Identifying space configuration in a

Bungalow House of a Filipino

Family
Table of Contents
Title Page .................................................................................................................. 2

Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... 3

a. The Problem and its Background ............................................................... 4

b. Review of Related Literature ........................................................................ 9

c. Case Studies ............................................................................................... 14

d. User Analysis ............................................................................................... 20

e. Architectural Programming ....................................................................... 21

f. Summary and Findings ............................................................................... 22

References .............................................................................................................. 23
 A. The Problem and its Background

Family is a vital component in everyone’s life in different aspects within

personalities including behavioral, psychological, emotional, and is considered to be

the foundation of social life. Family dynamics significantly impacts every member of it

as it provides emotional support, economic well-being, and increases overall health.

On the other hand, Filipinos takes over the traits and values of being good natured,

casual, happy, and has strong family ties and religious. These traits are nurtured by

the core of their well-being, which is their families. Thus, family correlates with the

inner perceptions, behavior, and ethics for most Filipinos which are displayed in every

household characterized as colorful and diverse, even shows unusual concepts

among families across the globe such as filial piety and matriarchal society. These

characteristics are further believed to adapt into the design of their respective homes

as their behavioral patterns seems to occur and be affected by the culture stamped by

their society by birth.

Resembling the traits of Filipinos, being resilient, Filipino homes were reflected

upon this value. Lorenzo (2015) identifies the bahay-kubo as a semi-permanent

bungalow made with materials found nearby and allows for natural ventilation due to

lightweight materials considering climate and tropical locations, but as rainy season

come, house might be damaged but easily repaired as it reflects the Filipino character.

With these implications of the cultural influences of their society, architectural

design and culture among Filipinos presents evident connection on their environment

that lies in its underlying spatial structure. Spatial configuration analysis reveals this

underlying spatial structure and identifies the configurational parameters that define it,

Lau (2010).
 As part of the continuing interest in constructing a single-family residential

house, the researcher decided to come up with a design concerning the users’ culture,

behavior, anthropometrics, and ergonomics that leaves to provide relevant information

about its users and the design functionality. The design is based on its benefits to the

end-users such as functional, convenient, and correlational.

The objective of this study is to design a single-family residential house for a

considerate spatial configuration among the family members with respect to its

interface, satisfaction, and relatedness. Thus, this study aims to answer the following

questions:

1. What are the Filipino cultures that affects spatial configurations of a single-

family house?

2. How Filipino cultures affect the planning process of Single-family House?

3. What are the advantages of utilizing Filipino culture in the design process of a

single-family house?

4. How space configuration of Single-Family Bungalow House varies in terms of:

4.1 Anthropometrics

4.2 Behavioral Analysis

4.3 Ergonomics
Background of the Study

The Philippine archipelago has immense space and natural resources available

for building homes, which the ancestors took advantage of in building and construction

using various materials that they can found on their surroundings such as raw

materials of wood, bamboo, rattan, thatch of nipa among others that opens a great

convention towards a more sustainable design.

The term ‘bungalow’ is an Anglicized version of a Bengal word, bānglā.

Originating in India, bānglā refers to a local vernacular building type which gained

popularity with the British occupation because of its easy adaptation to the British ways

of life. Bungalows are buildings in India, generally raised on a base of brick, one, two

or three feet from the ground, and consist of only one story; the plan of them usually

is a large room in the center for an eating and sleeping room, and rooms at each corner

for sleeping; the whole is covered with one general thatch, which comes low to each

side; the spaces between the angle rooms are verandahs or open porticos to sit in

during the evenings; the center hall is lighted from the sides with windows and large

door in the center. Sometimes the center verandahs at each end are converted into

rooms (Cody, 2009).

On an article by Toriano (2021), he stated that during the American occupation,

architect and heritage advocate Paulo Alcazaren said in his column on The Philippine

Star that “Filipinos were encouraged to build homes with more Western materials and

with spatial patterns that partitioned spaces.” This presents the idea of the nipa huts

or the typical Bahay Kubo having higher ceilings and spacious living rooms attached

with interiors of wood and rattan made furniture.

easier and convenient construction and cost-efficient compared to a multi-storey

house. In addition, this house design is perfect for type of families with elderlies and

children because it is small, easy to maintain, and don’t have stairs and upcoming

hazards.

In line with the idea brought by this type of design, culture is a part of every

household where culture may be recognized through the understanding of collective

experiences within society that displays in the interrelations between man, nature,

place, time, myths, and legends.

Filipino culture among family households considers a variety of range concepts

including family relationships towards their community, extended families, and peers.

Like corporations, family foundations have distinct organizational cultures, and they

are as varied as the families that generate them (Ross, 2022). These organizational

cultures such as value, norms, and tradition affect the behaviors among Filipino

families in which it affected their day-to-day basis including routines in different spaces

especially in the kitchen, living room, and dining room.

An example of a Filipino culture which greatly affects their house design is

displays peculiarity in utilizing spaces such as the shared spaces of children and their

parents sleeping in the same bedroom which is very unusual on other cultures. Filipino

culture also exhibits spaces for daily domestic activities such as clean and dry kitchen,

laundry area for handwashing and drying spaces, and altar area for spiritual purposes

which were adapted from the ancestors and are applied even up to this date.

When planning the layout of any room or a building, anthropometry, which

refers to the study of the dimensions and proportions of the human body, is an
extremely important component. The primary goal of anthropometry in architecture is

to design a space that is both functional and pleasant for the person who will use it. It

establishes a connection between the environment and the convenience of the people

using it. Anthropometry in architecture is driven by the fact that body size varies widely

among races, ages, genders, regions, and even socioeconomic classes.

The anthropometric measurement study that was conducted by J.L. Del Prado-

Lu of International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 37 (2007) found that the mean

standing height for Filipino males is 167.0 centimeters, which is higher than the mean

standing height for Filipino females, which was found to be 153.9 centimeters. The

average sitting height for males is 84.8 centimeters, while the average sitting height

for females is 79.9 centimeters.

Those with special needs, such as the elderly and children, as well as those

who have mobility challenges, must also be accommodated. When building stairs,

elevators, ramps, and other parts of a building, it's important to keep accessibility and

ease of movement in mind.

In a Filipino household, it is not unusual to find not just the mother, the father,

and the children, living together in a family. Grandparents, an aunt or uncle, or even

several cousins often live in the same house. One value that Filipinos are known for

is the "close family ties" that result from extended family structures. It is because

Filipinos believe that families should be together and help each other out. (Annie,

2019).

Since Filipino families typically consist of several members, one must take into account

the fact that each member of the family has their own distinct behavioral patterns.
 With respect to the users needed space, behavioral pattern, and

anthropometrics, it is vital to attain the spatial configuration to determine and recognize

critical information to provide convenience, comfort, and functionality. In line with this,

space syntax is a method emerged from a theory indicating that there is a direct

relationship between spatial organization and social structure. When determining the

relations in an organization, the gamma analysis method has been employed (Onder

and Koseoglu, 2014).

This study correlates the relationship of Filipino families including their culture,

anthropometrics, behavioral pattern, and ergonomics with response to their single-

family bungalow house. The objective of this study aims to provide knowledge and

deeper understanding between the connections of the users and spatial configurations

to provide a functional and sustainable design.

B. Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the history, of a Bungalow house, definition of space

configuration and its planning based on anthropometry and ergonomics. It also

discussed the characteristics of a Filipino family that can be a factor in designing a

single-family house. It is important to highlight space configuration analysis in order to

be a useful tool in design and building process. Moreover, this chapter provides an

assessments and overview of previous studies that are relevant and similar to the

present research. In addition, this chapter discusses some topics that may vary in

identifying space configuration.

The bungalow home is perceived as a compaction of the previous American

houses of two floors, and is considered a further distillation of American influence in

the Philippine domestic space. The entryway in front of the lawn in the bungalow is

extended to create a new space known as the Porch, which serves as the principal

location for entertaining visitors. Single detached houses of various shapes and sizes

with similar spatial qualities were introduced and put in the suburban environment, the

ultimate American ideal. Some homes even have several levels to distinguish the living

area from the more private areas (Vasquez, 2015).

According to Vasquez (2015), this is frequently referred to as the updated

Bahay- Kubo typology, as it has largely surpassed the previous domestic space as the

most widely used typology for families in the lower to moderate income range. Even

the informal settlers share some qualities with this type, demonstrating its adaptability

to make room for the Filipino family. The bungalow, as a predecessor to the Bahay-

Kubo, gave the Filipino family with the conveniences of contemporary living in a

familiar spatial structure.

Filipinos are primarily recognized for their families. Theirs is a lively and colorful

home, not only for the immediate family but also for other relatives and friends. This is

one of the reasons Filipinos get emotionally tied to their houses, and families often

dwell in the same house for decades. Filipinos are also known for not abandoning their

parents when they get older (Lorenzo, 2015). Accordingly, this tradition of Filipino

families staying under one roof together through time heeds to the needs of configuring

space based on the anthropometry and ergonomics prior to designing the exterior of

the house.
 Every day, Filipinos in different households immerse themselves in the spaces

found in their homes – such as the kitchen and dining area where the food is prepared

and everyone gathers to have a meal, the living room for social activities and

entertainment, and the bedroom to sleep in. However, conforming to the study of

Novabos and Po (n.d), the rooms and furniture in the Philippines are made in

international standards, which roots the problems in the suitability to the needs and

performance of Filipino users. Also because of the lack of recourse to the

anthropometric data of the users, the design of furniture, tools, and workstations are

designed poorly which results in injuries, undesired incidents, and ultimately the non-

use of these tools. Ergo, it is most important to consider the anthropometrics and

ergonomic details first before proceeding to the aesthetics of any building, especially

dwellings that will be occupied for a long time.

As stated by Lorenzo (2015), the bahay kubo is a semi-permanent bungalow

constructed from local materials. The materials are lightweight in the tropics to allow

for natural airflow, which efficiently cools the interiors, but during rainy season, some

component of the house will be blown off or damaged. They can simply fix their house

once the sun shines again. They go through the same steps to make the same bahay

kubo. To say the least, the Filipino people are resilient in this regard. Even the

traditional Filipino house's utilization of space cannot be singular. There are no

partitions in the room. The inside is one open area with a sala (living room) for

entertaining visitors in the morning, lunch, and nighttime in between meals; afternoon

naps; and eventually, the entire family sleeps near each other at night.

In accordance with Lorenzo’s paper, among all the fascinating features of

Filipinos, the researcher's favorite is their fondness towards filling up gaps It's linked

to the notion of Horror Vacui, which Merriam-Webster defines as "fear of empty spaces
or an intolerance to empty spaces in creative works" (Merriam-Webster, 2015), but

which De Leon, Jr. (2012) correctly classifies as "Maximalism."

Assessment

The studies above stated that Bungalow is appropriate for a Single-family

because of its space layout wherein the living room and dining usually adjacent to one

another, this is the center of the house, where family members gather or bond with

each other throughout the day which explains Filipino as being family oriented. In

designing and planning of the house culture, behavioral pattern, and anthropometrics

data should also be considered before the ‘aesthetics’.

Foreign Study

Space syntax is the type of analysis employed in which revealed the underlying

space configuration of the home environment. It is concerned with spatial interactions

and how they are set up to reflect or impact culture. The investigation uncovers an

underlying spatial structure that is separated from outside places and is very formal in

nature. It also detects places that are routinely constructed in ways that are

incompatible with their intended function (Lau, 2010).

As much as reflecting the culture behind a designed space is important to

divulge the space configuration of a habitation, space configuration still initially follows

the utilization of anthropometrics to come up with an efficient, convenient, and

congenial design. For instance, the result of Parwata’s study in 2011 stated that the

development of traditional Balinese home innovation is still based on the

anthropometry of the Balinese as the house user, so that the user's suitability and

convenience can be felt. Balinese traditional architecture is based on the Asta Kosala
Kosali idea, which dictates the layout and spatial arrangement of the dwelling. This is

one of the principles utilized in the process of organizing a house or a sacred dwelling

based on the owner's anthropometry (anatomy of the human body). This concept is

still used in the construction of traditional houses in Bali, with due regard for the

conception of manifestation, land selection, good days (dewasa ayu) to build a house,

and the implementation of the ceremony (yadnya) in its construction, all of which are

based on philosophical, ethical, and ritual foundations.

According to Lau (2010), spatial configuration analysis showed both expected

and unexpected properties of the single-family home on Oahu. The separation of the

inner and outside areas is particularly notable. The concept of indoor-outdoor living,

although home spaces are commonly discussed, they are not exemplified in the

sample examined. Alternative spatial configurations may lead to the construction of

homes that are more suited to our lifestyle in the context of local culture.

Unsurprisingly, several of the Oahu home's areas are inadequately designed for their

intended use. Configurational analysis confirms certain previously recognized social

properties of space in this study. Finally, Space Syntax confirms a widespread belief

within the design community and the general public that our homes are based on

generic models that are unresponsive to cultural and social concerns.

Assessment

The studies above stated that spatial configuration is a continuous process that

links the physical environment to human spatial perception and behavior. Apart from

this relationship, however, spatial layout has a cultural significance that is linked to

ordinary living routines.

The studies above discussed the bungalow house as the updated bahay kubo

wherein it is a type of house which is commonly used in the Philippines. It provided

the Filipino family with modern living comforts in a familiar spatial configuration that is

primarily based on anthropometrics and ergonomic data. Furthermore, the Filipinos

are known for being family oriented, and hospitable which they usually welcome

visitors in their respective homes. Filipinos has a unique characteristic in maximizing

space in which it is the ‘fear of empty space’. The spatial relationships are shown, and

judgments about repeating configurational traits can be inferred. The research

highlights three configurational traits that demonstrate clear discrepancies between

geographical structure and cultural norms.

C. Case Study

Local Study

Filipino Culture of Filling up Space in a Gated Community

Ar. Clarissa M. Lorenzo (2015)

Abstract

This paper aims to aid architects, planners, and other interested individuals by

understanding the spatial dynamics in a gated community, particularly of the Filipino

– an endearing nation with an interesting perception of space. One’s sense of place

stems from their past, own family and the generations before him or her. Architecture

is not just about the building; it is all encompassing and for the most part, for the user.

Comprehending Architecture in relation to the individual, and in turn the community,

any nation.

Assessment

Attached project centered on residential communities and the Filipino culture of

filling up space, factors that shaped them architecture. The focus is on middle-class

families that live in gated communities with single detached homes. The study also

concentrated on a with its physical manifestation in the village, a single theory that is

uniquely Filipino. The author went through eight drafts and gathered data relevant to

aspects of space filling diagrams, photographs, and observations of space crowding

in the subdivisions studied were gathered.

Some bungalow houses have been mentioned, Bahay Kubo. Bahay Kubo is a

home constructed using local materials. The tropics are home to the lightweight

materials allow for natural airflow, effectively cooling the interiors, yet when it rains.

Family Housing in San Fernando, the Philippines: Tradeoffs and Choices in the

Use of Dwelling Space

Masako Niimi

Abstract

Households make decisions on housing based on their budgets, preferences,

and the family lifecycle. The outcomes we observe are very diverse. This thesis

explores the causes and effects of these heterogeneous housing choices by looking

at family characteristics including income, occupations, and ages of family -members.

It looks at outcomes by examining floor plans of the houses they build and alter over

time. Housing choices are explored in terms of four major issues: crowding, tenure
rights, time (time-span in a house and house owners' age), and home-based

enterprises (HBEs).

The study was carried out at two sites in San Fernando, the Philippines: a

government relocation settlement and an informal squatter settlement. This study

shows how family needs and values produce a variety of housing decisions in both the

resettlement and squatter sites. The data show how the residents' housing choices

reflect their limited economic resources and different personal and tenure security

needs and preferences. In these two survey sites, many factors enter into the tradeoffs

households make, including land title, household size, plot size (and the uniform plot

design in the resettlement site), and a desire for personal security against natural

disasters.

In this study we see how households can utilize their dwellings for small

business activities to gain income with little risk: some families surveyed, especially in

the resettlement site, had created thriving HBEs. Thus mixed land-use in the

residential site can help families survive the uncertain economic conditions such as

families often face in resettlement. I argue that this should be incorporated in future

housing policies.

Settlers build a variety of housing types: squatter shanties, shacks expanded

into sturdy two-story dwellings, houses with businesses. The numerous and

sometimes unrelated variables which determine their choices can make it difficult for

planners and government officials who depend on statistics to formulate solutions.

However, the outcomes we observe reflect how families adapt to their environment to

sustain themselves with limited resources. Above all, planners need first to examine

the reality of a neighborhood and then to make room for households' heterogeneous

choices and tradeoffs in their plans.

The study’s findings revealed that there are variety of influences ranging from

income and age levels, family structure, building materials, education, etc.) on use of

dwelling space and family choices. The aforementioned conditions that affect planning

of single-family house were considered in designing the proposed bungalow house.

The study also includes the family's lifecycle and personal feelings about safety

and tenure. As the status changed, the family's priorities also changed which in turn

was reflected in their investment in housing.

APPLICATION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODS IN THE

CONSTRUCTION OF BUNGALOW HOUSE PROJECT: A CASE STUDY IN

KUALA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

Abdul Aziz Abdullah et al (2011)

Abstract

This paper seeks the suitability of project management methods in bungalow

house construction project in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. The data are collected

through interviews. There are a total of 24 respondents interviewed, all of whom were

home builders (contractors) from several locations in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.

The data collected were based on the premise of the implementation of project

management methods of construction of bungalow house project. The findings from

the study revealed that close monitoring by responsible parties would result in

successful solution to the existing problems in construction industry. Furthermore, it is

believed that the current management issues at site could have been minimised or

resolved should the home builders adapt to the proper project management methods

of construction. The studies further suggested that government plays a vital role in
assisting home builders, especially the inexperienced or the newcomers. The

government, through various agencies especially the Construction Industrial

Development Board (CIDB) could assist the builders to establish their footing in the

industry. These agencies should make available programs that act as a platform to

impart the knowledge and skills to the home builders. Further, the government could

enforce a new policy that make it compulsory for the would-be home builders to enrol

in a specially-designed project management training before embarking in the

construction business. These moves could help boost up the growth of the

construction industry, particularly in the development of bungalow houses in Kuala

Terengganu, Malaysia.

Assessment

The purpose of this research is to see how well project management strategies

work in practice in Malaysian bungalow building projects. A building project It is

accomplished by locating the studies discussed in the following sections.

According to the study's findings, close surveillance by responsible parties

would result in an effective solution to the construction industry's current difficulties.

As their conclusion, it is mentioned that with the application of the project

management method, the number of units effectively developed each year but the

finding recommended, the government ought to forcefully advance the utilize of extend

management strategies among builders. It can be accomplished through their three

government organizations. The finding demonstrated that the government should take

agreed activity in arrange to support the utilize of cutting-edge administration concept

and effectively apply and actualize it by making it a approach and control.

Single-Family Homes on Oahu

Andy W. Lau (December 2010)

Abstract

This project is a commentary on the disconnect between domestic space and

cultural values on Oahu. Space Syntax is a method of analysis used in this study to

reveal the underlying spatial structure of the home environment. It concerns spatial

relationships and the manner in which they are configured to reflect or influence

culture. Many of the configuration characteristics of the standard Oahu home are found

to be inconsistent with local cultural values. The analysis reveals an underlying spatial

structure that is segregated from outdoor spaces and inappropriately formal in nature.

It also identifies spaces that are consistently structured contradictory to their actual

uses. Configuration analysis reveals much about the Oahu home that is not

immediately apparent and can serve as a useful tool to those involved in the design

and building process

Assessment

The research study focuses on the houses on Oahu. Spatial configuration

analysis is conducted on a sample of single-family homes on Oahu using principles

and techniques drawn from Space Syntax. The study also compared the houses on

Oahu to the Filipino dwelling in Catiguan. The mean integration value of the Filipino

dwelling is very similar to that of a typical home on Oahu. Integration value is an

indicator of how busy or quiet a space may be (Hanson 1). This implies that the study's

results can be applied to Filipino houses as well.

of Oahu. The first configurational characteristic is the spatial configuration of the typical

home on Oahu does not relate well with the exterior. The second configurational

characteristic identified in the analysis suggests a formal rigidity in the underlying

spatial structure of Oahu homes. It is the functional differentiation of spaces within the

Oahu home. Functional differentiation implies intentional structuring of spaces for

specific uses. The analysis also reveals a hierarchy in the family structure of the Oahu

home that is reflected in its configuration, specifically the differentiation of bedrooms.

The third configurational characteristic and indicator of the spatial-cultural disparity

refers to the incongruous structuring of spaces for their actual uses. Integration values

often suggests certain attributes for a space.

The conclusion of the study states that space syntax substantiates a perception

amongst the design community as well as the general public – that our homes are

designed after generic models insensitive to cultural and social needs.

D. User Analysis
 The following areas will be required to accommodate the following users,

starting with the bedroom, toilet and bathroom, kitchen, dining area, and living room,

based on the above analysis of all users.

E. Architectural Programming

Bubble Diagram & Matrices

Design Philosophy and Concepts

Traditional and contemporary housing styles have been used into the design of

the house. It contains a combination of components, such as a basic roofline but a

low-pitched roof with wide overhangs, and it was inspired by nipa huts since it is

elevated a few millimeters above ground.

Conceptual Drawings
 F. Summary and Findings

It may be difficult to come up with a design that compensates for these many

factors. The goal is to design and develop a single-family house while taking into

account function and utility in order to complete the project.

The users' culture, behavior, anthropometrics, and ergonomics are some of the

factors that must be considered in building a single-family residential house to

accomplish successful strategic planning. Understanding the user's activity flow is

critical for determining the features of the places that will be given. The suggested

single-family bungalow house was designed with the family members' spatial layout in

mind in terms of interaction, satisfaction, and relatedness. For a family of five, the
researcher was able to create a bungalow house that is functional, convenient, and

correlational.

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