Rainwater

Harvesting
MOHD IRSHAD
20PGCEC10
M.TECH CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSERVATION OF ROOF TOP RAIN WATER
A Seminar
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Technology in Civil Engineering
By
MOHD IRSHAD
(20PGCEC10)
Under the Guidance of
MR. RAMEEZUT TAUHEED
(Asst. Professor Civil Engineering Department)
Department of Civil Engineering
Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth
Faridabad
2020-2022
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Seminar entitled, “CONSERVATION OF ROOF TOP RAIN WATER”, submitted
by Mohd Irshad to the Civil engineering Department, Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad, in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Technology, is a
record of bonafide work carried out by him under our supervision and guidance. The work has
not been submitted in parts or full to any other University or Institute for the award of any
degree or diploma or for any other purpose.

MR. RAMEEZUT TAUHEED

Asst. Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my guide, MR. RAMEEZUT TAUHEED
(Asst. Professor Civil Engg. Dept.), who gave me an opportunity to do this Seminar Project and
also provided support & his valuable inputs in completing this Seminar.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to other faculty members for providing me all the
necessary information & resources that were required during my M. Tech. Degree.

MOHD IRSHAD
(20PGCEC10)
 Water is essential for life & plays a major role in creating earth’s
climate.
By modifying land use, the proportion of different pathways e.g.
Why to evaporation, percolation & run off changes.
conserve A change in evaporation from a region has impacts upon climate.

water? Changes in percolation changes ground water availability both for

humans & natural springs & streams.
Changes in run off will change stream flow & erosion patterns
which in turn modifies the sediment load of stream.
 The term rainwater harvesting is being frequently used these
days; however, the concept of water harvesting is not new for
India. Water harvesting techniques had been evolved and
developed centuries ago.

Rainwater harvesting and conservation means understanding

the value of rain and to make optimum use of rainwater where
Introduction it falls.

Rainwater harvesting is the process of augmenting the natural

filtration of rainwater into the underground formation by some
artificial methods. "Conscious collection and storage of
rainwater to cater to demands of water for drinking, domestic
purpose & irrigation is termed as Rainwater Harvesting.“
Traditional water conservation
methods in India
Jhalaras Jhalaras are typically rectangular-shaped stepwells that have tiered steps
on three or four sides. These stepwells collect the subterranean seepage
of an upstream reservoir or a lake. Jhalaras were built to ensure easy and
regular supply of water for religious rites, royal ceremonies and
community use. The city of Jodhpur has eight jhalaras, the oldest being
the Mahamandir Jhalara that dates back to 1660 AD.

Talab Talabs are reservoirs that store water for household consumption and
drinking purposes. They may be natural, such as the pokhariyan ponds at
/Bandhi Tikamgarh in the Bundelkhand region or man made, such as the lakes of
Udaipur. A reservoir with an area less than five bighas is called a talai, a
medium sized lake is called a bandhi and bigger lakes are called sagar or
samand

Bawari Bawaris are unique stepwells that were once a part of the ancient networks
of water storage in the cities of Rajasthan. The little rain that the region
received would be diverted to man-made tanks through canals built on the
hilly outskirts of cities. The water would then percolate into the ground,
raising the water table and recharging a deep and intricate network of
aquifers. To minimise water loss through evaporation, a series of layered
steps were built around the reservoirs to narrow and deepen the wells.
Traditional water conservation
methods in India
Taanka
◦ Taanka is a traditional rainwater harvesting technique indigenous to the Thar desert region of Rajasthan. A Taanka
is a cylindrical paved underground pit into which rainwater from rooftops, courtyards or artificially prepared
catchments flows. Once completely filled, the water stored in a taanka can last throughout the dry season and is
sufficient for a family of 5-6 members. An important element of water security in these arid regions, taankas can
save families from the everyday drudgery of fetching water from distant sources.

Ahar Pynes
◦ Ahar Pynes are traditional floodwater harvesting systems indigenous to South Bihar. Ahars are reservoirs with
embankments on three sides that are built at the end of diversion channels like pynes. Pynes are artificial rivulets
led off from rivers to collect water in the ahars for irrigation in the dry months. Paddy cultivation in this relatively low
rainfall area depends mostly on ahar pynes.

Kund
◦ A kund is a saucer-shaped catchment area that gently slope towards the central circular underground well. Its main
purpose is to harvest rainwater for drinking. Kunds dot the sandier tracts of western Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Traditionally, these well-pits were covered in disinfectant lime and ash, though many modern kunds have been
constructed simply with cement. Raja Sur Singh is said to have built the earliest known kunds in the village of Vadi
Ka Melan in the year 1607 AD.

Baoli
◦ Built by the nobility for civic, strategic or philanthropic reasons, baolis were secular structures from which everyone
could draw water. These beautiful stepwells typically have beautiful arches, carved motifs and sometimes, rooms
on their sides. The locations of baolis often suggest the way in which they were used. Baolis within villages were
mainly used for utilitarian purposes and social gatherings. Baolis on trade routes were often frequented as resting
places. Stepwells used exclusively for agriculture had drainage systems that channelled water into the fields.
Rainwater harvesting can be summed up as

COLLECTION STORAGE RECHARGE

Objective of Rainwater
Harvesting
To arrest the decline in ground water and augment ground water
table

To beneficiate water quality in aquifers

To conserve surface water runoff during monsoon

To reduce soil erosion

To inculcate a culture of water conservation

 Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater:

Surface runoff harvesting - In urban area rainwater

flows away as surface runoff. This runoff could be
caught and used for recharging aquifers by adopting
appropriate methods.

Components
of Rainwater
Harvesting Rooftop rainwater harvesting - It is a system of
catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop
harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and
the rainwater is collected from the roof of the
house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or
diverted to artificial recharge system. This method is
less expensive and very effective and if
implemented properly helps in augmenting the
ground water level of the area.
 Components of
Rooftop Rainwater
Harvesting
1. Catchment
◦ The surface that receives rainfall directly is
the catchment of rainwater harvesting
system. It may be a terrace, courtyard, or
paved or unpaved open ground.
◦ The terrace may be a flat RCC/stone roof or
sloping roof. Therefore the catchment is the
area, which actually contributes rainwater
to the harvesting system.

2. Transportation
◦ Rainwater from the rooftop should be
carried down through water pipes or drains
to the storage/harvesting system. Water
pipes should be UV resistant (ISI HDPE/PVC
pipes) of the required capacity.
◦ Water from sloping roofs could be caught
through gutters and carried down by pipes.
At terraces, the mouth of each drain should
have wire mesh to restrict floating material.
Components of
Rooftop Rainwater
Harvesting
3. First Flush
◦ The first flush is a device used to flush off the water
received in the first shower. The first shower of rains
needs to be flushed-off to avoid contaminating
storable/rechargeable water by the probable
contaminants of the atmosphere and the catchment
roof.
◦ It will also help in cleaning of silt and other material
deposited on the roof during dry seasons. Provisions
of first rain separators should be made at the outlet
of each drainpipe.

4. Filter
◦ Filters are used for the treatment of water to
effectively remove turbidity, color, and
microorganisms. After the first flushing of rainfall,
water should pass through filters.
◦ A gravel, sand, and ‘netlon’ mesh filter is designed
and placed on top of the storage tank. This filter is
very important in keeping the rainwater in the
storage tank clean. It removes silt, dust, leaves, and
other organic matter from entering the storage tank.
◦ The filter media should be cleaned daily after every
rainfall event. Clogged filters prevent rainwater from
easily entering the storage tank and the filter may
overflow. The sand or gravel media should be taken
out and washed before it is replaced in the filter.
FILTER
1. Sand Gravel Filter
◦ These are commonly used filters, constructed by brick masonry and filled by pebbles, gravel, and sand.
Each layer should be separated by wire mesh.

2. Charcoal Filter
◦ Charcoal filters can be made in-situ or in a drum. Pebbles, gravel, sand, and charcoal as shown in the
figure should fill the drum or chamber. Each layer should be separated by wire mesh. The thin layer of
charcoal is used to absorb odor if any.

3. PVC Pipe filter

◦ This filter can be made by PVC pipe of 1 to 1.20 m length; Diameter of pipe depends on the area of roof.
Six inches dia. pipe is enough for a 1500 Sq. Ft. roof and 8 inches dia. pipe should be used for roofs more
than 1500 Sqft. Pipe is divided into three compartments by wire mesh.
◦ Each component should be filled with gravel and sand alternatively as shown in the figure. A layer of
charcoal could also be inserted between two layers.
◦ Both ends of the filter should have a reduction of the required size to connect the inlet and outlet. This
filter could be placed horizontally or vertically in the system.

4. Sponge Filter
◦ It is a simple filter made from PVC drum having a layer of sponge in the middle of drum. It is the easiest
and cheapest form filter, suitable for residential units.
  The material of the catchment surfaces must be non-toxic and not
contain substances which impair water quality.

Design
considerations

for Rooftop Roof surfaces should be smooth, hard and dense since they are
easy to clean and are less likely to be damaged and shed materials into

Catchment water

System
 Precautions are required to prevent the entry of contaminants
into the storage tanks.
- The nesting of the birds -A first flush bypass such as
- No overhanging tree
on the roof should be detachable downpipe
should be left near the roof
prevented should be installed
 All gutter ends should be fitted with a wire mesh screen to keep out leaves, etc.

Design The storage tank should have a tight-fitting roof that excludes light, a manhole

considerations cover and a flushing pipe at the base of the tank.

for Rooftop
Catchment The design of the tank should allow for thorough scrubbing of the inner walls
System …. contd and floor or tank bottom. A sloped bottom and a provision of a sump and a
drain are useful for collection and discharge of settled grit and sediment.

Taps/faucets should be installed at 10 cm above the base of the tank as this

allows any derbis entering the tank to settle on the bottom where it remains
undisturbed, will not affect the quality of water.
 Daily consumption
Rainfall quantity
rate (litres/capita Number of users
(mm/year)
Factors affecting /day)

RWH system
design
Storage capacity
Rainfall pattern Cost
(m3)

Collection surface Runoff coefficient Alternative water

area (m2) of collection (-) sources

23
 The technical feasibility of roof RWH as a primary source of water
is determined by the potential of a rainwater to meet the demand
more effectively than other alternatives.

Often the attraction of RWH may be as a supplementary water

Feasibility of source to reduce the pressure on a finite primary source or as a
backup during the time of drought or breakdown.
Rainwater
Harvesting
The total amount of water that is received in the form of rainfall
over an area is called the rainwater endowment of that area.

The collection efficiency accounts for the fact that all the rainwater
falling over an area cannot be effectively harvested.

24
 The size of supply of rainwater depends on the amount of rainfall
(R), the area of the catchment (A) and its runoff coefficient (C).

Feasibility of An estimate of mean annual runoff from a given catchment can be

obtained using the equation:
Rainwater
Harvesting S =R*A*C
Where S = Rainwater R = mean annual A = Area of the
C = Runoff coefficient
supply per annum rainfall catchment

The actual amount of rainwater supplied will ultimately depend on

the volume of the storage tank or reservoir.

25
Catchment Area
Size
 The size of roof catchment is
the projected area of the
roof or the building’s
footprint under the roof.
 To calculate the catchment
area (A), multiply the length
(L) and width (B) of the
guttered area. It is not
necessary to measure the
sloping edge of the roof.
 Note that it does not matter
whether the roof is flat or
peaked. It is the “footprint”
of the roof drip line that
matters.

26
Catchment Area
Size

27
 Type Runoff Notes
coefficient

GI sheets > 0.9 Excellent quality water. Surface is smooth and

high temperatures help to sterilise bacteria
Characteristics Tile 0.6 – 0.9 Good quality water from glazed tiles.
of Roof Types (glazed) Unglazed can harbour mould.
Contamination can exist in tile joins.
Asbestos 0.8 – 0.9 New sheets give good quality water.
Sheets Slightly porous so reduced runoff coefficient
and older roofs harbour moulds and even
moss.
Organic 0.2 Poor quality water (>200 FC/100ml)
(Thatch) Little first flush effect; High turbidity due to
dissolved organic material which does not
settle.
Source: http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk/dtu/rwh/components2.html

28
 For a building with a flat roof of size 10 m x 12 m in a city with the
average annual rainfall of 800 mm

Roof Area (A) = 10 x 12 = 120 m2

Average annual rainfall (R) = 800 mm = 0.80 m

Example 1: Total annual volume of rainfall over the roof

= A * R = 120 m2 x 0.80 m = 96 m3 = 96,000 litres
If 70% of the total rainfall is effectively harvested,
Volume of water harvested = 96,000 x 0.7 = 67,200 litres

Average water availability = 67,200 / 365 ~ 184 litres/ day

29
 There are several options available for the storage of
rainwater. A variety of materials and different shapes of the
vessels have been used.

Storage System In general, there can be two basic types of storage system:

Underground tank or Ground tank or storage

storage vessel vessel

The choice of the system will depend on several technical and

economic considerations like, space availability, materials and
skill available, costs of buying a new tank or construction on
site, ground conditions, local traditions for water storage etc.
30
 The storage tank is the most expensive part of any RWH
system and the most appropriate capacity for any given
locality is affected by its cost and amount of water it is able to
supply.

Storage System In general, larger tanks are required in area with marked wet
and dry seasons, while relatively small tanks may suffice in
areas where rainfall is relatively evenly spread throughout the
year.

Field experiences show that a universal ideal tank design does

not exist. Local materials, skills and costs, personal preference
and other external factors may favour one design over
another.
31
 A solid secure cover to
A coarse inlet filter to
keep out insects, dirt A overflow pipe
catch leaves etc.
and sunshine

Requirements
for Storage An extraction system
A soakaway to prevent

System
A manhole, sump and that does not
split water forming
drain for cleaning contaminate the water
puddles near the tank.
e.g. tap/pump

Additionally features
•sediment trap or other foul
flush mechanism
•device to inside water level
in the tank

32
Storage Tank

33
 When using rainwater, it is important to recognize that the rainfall
is not constant through out the year; therefore, planning the
storage system with an adequate capacity is required for constant
use of rainwater, even during the dry period.

Storage capacity Knowledge of the rainfall quantity and seasonality, the area of the
catchment surface and volume of the storage tank, and quantity
and period of use required for water supply purposes is critical.

There are two commonly used method to estimate storage

requirements.

34
 Method 1 – Storage required for dry period
• A rough estimate of the maximum storage requirement can
be made based on the (i) per capita consumption (ii) no of
users and (iii) length of the longest dry period
• For a household with a 5 people, assuming water use of 20
Storage capacity lpcd and if longest dry period is 30 days and rainwater is the
only water source, storage required = 5 x 20 x 30 = 3000
litres
• This simple method assumes sufficient rainfall and
catchment area which is adequate, and is therefore only
applicable in areas where this is the situation.
• It is a method for acquiring rough estimates of tank size.

35
 Method 2 – Based on rainfall and water
demand pattern
• A better estimate of storage requirement can be made
using the mass curve technique based on rainfall and
water demand pattern.
Storage capacity • Cumulative rainfall runoff and cumulative water demand
in year is calculated and plotted on the same curve.
• The sum of the maximum differences, on the either side,
between the rainfall curve and water demand curve gives
the size of the storage required

36
 Example 2:
Calculate the size of the storage tank required for a school with
65 students and 5 staff, assuming average water consumption of
5 litres/day.
Roof area = 200 m2.
Storage capacity Assume runoff coefficient of 0.9.
The rainfall pattern in the area is given in the table below
Average daily demand = 70 x 5 = 350 litres
Yearly demand = 350 * 365 = 127750 litres = 127.75 m3
Average monthly demand = 127.75/12 ~ 10.65 m3

37
 Analysis of stored
The quality of
rainwater has
rainwater is relatively
shown some
good but it is not free
bacteriological
from all impurities.
contamination.

Quality of Cleanliness of roof

The rainwater is
essentially lacking in
Rainwater and storage tank is
critical in
minerals, the
presence of which is
maintaining good considered essential
quality of in appropriate
rainwater. proportions.

The storage tank

requires cleaning and
disinfection when the
tank is empty or at least
once in a year.
38
 The extraction system (e.g. The first run off from the roof
taps/faucets, pumps) must not should be discarded to prevent
contaminate the stored water. entry of impurities from the roof.

Quality of
Rainwater (2)
In case of difficulties in the
rejection of first flow, cleaning of
Some devices and good practices
the roof and gutter at the
have been suggested to store or
beginning of the rainy season and
divert the first foul flush away
their regular maintenance are
from the storage tank.
very important to ensure better
quality of rainwater.

39
 Tree hanging in the
vicinity, definitely
When first flush enhances the

Quality of
eliminating devices possibility of
Dust from the soil,
are absent, all the contamination due to
and droppings of
indicator bacteria are increased access of
Rainwater - birds and animals
could be the source
of contamination by
generally present in
water samples in
the roof to birds and
animals. Also leaves

Bacteriological the bacteria.

numbers beyond
what is acceptable by
any standards.
contribute to organic
loading of the water
samples, which in
turn act as nutrient
for bacterial growth.

40
 Rainwater is generally of very good chemical quality. However, it may not meet WHO drinking
water quality standards, specifically microbiological quality standards, hence some disinfection is
recommended.

Rainwater can be used for drinking, if it is clear, has no or very little taste or smell and is from
well maintained system.

Disinfecting Disinfection can be done by:

rainwater boiling the water in
before consumption
adding chlorine
compounds/bleaching
using slow sand
filtration
solar disinfection
(SODIS)
powder

For disinfection using bleaching powder, the general dosage recommended is 10 mg of

bleaching powder containing 25% of free chlorine per litre of water. This meets the
required standard of 2.5 mg of chlorine per litre of water.

After adding the bleaching powder, the water should be stirred thoroughly for even distribution
of the disinfectant agent. The water should be kept without use for about 30 minutes after
adding bleaching powder.

41
  The simple operation and maintenance of RWH systems is one of the most attractive aspects of the technology.

 The extent of maintenance required by a basic privately owned household RWH system includes
Inspection of gutters and feeder pipes and valve
Regular cleaning of the roof tops and gutters Frequent cleaning of storage tanks
chambers to detect and repair leaks

 When ground catchment is used for collection and/or ground tank is used for storage, proper fencing of both is
recommended to keep the children and animals away, thus avoiding contamination and risks of falling into the tank.

Operation and maintenance

42
 Tank desludging and cleaning

Sludge can also be removed by

Sludge can be removed by siphoning draining and cleaning the tank. If a
Accumulated sediments can be a
without emptying the tank. Sludge drain plug is provided at the base of
source of chemical contamination It is important to check the structural
may also be pumped from the tank the tank, water can be run to waste
and off-tastes and odours. All tanks condition of the tank before choosing
with minimum loss of water by using to discharge the sludge. Once the
should be examined for accumulation a method of cleaning.
a suitable motor-operated pump and tank is empty, the remaining sludge
of sediments every 2–3 years.
attachments. can be scooped up and removed
through the access opening.

Cleaning should generally be limited

to removing accumulated sediments,
After cleaning, it is recommended
leaf litter etc. Harsh (chemical) Where cleaning necessitates entering
that the internal walls and floor of
cleaning methods may accelerate the tank, take care to ensure
the tank be rinsed with clean water.
deterioration, for example, removing adequate ventilation is provided and
Rinse water and sediment should be
the protective layer on the inside an additional person is in attendance.
run to waste.
walls of a steel tank will lead to tank
corrosion.

43
Surface Runoff Harvesting (Recharging ground water aquifers)
Recharging of bore wells

•Rainwater collected from rooftop of the building is diverted through drainpipes to settlement or filtration tank. After settlement filtered water is
diverted to bore wells to recharge deep aquifers. Abandoned bore wells can also be used for recharge. Optimum capacity of settlement
tank/filtration tank can be designed on the basis of area of catchment, intensity of rainfall and recharge rate as discussed in design parameters.
While recharging, entry of floating matter and silt should be restricted because it may clog the recharge structure. "first one or two shower should
be flushed out through rain separator to avoid contamination. This is very important, and all care should be taken to ensure that this has been
done."

Recharge Pits

•Recharge pits are small pits of any shape rectangular, square or circular, contracted with brick or stone masonry wall with weep hole at regular
intervals. Top of pit can be covered with perforated covers. Bottom of pit should be filled with filter media.
•The capacity of the pit can be designed on the basis of catchment area, rainfall intensity and recharge rate of soil. Usually the dimensions of the pit
may be of 1 to 2 m width and 2 to 3 m deep depending on the depth of pervious strata. These pits are suitable for recharging of shallow aquifers,
and small houses.

Soak away or Recharge Shafts

•Soak away or recharge shafts are provided where upper layer of soil is alluvial or less pervious. These are bored hole of 30 cm dia. up to 10 to 15 m
deep, depending on depth of pervious layer. Bore should be lined with slotted/perforated PVC/MS pipe to prevent collapse of the vertical sides. At
the top of soak away required size sump is constructed to retain runoff before the filters through soak away. Sump should be filled with filter media.
Recharging of dug wells

•Dug well can be used as recharge structure. Rainwater from the rooftop is diverted to dug wells after passing it through filtration bed. Cleaning and desalting of
dug well should be done regularly to enhance the recharge rate. The filtration method suggested for bore well recharging could be used.

Recharge Trenches

•Recharge trench in provided where upper impervious layer of soil is shallow. It is a trench excavated on the ground and refilled with porous media like pebbles,
boulder or brickbats. it is usually made for harvesting the surface runoff. Bore wells can also be provided inside the trench as recharge shafts to enhance
percolation. The length of the trench is decided as per the amount of runoff expected. This method is suitable for small houses, playgrounds, parks and roadside
drains. The recharge trench can be of size 0.50 to 1.0 m wide and 1.0 to 1.5 m deep.

Percolation tanks

•Percolation tanks are artificially created surface water bodies, submerging a land area with adequate permeability to facilitate sufficient percolation to recharge
the ground water. These can be built in big campuses where land is available and topography is suitable.
•Surface run-off and roof top water can be diverted to this tank. Water accumulating in the tank percolates in the solid to augment the ground water. The stored
water can be used directly for gardening and raw use. Percolation tanks should be built in gardens, open spaces and roadside green belts of urban area.

Recharging Ground water aquifers..Contd

Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting
The cost of recharge to sub- No land is wasted for storage Ground water is not directly
The aquifer serves as a
surface reservoir is lower than purpose and no population exposed to evaporation and
distribution system also.
surface reservoirs. displacement is involved. pollution.

Storing water under ground is It increases the productivity of Effects rise in ground water
It reduces flood hazards.
environment friendly. aquifer. levels.

The New Delhi-based Centre for

Science and Environment
As such much effort is to being
estimates that merely capturing
made to popularize the concept
Mitigates effects of drought. Reduces soil erosion. the rain water and run off on 2
of rain water harvesting at the
per cent of India’s land area could
grass roots level.
supply 26 gallons of water per
person.
 Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting can be a great
Rainwater harvesting systems can
way to save and conserve water. The amount of rainfall is different
Complete dependency to fulfill your support algae growth, mosquitoes,
Having a rainwater harvesting Rainfall cannot be predicted in places. It isn’t possible to
daily needs can cause trouble when Requires regular maintenance insects, lizards and even rodents
system has several benefits as well. accurately accurately predict the time and
there’s no or less rainfall. which contaminate the stored
However, it has certain downfalls amount of rainfall.
water.
too which are as follows:-

The initial installation cost depends Rainwater harvesting systems can

They need to be properly and They need to be properly and
on the system’s size and technology support algae growth, mosquitoes,
regularly cleaned and maintained regularly cleaned and maintained
Incurs high-cost initially used. The recovery of investment Requires regular maintenance insects, lizards and even rodents
to avoid such things which can be to avoid such things which can be
cannot be predicted by a rainwater which contaminate the stored
overwhelming. overwhelming.
harvesting system. water.

The initial installation cost depends There can be problems of chemical

The storage of rainwater is
on the system’s size and technology seepage and animal dropping from
Chemical seepage or animal restricted or limited by the size of
Incurs high-cost initially used. The recovery of investment certain roofs. This is harmful when Limited storage
dropping issues the tanks and time of rainfall and
cannot be predicted by a rainwater consumed or used for watering
its usage as well.
harvesting system. plants.
Case
Study
RAINWATER HARVESTING AS PER SPECIFICATION
FOR CIVIL WORKS
Providing recharge structures with bore wells at different locations as per approved drawing for rainwater harvesting system. The recharge
structures shall be suitably located within the sub-station. Branch drains from the main drain carrying rainwater from entire switchyard,
constructed in accordance with clause 9 & 10 shall be connected to the recharge structures.

The internal diameter of recharge shafts shall be 4.5 meter with 230mm thick lining of brick work upto a depth of 2.0 meter from ground level and
345mm thick brickwork below 2.0 meter depth. The brickwork shall be constructed with cement mortar 1:6 (1cement: 6 coarse sand). The overall
depth of shaft shall be 5.0 meter below invert level of drain. The shaft shall be covered with RCC slab for a live load of 300 kg. per sqm. Two
openings of size 0.7 x 0.7 meter shall be provided in the RCC cover slab. An iron cover made of 5mm thick chequered plate with hinges shall be
provided on the openings. Galvanized M.S. rungs of 16mm diameter at spacing of 300 mm shall be provided in the wall of shaft below the opening
in the RCC slab to facilitate cleaning of shaft.

A 300 mm diameter bore well shall be drilled in the centre of the shaft. The depth of bore well shall be 5.0 meter more than the depth of sub soil
water.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING AS PER SPECIFICATION
FOR CIVIL WORKS .. contd
A 100 mm diameter medium duty MS pipe conforming to IS: 1161 shall be lowered in the bore well keeping bail plug towards bottom of
bore well. The pipe shall have 1.58mm holes for 4.0 meter length starting from 1.0 meter from bottom of bore well. Holes of 3.0mm
diameter shall be provided for a length of 2.0 meter starting from the bottom level of coarse sand and downwards. The overall length of
pipe shall be equal to total depth of bore well plus depth of shaft.

Gravel of size 3mm to 6mm shall be filled around 100 diameter MS pipe in the bore well. The shaft shall be filled with 500 mm thick
layers each from the bottom of shaft with boulders of size 50mm to 150mm, gravel of size 5mm to 10mm, coarse sand having particle
size 1.5mm to 2.0mm and boulders of size not less than 200mm respectively.

Drawing based on above details of recharge structure for rainwater harvesting has to be prepared by contractor and to be approved
from engineer in charge
THANK YOU