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    Lec16 - Cognitive Models

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    Wambi Danielcollins
    The document discusses various cognitive models that aim to model aspects of how users think and process information, including goal and task hierarchies, linguistic models that analyze language between users and systems, physical and device models that consider human motor abilities, and architectural models that make assumptions about human mental architecture. Common techniques discussed are GOMS, CCT, HTA, BNF, TAG, and the KLM model. The document notes that most cognitive models do not fully address how users observe and perceive system outputs.

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    Lec16 - Cognitive Models

    Uploaded by

    Wambi Danielcollins
    17 views27 pages
    The document discusses various cognitive models that aim to model aspects of how users think and process information, including goal and task hierarchies, linguistic models that analyze language between users and systems, physical and device models that consider human motor abilities, and architectural models that make assumptions about human mental architecture. Common techniques discussed are GOMS, CCT, HTA, BNF, TAG, and the KLM model. The document notes that most cognitive models do not fully address how users observe and perceive system outputs.

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    HCI

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    Lec16 - Cognitive models

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    The document discusses various cognitive models that aim to model aspects of how users think and process information, including goal and task hierarchies, linguistic models that analyze language between users and systems, physical and device models that consider human motor abilities, and architectural models that make assumptions about human mental architecture. Common techniques discussed are GOMS, CCT, HTA, BNF, TAG, and the KLM model. The document notes that most cognitive models do not fully address how users observe and perceive system outputs.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    17 views27 pages

    Lec16 - Cognitive Models

    Uploaded by

    Wambi Danielcollins
    The document discusses various cognitive models that aim to model aspects of how users think and process information, including goal and task hierarchies, linguistic models that analyze language between users and systems, physical and device models that consider human motor abilities, and architectural models that make assumptions about human mental architecture. Common techniques discussed are GOMS, CCT, HTA, BNF, TAG, and the KLM model. The document notes that most cognitive models do not fully address how users observe and perceive system outputs.

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    Cognitive models

    Agatha Turyagyenda
    Lecture Sixteen
    Cognitive models
    • goal and task hierarchies

    • linguistic

    • physical and device

    • architectural
    Cognitive models
    • They model aspects of user:
    – understanding
    – knowledge
    – intentions
    – processing

    • Common categorisation:
    – Competence vs. Performance
    – Computational flavour
    Goal and task hierarchies
    • Mental processing as divide-and-conquer
    • Example: sales report
    produce report
    gather data
    . find book names
    . . do keywords search of names database
    . . . … further sub-goals
    . . sift through names and abstracts by hand
    . . . … further sub-goals
    . search sales database - further sub-goals
    layout tables and histograms - further sub-goals
    write description - further sub-goals
    Goals vs. tasks
    • goals – intentions
    what you would like to be true
    • tasks – actions
    how to achieve it

    • GOMS – goals are internal

    • HTA – actions external


    – tasks are abstractions
    Issues for goal hierarchies
    • Granularity
    – Where do we start?
    – Where do we stop?
    • Routine learned behaviour, not problem
    solving
    – The unit task
    • Conflict
    – More than one way to achieve a goal
    • Error
    Techniques
    • Goals, Operators, Methods and Selection
    (GOMS)

    • Cognitive Complexity Theory (CCT)

    • Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)


    GOMS
    Goals
    – what the user wants to achieve

    Operators
    – basic actions user performs

    Methods
    – decomposition of a goal into subgoals/operators

    Selection
    – means of choosing between competing methods
    GOMS example
    GOAL: CLOSE-WINDOW
    . [select GOAL: USE-MENU-METHOD
    . MOVE-MOUSE-TO-FILE-MENU
    . PULL-DOWN-FILE-MENU
    . CLICK-OVER-CLOSE-OPTION
    GOAL: USE-CTRL-W-METHOD
    . PRESS-CONTROL-W-KEYS]

    For a particular user:

    Rule 1: Select USE-MENU-METHOD unless another


    rule applies
    Rule 2: If the application is GAME,
    select CTRL-W-METHOD
    Cognitive Complexity Theory
    • Two parallel descriptions:
    – User production rules
    – Device generalised transition networks

    • Production rules are of the form:


    – if condition then action

    • Transition networks covered under dialogue


    models
    Example: editing with vi
    • Production rules are in long-term memory
    • Model working memory as attribute-value mapping:
    (GOAL perform unit task)
    (TEXT task is insert space)
    (TEXT task is at 5 23)
    (CURSOR 8 7)
    • Rules are pattern-matched to working memory,
    e.g., LOOK-TEXT task is at %LINE %COLUMN
    is true, with LINE = 5 COLUMN = 23.
    Four rules to model inserting
    a space
    Active rules:
    SELECT-INSERT-SPACE New working memory
    INSERT-SPACE-MOVE-FIRST (GOAL insert space)
    INSERT-SPACE-DOIT (NOTE executing insert
    INSERT-SPACE-DONE space)
    (LINE 5) (COLUMN 23)
    SELECT-INSERT-SPACE
    matches current working memory

    (SELECT-INSERT-SPACE
    IF (AND (TEST-GOAL perform unit task)
    (TEST-TEXT task is insert space)
    (NOT (TEST-GOAL insert space))
    (NOT (TEST-NOTE executing insert
    space)))
    THEN ( (ADD-GOAL insert space)
    (ADD-NOTE executing insert space)
    (LOOK-TEXT task is at %LINE %COLUMN)))
    Notes on CCT
    • Parallel model
    • Proceduralisation of actions
    • Novice versus expert style rules
    • Error behaviour can be represented
    • Measures
    – depth of goal structure
    – number of rules
    – comparison with device description
    Problems with goal hierarchies

    • a post hoc technique

    • expert versus novice

    • How cognitive are they?


    Linguistic notations
    • Understanding the user's behaviour and
    cognitive difficulty based on analysis of
    language between user and system.
    • Similar in emphasis to dialogue models

    • Backus–Naur Form (BNF)


    • Task–Action Grammar (TAG)
    Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
    • Very common notation from computer science
    • A purely syntactic view of the dialogue
    • Terminals
    – lowest level of user behaviour
    – e.g. CLICK-MOUSE, MOVE-MOUSE
    • Nonterminals
    – ordering of terminals
    – higher level of abstraction
    – e.g. select-menu, position-mouse
    Example of BNF
    • Basic syntax:
    – nonterminal ::= expression
    • An expression
    – contains terminals and nonterminals
    – combined in sequence (+) or as alternatives (|)

    draw line ::= select line + choose points + last point


    select line ::= pos mouse + CLICK MOUSE
    choose points ::= choose one | choose one + choose points
    choose one ::= pos mouse + CLICK MOUSE
    last point ::= pos mouse + DBL CLICK MOUSE
    pos mouse ::= NULL | MOVE MOUSE+ pos mouse
    Measurements with BNF
    • Number of rules (not so good)

    • Number of + and | operators

    • Complications
    – same syntax for different semantics
    – no reflection of user's perception
    – minimal consistency checking
    Task Action Grammar (TAG)
    • Making consistency more explicit

    • Encoding user's world knowledge

    • Parameterised grammar rules

    • Nonterminals are modified to include


    additional semantic features
    Consistency in TAG
    • In BNF, three UNIX commands would be described as:
    copy ::= cp + filename + filename | cp + filenames + directory
    move::= mv + filename + filename | mv + filenames + directory
    link ::= ln + filename + filename | ln + filenames + directory

    • No BNF measure could distinguish between this and a less consistent


    grammar in which
    link ::= ln + filename + filename | ln + directory + filenames
    Consistency in TAG (cont'd)
    • consistency of argument order made explicit using a
    parameter, or semantic feature for file operations
    • Feature Possible values
    Op = copy; move; link

    • Rules
    file-op[Op] ::= command[Op] + filename + filename
    | command[Op] + filenames + directory
    command[Op = copy] ::= cp
    command[Op = move] ::= mv
    command[Op = link] ::= ln
    Other uses of TAG
    • User’s existing knowledge

    • Congruence between features and


    commands

    • These are modelled as derived rules


    Physical and device models
    • The Keystroke Level Model (KLM)
    • Buxton's 3-state model

    • Based on empirical knowledge of human


    motor system
    • User's task: acquisition then execution.
    – these only address execution
    • Complementary with goal hierarchies
    Keystroke Level Model (KLM)
    • lowest level of (original) GOMS
    • six execution phase operators
    – Physical motor: K - keystroking
    P - pointing
    H - homing
    D - drawing
    – Mental M - mental preparation
    – System R - response

    • times are empirically determined.


    Texecute = TK + TP + TH + TD + TM + TR
    KLM example
    GOAL: ICONISE-WINDOW
    [select
    GOAL: USE-CLOSE-METHOD
    . MOVE-MOUSE-TO- FILE-MENU
    . PULL-DOWN-FILE-MENU
    . CLICK-OVER-CLOSE-OPTION
    GOAL: USE-CTRL-W-METHOD
    PRESS-CONTROL-W-KEY]

    USE-CTRL-W-METHOD USE-CLOSE-METHOD
    • compare alternatives:
    H[to kbd] 0.40 P[to menu] 1.1
    • USE-CTRL-W-METHOD vs.
    M 1.35 B[LEFT down] 0.1
    • USE-CLOSE-METHOD
    K[ctrlW key] 0.28 M 1.35

    • assume hand starts on mouse P[to option] 1.1


    B[LEFT up] 0.1
    Total 2.03 s Total 3.75 s
    Architectural models
    • All of these cognitive models make
    assumptions about the architecture of the
    human mind.
    • Long-term/Short-term memory
    • Problem spaces
    • Interacting Cognitive Subsystems
    Display-based interaction
    • Most cognitive models do not deal with user
    observation and perception

    • Some techniques have been extended to


    handle system output
    (e.g., BNF with sensing terminals, Display-TAG)
    but problems persist

    • Exploratory interaction versus planning

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