C-PPBIO1 Laboratory Manual

UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
DEPARMENT OF PHARMACY
LABORATORY MANUAL
IN
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
WITH TAXONOMY
Prepared by: Jethro M. Ocampo RPh
2022
COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY
C-PPBIO1 – PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY
First Semester | AY 2022-2023
Laboratory Safety Rules and Regulations
1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

2. Lab and safety information and procedures must be read ahead of time. All verbal and written
instructions shall be followed in carrying out the activity or investigation.
3. Working in the laboratory without the instructor present is prohibited.
4. Unauthorized activities or investigations are prohibited. Unsupervised work is not permitted.
5. Entering preparation or chemical storage areas is prohibited at all times.
6. Removing chemicals or equipment from the laboratory is prohibited unless authorized by the
instructor.
7. All accidents, chemical spills and injuries must be reported immediately to the instructor, no
matter how trivial they may seem at the time. Follow your instructor’s directions for immediate
treatment.
8. Dress appropriately for the laboratory work by protecting your body with clothing and shoes. This
means that you should use hair ties to tie back long hair and tuck into the collar. Do not wear
dangling jewelry on laboratory days. Acrylic nails are also a safety hazard near heat sources and
should not be used. Sandals or open-toed shoes are not to be worn during any lab activities.
9. Know the location of all the safety equipment in the room. This includes eyewash stations, fire
extinguishers and the fume hood.
10. When an activity or investigation requires the use of laboratory gloves for hand protection, the
gloves shall be appropriate for the hazard and worn throughout the activity to avoid inhaling in
fumes that may be generated during the activity or investigation.
11. Proper procedures shall be followed when using any heating or flame producing device
especially gas burners. Never leave a flame unattended.
12. Bags and books are to remain in an area designated by the instructor and shall not be brought
into the laboratory area.
13. Never sit on the laboratory tables.
14. Work areas should be kept clean and neat at all times. Work surfaces are to be cleaned at the
end of each laboratory or activity.
15. Glassware is to be washed with hot, soapy water and scrubbed with the appropriate type and
sized brush, rinsed, dried and returned to its original location.
16. Never looked into a container that is being heated.
17. Do not immersed hot glassware in cold water. The glassware may shatter.
2
Handling of Chemicals
1. Always read the reagent bottle labels twice before you use the reagent. Be certain the chemical
you use is the correct one.
2. Replace the top on any reagent bottle soon as you have finished using it and return the reagent
to the designed location.
3. Do not return unused chemicals to the reagent container. Follow the instructor’s directions for the
storage or disposal of these materials.
4. Solid chemicals, metals, matches, filter papers, broken glass and other materials designated by
the instructor are to be deposited in the proper waste container, not in the sink. Follow your
instructor’s directions for disposal of waste.
5. All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Avoid handling chemicals with
fingers. Do not taste or smell any chemicals.
6. Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains. Sinks are to be used
only for water. Check with your instructors for disposal of chemicals and solutions.
I have read the above science laboratory rules and regulations, and I agree to follow them during
any science course, investigation, or activity. I acknowledge that these rules are necessary to
prevent accidents and to ensure mu own safety and the safety of others around me. I will follow any
additional instructions given by my instructor. I understand that I may ask my instructor at any time
about the rules and regulations if they are not clear to me. My failure to follow these science
laboratory rules and regulations may result in discipline.
_________________________
Student Signature
_________________________
Date
http://www.nsta.org/pdfs/SafetyIn
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/debeck_pt/science/safety.htmTheScienceClassroom.pdf
3
First Aid in the Laboratory
Report ALL accidents, injuries, and spills to your instructor immediately.

You must know:
• Safe Laboratory techniques

• Where and how to report an accident, injury, or spill
• Location of first aid equipment, fire alarm, phone.
Condition and First Aid
Basic First-Aid Procedures for Laboratories
Situation Safe Response
Burns Minor – include small scalds or burns from hot objects.
✓ Flush the burned area with cool water from a top or use cool
wet compresses applied to the skin.
✓ Cleanse the burned area. Apply burn cream from the first aid
kit.
✓ Flush the burned area with cool water from a tap or use cool
wet compresses applied to the skin
Chemical Burn
✓ Start treatment immediately by the placing the burned area

under cool running water and continue flushing for at least 15
minutes.
✓ If the chemical has splashed into the eye, irrigate the injured
eye with cool water. Make sure the eye is open and the head is
positioned so the water will not run into the other eye. Irrigate
for at least 15 minutes, and then cover the eye with a sterile
compress. Recommend the individual seek emergency
medical treatment.
Cuts & ✓ Treat as directed by instructions included with first aid kit
Bruises
Fainting or ✓ Provide person with fresh air, have him recline in a position so
collapse that his head is lower than their body; if necessary, provide
CPR
4
Fire ✓ Turn off all flames and gas jets, wrap person in fire blanket;
use fire extinguisher to put out fire. DO NOT use water to put
out fire.
Foreign ✓ Flush about 15 min with plenty of water, then go to the doctor
Matter in
Eyes
Poisoning ✓ Note the suspected poisoning agent, contact the teacher for
antidote; call poison control center if more help is needed
Severe ✓ Apply pressure or a compress directly to the wound and get

bleeding medical attention immediately
1. Spills, general 1. Wash area with plenty of water, use safety shower if
2. Acid burns needed
3. Base burns
2. Use sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda)
3. Use boric acid or vinegar
5
USING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1. Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher. The pin releases a
locking mechanism and will allow you to discharge the extinguisher.
2. Aim at the base of the fire, not the flames. This is important -
in order to put out the fire, you must extinguish the fuel.
3. Squeeze the lever slowly. This will release the extinguishing

agent in the extinguisher. If the handle is released, the discharge
will stop.
4. Sweep from side to side. Using a sweeping motion, move the

fire extinguisher back and forth until the fire is completely out.
Operate the extinguisher from a safe distance, several feet away,
and then move towards the fire once it starts to diminish. Be sure to
read the instructions on your fire extinguisher - different fire
extinguishers recommend operating them from different distances.
Remember: Aim at the base of the fire, not at the flames!!!!
6
EXPERIMENTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY
EXPERIMENT NO. TITLE PAGE NUMBER
1 The Microscope 8
2 The Plant cell 13
3 Mitosis: Stages of Mitosis 18

Characterization of plant
4 tissues under the microscope 22
(Plant Tissues)
Plant Morphology:
A. Stems
5 26
B. Leaves
C. Roots
Plant Reproduction:
A. Flower
6 31
B. Fruits
C. Seeds
7 Process of photosynthesis 35
8 Transport process in plants 38
9 Herbarium preparation 41
7
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
THE MICROSCOPE
Objectives:
1. To identify the parts of the microscope and its function
2. To demonstrate how to use properly and view the specimen using a compound microscope
Materials:
Compound light microscope
Glass slide
Cover slip
News paper
Piece of paper soaked overnight
Procedure:
A. Set-up
1. Position the microscope on the table. The arm should be facing you, and the base
should be about one inch from the edge of the table. This distance will allow you to look
through the eyepiece without tilting the microscope.
2. Put the low power objective in the position directly above the stage. You will hear a click
if the objective is properly placed.
B. Lighting
1. Adjust the lever of the diaphragm. Open the diaphragm widely. Make sure that the top
lens of the condenser is at the same level with the stage.
2. With both eyes open, look through the ocular. You should see a bright circular
microscopic field. Continue adjusting the mirror until you get this uniformly bright round
area.
C. Focusing under the low power objective (LPO)

1. Cut a letter “e” from a newspaper. Place it on a glass slide; make sure that the bottom of
the letter faces towards you so that it appears right side up. Then put a drop of water on
the letter. Put a cover slip on top of it. Place the slide on the center of the stage. Use the
clips on the stage to secure the slide in its place.
2. Carefully move the coarse adjustment knob. Turn it forward, until the tip of the lower
power objective is lowered to a distance of 2mm from the cover glass. Observe the
lowering of the objective by looking at the objective from the left side then to the right.
3. Look through the ocular and slowly turn the coarse adjustment knob backward until the
objective is lifted away from the slide. At first the image will appear blurry, but the image
will become clear and definite (in sharp focus) as you turn the knob.
4. Move the slide in the right direction so that the “e” is put on the center. Readjust the
opening of the diaphragm until the field is just bright enough for you to see the details of
the specimen clearly. Strong light will strain your eyes.
5. This is how you focus using the low power objective. Practice again and again so that
this procedure will be easily accomplished. When mastered, you should have no
difficulty in focusing under the high power objective, the objectives of your microscope
are parfocal. This means that once an object is clear under low power, little or no change
8
in focus is needed when shifting to HPO or OIO.
D. Focusing under the high power objective

1. Rotate the nosepiece and put the high power objective into position.
2. If the object appears slightly blurred, turn the fine adjustment knob very slowly until the
image is in sharp focus again. Do not run the knob more than a complete turn either up
or down. This might break both the objective and slide.
E. Magnifying Power
1. The systems of lenses provide the magnification of the specimen. The objectives and
ocular or eyepiece together enlarge the specimen. Hence, total magnification is equal to
the magnifying power of the objective used multiplied by the magnifying power of the
ocular or eyepiece.
9
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
THE MICROSCOPE
Data and Results:
Draw the letter “e” as seen under the following objectives:
Lower Power Objective High Power Objective Oil Immersion Objective
Conclusion:
10
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
THE MICROSCOPE
1. Draw and identify the parts of a compound microscope. Give also its function on the space
provided.
11
2. What is the use and importance of a microscope?
3. Discuss the proper manipulation of a microscope to obtain a good image of the specimen.
4. Differentiate the types of microscope that can be used to magnify the specimen/object.
12
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
PLANT CELL
Objectives:
1. To determine the basic parts of a plant cell
2. To distinguish the plant cells from the specimen using a compound microscope
Materials:
Compound Microscope
Cover slip
Glass slide
Iodine solution
Specimen:
Onion (Allium cepa)
Digman (Hydrilla or Elodea)
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
Squash stem (Cucurbita maxima)
Procedure:
A. Onion
1. Carefully peel off a small piece of the epidermis or a very thin layer of tissue from the onion
using a forceps and scissors.
2. Place the specimen on the glass slide and add a drop of iodine solution.
3. Put a cover slip and observe under the LPO and HPO.
B. Tomato
1. Prepare a temporary mount of the thin epidermal covering of a ripe tomato fruit.
2. Put a small piece of the epidermis on the glass slide with a drop of iodine solution, then
cover with a cover slip. Examine under LPO and HPO.
C. Digman
1. Pull out a single leaf from a young shoot of hydrilla plant that has been exposed to sunlight.
2. Examine it under the LPO and HPO. You might notice the streaming movement of the
cytoplasm due to the movement of the chloroplasts.
D. Squash stem
1. Mount at least 3 trichomes from a squash stem.
2. Put a drop of iodine solution into the glass slide.
3. Examine closely under LPO and HPO.
13
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
PLANT CELL
Data and results:
A. Onion. Draw your observations under the LPO and HPO. Identify the cells and label.
B. Tomato. Draw your observations under the LPO and HPO. Identify the cells and label.
C. Digman. Draw your observations under the LPO and HPO. Identify the cells and label.
14
D. Squash stem. Draw your observations under the LPO and HPO. Identify the cells and label.
Conclusion:
15
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
PLANT CELL
1. Draw a plant cell. Identify the parts and label.
16
2. Give the function of the parts of a plant cell.
3. Differentiate the plant cell from animal cell
17
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
MITOSIS: STAGES OF MITOSIS
Objectives:
1. To differentiate the stages of mitosis
2. To observe the key events of the stages of mitosis using a microscope
Materials:
Compound Microscope
Specimen:
Prepared slide of Allium cepa L. root tip
Procedure:
1. Observe the prepared slide of Allium cepa L. root tip under LPO the whole longitudinal
section and shift to HPO. Locate specific cells undergoing the different stages of mitosis.
2. Identify the stages of mitosis. Draw each stage and label the structures.
18
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Data and results:
Conclusion:
19
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
1. Make a schematic diagram of the key events in the stages of mitosis.
20
2. Differentiate the two kinds of cell reproduction
3. Make a diagram of the cell cycle. Discuss each phases.
21
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
PLANT TISSUES
Objective:
1. To illustrate, identify and observe the different types of simple and complex permanent
tissues
Materials
Compound light microscope
Sharp razor blade/ scalpel
Glass slide
Cover slip
Specimen:
Mayana (Coleus amboinicus) Santan (Ixora)
Oregano (Coleus blumei) Prepared slide of a x.s. of Corn (Zea mays)
Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) Fresh stem of camote (Ipomoea batatas)
Langka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Prepared slides of x.s. of Aristolochia
Pine tree (Pinus)
Simple permanent tissues

Procedure:
1. Make freehand sections of the stems of oregano, mayana, and pansit-pansitan and study
these specimens under LPO and HPO. Locate the simple permanent tissues, such as
epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma and schlerenchyma. Make a cross section of a young
santan leaf to see the tissues comprising the midrib.
2. Peel off the upper and lower epidermis of a young leaf of langka and examine under the
microscope
3. Use prepared slides for the cross-section of the stems of Aristolochia (capa de la reyna) and
pine tree (pinus). Be able to identify the outermost tissues consisting of several layers and
the secretory cells that are filled with resins in the stem of a pine tree.
Complex permanent tissues

Procedure:
1. Examine a prepared slide of corn under LPO and HPO. Notice the skull-like structures
scattered throughout the stem. These structures are the vascular bundles. The vascular
bundle is composed of the phloegm and xylem. It is bounded by a mass of schlerenchyma
fibers.
2. Make thin longitudinal section if a young dicot stem of camote with a sharp razor blade and
transfer section using a brush into a petri dish with water
3. Transfer around 3 thinnest sections you made into another petri dish with safranin stain, and
after one minute, transfer the stained sections to a glass container with water to wash the
stain thoroughly.
4. Put a drop of glycerin on a clean slide and transfer the section to it.
5. Put a cover slip on the specimen and examine under the LPO and HPO.
6. Draw each type of tracheary element observed.
22
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
PLANT TISSUES
Data and results:
Simple Permanent tissues

Draw at least 3 cells of each of the various simple permanent tissues observed.
23
Complex permanent tissues

Draw at least 3 tracheary elements observed under LPO
Conclusion:
24
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
PLANT TISSUES
1. Differentiate the merismatic or embryonic tissues from permanent tissues.
2. Discuss the kinds of simple permanent tissues.
3. Differentiate the two types of complex permanent tissues.
25
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
PLANT MORPHOLOGY: STEMS, LEAVES, ROOTS

Objectives:
1. To recognize the morphology of stems, leaves and roots
2. To identify the external and internal parts of a dicot stem
3. To differentiate and observe the simple and compound leaves
4. To differentiate the types of root systems in plants
A. STEMS
Specimen (External morphology of stem):
Dama de noche (Cestrum nocturnum)
Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
Procedure:
1. Cut a portion of the specimen. Examine and observe the external parts of the stem.
Specimen (Internal morphology of stem):

Sun Flower (Helianthus anuus)
Mayana (Coleus blumei)
Procedure:
1. Prepare freehand sections of a young herbaceous dicot stem. Examine them under LPO
and HPO and locate the following regions: epidermis, cortex (collenchyma and
parenchyma), primary phloem, fascicular cambium, primary xylem, and parenchymatous
pith and pith rays.
B. LEAVES
Specimen (Simple leaves):
Guava (Psidium guajava)
Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius)
Specimen (Compound leaves):

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)
Caballero (Caesalpinia pulcherimma)
Makahiya (Mimosa pudica)
C. ROOTS
Specimen (External morphology):
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
Corn (Zea mays)
Talahib (Imperata cylindrical)
Santol (Sandoricum koetjape)
Mango (Mangifera indica)
Procedure:
1. Examine the root system exhibited by the different specimens listed above. Choose only
three specimens to represent the three major types of root system.
26
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
A. STEM
External Morphology
Draw a portion of a dicot stem from Dama de noche (Cestrum nocturnum) and Gumamela
(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis). Label its parts.
Internal Morphology
Draw the entire section and label completely each region as mentioned in the procedure
B. LEAVES
Simple leaves
Draw one simple dicot leaf and one simple monocot leaf from the samples. Study their
differences and similarities very well.
27
Compound leaves
Study the compound leaves. Label the different leaf parts such as the petiole, petiolule, stipule,
leaflet, primary rachis, secondary rachis and tertiary rachis
C. ROOTS
Make a diagram of the taproot, fibrous, and adventitious system. Label the parts completely.
Conclusion:
28
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
1. Describe the external and internal morphology of the stem
2. Discuss the different stems for asexual reproduction
3. Describe the external and internal morphology of the Leaves
29
4. What is transpiration? Discuss the influence of humidity, temperature and wind velocity on
transpiration.
5. Describe the external and internal morphology of the roots
6. What are the functions of specialized roots?
30
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
PLANT REPRODUCTION: FLOWERS, FRUITS, SEEDS
Objectives:
1. To observe and differentiate the regular from irregular flowers
2. To classify the specimen according the types of fleshy fruits
3. To identify and describe the seeds according to its morphology
A. FLOWERS
Specimen (Regular flowers):
Rose (Rosa sp.)
Santan (Ixora sp.)
Specimen (Irregular flowers):

Caballero (Caesalpinia pulcherimma)
Alibangbang (Bauhinia purpurea)
Fire tree (Delonix regia)
B. FRUITS
Specimen:
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Mango (Mangifera indica)
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) Pineapple (Ananas comosus)
Suha (Citrus maxima) Atis (Annona squamosal)
Langka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Apple (Malus pumila)
C. SEEDS
Specimen:
Seeds of beans or corn
Procedure:
1. Soak the seeds of beans and corn overnight
2. Choose a ruptured bean seed from your specimens. Remove the testa, leaving behind the
whole embryo. Carefully split open the two cotyledons to expose the embryo. You can use
the hand lens or dissecting microscope to examine the specimen closely. Draw the embryo
and label the parts
3. Make a median longitudinal section of the soaked corn seed. Put a drop of iodine solution
for each half or sectioned specimen. Observe what will happen to the endosperm.
4. Draw the longitudinal section of the corn and label its parts.
31
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
A. FLOWERS
Draw and label the parts of the regular flowers
Draw and label the parts of irregular flowers
B. FRUITS
Draw the fruit specimens. Determine whether the type of fruit is simple, aggregate, or
multiple
32
C. SEEDS
Draw and label the two types of seeds studied.
Conclusion:
33
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
1. Discuss the classification of flowers.
2. Differentiate self-pollination from cross pollination.
3. Enumerate the kinds of fruits. Discuss.
4. Explain the difference of dicotyledonous seeds from monocotyledonous seeds.
34
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Objectives:
1. To determine how photosynthesis affects the pigment of the plants
2. To identify the presence of starch in a leaf for storage
Materials:
500mL Beaker Alcohol lamp
6 large test tubes Wire gauze
Forceps Tripod
Iodine solution Pipette dropper
1% sodium bicarbonate Watch glass
10mL ethyl alcohol
Specimen:
Mayana (Coleus sp.)
Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)
Procedure:
Pigment Extraction and Test for Starch
1. Bring two (2) potted mayana plants. Expose the first pot of mayana under the sun for 48
hours and place the other pot in a dark place.
2. Make an outline of the leaf segment on the activity sheet and indicate accurately the
green and white or yellow part. Shade the green part so that you can distinguish it from
the other pigments.
3. Remove a leaf from each plant. Mark the leaf as A for exposed and B for leaf under
shade.
4. Fill a large test tube with two-thirds of ethyl alcohol.
5. Pour 250 ml of water into a 500 ml beaker and heat to boil.
6. Carefully place the test tube with ethyl alcohol into the boiling water bath.
7. Using a forceps, drop the leaves into the boiling alcohol.
8. When no color is left on the leaf, use the forceps to remove the leaf from the alcohol.
Place the leaf in the petri dish.
9. Using a pipette dropper, secure an iodine solution and cover the leaf with the solution.
Wait for 10 minutes. Then drain the excess iodine. The presence of starch is indicated
by the bluish black color.
10. Make another drawing of the leaf segment by shading the portion of the leaf that shows
the presence of starch.
11. Identify the types of pigments using paper chromatography.
35
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Data and results:

Draw the mayana leaf before and after the pigment extraction
Conclusion:
36
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
1. What is photosynthesis?
2. Importance of photosynthesis in plants
3. Discuss the relationship of light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis
37
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
TRANSPORT PROCESS IN PLANTS
Objective:
1. To observe the transport process in plants
Materials:
Mineral bottles
Knife (Razor blade)
Water
Vaseline
Dye
Specimen:
Rose balsam (Impatiens balsamina)
Procedure:
1. Prepare two plants of rose balsam with the same size and number of leaves.
2. Remove the leaves from one of the plants then rub the scars with Vaseline.
3. Cut one of the roots of the plant and put it into a jar of water mixed with a dye.
4. After an hour, observe the petiole and stem of both plants.
38
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Data and results:

Draw your observations to the rose balsam with leaves and without leaves after the immersion
with the mixture of water and dye.
Conclusion:
39
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
1. Draw the structure of xylem and phloem. Differentiate the two transport tissues.
2. Differentiate transpiration and translocation.
40
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
HERBARIUM PREPARATION
Objectives:
1. To plan
2. To make
Materials:
Plant pot
Green net
Wire
Adhesives
tape
Plant sample:
Bring any of the herbal medicines for planting
Seeds
Activity:
1. Identify the herbal medicines based on its plant morphology.
2. Determine its family name, scientific name, common name/s, medicinal use/s and their plant
part use. Place it on a card board.
3. Bring the plants in a botanical garden. Arrange the plants according to the medicinal use.
Family Name:
Scientific Name:
Common Name/s:
Medicinal Use/s:
Plant part use:
41
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
1. What is herbarium?
2. How to protect herbarium from pests?
42
NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

DATE : _______________________________ SCORE : ___________
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
List down all of medicinal plants present in the herbarium

Plant part
Family Name Scientific name Common name/s Medicinal use
use
43
Family Name Scientific name Common name/s Medicinal use Plant part use
44
EXPERIMENT
References:
Albia, Jose, Laboratory Manual in General Botany, Rex Bookstore, 2007.
Evangelista, Eden Worktext in General Botany, C & E Publishing, Inc. 2009.
Mauseth, James, Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, 6th edition, Jones and Bartlett
Learning, 2016.
Ocampo, Melody Anne, General Botany Manual by Katha Publishing Co., Inc. 2013.
45

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UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

Prepared by: Jethro M. Ocampo RPh

Laboratory Safety Rules and Regulations

1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

First Aid in the Laboratory

Report ALL accidents, injuries, and spills to your instructor immediately.

• Safe Laboratory techniques

Condition and First Aid

Basic First-Aid Procedures for Laboratories

Situation Safe Response

Burns Minor – include small scalds or burns from hot objects.

✓ Start treatment immediately by the placing the burned area

Severe ✓ Apply pressure or a compress directly to the wound and get

USING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER

3. Squeeze the lever slowly. This will release the extinguishing

4. Sweep from side to side. Using a sweeping motion, move the

EXPERIMENTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY

EXPERIMENT NO. TITLE PAGE NUMBER

2 The Plant cell 13

3 Mitosis: Stages of Mitosis 18

8 Transport process in plants 38

C. Focusing under the low power objective (LPO)

in focus is needed when shifting to HPO or OIO.

D. Focusing under the high power objective

NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

Data and Results:

Draw the letter “e” as seen under the following objectives:

Lower Power Objective High Power Objective Oil Immersion Objective

NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

2. What is the use and importance of a microscope?

NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

Data and results:

NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

1. Draw a plant cell. Identify the parts and label.

2. Give the function of the parts of a plant cell.

3. Differentiate the plant cell from animal cell

MITOSIS: STAGES OF MITOSIS

NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

MITOSIS: STAGES OF MITOSIS

Data and results:

NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

MITOSIS: STAGES OF MITOSIS

1. Make a schematic diagram of the key events in the stages of mitosis.

2. Differentiate the two kinds of cell reproduction

3. Make a diagram of the cell cycle. Discuss each phases.

Simple permanent tissues

Complex permanent tissues

NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

Data and results:

Simple Permanent tissues

Complex permanent tissues

NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

1. Differentiate the merismatic or embryonic tissues from permanent tissues.

2. Discuss the kinds of simple permanent tissues.

3. Differentiate the two types of complex permanent tissues.

PLANT MORPHOLOGY: STEMS, LEAVES, ROOTS

Specimen (Internal morphology of stem):

Specimen (Compound leaves):

NAME : _______________________________ GROUP NO : ___________

PLANT MORPHOLOGY: STEMS, LEAVES, ROOTS

NAME : _____________________ GROUP NO : _

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NAME : _____________________ GROUP NO : _

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NAME : _____________________ GROUP NO : _