the supports are unyielding and (b) if the support at B
yields by 0.1 mm. E for steel = 200 GPa and a f o r steel = 12 x 10-6/"C.
Solution (a) When the supports are unyielding Remove the constraint at B and allow
the material to expand. The change in length is given by
AL = L a t = 1500 x 12 x x (50 - 27)
= 0.414 mm
The compressive force required to bring the material to its original length 1500 mm may be
worked out as follows.
 Simple Stresses and Strains 113 I
- (z/4) x 202 x 200,000 x 0.414
-
1500
= 17,342 N

Stress o= - = 17'432 = 55.2 N/mm2 (compressive)

A (z/4)x202

/ \
/
/ \
\
/
1500
/-
/
d

At 50 "C
0.1 mm yield

.4 L AL
At 50 "C

Fig. 3.29
(b) When the support B yields by 0.1 mm Change in length AL = 0.414 mm as before. The
final length of the member = 1500.1 mm. The compressive force P required is only for a
change in length of (1500.414 - 1500.1) = 0.314 mm.
- 200,000 x 0.314
AEAL P
p=- , Stress = -=- E AL -
L A L 1500
= 41.9 N/mm2 (compressive) 0
Example 3.32 Thermal stress in a bar with rigid and spring supports
A steel bar 1.5 m long and 12 mm diameter is supported by a rigid support at one end and a
spring of stiffness 10 kN/mm at the other. If the temperature of the bar is raised by 20"C,
find the stress in the bar. a= 11.6 x 10-6/"C and E = 200 GPa.
Solution The situation is shown in Fig. 3.30. Note that the spring's effect is similar to that
of a yielding support.
If the rod were free, the expansion due to tempera-
ture would have been
AL=LaT
1.5 rn
Here L =1.5 m = 1500 mm, a = 11.6 x
104/"C, and T = 20°C Fig. 3.30
AL = 1500 x 11.6 x x 20 = 0.348 mm
This expansion is prevented but not fully because of the spring. If the spring is subjected to
a force P as shown, the spring will exert an equal force on the bar and the stress in the bar
due to temperature rise will be equal to that due to force P.
Due to force P, the spring will get compressed. This is similar to the yield of a support.
Compression of the spring = P/k = P/10,000 mm, where P is in newton and k =
spring stiffness = 10 kN/mm = 10,000 N/mm.
 114 I Strength of Materials

Expansion of the bar prevented = 0.348 - P/lO,OOO

Stress in the bar due to force P = P/A = o, P = A o
Compression in the bar due to P = PLIA E = oL/E
Therefore, 0.348 - P/lO,OOO = oLIE
or 0.348 -A 0/10,000 = oL/E, A = z x 122/4= 114.2 mm2
SO, 0.348 - 114.20/10000= OX 15001200,000

(200 GPa = 200,000 MPa = 200,000 N/mm2)

or 0.348 = 0[114.2/10,000 + 1500/200,000]; o = 18.4 N/mm2. The stress is com-
pressive. 0
Example 3.33 Thermal stress in a composite bar
Acopper rod and a steel rod are joined together as shown in Fig. 3.31. There is a gap of 0.1
mm between the rigid support and the end Copper
of the bar at 27°C. Determine the stresses
in the bars when the temperature becomes
50°C. E for steel = 200 GPa, E for copper
= 120 GPa; a for steel = 12 x 10-6/0C,
and a f o r copper = 16 x 10-6/0C.
[-57+[ 0.5 m
Steel

0.5 m
Solution Till the bar touches the support,
I<
I
there will be no stress in the bars as they Fig. 3.31
expand freely. The temperature at which
this happens will be when the expansion of the copper and steel bars together equals 0.1
mm.
500 x 16 x T + 500 x 12 x T = 0.1; T = 7°C
Temperature is 27 + 7 = 34°C. The bars will be stressed due to any further rise in tem-
perature. Temperature rise is 50 - 34 = 16°C.
Area of copper bar = ~ ( 2 0 ) ~=/ 4314.2 mm2;area of steel bar= ~ ( l 0 ) ~=/78.57
4 mm2
Total expansion of the bars = 500 x 16 [16 x + 12 x = 0.224 mm
This expansion is prevented. If P is the force, then
Px500 +

px500 =0.224
314.3 x 120,000 78.57 x 200,000
P = 4978 N
Stress in copper bar = 497W314.2 = 15.84 N/mm2
Stress in steel bar = 497W78.57 = 63.36 N/mm2
The net length does not change. But the copper and steel bars change in length, one bar
contracts and the other expands. To find which bar extends and which bar contracts, we have
to find their individual changes due to force and temperature rise.
Copper bar: Change in length due to temperature = 500 x 16 x x 16
= 0.128 mm
Change in length due to force 4978 N = 4978 x 500/(314.2 x 120,000)
= - 0.066 mm
Net change = 0.062 mm
Steel bar: Change due to temperature = 500 x 12 x x 16 = 0.096 mm
Change due to force P = 4978 x 500/ (78.57 x 200,000) = - 0.158 mm
Net change = - 0.158 + 0.096 = - 0.062 mm 0
 Simple Stresses and Strains 115 I
Example 3.34 Thermal stress in a bar with fixed supports
A bar, 20 mm diameter and fixed at A , is stretched with a force of 10 kN to bring to support
B and fix it. LengthA B = 2 m. Temperature is 27°C. Determine at what temperature will the
stress become zero? What will be the stress in the bar if the temperature rises to (i) 40°C
and (ii) 50"C?
Steel 20$

[
I -
y2m I
o
I kN

1- -1
Fig. 3.32
Solution Area of the bar = z(20),/4 = 314.2 mm2
Stress due to the force = 10,000/314.2 = 31.8 N/mm2 (tensile)
Elongation due to this stress = oL/E = 3 1.8 x 2000/200,000 = 0.318 mm
A temperature rise will cause compressive stress in the bar. If T is the rise in temperature,
this rise will cause an equal compressive stress to make the stress zero.
Stress due to temperature rise T = E a T = 200,000 x 12 x xT
200,000 x 12 x x T = 3 1.8; T = 13.25"C
When the temperature reaches 27 + 13.25 = 40.25"C, the bar will be free of stress.
When the temperature is 40°C temperature stress= 200,000 x 12 x lo4 x 13
= 3 1.2 N/mm2
Net stress = 3 1.8 - 3 1.2 = 0.6 N/mm2 (tensile)
At 50"C, temperature rise = 23°C
Thermal stress = 200,000 x 12 x 104x 23 = 55.2 N/mm2
Net stress = 31.8 - 55.2 = -23.4 N/mm2 (compressive) 0
Example 3.35 Temperature stresses in a stepped-section steel rod

The steel rod shown in Fig. 3.33 is in two parts. It has a diameter of 10 mm for a length of 1
m and of 20 mm for the remaining length of 1.5 m. If it is constrained between two supports
A and B and is stress-free at 20 "C, find the stress in the material when it is heated to 70 "C.
E = 200 GPa, a= 12 x 10-6/"C.
Solution Assume that the support at B is removed and the material is allowed to expand.
The change in length is given by
AL = 2500 x 12 x x (70 - 20) = 1.5 mm
If P is the equivalent compressive force required to bring the material back to its original
length, then

the suffixes 1 and 2 referring to the parts A C and C B shown.

L , = 1000 mm, A = (d4) x 10, = 25zmm2, El = 200 GPa
,
L , = 1500 mm, A = (d4) x 20, = 100zmm2, E2= 200 GPa
 116 I Strength of Materials

/
/
/ I
/ l+p
/
/
/ I
/ --I
/
/. +t ALLtc

Stress in C B = 17’136 = 54.54 N/mm2

~

100z
Note It must be clearly understood that while the total length of the member does not
change, this is not the case with the individual parts A C and BC.
(i) Consider the part A C.
Change in length due to temperature = 1000 x 12 x x 50 = + 0.6 mm

=
-PL -
-
-1 7,136 x 1000
Change in length due to force P ~

AE 2% x 200,000
= - 1.091 mm
(The negative sign indicates a decrease in length.)
Net change in length = - 1.091 + 0.6 = - 0.491 mm (decrease)
(ii) Consider the part CB.
Change in length due to temperature rise = 1500 x 12 x x 50
= 0.9 mm
-17136~1500
Change in length due to P = = - 0.409
1O O Z x 200,000
Net change in length = 0.9 - 0.409 = 0.491 mm (increase)
While the memberA C decreases in length by 0.49 1 mm, CB increases in length by the same
amount, the net change being zero for the whole member. 0
Example 3.36 Temperature stresses in steel and brass rods

If, in Example 3.35, the part CB was of brass, what would be the stress in the two materials?
E for brass = 105 GPa, and a f o r brass = 19 x C.
Solution The total change in length would be due to expansion in the two materials and
would be given by
AL = L l a l t + L 2 g t = 1000 x 12 x x 50 + 1500 x 12 x x 50
= 2.025 mm
 Simple Stresses and Strains 117 I
If P i s the compressive force required as shown in Fig. 3.34,the two materials will contract
by different lengths but to a total of 2.025 mm. Therefore,
PXlOOO +

l5Oo = 2.025 mm
25z x 200,000 100zx 105,000
* P = 18,555N
The stress in the two materials can now be calculated.
Stress in steel = 18'555 = 236.25 N/mm2
~

2%
Stress in brass = 18'555 = 59.06N/mm2
~

1ooz

/ --I
I
A= I
,
/
+p
/
/

Fig. 3.34
With the application of force P, the total length remains the same, i.e., 2500 mm. However,
the elongation in steel and brass individually is not zero, as given in the last example. Let us
illustrate this.
Elongation of steel due to temperature rise = 1000 x 12 x x 50
= 0.6 mm
-236.25 x 1000
Shortening of steel due to force P = = - 1.1812
2,000,000
Net change in length = - 1.1812+ 0.6 = - 0.5812(decrease)
Elongation of brass due to temperature rise = 1500 x 19 x x 50
= 1.425 mm
59.06x 1500
Shortening brass due to force P = = - 0.8438 mm
105,000
Net change in length for brass = 1.425 - 0.8435 = 0.5812 (increase)
There is a change in length in the two materials individually but they add up to zero. 0
Example 3.37 Temperaturestresses in composite rod of copper and aluminium

A copper rod, 12 mm Q and 400 mm long, fits into an aluminium tube of external diameter
20 mm and thickness 4 mm of equal length. If the assembly is held together by a rigid plate
at the end and is stress-free at 20 "C,find the stresses in the two materials when it is heated
to 60 "C.For copper, E = 120 GPa and a=18x 10-6/"C. For aluminium, E = 70 GPa and a
= 23 x C.
Solution The assembly is shown in Fig. 3.35.The aluminium tube tends to expand more
but is held back by the copper rod. The tube is thus under compression. The copper rod,
 118 I Strength of Materials

which expands less, is pulled by the tube and the rod is in tension. As shown in Fig. 3.35(b),
the final length of the assembly will be more than what would have been the expansion of
copper if it were free but less than the free expanded length of aluminium.
?i7
Area of copper rod = - x 122 = 36zmm2
4
?i7
Area of aluminium tube = - (202- 122)= 64zmm2
4
If the two materials were free to expand, the changes in length would have been
A L for copper = L a t = 400 x 18 x x 40 = 0.288 mm
A L for aluminium = 400 x 23 x x 40 = 0.368 mm
If the final change in length is AL for the assembly, AL is more than 0.288 but less than
0.368. Since there is no external force, the tensile force in copper = compressive force in
aluminium for equilibrium. The pull in the copper rod is due to a change in length of (AL -
0.288) while the compression in aluminium is due to a change in length of (0.368 - AL).
Copper
rod 12 @

(a)
Free expansion of copper
F4-
If,,
- Final position

- -.

++
__ _

' Free expansion of aluminium

(b)
Fig. 3.35
PL
-=A
AE

(AL- 0.288) x 3 6 120,000

~ ~- -
(0.368 - AL)x 6 4 70,000
~ ~
400 400
AL = 0.3287 mm
EAL - 120,000 x (0.3287 - 0.288)
Tensile stress in copper rod = -~

L 400
= 12.21 N/mm2
70,000 (0.368 - 0.3287)
Compressive stress in aluminium =
400
= 6.88 N/mm2
Force P = 12.21 x 36z= 6.88 x 64z= 1381 N 0
Example 3.38 Temperature stresses in a tapering brass bar
A brass bar tapers from a diameter of 180 mm at one end to one of 90 mm at the other over
a length of 900 mm. The bar is stress-free at a temperature of 27 "C. If the temperature
drops to 0 "C, find the maximum normal stress on the bar if the ends are attached to rigid
supports. E = 100 GPa and a=18 x 10-6/"C.
 Simple Stresses and Strains 119 I
Solution We shall first derive a general expression for the case shown in Fig. 3.36(b).
Assuming the left end is made free, the bar will decrease by a length given by
AL=Lat
This shortening is prevented by the supports which exert a tensile force 8 which produces
an expansion in length equal to AL. If we consider an elementary length d x at a distance x
from the end A ,
P dx
Expansion of elementary length = ~

AE

L
/
,/
(b)

For the whole bar,

Pdx
Expansion= Jo A,E
L

The area at section x can be expressed in terms of end diameters as

(D2- D1)x
1 x
= D , + k x , A, = - (Dl + kx)2
4
where k = (D2- D,)lL. Therefore, expansion of the whole bar
P dx
( ~ 1 4(Dl
) E
dx

--

-- 4 PL
-
XED,D2
This expansion is numerically equal to the shortening AL = L a t . Therefore,
L a t = 4PL/xED,D2 and P = atxED,D214. For the case in Fig. 3.36(a), substituting the
values,
xxlOO,OOOx9Ox18Ox18x1O" x27
P=
4
= 618,360 N
 120 I Strength of Materials

The maximum stress in the bar is at A .

Maximum stress, o,,, = 618'360 = 97.2N/mm2 0
(z/4)x 902
Example 3.39 Temperature stresses in steel rails

In a railway track, rails are placed and joined together such that they are stress-free at 15 "C.
If no allowance is provided for expansion, find the maximum stress in the rails at peak
summer temperature of 50" C for a rail length of 30 m. If an expansion allowance of 8 mm
per rail is provided, what will be the stress in the rails and at what maximum temperature is
it possible to maintain the rails stress-free. E for rails = 200 GPa and a= 12 x C.
Solution The expansion of a 30-m long rail is given by
AL = L a t = 30,000x 12 x x (50- 15) = 12.6 mm
If this expansion is completely prevented, the stress in the rails is given by
ALE - 12.6x 200,000
0 =- -
L 30,000
= 84 N/mm2
If an expansion allowance of 8 mm is provided, the expansion prevented is
12.6- 8 = 4.6 mm. The stress in such a case is
4.6x 200,000
o = = 30.67N/mm2
30,000
If the rails are to remain unstressed,
t=-=
8 8
= 22.2 "C
L a 30,000 x 12 x
Maximum temperature = 15 + 22.2= 37.2 "C 0

3.7 SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN

In the examples dealt with so far, the bodies have been subjected to axial or normal
stresses. We have mentioned shear stress which is a tangential stress. Some situa-
tions where shear stress comes into play are shown in Fig. 3.37.

Single shear ~

Double shear

4
Fig. 3.37 Examples of shear stress