GEOGRAPHICAL

INFORMATION SYSTEM(GIS)
ASSIGNMENT 1
 How geomatics can be applied in medicine.
Geomatics can be applied in medicine on geographical and geocoding. Geographically referenced(georeferenced)
data refers to data referenced by location on Earth. Geographically referencing allows us to locate features ,such as a
hospital or patient's residence, and events, such as an earthquake or disease outbreak, on the Earth's surface for
analysis. In GIS, locations and features on the Earth's surface are represented by points, lines, and polygons that are
defined by a series of X,Y coordinates. GIS in Malaria, MARA/ARMA aims at providing a GIS atlas of malaria risk for
Africa, by integrating spatial environmental and malaria data sets to produce maps of the type and severity of malaria
transmission in different regions of the continent. The project attempts to define malaria risk categories
(environmental strata) in terms of non-malaria data, for example environmental and climate data, and to develop a
mask layer of factors that exclude malaria for example, absence of population, high altitude, deserts.
The use of GIS to check and track the spread of deadly diseases, for example the spread of Corona virus(COVID 19)
was geographically mapped and tracked by Maged, N(2020). The GIS solution was established using population
travelling, lockdown and limitted number of members permitted to gather on ceremonies like funeral and wedding.
How geomatics can be applied in agriculture
Geographical Information System(GIS) play a crucial role for indentification of crops and areas where
changes in cropping patterns and useful tool to carry out crop surveys and mapping. Reliable and
timely information on types of crops grown, their area and expected yeild is importance for
government for agriculturally based country. Crop-specific maps created by combining satellite
image, survey data and providethe layout of the land and owners(farmers)which are helpful to
agribusiness such as seeds and fertilizer companies. several studies using aerial photographs and
digital image processing techniques have been reported in literature. It helps in reducing the
amount of the field data to be collected and provides higher precision of the estimate. Moisture
stress and flood is a common occurrence in rain fed areas to damage crops, particularly rice growing
regions. Different information on crop yield is an important input for production estimation.
Gebeyehu,M.N (2019) argues that the geographical information system used to analyse and
virtualize agricultural environments has proved to be beneficial to the farming community.
 How geomatics
Data acquisition
can be applied archaelogy
Data populating an archaeological GIS do not substantially differ from the ones of a generic GIS and may be
divided into tabular and spatial data.Alpha-numeric tabular data are organized in GIS with the relational
model: the most used GIS software packages have a relational DBMS inside or make use of an external
software (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server, etc.). A more sophisticated model of database, subsequent
to the relational one, is object-oriented. Object-Oriented (OO) databases share some princi ples of OO
languages, such as, for instance, Java. OO databases, grounding on OO-GIS, are based upon data aggregation
and functioning in structures named, exactly, objects. OO-GIS represents the experimental application in
archaeological research of a model, the object-based one, born as a conceptual develoopment of databases.
This model aims at pointing out physical or logical values defined by a set of features and behavior rules
expressing its state, both dynamic and static.It should be pointed out that relational databases and OO are
not (today) in competition with each other, both for the by now dominant position of the relational model,
and above all, for the object-based approach which is useless in applications managing large quantities of non
complex data.Spatial data are all those data to which it is possible to associate a ref erence system. There
are a lot of systems and methods for the acquisition of spatial data which use the typical geomatics methods
and instruments such as:
– Remote Sensing techniques (digital images obtained through airborne and satellite sensors);
– Topographic techniques (total stations and digital levels);
– Photogrammetric techniques (analogical and digital images produced by aeriarrestrial laser-scanning
techniques.
How geomatics can be applied mining
GIS based study of mineral deposit accessibility
In the study of land accessibility for potential large-scale surface mining project geographic information systems weighted map overlay
functions and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology have been employed in multicriteria analysis aimed at determining scale of
conflict between potential surface mining of large lignite deposit and other land functions, i.e. environmental and spatial development. The
study has been done for the documented Legnica lignite deposit located in SW Poland (lower Silesia voivodeship). The entire deposit area
consists of three lignite fields: Legnica W, Legnica N and Legnica S, which are accompanied by two smaller deposits Scinawa and Ruja. The
anticipated economic geological resources in place for the Legnica deposit are 3,425,999 thousand tonnes. The combined methodology
consisted of the following main steps: (1) identification of spatial and environmental factors representing criteria of deposit area accessibility
for development, (2) Development of AHP model to derive weights of factors through their pairwise comparison, (3) preperation of GIS
database and spatial representations (raster maps) of criteria, (4) weighted overlay of standardised maps of criteria, (5) classification,
presentation and interpretation of results.
Mine Planning Using GISs
GIS-based research on mine planning is generally classified into four topics: ore reserve estimation,open pit optimization, mine infrastructure
design, and potential conflict region analysis.Ore Reserve Estimation, In the ore reserve estimation phase, GIS-based technologies, such as
spatial analysis and targeting, exposition, 3D data visualization, and processing, can be utilized to identify and assess the location, size, and
geometry of mineral deposits buried underground.
Open-Pit Optimization
Baek et al. [17] proposed a method to quantify the uncertainty that exists in the open-pit
optimization results as a result of fluctuations in mineral prices due to changes in the world
economy and mineral reserves. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations were used to
generate multiple sets of mineral prices based on historical mineral price data, and the
boundary optimization was repeatedly performed using this price. The results of the open-
pit optimal boundary analysis are examined; 1 is assigned if a block exists within the
optimal boundary, and 0 is assigned otherwise. This binarization is performed on all results
of optimal boundary analysis. By integrating several binarized block models, a probability
model was generated that quantitatively represented the uncertainty derived from
changes in the mineral prices.
How geomatics can be applied in Olympics Games
GIS in the sport games
The traditional events management exist many problems, such as a huge
management structure, inefficient, slow response to information, resource
irrationally, complicated data processing, information analysis is not accurate
and so on. The use of advanced spatial information, network, digital
communication and data management technology, research and establish an
accurate, comprehensive, timely, rapid and efficient information system of sport
events. It is really count to realise the elevate the level of informationisation,
organisation and management in sport events, and they are also having great
meaning to public services and decision making ability. such as the bid, organise
and various stages of holdings of 2008 Olympics Games. Geospatial information
and technology played an important role in the selection of the Olympic
stadium, planning and management of urban greening, urban construction and
management and urban emergency command, urban operation support and
geographical information field of public service.
The application of GIS in sport industry
The use of ArcGIS in the analysis of the distribution network on radio
station during the baseball game between the Royals Kansas city and
the Cardinals of Louis started the mode od dealing with these problems
using spatial analysis and the angles of space.using spatial analysis and
the angles of space. For example, in Missouri, radios broadcast the
royals, another part, the game on red auerbach, in Kansas, almost all of
the royals match on television. Researchers can measure every team’s
coverage, also the "power", and then compare it with other teams’.
Through relationship between broadcast radio and city scale, we can
also compare the dispersion degree of fans with radio dispersion
degree of relationship.
 How geomatics is applied in music industry
Mapping Music and the Musical Landscape
The first mention of a “musical landscape” can be found in Richard Crawford’s 1993 book The American Musical
Landscape: The Business of Musicianship from Billings to Gershwin. However, Crawford’s idea of a musical
landscape did not pertain to a physical manifestation. It is only more recently that studies identified musical
landscape with urban geography, although those studies are scarce and scattered across several disciplines. For
example, Cohen (2012) explored the relationship between music and material urban environments by drawing
on ethnographic re search conducted with rock and hip-hop musicians in Liverpool, a port city situated on the
northwest coast of England, within the wider Merseyside. In her research, Cohen introduces “conceptual
mapping,” which are hand-drawn maps as a means of research pertaining to the concept of musical landscape.
Another creative and captivating means of “mapping music” can be seen in an ethnomusicological study
bridging the gap between musicology and psychology by Savage and Brown (2014). In this particular work, the
authors analyzed 259 traditional group songs from twelve indigenous peoples of Taiwan. Using a mapping
methodology, they were able to iden tify five major “cantogroups”, the frequencies of which varied across the
twelve groups. Ultimately, from this information, Savage and Brown were able to create musical maps of Taiwan.
Going a step further, Gunderman and Harty (2017) focused their study on the memorialization of the Grate ful
Dead on the cultural landscape of the United States through the naming of businesses. They asked business
owners why they chose to reference the band in the naming process and then documented the geographical
locations of these businesses on a map of the United States using GIS. But not all studies claiming to be mapping
music are doing so on a physical or interactive map. As an example, the report released by the Moshito Music
How geomatics is applied in natural resources
management
Land use/ land cover mapping involves identifying surface features at various scales and
their hierarchical classification and it play a major role in the study of global change.
Human activity causes environmental problems resulted in deforestation, biodiversity loss,
global warming largely affects land use /land cover. Therefore, critical input for decision-
making of environmental management and planning the future can be provided by
available data on land use /land cover. Growing population and increasing socio-economic
results unplanned and uncontrolled changes in land use /land cover. The land use /land
cover alterations are generally caused by mismanagement of agricultural, range and forest
lands which lead to severe environmental problems such as floods, landslides etc. Pixel by
pixel change detection comparison technique was applied to the Land use\land cover maps
derived from satellite imagery. Surface features existing naturally (forests, hills, rivers, etc.)
are termed as land cover whereas features modified by human beings are classified as land
use (urban, rural settlement, canal, orchards, etc.). Land use and land cover mapping has
always remained very important in all geographical studies as it composed of basic
information of feature existing on surface along with their information on area, location,
shape and pattern.
Digital detection is the process that are essential to identify variation
associated with land use and land cover properties throughout geo-
registered multi temporal remote sensing data [10]. Remote sensing and GIS
have extensively used in preparing land use and land cover information of an
area. So, it is better than manual surveys of extensive regions in terms of cost,
accuracy and manual errors. In addition imagery or aerial photographs
capture synoptic view of an area; hence nothing can be remained
unobserved while in surveys there are ample chances of negligence of some
features, satellite imaginaries can be acquired at some interval while surveys
can’t be conducted regularly or over a short period monitoring of surface
features or phenomena (floods, deforestations, forest fires, etc.) become
easy and cost effective, different geographical, socio-economical aspects can
be analyzed by incorporation of one information with other.
Flood monitoring
Remote sensing technology allows measurements particularly from space to
be obtained over spatial scales much larger than may be covered by field-
based instruments and methods. Satellite data of inundation have been used
to gather information about flooding across different temporal and spatial
scales, especially in the form of flooded area. Automated spacecraft
technology has reduced the time to detect and react to flood events in a few
hours. using satellite image of floods are important to demonstrate the
potential and to improve our understanding of flood processes and even
speculated on the value. It is possible to increase the spatial coverage of river
discharge estimations globally by using remote sensing approach, several
surface water hydraulic characteristics of large rivers can be measured or
evaluated from remote-sensing data, which include average river width over
certain reach length, water surface slope, water surface elevation and
channel morphology.
How geomatics is applied in accommodation
Application of GIS Technology in Real Estate Surveying and Mapping. GIS
technology, which is geographic information system (GIS) technology, is a
technology that has been developed with the development of computer
technology, and it has many functions, such as the production of spatial data,
the drawing of graphics, and the multi- way query and data management. GIS
technology uses geographic information system platform to effectively deal with
the data collected. And in the process of real estate surveying and mapping, a
variety of data need to be collected, data include the length of the house, the
measurement data of the building elevation and height between floors and so
on. GIS technology is divided into three systems, including real estate surveying
and mapping system, project surveying and mapping, and real estate mapping
subsystem.
All kinds of data on housing is an important part of real estate geographic information
system, and it is natural that the housing data is generated and acquired in different
departments, and because the natural property of the house and the production of the
spatial geographic attribute data are completed by the surveying and mapping work,
therefore, the social and cultural attributes of housing are obtained in the real estate
management. What’s more, establishing the relationship between housing mapping and
housing management, unified data classification and coding standards, as well as
normative data flow is particularly important both in large-area housing mapping and the
initial establishment of housing geographic information system. It is well known that
housing surveying and mapping serves for housing management, then the demand for data
from the housing management provides a higher standard for the data obtained from the
survey, according to this demand, and combined with the characteristics of large database
technology and housing surveying and mapping, establishing a unified data classification
and coding standard is therefore becoming very necessary, and under such condition, the
uniqueness, accuracy and security of data are the basis of establishing the standard of data
classification and coding for the housing geographic information system.
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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these
related projects: Assessment of Climate change effect on mustard yield
in western Haryana View project Computation of agro-meteorological
indices in Barley cultivars under different growing environments at
Hisar View project.
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