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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
1. Contrast the views of Plato and Aristotle on the nature versus nurture debate. What
position do modern psychologists take on this issue?
2. Differentiate between a structuralist and functionalist approach to understanding

consciousness. Identify the founders of both approaches and the earlier influences that
gave rise to these schools of psychology.
3. Discuss Sigmund Freud's influence on the field of psychology. What are the
contributions and critiques of psychoanalytic theory?
4. Why would John Watson disagree with the definition of psychology as stated in the
textbook?
5. While B. F. Skinner's underlying views about the human condition differ markedly from
humanistic views, interestingly, his goals for the advancement of humanity are
remarkably similar. Compare and contrast Skinner's views with humanistic psychology.
6. Discuss some benefits that behaviourism brought to the field of psychology. Then,
discuss some problems associated with behaviourism.
7. Discuss how technological advancements, along with work in the field of linguistics,
advanced cognitive psychology and ultimately led to the downfall of behaviourism as
the dominant field within psychology.
8. How might an evolutionary psychologist explain human behaviour that is largely

detrimental to the individual or the culture, such as aggression or a preference for a
high-fat diet?
9. Humans have a tendency to be afraid of the dark. Provide an explanation of this

phenomenon within the framework of both behaviourism and evolutionary psychology.
Are the two explanations necessarily incompatible?
10. Describe four nonresearch career specializations within psychology.
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11. Psychology is the scientific study of:
A) mind and body.
B) mind and behaviour.
C) mood and behaviour.
D) mood and body.
12. Psychology is the _____ study of mind and behaviour.

A) dualistic
B) phrenological
C) scientific
D) subjective
13. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. Behaviour refers to:
A) perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings.
B) explanations.
C) urges.
D) observable actions of humans and nonhuman animals.
14. _____ refers to the private inner experience of perception, thoughts, memories,
and feelings.
A) Mind
B) Dualism
C) Behaviour
D) Empiricism
15. Attempts to develop a scientific approach to psychology related the mind to the:
A) unconscious.
B) spirit.
C) brain.
D) soul.
16. Today, psychologists believe that thoughts and feelings:

A) arise from electrical and chemical activities of the brain.
B) arise from a nonphysical mind interacting with the pineal gland in the brain.
C) are not proper subject matter for science research.
D) usually are not adaptive in helping us function effectively in the world.
17. Today, most psychologists would agree with which statement concerning mental
processes?
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A) The scientific method cannot be applied to the study of thinking and emotion.
B) Mental processes are nonphysical entities that control the brain and body.
C) Mental processes arise from brain functioning.
D) Mental processes are the only subject matter worthy of study in psychology.
18. Which statement is compatible with modern psychological science?

A) The scientific method cannot be applied to the study of thinking and emotion.
B) Thoughts, feelings, and behaviour arise from electrical and chemical events in the
brain.
C) Psychologists should confine their analyses to the study of observable behaviour.
D) Mental processes are the only subject matter worthy of study in psychology.
19. The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in physiology and in:
A) anatomy.
B) logic.
C) dualism.
D) philosophy.
20. Among the first to struggle with how the mind works were the:
A) Greek philosophers.
B) dualists led by Descartes.
C) 18th-century phrenologists.
D) 18th-century German physiologists.
21. Some early philosophers believed that certain kinds of knowledge were innate or
inborn, a theory known as:
A) functionalism.
B) nativism.
C) philosophical empiricism.
D) structuralism.
22. The older position of nativism is reflected in psychological views that emphasize
the effect of _____ on behaviour.
A) nurture
B) intuition
C) schemas
D) nature
23. Which early philosopher was interested in certain kinds of knowledge as being
innate or inborn?
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A) Hippocrates
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Descartes
24. Which early philosopher advocated the philosophical view of nativism?

A) Hippocrates
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Descartes
25. Plato is to _____ as Aristotle is to _____.

A) philosophical structuralism; nativism
B) nativism; philosophical empiricism
C) nativism; dualism
D) dualism; nativism
26. Nature is to nurture as nativism is to:

A) experience.
B) adaptation.
C) behaviourism.
D) phrenology.
27. Some early philosophers believed that all knowledge was acquired through
experience, an idea now known as:
A) functionalism.
B) philosophical empiricism.
C) structuralism.
D) nativism.
28. Which early philosopher advocated philosophical empiricism?

A) Hippocrates
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Descartes
29. The notion that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa is consistent with the views of:
A) Plato.
B) Descartes.
C) Aristotle.
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D) Gall.
30. The fact that very young children almost universally master the basics of
language without formal training is MOST consistent with:
A) Plato's nativism.
B) Gall's phrenology.
C) Aristotle's philosophical empiricism.
D) Locke's tabula rasa.
31. Some early psychological theorists believed that much of human behaviour was
instinctive; that is, our behaviour is much more determined by nature than our
nurture. This view is MOST consistent with:
D) Locke's tabula rasa.
32. Some early psychological theorists believed that all of human behaviour was
learned; that is, our behaviour is much more determined by nurture than our
nature. This view is MOST consistent with:
D) James's functionalism.
33. The major limitation of the works of the classical Greek philosophers to an
understanding of human behaviour is that:
A) the works tended to underestimate the role of nature in determining human
behaviour.
B) the forces that govern human behaviour have changed considerably since their
time.
C) the works tended to underestimate the role of nurture in shaping human behaviour.
D) these philosophers did not develop ways to test their theories.
34. Reaching conclusions in psychological science requires:

A) introspection.
B) the ability to test a theory.
C) insights based on personal observations.
D) philosophical empiricism.
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35. _____ believed that the mind and body are made of different things, with the
mind being made of an immaterial or spiritual substance.
A) Gall
B) Hobbes
C) Descartes
D) Aristotle
36. A spiritual leader believes that the soul and the body are fundamentally different
from each other but are linked via a special structure in the brain. His beliefs are
similar to those of:
A) Gall.
B) Descartes.
C) Hobbes.
D) Broca.
37. Luca believes that our nonphysical minds direct the actions of our brain and
body. His beliefs are MOST similar to those of which philosopher or scientist?
A) Descartes
B) Aristotle
C) Hobbes
D) Broca
38. Kolby believes that a nonphysical spiritual entity inside each of us controls our
physical body and the decisions that we make. Her beliefs are MOST consistent
with which philosophical view?
A) behaviourism
B) philosophical empiricism
C) phrenology
D) dualism
39. The problem of dualism refers to how:

A) different areas in the brain control different types of behaviour and cognition.
B) mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behaviour.
C) brain activity produces consciousness.
D) both genetic and environmental factors influence human behaviour.
40. The modern view that the subjective experience of having a mind is the result of
brain activity can be traced to which philosopher?
A) Hobbes
B) Plato
C) Descartes
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D) James
41. Xue does not believe that we have a nonphysical mind. Rather, he believes that
the mind is what the brain does. His views are MOST similar to those of:
A) Freud.
B) Plato.
C) Descartes.
D) Hobbes.
42. Which statement BEST summarizes the now discredited study of phrenology?
A) The mind is a blank slate and human behaviour is entirely determined by
experience.
B) There exists a nonphysical mind controlling a physical body.
C) Mental events are localized in specific brain regions.
D) Observable behaviour is the property subject matter for psychology.
43. Phrenology suggested that specific mental abilities and characteristics were
located in specific regions of the brain. It was developed by:
A) Descartes.
B) Flourens.
C) Gall.
D) Broca.
44. Dr. Quack touches specific bumps on a patient's skull and then indicates specific
character traits for the patient, for example, "This patient is cautious." Dr. Quack
is engaging in:
A) structuralism.
B) phrenology.
C) mesmerism.
D) psychoanalysis.
45. A new-age mystic believes that the source of parental love is localized to a brain
region immediately above the brain stem. Her view is MOST consistent with
which practice?
A) psychoanalysis
B) humanism
C) mesmerism
D) phrenology
46. Damage to which brain region impairs the production of speech?
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A) the pineal gland
B) Broca's area
C) the hippocampus
D) the temporal lobe
47. _____ was the FIRST to identify a specialized brain region involved in the
production of speech.
A) Broca
B) Gall
C) Flourens
D) Helmholtz
48. After suffering a stroke, Irma could no longer produce speech, although she
clearly understood what others were saying to her. The stroke probably damaged
her:
A) hippocampus.
B) amygdala.
C) Wernicke's area.
D) Broca's area.
49. After suffering a stroke, Lisa was able to understand what people said to her but
was unable to speak to them. The stroke probably damaged her:
A) hypothalamus.
B) Broca's area.
C) nodes of Ranvier.
D) cerebellum.
50. The research of Flourens and Broca:

A) established phrenology as a true science.
B) confirmed Descartes' belief that the mind and body were linked via the pineal
gland.
C) is consistent with the view of the mind held by Thomas Hobbes.
D) demonstrated that mental processes can occur independently of brain activity.
51. The research of Flourens and Broca jump-started the scientific study of mental
processes because it:
A) confirmed predictions made by phrenology.
B) uncovered evidence consistent with dualism.
C) conceptualized mental processes in terms of both nature and nurture.
D) viewed mental processes as arising from brain activity.
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52. The study of biological processes, especially those of the human body, is called:
A) psychology.
B) anatomy.
C) phrenology.
D) physiology.
53. The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in philosophy and in:
A) physiology.
B) logic.
C) dualism.
D) sociology.
54. In the context of experimental research, sensory input from the environment is
termed a:
A) process.
B) reaction.
C) stimulus.
D) response.
55. An experimenter increases the intensity of a very dim light until participants
report being able to see it. In this context, the light is serving as a:
A) introspective measure.
B) reaction time measure.
C) response device.
D) stimulus.
56. Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathy to press a
button when she hears a tone. Penny is studying what type of process?
A) classical conditioning
B) introspection
C) reaction time
D) stimulus time
57. Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathy to press a
button when she hears a tone. The amount of time from the onset of the tone to
the button press is termed a _____ time.
A) reaction
B) behaviour
C) stimulus
D) response
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58. Hermann von Helmholtz is MOST remembered for:
A) debunking phrenology.
B) opening the first laboratory to conduct purely psychological experiments.
C) being the first to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.
D) discovering the relation between emotion and the amygdala.
59. _____ was the FIRST to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.
A) Hermann von Helmholtz
B) Paul Broca
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) Pierre Flourens
60. An acupuncturist asks you to verbally respond as soon as you feel a pinprick as
she stimulates your upper thigh, hamstring, calf, and foot with a needle. Based on
Helmholtz's research, you will react MOST quickly when the _____ is
stimulated.
A) upper thigh
B) hamstring
C) calf
D) foot
61. Hermann von Helmholtz is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.

A) phrenology; functionalism
B) reaction time; structuralism
C) reaction time; functionalism
D) phrenology; structuralism
62. Historians generally credit the emergence of psychology as a science to:

A) Wundt.
B) Helmholtz.
C) Watson.
D) Titchener.
63. Who wrote the book Principles of Physiological Psychology in 1874,

establishing psychology as a new domain of science?
A) Helmholtz
B) Wundt
C) Flourens
D) Titchener
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64. The FIRST laboratory devoted exclusively to psychology as an independent field
of study opened in:
A) Paris in 1859.
B) Leipzig in 1879.
C) Berlin in 1889.
D) Montreal in 1909.
65. A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind is:
A) empiricism.
B) dualism.
C) structuralism.
D) consciousness.
66. Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing:

A) decision making.
B) observable behaviour.
C) consciousness.
D) brain functioning.
67. Sigmund Freud is to Edward Titchener as _____ is/are to _____.

A) the elements of the unconscious; the elements of consciousness
B) psychoanalysis; behaviourism
C) empiricism; structuralism
D) structuralism; functionalism
68. Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing the basic
elements comprising consciousness, an approach his students later termed:
A) psychoanalysis.
B) functionalism.
C) consciousness.
D) structuralism.
69. Early psychologists applying structuralist methods to the study of psychology

attempted to:
A) use free association to gain insight into the unconsciousness.
B) analyze conscious experience in its most basic parts.
C) use reaction-time measures to map or structure neural networks in the brain.
D) identify the adaptive functions of mental activity.
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70. What technique did psychologists who studied structuralism use?
A) conditioning
B) introspection
C) psychoanalysis
D) hypnosis
71. Presented with a stimulus, student observers in Wundt's lab were asked to report
on their "raw" sensory experience, a technique known as:
A) inspection.
B) circumspection.
C) retrospection.
D) introspection.
72. A participant seated in an otherwise dark room stares at the flickering of a lit
candle and reports on her subjective experiences, such as the visual experience of
the candle flickering and the hepatic sensation of warmth. The psychologist
conducting this experiment is MOST likely to be _____, and the method being
used is _____.
A) Wundt; psychoanalysis
B) Wundt; introspection
C) James; functionalism
D) Titchener; functionalism
73. In an experiment, Wundt instructed participants in one group to concentrate on

perceiving a tone when it sounded before pressing a button. Participants in
another group were simply instructed to press the button as soon as the tone
sounded. Wundt found that participants in the first group responded slightly more
slowly. This experiment was designed to distinguish between:
A) the sensation and perception of a stimulus.
B) reaction time and accuracy.
C) the perception and interpretation of a stimulus.
D) the sensation of a stimulus and reaction time.
74. Which psychologist established the structuralism school of psychology in the

United States?
A) John Watson
B) Edward Titchener
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) William James
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75. Edward Titchener is known for:
A) establishing structuralism in the United States.
B) writing a devastating critique of the behaviourist works of B. F. Skinner.
C) establishing the functionalist concentration within psychology.
D) writing the first book on physiological psychology.
76. Whereas Wundt was interested in the relationship between the elements of
consciousness, Titchener was interested in identifying the:
A) basic elements themselves.
B) functional value of those elements.
C) behavioural correlates of those elements.
D) cross-cultural differences in those elemental relationships.
77. Whereas _____ was interested in the relationship between the elements of
consciousness, _____ was interested in identifying the basic elements
themselves.
A) Titchener; Wundt
B) Wundt; Titchener
C) Wundt; James
D) Titchener; James
78. The unpredictable nature of results from introspection contributed to the decline
of:
A) empiricism.
B) functionalism.
C) humanism.
D) structuralism.
79. The major reason why structuralism ultimately failed as a school of psychology
was that:
A) by associating itself with Darwin, it drew harsh criticism from some religious
authorities.
B) there was no evidence suggesting that Freud's theories were accurate.
C) the methods used by structuralists did not produce replicable observations.
D) it denied the existence of the mind.
80. All scientific disciplines require:

A) replicable observations.
B) adopting a nativist approach.
C) the use of subjective techniques.
D) theorizing from a dualistic perspective.
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81. William James founded which school of psychology?
A) structuralism
B) behaviourism
C) functionalism
D) psychoanalysis
82. Which psychologist established functionalism as an approach to psychology?

A) James
B) Titchener
C) Wundt
D) Watson
83. An early approach to psychology that focused on how mental processes enable
people to adapt to their environment is called:
A) structuralism.
B) social Darwinism.
C) functionalism.
D) behaviourism.
84. Which early school of psychology was most concerned with the adaptive
importance of mental processes?
A) structuralism
B) functionalism
C) behaviourism
D) empiricism
85. William James is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.

A) functionalism; behaviourism
B) functionalism; structuralism
C) structuralism; behaviourism
86. Edward Titchener is to _____ as William James is to _____.

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87. William James viewed consciousness as being similar to:
A) a flowing stream.
B) the parts of an atom.
C) an explanatory fiction.
D) the parts of a clock.
88. Which early psychologist used the metaphor of a flowing stream to describe
consciousness?
A) Paul Broca
B) William James
C) Edward Titchener
D) Wilhelm Wundt
89. William James's school of functionalism was MOST influenced by the works of:
A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Wilhelm Wundt.
C) Charles Darwin.
D) René Descartes.
90. The functionalist approach was MOST influenced by the theory of:
A) phrenology.
B) nativism.
C) natural selection.
D) psychodynamics.
91. The theory known as _____ posits that traits which help organisms survive and
reproduce are more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations.
A) phrenology
B) nativism
C) natural selection
D) functionalism
92. Research participants are asked to rotate a three-dimensional object in their

minds. William James would be MOST interested in which research question?
A) What are the subjective experiences of the participants as they do this task?
B) In what ways does the ability to manipulate objects in the mind aid problem
solving in the real world?
C) At what age does this ability develop?
D) What are the unconscious processes underlying this task?
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93. Studies have demonstrated that we attend to only a fraction of the sensory
information that the brain receives. Based on this information, William James
would be MOST interested in which research question?
A) What are the basic elements of sensory information?
B) Do unattended sensory experiences exist in the unconscious?
C) Will more information be perceived if participants are reinforced by cash
incentives for better attention?
D) Why might it be advantageous for the mind to filter out most sensory information?
94. Wundt argued that James's approach to psychology was flawed because James:
A) relied too much on introspection as a research method.
B) did not conduct much laboratory research.
C) unnecessarily constrained his research to observable behaviour.
D) advocated a theory inconsistent with the tenets of natural selection.
95. James argued that Wundt's approach to psychology was limited because Wundt:
A) did not study consciousness as it functioned in the real world.
B) did not conduct much laboratory research.
C) unnecessarily constrained his research to observable behaviour.
D) advocated a theory inconsistent with the tenets of natural selection.
96. Who opened the FIRST psychological laboratory in North America?

A) G. Stanley Hall
B) William James
C) John Watson
D) Wilhelm Wundt
97. G. Stanley Hall is known for his contributions in the research areas of:
A) language and memory.
B) sensation and perception.
C) development and education.
D) reinforcement and punishment.
98. G. Stanley Hall is associated with which accomplishment?

A) opening the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879
B) starting the first journal devoted to publishing psychological research in the United
States
C) founding the first psychological clinic
D) measuring the speed of a nervous impulse
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99. G. Stanley Hall is associated with which accomplishment?
A) opening the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879
B) founding the first psychological clinic
C) measuring the speed of a nervous impulse
D) serving as the first president of the American Psychological Association
100. Based on his functionalist views, William James might be MOST interested in
which research question related to test-taking anxiety?
A) Is test-taking anxiety related to generalized anxiety disorder?
B) Does anxiety provided motivation for increased study?
C) What do participants report when they introspect about failing an exam?
D) What brain regions are active when anxiety is experienced?
101. Based on his functionalist views, William James might be MOST interested to
know which information about sleep?
A) the percentage of people who dream
B) the average number of hours per night that people sleep
C) the importance of sleep in forming long-term memories
D) the changes in brain electrical activity that co-occur with sleep stages
102. Psychologists and other mental health professionals working in outpatient clinics
are referred to as:
A) doctors.
B) psychiatrists.
C) social workers.
D) clinicians.
103. Jasmine is a psychologist who treats patients with psychotherapy in an outpatient

clinic. Jasmine's occupational label is that of a:
A) medical doctor (MD).
B) psychiatrist.
C) counselor.
D) clinician.
104. In the late 1800s, a temporary loss of cognitive or motor function, usually as a
result of emotionally upsetting experiences, was termed:
A) agoraphobia.
B) hysteria.
C) neurosis.
D) generalized anxiety.
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105. Which definition BEST describes hysteria?
A) the emergence of multiple personalities as the result of an extreme stressor such as
child abuse
B) a major depressive episode triggered by a major life event such as divorce
C) a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functioning as a result of emotionally
upsetting experiences
D) generalized anxiety due to daily stressors
106. Jacqueline reports that she just has become blind in her left eye, although there is
no medical cause. A clinician in the late 1800s would have diagnosed Jacqueline
with:
A) hysteria.
B) neurosis.
C) projection.
D) repression.
107. Anne reports that after a heated argument with her spouse, her left leg has
become paralyzed, although there is no medical cause. A clinician in the late
1800s would have diagnosed Anne with:
A) projection.
B) neurosis.
C) hysteria.
D) repression.
108. A trance-like state characterized by suggestibility is termed:

A) amnesia.
B) neurosis.
C) hysteria.
D) hypnosis.
109. In the late 1800s, Charcot and Janet noted that symptoms of hysteria were
eliminated when patients:
A) were paid for not exhibiting those symptoms.
B) received electroconvulsive shock therapy.
C) were hypnotized.
D) introspected on the causes of their hysteria.
110. Anne reports that after a heated argument with her spouse, her left leg has
become paralyzed, although there is no medical cause. Jean-Martin Charcot
would have treated Anne's condition with:
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A) hypnosis.
B) free association.
C) introspection.
D) conditioning.
111. The importance of the clinical work of Charcot and Janet was MOST recognized
by which psychologist?
A) Wundt
B) Titchener
C) Pavlov
D) James
112. William James believed that the peculiar disorders described by Charcot and
Janet suggested that:
A) hypnosis may be a superior technique to introspection in identifying the building
blocks of consciousness.
B) psychological disorders are too idiosyncratic to be a proper subject matter for
psychology.
C) the brain can create many conscious selves that are not aware of each other's
existence.
D) functionalism cannot be applied as a conceptual framework for understanding
psychological disorders.
113. Which pioneer of clinical psychology studied with and was influenced by the
works of Charcot?
A) Rogers
B) Freud
C) Maslow
D) Jung
114. The term _____ comes from the Latin word for womb.
A) hypnosis
B) unconscious
C) hysteria
D) humanism
115. Freud emphasized that the problems of many patients could be traced to:
A) effects of painful childhood experiences that could not be remembered.
B) "mind bugs," or curious failures of otherwise adaptive cognitive processes.
C) feelings of shame and inadequacy acquired during adolescent sexual development.
D) maladaptive patterns of behaviour that could be observed during infancy.
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116. Which statement is NOT a reason why psychoanalysis gradually lost influence
within psychology?
A) It failed to advance from a theory to a clinical practice.
B) Its themes of unconscious sexual motivations were too risqué for scientific
discussion.
C) Freud's theories were difficult to test.
D) There was a rise of humanistic psychologists who opposed Freud's pessimistic
view of humanity.
117. Sigmund Freud is to William James as _____ is/are to _____.

A) the elements of the unconscious; the basic elements of consciousness
B) psychoanalysis; behaviourism
C) humanism; functionalism
D) psychoanalysis; functionalism
118. Freud termed the _____ as the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious
awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions.
A) preconscious
B) unconscious
C) self-conscious
D) subconscious
119. The theory that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in
shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviours is called:
A) Gestalt theory.
B) structuralism.
C) functionalism.
D) psychoanalytic theory.
120. Carrie is working with a patient to uncover the patient's early experiences as well
as trying to bring unconscious anxieties and conflicts into awareness. Carrie is
using which approach to work with her patient?
A) cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) Gestalt
D) humanistic
121. Dr. Rivera believes that psychological disorders arise largely from unconscious
processes. In his work with clients, he tries to pull repressed memories out of the
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unconscious and into the light of day where they can be resolved. Dr. Rivera
adopts a _____ approach to therapy.
A) cognitive
B) Gestalt
C) psychoanalytic
D) humanistic
122. Psychoanalysis focuses on:

A) the adaptability of certain psychological disorders.
B) deconstructing consciousness into its component parts.
C) bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness.
D) ways to banish anxiety into the unconscious.
123. Which pioneer of clinical psychology is associated with psychoanalysis?

A) Freud
B) Maslow
C) Rogers
D) James
124. Which psychologist was NOT part of the psychoanalytic movement?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Alfred Adler
C) Carl Jung
D) Carl Rogers
125. Psychoanalysis became quite controversial in North American culture because it:
A) proposed that behaviour was governed, in part, by unconscious sexual desires.
B) lacked empirical support for its effectiveness.
C) denied the existence of the mind and human free will.
D) focused only on observable behaviour and ignored the role of cognition.
126. Professor Malone believes that much of human behaviour is governed by

unconscious sexual desires. Her conceptual framework is MOST consistent with:
A) behaviourism.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) humanism.
D) functionalism.
127. Professor Morales adopts a psychoanalytic conceptualization of personality. She

believes that different personality types:
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A) are genetically based traits.
B) simply are summary terms for a variety of learned behaviours.
C) arise from attempting to meet the needs of unconscious sexual desires.
D) emerge on our quest for self-actualization.
128. Within psychology, psychoanalysis had its greatest influence on:

A) cognitive psychology.
B) clinical practice.
C) developmental psychology.
D) social psychology.
129. Gia is a "flower child" living in the late 1960s. She is having some problems with
depression and would like to talk to a therapist about realizing her full potential.
She is MOST likely to resonate to which type of psychological therapy?
A) behavioural
B) cognitive
C) psychoanalytic
D) humanistic
130. Freud's view of human nature was largely _____, whereas the view of humanistic
psychologists was largely _____.
A) objective; subjective
B) optimistic; pessimistic
C) negative; positive
D) positive; negative
131. A psychological approach that stressed a person's potential for positive growth
was developed by:
A) Freud and Jung.
B) Skinner and Watson.
C) Rogers and Maslow.
D) Gall and Broca.
132. The branch of psychology that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
is called:
A) humanistic.
B) Gestalt.
C) cognitive.
D) idealistic.
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133. Mariah is a teacher and believes that all her students have an inherent need to
develop, grow, and reach their full potential. Mariah's beliefs are best
characterized by which approach?
A) social-cultural
B) behaviourism
C) psychoanalysis
D) humanistic
134. Dr. Harrison is a clinical psychologist who believes his clients struggling with
psychological disorders are free agents who can overcome these challenges and
reach their full potential. Dr. Harrison's beliefs are BEST characterized by which
approach?
A) social-cultural
B) humanistic
C) psychoanalysis
D) cognitive
135. The term patient is to psychoanalysis as the term client is to:

A) cognition.
B) behaviourism.
C) humanism.
D) functionalism.
136. Humanistic therapists help their clients:

A) realize their full potential by nurturing their psychological growth and
development.
B) banish anxiety-provoking events into the unconscious.
C) deal with repressed events by pulling them out of the unconscious.
D) recognize and correct illogical patterns of thinking.
137. An approach advocating that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific

study of objectively observable behaviour is called:
A) objectivism.
B) behaviourism.
C) absolutism.
D) relativism.
138. _____ advocates the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour.

A) Functionalism
B) Structuralism
C) Behaviourism
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D) Psychoanalysis
139. In terms of its subject matter for analysis, which school of psychology MOST
differs from the others?
A) structuralism
B) functionalism
C) psychoanalysis
D) behaviourism
140. Structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis all were similar in that

advocates of position:
A) sought to identify the building blocks of consciousness.
B) believed that consciousness was best described metaphorically as a flowing river.
C) attempted to understand the inner workings of the mind.
D) believed that human behaviour was determined largely by unconscious forces.
141. Why did behaviourism gain popularity as an approach to psychology?

A) It was a reaction to the pessimistic view of human nature espoused by
psychoanalytic theory.
B) Humanistic psychologists had failed to develop effective treatments.
C) It advocated for a nurturing and development of the mind by rewarding healthy
patterns of thinking.
D) It is difficult to know what is going on in people's minds.
142. "You don't know what she thinks, but you know how she acts." This statement
characterizes which approach?
A) psychoanalysis
B) humanism
C) behaviourism
D) Gestalt
143. Hector doesn't believe that mental processes can be studied scientifically because
they are too subjective. Rather, psychological studies that constrain themselves
only to what people actually do appeal to him. Hector's views are consistent with
which approach?
A) psychoanalysis
B) structuralism
C) functionalism
D) behaviourism
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144. William James is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.
145. Edward Titchener is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.

146. Watson criticized the introspective methods of the structuralists and functionalists
primarily because:
A) the use of these methods necessitated a belief in the existence of mental events.
B) introspection cannot produce replicable and objective measures required by
science.
C) the stimulus-response introspective model was overly simplistic.
D) reaction time was an unreliable dependent measure.
147. "The goal of scientific psychology should be to predict and control behaviour that
benefits society." This statement is associated with which psychologist?
A) Freud
B) Washburn
C) Watson
D) Rogers
148. According to John Watson, the goal of a scientific psychology was to:
A) predict and control behaviour.
B) understand both the structure and function of consciousness.
C) determine the neural mechanisms underlying behaviour and thought.
D) ease psychological distress and help people reach their fullest potential.
149. The first woman to receive a PhD degree in psychology, and the author of the
book The Animal Mind, was:
A) Rosalie Rayner.
B) Anna Freud.
C) Margaret Floy Washburn.
D) Mary Whiton Calkins.
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150. The work of animal behaviour specialist Margaret Washburn was:
A) warmly received by John Watson for thoroughly describing animals' perceptual and
memory processes.
B) critical to the development of the theories of B. F. Skinner.
C) instrumental to Ivan Pavlov's research on conditioning.
D) intellectually attacked by John Watson for ascribing conscious mental experiences
to animals.
151. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, is BEST known for his experiments:
A) conditioning a salivation response in dogs to environmental stimuli.
B) measuring the speed at which a bell can be perceived in a dog's auditory cortex.
C) demonstrating the effectiveness of positive reinforcement in dogs.
D) investigating salivation in dogs when the olfactory bulb is surgically removed.
152. In Pavlov's research, a tone was sounded prior to delivering food to hungry dogs.
After a number of trials, what did Pavlov notice?
A) The dogs salivated prior to the tone being sounded.
B) The dogs salivated to the sound of the tone alone.
C) The dogs salivated only after the food was presented.
D) The dogs began doing spontaneous tricks as soon as the tone sounded.
153. In Pavlov's research, the sound of a tone was a _____ for salivating.
A) stimulus
B) response
C) construal
D) reinforcer
154. In Pavlov's research, the sight of the animal feeders was a _____ for the dogs to
salivate.
A) reinforcer
B) response
C) construal
D) stimulus
155. In Pavlov's research, dogs' salivation is an example of a:

A) stimulus.
B) response.
C) construal of a stimulus.
D) reinforcer.
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156. If you are having trouble finding your cat, you may try shaking the can that
contains its treats. The sound of the treats as you shake the can would be a:
A) response.
B) stimulus.
C) reaction.
D) reinforcer.
157. When Tori's smartphone beeps, she checks it. The beep is an example of a:
A) response.
B) sensation.
C) stimulus.
D) reinforcer.
158. When Tori's smartphone beeps, she checks it. Checking her phone at the sound of
the beep is an example of a:
A) response.
B) sensation.
C) stimulus.
D) reinforcer.
159. When the light comes on in his car indicating that gas is low, Jason drives to the
nearest gas station. The indicator light is an example of a:
A) reinforcer.
B) sensation.
C) stimulus.
D) response.
160. Olivia turns on the air conditioning when it gets too hot in the house. Olivia's
actions are a _____ controlled by the _____ of heat.
A) response; stimulus
B) stimulus; response
C) response; reinforcer
D) stimulus; reinforcer
161. The behaviourism of John Watson has been described as _____ psychology.
A) animal
B) stimulus–response
C) subjective
D) humanistic
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162. Which psychologist is MOST associated with stimulus-response psychology?
A) B. F. Skinner
B) William James
C) John Watson
D) Margaret Floy Washburn
163. Response is to stimulus as the:

A) firing of a gun at the start of the race is to running.
B) scurrying of a white rat at his feet is to fear in Little Albert.
C) pressing of the brakes is to a red traffic light.
D) ringing of the alarm clock is to rolling out of bed.
164. Response is to stimulus as:

A) an e-mail notification is to checking your messages.
B) being startled is to a loud noise.
C) a red light is to hitting the brakes.
D) a funny story is to a smile.
165. Who conditioned a fear of a harmless white rat in "Little Albert"?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Sigmund Freud
C) B. F. Skinner
D) John Watson
166. "Little Albert" was a:

A) human infant.
B) dog.
C) white rat.
D) rabbit.
167. John Watson conditioned Little Albert to fear a:

A) snake.
B) crying baby.
C) loud noise.
D) white rat.
168. Every time friendly dogs approach her toddler at the park, a very overprotective
parent whisks her son away and yells, "Stay away from the dog!" After a few of
these experiences, the toddler starts crying at the mere sight of dogs. The parent
has unknowingly replicated the classic research of which psychologist?
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A) William James
B) Margaret Floy Washburn
C) B. F. Skinner
D) John Watson
169. Which statement about John Watson is CORRECT?

A) He completely denied the existence of mental events.
B) He denied that genetic factors influence behaviour.
C) He believed that environmental factors were the most important influences on
behaviour.
D) He believed that nature was more important than nurture in determining behaviour.
170. William James is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.

A) Charles Darwin; Ivan Pavlov
B) Wilhelm Wundt; B. F. Skinner
C) Edward Titchener; Rosalie Rayner
D) B. F. Skinner; Margaret Floy Washburn
171. Leslie thinks that we learn to act in certain ways because of the consequences of
our behaviour. Her belief is probably influenced by the findings of:
A) William James.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Abraham Maslow.
172. Which statement is a characteristic of Skinner's teaching machines?

A) It provided monetary reinforcement for each question answered correctly.
B) It increased the difficulty of questions based on students' reaction times.
C) It provided immediate feedback as to whether the question was answered correctly
or incorrectly.
D) It decreased the difficulty of the next question if the previous question was
answered correctly.
173. In his best-selling book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, _____ argued that
behaviour is determined by its consequences and that free will is an illusion.
A) Abraham Maslow
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) Carl Rogers
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174. Skinner's rat is to _____, as Pavlov's dog is to _____.
A) nurture; nature
B) active; passive
C) stimulus; response
D) response; reinforcer
175. Who invented a conditioning chamber in which rats pressed levers to earn food
rewards?
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B. F. Skinner
C) John Watson
D) G. Stanley Hall
176. A husband and wife observe a toddler throwing a temper tantrum at a toy store.
The husband comments under his breath, "What an annoying little beast!" His
wife, noticing that the mother of the toddler just gave the boy a toy to calm him
down, states, "It's not his fault. He's behaving exactly as _____ would predict."
A) William James
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) John Watson
177. When 4-year-old Isabel hears the sound of the ice cream truck's music, she runs
outside in hopes of getting another ice cream bar. The ice cream bar is a _____
running outside when she hears the music.
A) response to
B) stimulus that elicits
C) reinforcement for
D) construal that triggers
178. Sandy's children would accidentally drop pieces of food under the table during
family dinners, so Sandy's dog Lola learned to sit under the dinner table as a
good place to receive food. Lola's behaviour has been influenced by:
A) consciousness.
B) reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) reaction time.
179. Which scenario represents the principle of reinforcement?

A) doing the same thing over and over again regardless of the consequences
B) blinking when a particle lands in your eye
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C) studying hard because it results in good grades
D) introspecting about a pleasurable experience in your life
180. John Watson was interested in how _____ behaviour, and B. F. Skinner focused
on how _____ control(s) behaviour.
A) reinforcers strengthen; free will
B) emotions trigger; reinforcers
C) stimuli produce; mental processes
D) stimuli elicit; consequences
181. Which psychologist is associated with the development of teaching machines that
increase the difficulty of the next question if the previous one was answered
correctly?
A) John Watson
B) William James
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) B. F. Skinner
182. In his best-selling book Beyond Freedom and Dignity, B. F. Skinner argued that
behaviour is:
A) an outcome of the innate capacity of persons to choose freely.
B) partly the result of a limited free will that has evolved as a result of natural
selection.
C) completely determined by genetic factors and free will is an illusion.
D) determined largely by its consequences and free will is an illusion.
183. Beginning in the 1950s, behaviourism began to receive intense criticism. Which
statement is NOT one of the criticisms against behaviourism?
A) It ignores the mental processes underlying behaviour.
B) It uses subjective measures in its research.
C) It ignores the role of evolutionary history on behaviour.
D) It presents an inadequate account of language development.
184. Beginning in the 1950s, behaviourism began to receive intense criticism. Which
statement is NOT one of the criticisms against behaviourism?
A) It proved inadequate in predicting and controlling behaviour.
B) It ignored cognitive events underlying behaviour.
C) It underestimated the role of genetic factors on behaviour.
D) It had difficulty explaining the development of language in humans.
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185. A university student taking introductory psychology decides to test Piaget's
theories of mental development on his 10-year-old sister, who loves hot dogs and
is very hungry. He shows her two hot dogs. Then, while she is watching, he
breaks one of the hot dogs in half. He asks if she would like one hot dog (the
intact hot dog) or two hot dogs (the hot dog cut in half). Consistent with Piaget's
findings, the girl probably will:
A) select the intact hot dog.
B) select the hot dog cut in half.
C) state that both choices are the same.
D) become confused and have trouble deciding.
186. A cognitive psychologist who argued that it wasn't an environmental stimulus,

but rather the subjective experience—or construal—of the stimulus that led to
behaviour, was:
A) Karl Lashley.
B) John Watson.
C) Kurt Lewin.
D) Noam Chomsky.
187. Errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience

differs from objective reality are called:
A) memory lapses.
B) Gestalts.
C) Freudian slips.
D) illusions.
188. When you go to a movie theater that uses film projection, you might see the fast
movement of a superhero flying through the air. What you are really seeing is a
series of still photographs flashed quickly onto the screen. What area of
psychology studied this phenomenon?
A) structuralism
B) Gestalt
C) functionalism
D) behaviourism
189. Gestalt psychologists used _____ to show how perception of a whole object or
scene can influence judgements about its individual elements.
A) illusions
B) visual hallucinations
C) reinforcement
D) dream analysis
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190. _____ pioneered the Gestalt psychology movement.
A) Max Wertheimer
B) Frederic Bartlett
C) Kurt Lewin
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus
191. Gestalt psychologists believed that:

A) visual illusions are caused by faulty thinking.
B) the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
C) images are produced in different parts of the brain.
D) hallucinations are the result of a chemical imbalance in the brain.
192. Through research on visual illusions, Gestalt psychologists demonstrated that:

A) visual illusions can be used as screens for psychological disorders.
B) visual illusions allow access to the unconscious mind.
C) the mind imposes organization on what it perceives.
D) the mind often fails to perceive a unified whole from a disjointed image.
193. A train is passing by, but Jean's view of it is partially obstructed by traffic.
According to Gestalt psychologists, he nevertheless perceives a unified single
train because:
A) a long train conjures repressed sexuality in the unconscious.
B) in the past, he has been reinforced for perceiving in this way.
C) the train stimulus simply evoked this sensory response.
D) the mind imposes organization on what it perceives.
194. We perceive the lights on a quickly blinking neon sign to be in motion, a

phenomenon studied by which psychologists?
A) Gestalt
B) humanists
C) psychodynamic
D) behaviourists
195. Hermann Ebbinghaus is BEST known for research involving:

A) interpreting the flashing light illusion.
B) memorizing nonsense syllables.
C) inventing a conditioning chamber.
D) examining cognitive errors in children.
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196. Which pioneer of cognitive psychology conducted research on memory in which
he memorized lists of nonsense syllables?
A) Frederic Bartlett
B) Jean Piaget
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus
D) Max Wertheimer
197. Frederic Bartlett differed from Hermann Ebbinghaus in that Bartlett believed:
A) memory is an unobservable construct that cannot be empirically studied.
B) memory operates like a photographic reproduction of past experience.
C) nonsense syllables should be used in memory research to control for previous
learning.
D) memory studies should involve information that people encounter in everyday life.
198. Dee and Soleila watch a YouTube clip of "Mrs. Memory" reciting pi for
thousands of digits. Dee is impressed, but Soleila wonders if Mrs. Memory can
remember what her husband asked her to purchase at the grocery store. Soleila's
concern echoes _____ critique of the research of _____.
A) Noam Chomsky's; B. F. Skinner
B) John Watson's; William James
C) Frederic Bartlett's; Hermann Ebbinghaus
D) Kurt Lewin's; B. F. Skinner
199. Frederic Bartlett's research on memory demonstrated that people tend to

remember:
A) what actually happened instead of what should have happened.
B) what should have happened instead of what actually happened.
C) nonsense syllables with more accuracy than meaningful words.
D) meaningful words with more accuracy than nonsense syllables.
200. A memory expert testifies in court for the defence that the eyewitness testimony
should be given less importance because it is contaminated with biases. The
expert is articulating the position FIRST advanced by:
A) Max Weirtheimer.
B) Hermann Ebbinghaus.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) Frederic Bartlett.
201. A cognitive psychologist who studied the perceptual and cognitive errors of
children in order to gain insight into the nature and development of the human
mind was:
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A) Jean Piaget.
B) Frederic Bartlett.
C) Kurt Lewin.
D) Max Wertheimer.
202. Jean Piaget attempted to gain insight into the nature and development of the
human mind by studying:
A) how memories are contaminated by prior knowledge.
B) the perceptual and cognitive errors of children.
C) the rate at which forgetting occurs.
D) perceptual illusions in adults.
203. A university student taking introductory psychology decides to test Piaget's

theories of mental development on her 3-year-old brother who loves hot dogs and
is very hungry. She shows him two hot dogs. Then, while he is watching, she
breaks one of the hot dogs in half. She asks if he would like one hot dog (the
intact hot dog) or two hot dogs (the hot dog cut in half). Consistent with Piaget's
findings, the child:
A) selects the intact hot dog.
B) selects the hot dog cut in half.
C) says she is silly because both are the same.
D) becomes confused and starts crying.
204. Which topic is LEAST likely to be studied by cognitive psychologists?

A) attention
B) memory
C) decision making
D) conformity
205. Which topic is LEAST likely to be studied by cognitive psychologists?

A) attention
B) memory
C) reinforcement
D) perception
206. A teacher praises a student for asking a good question. Which psychologist would
state that the effect of praise on subsequent behaviour depended on the student's
subjective experience of it?
A) B. F. Skinner
B) Kurt Lewin
C) Jean Piaget
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D) Frederic Bartlett
207. Psychologist Kurt Lewin believed that stimulus–response psychology was too
simplistic to predict human behaviour. In his theories, he inserted which terms
between stimulus and response?
A) construal of the stimulus
B) structure of the stimulus
C) reinforcement by the stimulus
D) informational value of the stimulus
208. According to Kurt Lewin, a construal is:

A) a physical property of the stimulus.
B) the observable response to the stimulus.
C) a perceptual illusion that commonly occurs to visual stimuli.
D) the subjective meaning of the stimulus.
209. Psychologist Kurt Lewin used a special mathematical theory called _____ to
model the subjective experiences of the mind.
A) relativity
B) quantum theory
C) game theory
D) topology
210. The advent of _____ in the 1950s had an enormous conceptual impact on the
development of cognitive psychology.
A) statistical programming
B) television
C) conditioning chambers
D) computers
211. The advent of computers in the 1950s had an enormous conceptual impact on the
development of _____ psychology.
A) behavioural
B) Gestalt
C) cognitive
D) social
212. The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory,
and reasoning, is called:
A) behavioural neuroscience.
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B) physiology.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) mental psychology.
213. Who wrote the landmark book entitled Cognitive Psychology (1967)?
A) George Miller
B) Noam Chomsky
C) Donald Broadbent
D) Ulric Neisser
214. Ulrich Neisser's landmark book published in 1967 provided a foundation for the
field of _____ psychology.
A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) clinical
D) social
215. In the early 1940s, the pressing need of the _____ for more research on attention,
memory, and decision making was an early impetus behind the movement away
from behaviourism.
A) American Psychological Association
B) military
C) film industry
D) automobile industry
216. By studying pilots, Donald Broadbent investigated the:

A) limited capacity of the mind when attention is divided.
B) possibility of creating a computerized artificial intelligence.
C) effects of sleep deprivation on performance.
D) optical illusions that underlie airline accidents.
217. The pioneering research of Donald Broadbent is MOST relevant to:

A) driving while sleep-deprived.
B) texting and driving.
C) remembering directions.
D) automobile accidents at night.
218. The pioneering research of Donald Broadbent is MOST relevant to:

A) the effects of sleep on exam performance.
B) cramming for an exam.
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C) test-taking anxiety.
D) the difficulties of studying while distracted.
219. George Miller discovered that we can briefly hold in memory only about _____
(give or take two) pieces of information at any given time.
A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) nine
220. We can only work with about seven pieces of information in memory at any
given time. This limit was discovered by which pioneer of memory research?
A) George Miller
B) Frederic Bartlett
C) Donald Broadbent
D) Noam Chomsky
221. The research of George Miller explains why Jeff has difficulty remembering:
A) information learned in a social studies course 5 years ago.
B) events before he was 3 years old.
C) the names of 12 people to whom he was just introduced.
D) what he ate for breakfast last Wednesday.
222. The research of George Miller explains why Joel has difficulty remembering:
A) how to begin a geometric proof of a theorem.
B) the list of 10 items his roommate told him to purchase at the grocery store.
C) how to conjugate irregular verbs in Spanish.
D) what he wore to the last school dance.
223. In the 1950s, the advent of computers had an enormous influence on how
psychologists conceptualized the mind. In this conceptualization, the brain was
analogous to:
A) computer hardware.
B) computer software.
C) an electrical source.
D) programming language.
224. In the 1950s, the advent of computers had an enormous influence on how
psychologists conceptualized the mind. In this conceptualization, the mind was
analogous to:
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A) computer hardware.
B) computer software.
C) an electrical source.
D) data-storage devices.
225. According to cognitive psychologists, computer hardware is to software as:

A) brain is to mind.
B) mind is to brain.
C) mind is to language.
D) language is to mind.
226. According to cognitive psychologists, computer software is to hardware as:

A) brain is to mind.
B) mind is to brain.
C) mind is to language.
D) language is to mind.
227. Which linguist published a devastating critique of Skinner's theory of language

development?
A) George Miller
B) Noam Chomsky
C) Donald Broadbent
D) Ulric Neisser
228. A behavioural account of language development, entitled Verbal Behaviour

(1957), was written by:
A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Noam Chomsky.
C) John Watson.
D) Ulric Neisser.
229. B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behaviour (1957) attempts to provide a(n) _____ account
of language.
A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) behavioural
D) sociocultural
230. According to Chomsky, which observation of language in children challenges a

behavioural account?
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A) Children can generate new grammatically correct sentences.
B) Young children tend to repeat what they just heard.
C) If you give a child a cookie every time they say "please," they will say "please"
more often.
D) Grammar rules are highly individualistic and the result of childhood learning
experiences.
231. According to Chomsky, which observation of language challenges a behavioural

account?
A) It is more difficult to learn a second language as one ages.
B) Deficits in speech production in developing children can be overcome with an
intense individualized education plan.
C) Different languages are spoken around the world.
D) Speech that has never before been reinforced nevertheless occurs frequently.
232. A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and
brain activity is:
A) cognitive neuroscience.
B) cognitive psychotherapy.
C) physiological psychology.
D) evolutionary psychology.
233. Kerrie wants to understand how perceptions, beliefs, and memories activate
different regions in the brain. Which field of psychology would you suggest
Kerrie explore?
A) cognitive psychology
B) behavioural neuroscience
C) evolutionary psychology
D) cognitive neuroscience
234. The French physician Paul Broca discovered a brain region that was associated
with the:
A) production and understanding of speech.
B) production of speech.
C) understanding of speech.
D) ability to understand novel speech.
235. Jamie suffered a stroke and damaged her Broca's area. Jamie will have problems:
A) reading out loud.
B) understanding the plot of her favorite television show.
C) remembering the names of her family members.
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D) recognizing facial emotions.
236. Esa suffered a stroke and damaged her Broca's area. Esa will have problems:
A) understanding a verbal instruction.
B) distinguishing among different dialects.
C) matching names to faces.
D) producing speech.
237. Which early neuropsychologist trained rats to run mazes, surgically removed
parts of their brains, and then measured how well they could run the maze again?
A) Noam Chomsky
B) Karl Lashley
C) Jean Piaget
D) Paul Broca
238. Karl Lashley's early neuroscientific research sought to identify the specific brain
region:
A) underlying grammar rules.
B) involved in speech production.
C) responsible for rats learning to navigate a maze.
D) responsible for visual perception.
239. After conducting repeated experiments in which he first trained rats to navigate a
maze and then removed tiny sections of their brains to see if that brain region
eliminated learning, Lashley reported that:
A) learning the maze could be erased by removing a tiny section of Broca's area.
B) the memory of the maze was localized in the right hemisphere of the brain.
C) the memory of the maze was localized in the left hemisphere of the brain.
D) no one brain region seemed to uniquely and reliably eliminate maze learning.
240. After training rats to successfully navigate a maze, Karl Lashley sought to
determine the precise spot in the brain where the learning occurred by:
A) surgically removing tiny sections of the brain and then retesting the rats.
B) giving the rats experimental drugs that target specific brain areas and then retesting
the rats.
C) studying differences in dendritic density in various brain regions under a
microscope after the rats' death.
D) studying the rats running the maze while connected to a recorder that measured
brain electrical activity.
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241. Which approach to psychology links psychological processes to activities in the
nervous system and other bodily processes?
B) cognitive psychotherapy
C) behavioural neuroscience
D) evolutionary psychology
242. Which research question is MOST relevant to behavioural neuroscience?

A) What brain mechanisms underlie complex decision making?
B) What brain mechanisms underlie reinforcement and punishment?
C) What brain mechanisms are responsible for long-term memory?
D) What are some evolutionary adaptations of the brain?
243. Amanda seeks to understand the brain functions underlying reward and
punishment. Amanda is MOST likely a(n):
A) behaviourist.
B) evolutionary psychologist.
C) cognitive neuroscientist.
D) behavioural neuroscientist.
244. Chloe seeks to understand the brain functions associated with coordinated
movement. Chloe is MOST likely a(n):
A) behaviourist.
B) evolutionary psychologist.
C) cognitive neuroscientist.
D) behavioural neuroscientist.
245. Research using scanning technology of the brain has demonstrated that, when a
person who has been deaf from birth learns American Sign Language at an early
age, that person uses _____ hemisphere when communicating with American
Sign Language.
A) the left
B) the right
C) both the right and the left
D) neither the right nor the left
246. How might an evolutionary psychologist explain the fact that people tend to
enjoy high-fat food?
A) When food was scarce in our ancestral past, people who ate high-fat food tended to
obtain the calories that they needed to survive and, ultimately, reproduce.
B) High-fat food activates areas in the brain corresponding to reward.
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C) Over one's lifetime, many interpersonal relationships revolve around eating these
"comfort" food items.
D) Although eating high-fat food resulted in great mortality rates among our ancestors,
the availability of medication today allows people to consume larger amounts of
high-fat food.
247. The emergence of evolutionary psychology as a recent psychological discipline is

largely credited to the work of the biologist:
A) G. Stanley Hall.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) E. O. Wilson.
D) B. F. Skinner.
248. Rats are more likely to form a smell-sickness association than a light-sickness
association, suggesting that rats have:
A) an inability to associate a light with any consequence.
B) evolved to not associate lights with smell.
C) learned some associations more easily than others because of natural selection.
D) evolved to easily associate sickness with any stimulus in their environment.
249. Rats are more likely to form a smell-sickness association than a light-sickness
association, suggesting that:
A) genetic factors are a relatively unimportant component of learning.
B) rats have evolved to not associate lights with smell.
C) behaviour is, in part, the product of the learning experiences of our ancestors.
D) rats have had more learning opportunities to associate smell with sickness.
250. _____ demonstrated that rats are more likely to form a smell-sickness association
than a light-sickness association.
A) Karl Lashley
B) John Garcia
C) E. O. Wilson
D) Charles Darwin
251. Kayla doesn't know it yet, but she has just contracted a stomach virus from her
roommate Beverly. Kayla puts on a new dress and goes on a first date with
Jermaine, where they eat oysters. Later that night, Kayla becomes violently ill.
Kayla is MOST likely to associate the sickness with:
A) the oysters.
B) Beverly.
C) Jermaine.
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D) her new dress.
252. Six-year-old Michael eats teriyaki chicken for the first time at a Japanese
restaurant and shortly thereafter becomes nauseous during the car ride home. The
sickness is actually due to his catching a virus from his older brother Patrick.
Michael is MOST likely to associate the sickness with:
A) Patrick.
B) the teriyaki flavor.
C) the sign outside the Japanese restaurant.
D) riding in the car.
253. What type of psychology explains mind and behaviour in terms of the adaptive
value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection?
A) behaviourism
B) physiological psychology
C) evolutionary psychology
D) cognitive neuroscience
254. The psychological approach that emphasizes the mind is a collection of

specialized components that are designed to overcome problems our ancestors
faced over millions of years is:
A) psychoanalysis.
B) existential psychology.
C) cultural psychology.
D) evolutionary psychology.
255. According to evolutionary psychology, jealousy:

A) hindered reproduction in our ancestors through a decrease in "jealous genes."
B) aided reproductive success in our ancestors.
C) facilitates reproductive success today.
D) hinders the ability to attract but facilitates the ability to keep a mate today.
256. Dr. O'Leary believes that most young men prefer to choose young, healthy
women for their life partners because doing so boosts their chances for producing
healthy offspring. This outlook illustrates the _____ perspective.
A) cultural
B) evolutionary
C) behavioural
D) developmental
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257. Which research question is MOST consistent with the historical events that
inspired the research of Gordon Allport?
A) How does media coverage of racially charged events affect implicit biases or
prejudices?
B) What learning experiences led to the heroism demonstrated by first responders to
the World Trade Center attack on September 11, 2001?
C) Why do otherwise decent people commit evil acts when ordered to by a totalitarian
regime?
D) Do people become more liberal or conservative when faced with economic
hardship?
inspired the research of Gordon Allport?
A) Do opposites really attract?
B) How does wealth affect happiness?
C) Why are suicide bombers willing to sacrifice their lives?
D) Do fans of professional football stereotype the fans of rival teams?
259. The study of the causes and consequences of sociality is called:

A) cultural psychology.
B) cognitive psychology.
C) sociobiology.
D) social psychology.
260. Dr. Aguilera studies the influence of peer pressure on adolescents. Which area of
psychology does her research BEST represent?
B) social psychology
C) clinical psychology
D) cultural psychology
261. Dr. Cover studies the benefits and undesirable outcomes of stereotyping. Which
area of psychology does her research BEST represent?
B) social psychology
C) clinical psychology
D) cultural psychology
262. Raymond wants to learn the most effective techniques to make a favorable first
impression. Raymond might want to take a course in _____ psychology.
A) cognitive
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B) cultural
C) clinical
D) social
263. Veronica wants to learn if opposites really do attract. She might want to take a
course in _____ psychology.
A) cognitive
B) cultural
C) clinical
D) social
264. The birth of social psychology is credited to:

A) E. O. Wilson.
B) Kurt Lewin.
C) Margaret Mead.
D) Norman Triplett.
265. The research of Norman Triplett constitutes what is now recognized as the birth
of _____ psychology.
A) social
B) evolutionary
C) cultural
D) Gestalt
inspired the research of Solomon Asch?
A) Does diversity increase or decrease workplace productivity?
B) How has Hollywood changed our perceptions of feminine beauty?
C) Why do otherwise decent people commit evil acts when ordered to by a totalitarian
regime?
D) Do people become more liberal or conservative when faced with economic
hardship?
267. Norman Triplett reported that children reeled in a fishing line:

A) faster if other children were present.
B) faster if they were by themselves.
C) at different rates depending on their culture.
D) at different rates depending on their gender.
268. Which observation by Norman Triplett led to the birth of social psychology?
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A) People who are more attractive tend to make more money.
B) People who smile more are generally regarded as more attractive.
C) Bicyclists ride faster when in a group with other bicyclists.
D) People are less likely to help a stranger in need when other people who could also
potentially help are around.
269. Lance notices that, when he jogs with Cheryl, he runs faster than when he jogs by
himself. Which psychological approach BEST explains this behaviour?
A) sports psychology
B) psychoanalysis
C) social psychology
D) evolutionary psychology
270. Amy's 10K time is significantly faster when she runs it with others than when she
runs by herself. Amy's observation confirms those made over a century ago by:
A) E. O. Wilson.
B) Kurt Lewin.
C) Margaret Mead.
D) Norman Triplett.
271. Which factor did NOT contribute to the development of social psychology in its
early years?
A) the invention of the computer
B) Gestalt psychology
C) the rise of Nazi Germany
D) the civil rights movement in the United States
272. Solomon Asch was a social psychologist whose research interests were shaped, in
part, by the:
A) American civil rights movement.
B) development of computers.
C) Holocaust.
D) theory of language development.
273. Gordon Allport was a social psychologist whose research interests on

stereotyping were shaped, in large part, by:
A) the American civil rights movement.
B) Gestalt psychology.
C) his experiences in Nazi Germany.
D) the emergence of cognitive neuroscience.
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274. _____ developed a "field theory" that viewed social behaviour as governed by
forces both internal and external to the individual.
A) Norman Triplett
B) Solomon Asch
C) Gordon Allport
D) Kurt Lewin
275. Gordon Allport proposed that prejudice was:

A) primarily reinforced behaviour.
B) the result of a perceptual error.
C) highly dependent on culture.
D) highly dependent on group size.
276. Felicia believes that prejudice is a "mind bug" caused by a perceptual error. Her
views closely match those of:
A) Norman Triplett.
B) Gordon Allport.
C) E. O. Wilson.
D) Margaret Mead.
277. The Holocaust inspired research MOSTLY in the areas of:

A) mania and illusions.
B) prejudice and discrimination.
C) conformity and obedience.
D) altruism and aggression.
278. Values, traditions, and beliefs that are shared by a particular group of people are
called:
A) customs.
B) ceremonies.
C) culture.
D) backgrounds.
279. Which factor is LEAST likely to define a culture?

A) age
B) nationality
C) sexual orientation
D) diversity
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280. Which cultural difference can be found in just about every corner of the world?
A) wealth disparity
B) racial differences
C) religious differences
D) language differences
281. Brice travels to remote places and examines how the people live. He pays
particular attention to their values and traditions. What type of psychologist is
Brice?
A) evolutionary
B) cultural
C) social
D) Gestalt
282. André studies if altruism varies as a function of individualistic or collectivist

societies. He pays particular attention to differences in values between the two
societies. What type of psychologist is Brice?
A) evolutionary
B) cultural
C) cognitive
D) Gestalt
283. When people are randomly assigned to think of themselves as upper class, these
people behave more _____ than do people in a control group.
A) aggressively
B) charitably
C) selfishly
D) altruistically
284. One of the first psychologists interested in the contributions of culture to

psychology was:
A) Karl Lashley.
B) Noam Chomsky.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.
285. The belief that psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across
cultures and should be viewed only in the context of a specific culture is in
accordance with:
A) absolutism.
B) evolutionary psychology.
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C) humanistic psychology.
D) relativism.
286. Dirk believes that anxiety manifests itself in the same way regardless of where
one lives. Dirk's beliefs represent an approach to the study of psychology known
as:
A) absolutism.
B) behaviourism.
C) structuralism.
D) relativism.
287. Which statement about depression in Eastern and Western cultures is TRUE?
A) Depression primarily occurs in Western cultures.
B) Worthlessness is a symptom of depression equally reported in both cultures.
C) Depressed people living in Eastern cultures are more likely to report symptoms of
fatigue.
D) Depressed people living in Western cultures are more likely to report symptoms of
fatigue.
288. Which statement about depression in Eastern and Western cultures is TRUE?
A) Fatigue and body aches are symptoms that primarily are reported in Western
cultures.
B) Fatigue and body aches are symptoms of depression equally reported in both
cultures.
C) Depressed people living in Eastern cultures are more likely to report symptoms of
worthlessness.
D) Depressed people living in Western cultures are more likely to report symptoms of
worthlessness.
289. Cultural psychology blossomed in the 1980s when psychologists began to

communicate with:
A) psychologists from different cultures.
B) economists.
C) anthropologists.
D) political scientists.
290. Cultural psychologists interested in the body mutilation and blood-letting rituals
in mountainous tribes of New Guinea would be informed by independent
research conducted by:
A) political scientists.
B) anthropologists.
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C) evolutionary psychologists.
D) behavioural economists.
291. Julie believes that the society in which one grows up does not have an impact on
psychological issues. Which approach BEST fits her view?
A) absolutism
B) behaviourism
C) humanistic
D) relativism
292. If you believe that the results of a study on conformity conducted on university
students in Canada may differ considerably had the study taken place among
older adults in Asia, you are thinking like a cultural:
A) absolutist.
B) behaviourist.
C) functionalist.
D) relativist.
293. Although all the founding members of the American Psychological Association
were White and male, today about half of all APA members are:
A) Latino.
B) non-White.
C) African American.
D) female.
294. Today, over 70% of individuals receiving their PhDs in psychology are:
A) White males.
B) males.
C) racial minorities.
D) females.
inspired the research of Solomon Asch?
A) Why do people support and join terrorist organizations?
B) What types of discrimination do immigrants face?
C) Are Democrats or Republicans more likely to donate to charity?
D) How does generational poverty affect rates of depression and anxiety?
296. Who is LEAST likely to be a member of the American Psychological

Association?
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A) Bari, a health psychologist who consults for Fortune 500 companies
B) Robin, an academic behavioural neuroscientist
C) Perry, a clinical psychologist specializing in depression
D) Timothy, a clinical counselor specializing in treating substance abuse
297. Who was one of the seven psychologists to start the American Psychological
Association?
B) John Watson
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) William James
298. Who was one of the seven psychologists to start the American Psychological
Association?
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) John Watson
299. Compared with the typical APA member in 1910, the typical APA member in
2016 is less likely to be a(n):
A) academic researcher.
B) woman.
C) racial minority.
D) professional in health-related fields.
300. The American Psychological Association was formed at a meeting called by:
A) Wilhelm Wundt.
B) G. Stanley Hall.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Edward Titchener.
301. The American Psychological Association was originally made up of academic

psychologists; today, nearly _____% of its members work in clinical and health-
related settings.
A) 90
B) 70
C) 40
D) 10
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302. The American Psychological Association was originally made up of academic
psychologists; today, only _____% of its members work in academia.
A) 2
B) 8
C) 20
D) 40
303. The Association for Psychological Science was formed:

A) by cognitive psychologists rebelling against John Watson's behaviourism.
B) before the founding of the American Psychological Association.
C) when academic psychologists wanted to create an organization that focused on the
needs of psychologists carrying out scientific research.
D) as a result of a union of the American Psychological Association and the European
Psychological Association.
304. As an elementary school student, Dan met with a psychologist who helped him
with speech and reading. Which type of psychologist did Dan see?
A) clinical psychologist
B) industrial/organizational psychologist
C) health psychologist
D) school psychologist
305. Jorge is in the middle of a divorce and is experiencing stress associated with this
period of adjustment. Jorge should probably seek help from a(n):
A) psychiatrist.
B) organizational psychologist.
C) health psychologist.
D) counseling psychologist.
306. Jeff thinks it would be beneficial for his employees to attend a seminar on how to
become more productive at work. Which type of psychologist would conduct this
seminar?
A) clinical psychologist
B) industrial/organizational psychologist
C) school psychologist
D) cognitive psychologist
307. Liz is the CEO of a major company. Liz is fearful of how her employees are
going to react to the company's downsizing and reorganization. She decides to
contact a(n) _____ psychologist to help her employees.
A) industrial/organizational
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B) clinical
C) school
D) health
308. What is the difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist?

A) A clinical psychologist can only work in schools.
B) A psychiatrist is a medical doctor, whereas a clinical psychologist is a PhD.
C) Only a clinical psychologist can prescribe medication.
D) A psychiatrist goes to graduate school for years longer than a clinical psychologist.
309. Karen received a PhD in psychology and now treats psychological disorders.
Which type of psychologist is Karen?
A) clinical
B) research
C) social
D) academic
310. Cliff's therapist prescribes Xanax to treat his anxiety. Cliff's therapist is probably
a:
A) counseling psychologist.
B) clinical psychologist.
C) psychiatrist.
D) health psychologist.
311. Gary, a 16-year-old, is suffering from severe depression. Of these professionals,

Gary should receive treatment from a _____ psychologist.
A) counseling
B) clinical
C) school
D) health
312. Psychologists work in a wide variety of settings, but the LARGEST percentage
work in:
A) business.
B) clinical settings.
C) academia.
D) governmental agencies.
313. Which mental health professionals assist people in dealing with work/career
issues, life changes, and common crises?
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A) social psychologists
B) industrial/organizational psychologists
C) counseling psychologists
D) health psychologists
314. Karen ultimately wants to pursue a master's degree in education but first must
obtain a strong scientific background as an undergraduate. Courses in which hub
science would be MOST relevant to her career goals?
A) earth sciences
B) math
C) psychology
D) chemistry
315. Tanisha ultimately wants to pursue a master's degree in public health but first
must obtain a strong scientific background as an undergraduate. Courses in which
hub science would be MOST relevant to her career goals?
A) psychology
B) math
C) medicine
D) earth sciences
316. The classification of psychology as a hub science MOST supports the idea that
psychology:
A) is a basic laboratory science.
B) is primarily a clinical field.
C) has relevance to many related disciplines.
D) has grown beyond an academic discipline.
317. The classification of psychology as a hub science MOST supports the idea that an
undergraduate education in psychology will prepare students for:
A) a variety of different career paths related to the psychology hub.
B) primarily a career as a clinical psychologist.
C) primarily a career conducting laboratory research in academic settings.
D) graduate school in all the other hub sciences.
318. In an article entitled "Mapping the Backbone of Science," Kevin Boyack and his
colleagues (2005) characterized psychology as a(n) _____ science.
A) basic
B) applied
C) hub
D) health
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319. What is a hub science?
A) a "hard" science involving laboratory research
B) any social science where research usually is conducted in the field
C) any science whose primary goal is clinical in nature
D) a large field of science that links with and influences smaller subfields
320. The defining feature of a "hub science" is a science that:

A) focuses mainly on laboratory research.
B) receives a large amount of federal grant funds.
C) links with and influences smaller subfields.
D) grants doctoral degrees.
321. In an article entitled "Mapping the Backbone of Science," Kevin Boyack and his
colleagues (2005) identified how many hub sciences?
A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 20
322. Which field of study is NOT a hub science as identified by Kevin Boyack and his
colleagues (2005) in their article "Mapping the Backbone of Science"?
A) neuroscience
B) psychology
C) chemistry
D) physics
323. Which field of study is NOT a hub science as identified by Kevin Boyack and his
colleagues (2005) in their article "Mapping the Backbone of Science"?
A) chemistry
B) economics
C) medicine
D) social science
324. On a map based on citations and references in scientific peer-reviewed journals,

psychology is MOST closely linked to which hub science?
A) medicine
B) math
C) chemistry
D) social science
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325. Who is MOST likely to be a member of the American Psychological
Association?
A) Tony, a behaviourist studying principles of reinforcement in rats
B) Robin, an academic behavioural neuroscientist conducting basic research on
memory
C) Perry, a clinical psychologist specializing in depression
D) Suzanne, an academic social psychologist studying stereotypes
326. Social psychology was influenced by German experimental psychologists fleeing

the Holocaust who were strongly influenced by which approach to psychology?
A) psychoanalysis
B) behaviourism
C) structuralism
D) Gestalt
Page 57
Use the following to answer questions 327-334:
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on and presents data from the following study (reproduced from p. 26 of the
textbook):
Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Côté, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social
class predicts increased unethical behaviour. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 109(11), 4086–4091. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118373109
Piff and colleagues (2012) used naturalistic observation techniques to determine if wealthy
people behaved more or less ethically than people who were not wealthy. In one study, observers
stood at a busy intersection and recorded the make, model, and year of each approaching car.
They also noted if the car cut off other cars or pedestrians at this intersection.
Major findings of Piff et al. (2012) are presented in Figure 1.1. This figure shows the percentage
of times vehicles cut off another driver (top panel) or pedestrians (lower panel) as a function of
the social status of the vehicles (with more expensive cars ranked higher in social status).
Figure 1.1
327. (Scenario I) The researchers who conducted this study are MOST likely to be
_____ psychologists.
A) cognitive-behavioural
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B) social or cultural
C) humanistic
D) industrial-organizational
328. (Scenario I) Consider only the bottom panel in Figure 1.1. These results
demonstrate that:
A) wealth makes people care more about themselves than they do others, to the point
of ignoring the rights of pedestrians.
B) driving a more expensive car gives one a false sense of security, and this causes
people to be more aggressive drivers.
C) people driving higher-class cars are more likely than not to cut off a pedestrian in
an intersection.
D) people driving a more expensive car fail to yield to pedestrians more than do
people who drive less expensive cars.
329. (Scenario I) Consider only the top panel in Figure 1.1. These results underscore
the importance of:
A) studying a wide range of values, rather than just a few when trying to determine if
two variables are related.
B) using random assignment to create equivalent groups.
C) making testable predictions and then refining the theory based on the data.
D) generalizing laboratory results to real-world settings.
330. (Scenario I) Consider both panels in Figure 1.1. Which is a description of a result
shown in this figure?
A) Drivers were more likely to yield to pedestrians than to other cars.
B) Small changes in car social status in the middle-class range nevertheless predicted
if drivers would cut off another car.
C) Small increases in the value of a car had relatively large effects on whether or not a
driver would cut off a pedestrian.
D) Small changes in car social status in the middle-class range had no predictive value
in determining if people would yield to pedestrians.
331. (Scenario I) Based on the results shown in Figure 1.1, it is NOT known if:
A) people driving higher-class cars were less likely to yield to pedestrians.
B) drivers, in general, were more likely to yield to another car than to a pedestrian.
C) wealth caused people to care more about themselves than about others.
D) wealth was associated with selfish driving behaviour.
332. (Scenario I) A psychologist believes that driving expensive cars and not taking
into account the rights of others are both the product of feelings of sexual
Page 59
inferiority banished to the unconscious. The psychologist adopts a _____
approach.
A) Gestalt
B) social or cultural
C) humanistic
D) psychoanalytic
333. (Scenario I) A psychologist believes that selfishness is a genetically based trait

that confers advantages in terms of resource acquisition. As such, the
psychologist is not surprised in the least that selfish people drive expensive cars.
This _____ would predict that _____.
A) evolutionary psychologist; selfishness results in wealth
B) evolutionary psychologist; wealth makes people selfish
C) cognitive neuroscientist; selfishness results in wealth
D) cognitive neuroscientist; wealth makes people selfish
334. (Scenario I) A psychologist believes that people in higher and lower social
classes learn norms that then affect their behaviour in many different settings.
One such norm is that people in higher social classes tend to view themselves as
more important than others. As such, the psychologist is not surprised that people
driving expensive cars are more likely to disregard the rights of others. This
_____ psychologist would predict that _____.
A) humanistic; selfishness results in wealth
B) humanistic; wealth makes people selfish
C) cultural; selfishness results in wealth
D) cultural; wealth makes people selfish
Page 60
Use the following to answer questions 335-340:
Scenario II
Use the scenario to answer the question below. The scenario introduces material from the
following publications:
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Preckel, K., Scheele, D., Eckstein, M., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2015). The influence of
oxytocin on volitional and emotional ambivalence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,
10(7), 987–993. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu147
Catherine is a college freshman who is shocked at the intensity of the jealousy expressed by her
roommate's boyfriend. Interested in understanding the relationship between Tara and Will, she
becomes fascinated to learn in introductory psychology that jealousy has been studied from a
variety of perspectives. She goes to the library and begins researching this topic.
335. (Scenario II) Some psychological theorists believe that Will's jealousy might be
due to his projecting his own banished sexual inadequacies and desires for
infidelity from his unconscious. These theorists are MOST likely to be:
A) cognitive psychologists.
B) social psychologists.
C) humanistic psychologists.
D) psychoanalysts.
336. (Scenario II) Preckel and colleagues (2015) reported that giving male participants
an oxytocin nasal spray shortly before having them imagine their partners
engaged in infidelity reduced activity in brain regions associated with jealousy.
Catherine further reads that oxytocin is a neurotransmitter found naturally in the
brain and then wonders if Will has naturally _____ levels of it. The research by
Preckel and colleagues advances a(n) _____ approach to the study of jealousy.
A) low; cognitive neuroscience
B) high; behavioural neuroscience
C) low; evolutionary psychology
D) high; social psychology
337. (Scenario II) Other psychological theorists point to the consequences of jealousy
as the reason for its continued occurrence. Catherine tends to agree. Every time
Will goes into a jealous rage when Tara wants to hang out with her friends, Tara
capitulates and stays home with him instead. Consistent with a _____ approach
to psychology, Catherine believes that Tara is _____ her boyfriend's jealousy.
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A) cognitive; construing
B) behavioural; reinforcing
C) humanistic; actualizing
D) evolutionary; selecting
338. (Scenario II) Catherine reads in another book that jealousy often arises from the
way we think about relationships. Psychologists who conceptualize jealously as
arising from maladaptive patterns of thinking associated with unrealistic
construals of relationships are advancing a _____ approach.
A) behavioural
B) humanistic
C) psychoanalytic
D) cognitive
339. (Scenario II) Bowlby's (1969/1982) attachment theory posits that infants form
either secure or insecure attachments with their primary caregiver. These
attachment styles are relatively stable across life, and more recent research has
found that individuals with insecure attachments are more likely to exhibit
jealousy in romantic relationships. Catherine wonders what kind of relationship
her roommate's boyfriend has with his mother and thinks she needs to read more
about this _____ approach to the study of jealousy.
A) developmental
B) humanistic
C) psychoanalytic
D) evolutionary
340. (Scenario II) In analyzing behavioural and evolutionary accounts of jealousy,

Catherine is surprised to learn that these very different approaches both
emphasize the importance of adaptive consequences. The difference is that a
behavioural approach emphasizes the reinforcing consequences of the jealous
behaviour _____, and the evolutionary account emphasizes the adaptive
consequences of jealousy _____.
A) in reducing it; in strengthening it
B) for the individual; for the individual's ancestors
C) in an S-R model; within a cognitive model
D) for the relationship; for the individual
341. Psychology is universally defined as the scientific study of observable behaviour.

A) True
B) False
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342. Today, most psychologists believe that the mind and brain are separate physical
entities.
A) True
B) False
343. The Greek philosopher most associated with philosophical empiricism is

Aristotle.
A) True
B) False
344. Philosophical empiricists believe that certain knowledge is innate.

A) True
B) False
345. Plato believed that certain types of knowledge are innate or inborn.
A) True
B) False
346. The classical Greek philosophers tested their theories using the scientific method.
A) True
B) False
347. René Descartes believed that the brain and the mind are fundamentally the same
thing.
A) True
B) False
348. Franz Joseph Gall asserted that the size of bumps or indentations on the skull
reflected the size of the brain regions beneath and thus indicated personality
traits.
A) True
B) False
349. Broca's research was consistent with Hobbes' philosophical position that mental
processes were grounded in the brain.
A) True
B) False
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350. Broca's research was consistent with Descartes' philosophical position that
mental processes were grounded in the brain.
A) True
B) False
351. Wilhelm Wundt first used reaction time to measure the speed of a nervous
impulse.
A) True
B) False
352. Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig in 1879.
A) True
B) False
353. Helmholtz developed introspection as a tool for understanding the structure of

consciousness.
A) True
B) False
354. Introspection as a scientific method failed because it did not generate replicable
observations.
A) True
B) False
355. Functionalists depended on introspection to study subjective observations of

personal experience.
A) True
B) False
356. Wilhelm Wundt believed that consciousness could be broken down into its
component parts.
A) True
B) False
357. Wilhelm Wundt was most interested in how consciousness is an adaptive feature
of the human existence.
A) True
B) False
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358. William James brought Wundt's structuralist school of psychology to the United
States.
A) True
B) False
359. The structuralist approach gradually faded, mostly because of the inadequacies of
psychoanalysis.
A) True
B) False
360. The work of William James was largely influenced by Darwin's theory of natural
selection.
A) True
B) False
361. Functionalists focused their attention on the adaptive features of observable

behaviour.
A) True
B) False
362. William James did not believe that consciousness could be broken down into
basic elements.
A) True
B) False
363. Functionalism was the dominant school of psychology from the 1890s until the
advent of the computer in the 1950s.
A) True
B) False
364. G. Stanley Hall established the first psychological laboratory in the United
States.
A) True
B) False
365. Charcot used hypnosis to treat patients with hysteria.

A) True
B) False
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366. Freud believed that unconscious mental processes shape feelings, thoughts, and
behaviours.
A) True
B) False
367. Psychoanalysis emphasizes the function of conscious mental processes that occur
during sexual experiences.
A) True
B) False
368. The goal of psychoanalysis is to banish unwanted feelings and memories into the
unconscious.
A) True
B) False
369. The greatest contribution of psychoanalysis was the research in experimental

psychology that it generated.
A) True
B) False
370. Freud's theories have proven difficult to test.

A) True
B) False
371. Maslow and Rogers are regarded as being more optimistic about the human
condition than Freud.
A) True
B) False
372. Humanistic psychologists called people in treatment “patients” to emphasis the

biological nature of psychological disorders.
A) True
B) False
373. Behaviourism focused on the scientific study of objectively observable

behaviour.
A) True
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B) False
374. Behavioural measures typically are more subjective than introspective measures.
A) True
B) False
375. Behaviourists deny the existence of all mental processes, such as thinking and
consciousness.
A) True
B) False
376. Behaviourists believe that the behaviour of nonhuman animals—not human

behaviour—is the proper subject matter of psychology.
A) True
B) False
377. Margaret Floy Washburn was an early female behaviourist who denied the
existence of animal minds.
A) True
B) False
378. The founder of behaviourism was William James.

A) True
B) False
379. John Watson was largely influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov.
A) True
B) False
380. John Watson taught “Little Albert” to fear a harmless white rat.
A) True
B) False
381. John Watson believed that fears were largely innate and the result of our
evolutionary history.
A) True
B) False
Page 67
382. John Watson developed the concept of reinforcement with rats pressing levers for
food.
A) True
B) False
383. B. F. Skinner focused on the consequences of behaviour as determinants of

whether or not it would reoccur.
A) True
B) False
384. If a behaviour is reinforced, it is more likely to occur again.

A) True
B) False
385. To test his theories, B. F. Skinner raised his daughter in a conditioning chamber,
or “Skinner Box.”
A) True
B) False
386. B. F. Skinner believed that humans did not have free will.
A) True
B) False
387. Gestalt psychology was a Russian movement influenced by the work of Ivan
Pavlov.
A) True
B) False
388. Gestalt psychologists believed that the mind imposes organization on what it
perceives.
A) True
B) False
389. The Gestaltists' view was diametrically opposed to the functionalists' claim that
experience can be broken down into separate elements.
A) True
B) False
Page 68
390. Gestalt psychologists believed that the entirety of a perceptual experience can be
greater than the sum of its component parts.
A) True
B) False
391. In his classic studies on memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus demonstrated that

meaningful information is easily forgotten.
A) True
B) False
392. Frederic Bartlett demonstrated that our expectancies play a large role in the
accuracy of our memories.
A) True
B) False
393. Frederic Bartlett conceptualized memory as a photographic representation of a

past experience.
A) True
B) False
394. Jean Piaget studied the perceptual and cognitive errors of children in order to
understand the development of the human mind.
A) True
B) False
395. Jean Piaget demonstrated that even toddlers grasp the concept that the mass of an
object remains constant if it is divided.
A) True
B) False
396. The advent of computers led, in part, to the rise of cognitive psychology.
A) True
B) False
397. George Miller demonstrated that we can briefly hold only about 12 pieces of
information in memory at any given moment.
A) True
B) False
Page 69
398. With the advent of computers, cognitive psychologists began conceptualizing the
mind as hardware and the brain as software.
A) True
B) False
399. Noam Chomsky was an outspoken supporter of B. F. Skinner's theory of

language.
A) True
B) False
400. By studying how quickly rats pressed levers for food pellets before and after
surgery that removed parts of their brains, Karl Lashley hoped to discover the
precise spot in the brain where learning occurs.
A) True
B) False
401. Karl Lashley discovered that by removing small sections of a rat's brain, he could
completely erase its memory of a previously learned maze.
A) True
B) False
402. Karl Lashley discovered that maze learning tends to be localized to a small area
in the left-brain hemisphere termed the Broca's area.
A) True
B) False
403. Physiological psychology was the forerunner of behavioural neuroscience.

A) True
B) False
404. Someone with damage to their Broca's area cannot understand spoken words.
A) True
B) False
405. Behavioural neuroscience is a field of psychology that attempts to understand the

links between the mind and the brain.
A) True
Page 70
B) False
406. Behavioural and cognitive psychology have benefited greatly from the
knowledge obtained from invasive experimental brain surgery techniques in
human participants.
A) True
B) False
407. Cognitive psychology is a field of psychology that attempts to understand the

links between brain activity and cognitive processes.
A) True
B) False
408. John Garcia demonstrated that it is easier for rats to form associations between
lights and sickness than scents and sickness.
A) True
B) False
409. Darwin's theory of natural selection no longer plays a prominent role among
today's evolutionary psychologists.
A) True
B) False
410. The anthropologist Margaret Mead introduced the evolutionary psychology

movement.
A) True
B) False
411. An evolutionary psychologist would argue that traits such as jealousy exist
because they are reinforced at an early age.
A) True
B) False
412. Critics of evolutionary psychology argue that evolutionary hypotheses are

extremely difficult to test.
A) True
B) False
Page 71
413. An advantage of the evolutionary over the behavioural approach to psychology is
that evolutionary hypotheses can more easily be tested.
A) True
B) False
414. Social psychologists believe that the presence of others can influence
performance on complicated, but not simple, tasks.
A) True
B) False
415. Psychological historians trace the beginnings of social psychology to the

functionalist research of William James.
A) True
B) False
416. Social psychology began as a rejection of Gestalt psychology.

A) True
B) False
417. Attempting to understand the atrocities of the Nazis gave rise, in part, to the field
of social psychology.
A) True
B) False
418. Gordon Allport believed that prejudice was primarily a learned behaviour.
A) True
B) False
419. Gordon Allport believed that prejudice was a natural result of a perceptual error.
A) True
B) False
420. Structuralists, such as Wilhelm Wundt, denied the importance of culture to

psychology.
A) True
B) False
421. Cultural psychology began to emerge as a strong force in psychology in the early
Page 72
1900s.
A) True
B) False
422. Cultural psychology represents a merger of psychology and anthropology.

A) True
B) False
423. Cultural psychology represents a merger of psychology and geography.

A) True
B) False
424. Absolutism holds that psychological phenomena are never absolute because the
results always depend on the culture in which they are studied.
A) True
B) False
425. Most members of the American Psychological Association (APA) are also
members of the Association for Psychological Science (APS).
A) True
B) False
426. Today, most members of the American Psychological Association work in

academic settings.
A) True
B) False
427. Today, one fourth of the members of the American Psychological Association are
women.
A) True
B) False
428. The American Psychological Association existed for nearly 100 years before it
elected a woman as president.
A) True
B) False
429. Currently, the majority of people earning their PhD in psychology are women.
Page 73
A) True
B) False
430. A majority of psychologists today work in clinical or health-related fields.

A) True
B) False
431. After earning their PhDs, most psychologists today continue to teach or engage
in research activities.
A) True
B) False
432. A psychiatrist has a medical degree.

A) True
B) False
433. Counseling psychologists usually focus on psychological issues that occur in the
workplace.
A) True
B) False
434. A hub science is any scientific discipline that cannot be reduced to another
discipline.
A) True
B) False
435. A hub science is a scientific discipline that links and influences its subfields.
A) True
B) False
436. Physics, chemistry, and psychology are all examples of hub sciences.
A) True
B) False
437. Nature is to nurture as:

A) stimulus is to reaction.
B) behaviourism is to evolutionary psychology.
C) nativism is to philosophical empiricism.
Page 74
D) introspection is to functionalism.
438. Helmholtz was a _____ who studied _____.

A) philosopher; the mind–body problem
B) behavioural neuroscientist; the maze performance of rats
C) personality theorist; the shape of skulls
D) physiologist; reaction time
439. By asking people to pay attention to and record their feelings and perceptions of
an event, Wilhelm Wundt used the method of _____ to analyze the basic structure
of conscious experience.
A) natural selection
B) brain scanning
C) introspection
D) reinforcement
440. William James suggested that consciousness should be examined depending on

the purposes served by mental processes, as suggested by _____, rather than
trying to break it down into specific elements, as suggested by _____.
A) functionalism; structuralism
B) functionalism; natural selection
C) structuralism; functionalism
D) structuralism; empiricism
441. _____ psychologists believe that our minds are collections of specialized
“modules” that solve the problems faced by our ancestors as they attempted to
eat, mate, and reproduce over millions of years.
A) Cultural
B) Evolutionary
C) Organizational
D) Humanistic
442. Audrey emphasizes the positive potential in her clients and feels it is her job to
guide them in realizing this potential. Audrey is MOST likely a:
A) behaviourist.
B) cognitive therapist.
C) humanistic psychologist.
D) psychoanalyst.
443. _____ stresses the importance of studying observable behaviours and ignores the
Page 75
mental processes involved in different tasks.
A) Behaviourism
B) Natural selection
C) Humanism
D) Cognitive psychology
444. In Pavlov's classic experiment, the sound of a tone was the _____ that produced a
_____ of salivation in dogs, even in the absence of food.
A) response; stimulus
B) stimulus; response
C) reinforcer; stimulus
D) stimulus; reinforcer
445. Which statement is NOT true about B. F. Skinner?

A) He developed a specialized chamber in which rats could press levers to earn food.
B) He proposed the psychoanalytic theory.
C) He denied the existence of free will.
D) He developed the principle of reinforcement.
446. Cognitive psychology addressed the critiques of behaviourism by applying

scientific methods to the study of:
A) mental processes such as memory, perception, and thought.
B) stimulus–response learning.
C) the unconscious mind.
D) neurological mechanisms underlying observable behaviour.
447. The research of _____, in which the maze performance of rats was measured
before and after brain surgery, was a forerunner of today's behavioural
neuroscience.
A) E. O. Wilson
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Karl Lashley
D) Sir Frederic Bartlett
448. To better understand the Nazi atrocities, social psychologists began to study:
A) the evolutionary basis of aggression.
B) conformity and obedience.
C) cultural differences between the United States and Germany.
D) differences in brain functioning between violent criminals and normal people.
Page 76
449. A psychologist develops a new treatment plan for depression, which involves
teaching people different techniques of improving self-esteem. He implements
the treatment plan successfully in Canada and obtains good results. If the
psychologist is a relativist, is he likely to use the same treatment plan for
depression in Japan?
A) Yes, because he is likely to believe that, if a treatment is effective in one culture, it
will be effective in all cultures.
B) Yes, because he is likely to believe that all cultures use the same techniques to
diagnose depression.
C) No, because he is likely to believe that different cultures emphasize different
symptoms of depression.
D) No, because he is likely to believe that treatment for depression is based on
whether the individual suffering from depression realizes he or she is depressed.
450. A _____ treats individuals with psychological problems and is allowed to

prescribe medication.
A) psychiatrist
B) psychologist
C) clinical psychologist
D) cognitive neuroscientist
451. Most clinical psychologists today work:

A) as consultants for criminal investigators.
B) in academia.
C) as government researchers.
D) in private practices or in partnerships.
452. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of:

A) societal development.
B) criminal rehabilitation.
C) neural diseases.
D) mind and behaviour.
453. _____ believed that the child's mind was a tabula rasa, or a blank slate, on which
experiences were written.
A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) William James
D) Wilhelm Wundt
454. Although the overall theory was later discredited, _____ was one of the first
Page 77
theories to propose that some human traits and abilities are localized in specific
regions of the brain.
A) stimulus–response theory
B) phrenology
C) dualism
D) nativism
455. Edward Titchener used _____ as a technique to determine the _____ of

consciousness.
A) introspection; basic elements
B) hypnosis; adaptability
C) psychonautics; basic functions
D) neuroimaging; evolution
456. William James was influenced by the work of:

A) Edward Titchener.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Ivan Pavlov.
D) Wilhelm Wundt.
457. The work of _____ had the greatest influence on the early development of
clinical psychology.
A) G. Stanley Hall
B) John Watson
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Jean Piaget
458. Fred and Yvonne notice that their 10-year-old daughter is beginning to use
sexually explicit swearwords. They think that their daughter's friends might be
encouraging her swearing with attention and laughter. Such a reinforcement of
behaviour was a concept formulated by:
A) Watson.
B) Freud.
C) Pavlov.
D) Skinner.
459. Scientists such as Max Wertheimer, Sir Frederic Bartlett, Jean Piaget, and Kurt
Lewin paved the way for _____ by researching processes such as perception,
memory, and subjective experiences.
A) behaviourism
B) clinical psychology
Page 78
C) cognitive psychology
D) behavioural neuroscience
460. Why was the advent of the computer so important for the development of
cognitive psychology?
A) Psychologists could use computers to interpret large amounts of data.
B) The processing of information by computers through complex circuits helped
psychologists understand several processes of the human mind.
C) Computer technology allowed psychologists to develop useful tools and software
programs for various purposes.
D) The computer supported the views of behaviourists that people were essentially
like robots programmed by their environment.
461. In the 19th century, the physician _____ observed a patient who, after damage to
a localized area in the _____ brain hemisphere, could not produce words, even
though he could comprehend them.
A) Franz Joseph Gall; right
B) Paul Broca; left
C) Karl Lashley; right
D) Pierre Janet; left
462. Social psychology examines issues such as conformity, racism, and stereotyping
by:
A) focusing on features that were passed on to people hereditarily.
B) accounting for people's cultural background and personal beliefs.
C) localizing regions of the brain responsible for these issues.
D) considering the effects of other people on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
463. _____ holds that culture makes little or no difference for most psychological
phenomena.
A) Absolutism
B) Structuralism
C) Relativism
D) Functionalism
464. _____ believed that private experience was too vague to be an object of scientific
inquiry.
A) Watson
B) Freud
C) Pavlov
D) Skinner
Page 79
465. _____ assist people in dealing with work or career issues and changes or help
people deal with common crises such as divorce, the loss of a job, or the death of
a loved one.
A) Counseling psychologists
B) Social psychologists
C) School psychologists
D) Neuropsychologists
466. _____ makes up over half of the doctorates awarded in psychology.

A) Social psychology
B) Counseling psychology
C) Clinical psychology
D) Neuroscience
Page 80
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. C
16. A
17. C
18. B
19. D
20. A
21. B
22. D
23. B
24. B
25. B
26. A
27. B
28. C
29. C
30. A
31. A
32. C
33. D
34. B
35. C
36. C
37. A
38. D
39. B
40. A
41. D
42. C
43. C
44. B
Page 81
45. D
46. B
47. A
48. D
49. B
50. C
51. D
52. D
53. A
54. C
55. D
56. C
57. A
58. C
59. A
60. A
61. B
62. A
63. B
64. B
65. D
66. C
67. A
68. D
69. C
70. B
71. D
72. B
73. C
74. B
75. A
76. A
77. B
78. D
79. C
80. A
81. C
82. A
83. C
84. B
85. B
86. D
87. A
88. B
89. C
90. C
Page 82
91. C
92. B
93. D
94. B
95. A
96. A
97. C
98. B
99. D
100. B
101. C
102. D
103. D
104. B
105. C
106. A
107. C
108. D
109. C
110. A
111. D
112. C
113. B
114. C
115. A
116. A
117. D
118. B
119. D
120. B
121. C
122. C
123. A
124. D
125. A
126. B
127. C
128. B
129. D
130. C
131. C
132. A
133. D
134. B
135. B
136. A
Page 83
137. B
138. C
139. D
140. C
141. D
142. C
143. D
144. A
145. C
146. B
147. C
148. A
149. C
150. D
151. A
152. B
153. A
154. D
155. B
156. B
157. C
158. A
159. C
160. A
161. B
162. C
163. C
164. B
165. D
166. A
167. D
168. D
169. C
170. A
171. C
172. C
173. B
174. B
175. B
176. B
177. C
178. B
179. C
180. D
181. D
182. B
Page 84
183. B
184. A
185. C
186. C
187. D
188. D
189. A
190. A
191. B
192. C
193. D
194. A
195. B
196. C
197. D
198. C
199. B
200. D
201. A
202. B
203. B
204. D
205. C
206. B
207. A
208. D
209. D
210. D
211. C
212. C
213. D
214. A
215. B
216. A
217. B
218. D
219. C
220. A
221. C
222. B
223. A
224. B
225. A
226. B
227. B
228. A
Page 85
229. C
230. A
231. D
232. A
233. D
234. B
235. A
236. D
237. B
238. C
239. D
240. A
241. C
242. B
243. D
244. D
245. C
246. A
247. C
248. C
249. C
250. B
251. A
252. B
253. C
254. D
255. B
256. B
257. A
258. D
259. D
260. B
261. B
262. D
263. D
264. D
265. A
266. C
267. A
268. C
269. C
270. D
271. A
272. C
273. A
274. D
Page 86
275. D
276. B
277. C
278. C
279. D
280. A
281. B
282. B
283. C
284. D
285. D
286. A
287. C
288. D
289. C
290. B
291. D
292. D
293. D
294. D
295. A
296. B
297. D
298. B
299. A
300. B
301. B
302. C
303. C
304. D
305. D
306. B
307. A
308. B
309. A
310. C
311. B
312. B
313. C
314. C
315. A
316. C
317. A
318. C
319. D
320. C
Page 87
321. D
322. A
323. B
324. D
325. C
326. D
327. B
328. D
329. A
330. C
331. C
332. D
333. A
334. D
335. D
336. A
337. B
338. D
339. A
340. D
341. B
342. B
343. A
344. B
345. A
346. B
347. B
348. A
349. A
350. B
351. B
352. A
353. B
354. A
355. B
356. A
357. B
358. B
359. B
360. A
361. B
362. A
363. B
364. A
365. A
366. A
Page 88
367. B
368. B
369. B
370. A
371. A
372. B
373. A
374. B
375. B
376. B
377. B
378. B
379. A
380. A
381. B
382. B
383. A
384. A
385. B
386. A
387. B
388. A
389. B
390. A
391. B
392. A
393. B
394. A
395. B
396. A
397. B
398. B
399. B
400. B
401. B
402. B
403. A
404. B
405. B
406. B
407. B
408. B
409. B
410. B
411. B
412. A
Page 89
413. B
414. B
415. B
416. B
417. A
418. B
419. A
420. B
421. B
422. A
423. B
424. B
425. B
426. B
427. B
428. B
429. A
430. A
431. B
432. A
433. B
434. B
435. A
436. A
437. C
438. D
439. C
440. A
441. B
442. C
443. A
444. B
445. B
446. A
447. C
448. B
449. C
450. A
451. D
452. D
453. B
454. B
455. A
456. D
457. C
458. D
Page 90
459. C
460. B
461. B
462. D
463. A
464. A
465. A
466. C
Page 91

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What are the main differences between Plato and Aristotle's views on nature vs nurture?

What are the main differences between Plato and Aristotle's views on nature vs nurture?

What are the two main approaches to understanding consciousness and who founded each approach?

What are the two main approaches to understanding consciousness and who founded each approach?

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

2. Differentiate between a structuralist and functionalist approach to understanding

8. How might an evolutionary psychologist explain human behaviour that is largely

9. Humans have a tendency to be afraid of the dark. Provide an explanation of this

10. Describe four nonresearch career specializations within psychology.

12. Psychology is the _____ study of mind and behaviour.

16. Today, psychologists believe that thoughts and feelings:

18. Which statement is compatible with modern psychological science?

24. Which early philosopher advocated the philosophical view of nativism?

25. Plato is to _____ as Aristotle is to _____.

26. Nature is to nurture as nativism is to:

28. Which early philosopher advocated philosophical empiricism?

34. Reaching conclusions in psychological science requires:

39. The problem of dualism refers to how:

46. Damage to which brain region impairs the production of speech?

50. The research of Flourens and Broca:

61. Hermann von Helmholtz is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.

62. Historians generally credit the emergence of psychology as a science to:

63. Who wrote the book Principles of Physiological Psychology in 1874,

66. Wundt believed that scientific psychology should focus on analyzing:

67. Sigmund Freud is to Edward Titchener as _____ is/are to _____.

69. Early psychologists applying structuralist methods to the study of psychology

73. In an experiment, Wundt instructed participants in one group to concentrate on

74. Which psychologist established the structuralism school of psychology in the

80. All scientific disciplines require:

82. Which psychologist established functionalism as an approach to psychology?

85. William James is to _____ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____.

86. Edward Titchener is to _____ as William James is to _____.

92. Research participants are asked to rotate a three-dimensional object in their

96. Who opened the FIRST psychological laboratory in North America?

98. G. Stanley Hall is associated with which accomplishment?

103. Jasmine is a psychologist who treats patients with psychotherapy in an outpatient

108. A trance-like state characterized by suggestibility is termed:

117. Sigmund Freud is to William James as _____ is/are to _____.

122. Psychoanalysis focuses on:

123. Which pioneer of clinical psychology is associated with psychoanalysis?

124. Which psychologist was NOT part of the psychoanalytic movement?

126. Professor Malone believes that much of human behaviour is governed by

127. Professor Morales adopts a psychoanalytic conceptualization of personality. She

128. Within psychology, psychoanalysis had its greatest influence on:

135. The term patient is to psychoanalysis as the term client is to:

136. Humanistic therapists help their clients:

137. An approach advocating that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific

138. _____ advocates the scientific study of objectively observable behaviour.

140. Structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalysis all were similar in that

141. Why did behaviourism gain popularity as an approach to psychology?

145. Edward Titchener is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.

155. In Pavlov's research, dogs' salivation is an example of a:

163. Response is to stimulus as the:

164. Response is to stimulus as:

165. Who conditioned a fear of a harmless white rat in "Little Albert"?

166. "Little Albert" was a:

167. John Watson conditioned Little Albert to fear a:

169. Which statement about John Watson is CORRECT?

170. William James is to _____ as John Watson is to _____.

172. Which statement is a characteristic of Skinner's teaching machines?

Name: ______________ Date: _

25. Plato is to _ as Aristotle is to _.

61. Hermann von Helmholtz is to _ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _.

67. Sigmund Freud is to Edward Titchener as _ is/are to _.

85. William James is to _ as Wilhelm Wundt is to _.

86. Edward Titchener is to _ as William James is to _.

117. Sigmund Freud is to William James as _ is/are to _.

145. Edward Titchener is to _ as John Watson is to _.

170. William James is to _ as John Watson is to _.