Improving Livestock Out-

put of Small Holder

Mountain Communties in
the Hindukush

PAMS Proposal nr. SAs-9

JACS South Asia

Requesting agency: HUJRA, Holistic Understanding for
Justified Research and Action, Peshawar, Pakistan

June 2004
2
 1 Project summary

Project title (short) Improving Livestock Output of Small Holder Mountain Communties in
the Hindukush

Project title (long) Improving livestock output through location-specific and low cost
nutrient supply – Contributing to sustainable natural resource use,
poverty alleviation, local empowerment and mitigation of increased
competition over natural resources of small holder mountain com-
munities in the Hindukush mountain (Pakistan)
Project rationale Problem statement
and objectives Livestock output/performance (milk, meat, wool, reproduction) of
small holder mountain communties in the Hindukush mountain range
appears to be low/reduced due to
(i) insufficient / limited / non-optimal fodder resources both in
quality and quantity combined with inappropriate use of
them (managerial factor),
(ii) diseases and/or parasitic load (hygenic factor), and
(iii) low breeding performance (genetic factor)

Livestock production plays a key role for the livelihoods of small

holders in the Hindukush mountain range where small herds of
goats, sheep and cattle are the common animals of the poor. Ongo-
ing deteriorating environmental conditions, due in particular to over-
grazing and the depletion of firewood resources, linked to the con-
tinuous increase of population pressure, contribute to worsen the
living conditions of the mountain population.

Therefore the proposed PAMS project intends to contribute to im-

prove livestock output of small holders in three (test) valleys in the
North-Western Frontier Province (NWFP) in Pakistan by providing lo-
cally adapted nutrient supply to the animals. The focus of the PAMS
will be on small ruminants (mainly goats, sheep to a lesser extent).
The basis for the project lays in a PhD research carried out by Dr.
Inam-ur-Rahim (2003) at the University of Agriculture in Faizabad
(Pakistan) and his long standing and intensive contaxt to various
stakeholder groups in the proposed area including in particular the
local herders. He has carried out extensive field research for more
than 20 years in NWFP, holds an additional professional background
as veterinarian and acts as chairman of the NGO ‘Holistic Under-
standing for Justified Research and Action’.

Out of Dr. Inam-ur-Rahim’s experience, the viscious circle intended

to be addressed by the PAMS can be described as follows:

the less minerals and trace elements animals are capabale to absorb
due to their non-optimal health status, the more vulnerable they be-
come with regard to diseases and parasites; the more they are af-
3
 fected by diseases and parasites, the less efficient they can incorpo-
rate nutrients and the more livestock output is reduced (low overall
performance); the smaller the livestock output per capita the more
animals are needed to cover the needs of the small holders and the
more animals are kept for grazing; the higher the stocking rates, the
more pastural resources are affected; the more overgrazed pastures,
the less minerals and trace elements supply can be provided through
the reduced quality of fodder resources; the less minerals, nutrients
etc. the affected animals are able to absorb the the more vulnerable
they become …

In order to break this viscious circle single animal performance / out-

put must be increased. For this to happen the three entry points
mentioned above (i, ii, iii) must/can be addressed. By providing both
health care supply (thus addressing the hygene / medical factor) and
by providing need specific comlementary nutrient supply (thus ad-
dressing the managerial factor) to the small ruminants of the poor
mountain dwellers, livestock output can be increased and thus liveli-
hood conditions improved. This can – jointly with an appropriate
grazing land management (cf. Inam-ur-Rahim and Maselli 2004)
contribute to improve the conditions of pastures and reduce pressure
on natural resources.

4
 2 Project Details

Country or count- Pakistan (North Western Frontier Province NWFP), Hindukush mountain
ries of impact range. The activities could later on be extended to other regions with
similar livestock output problems e.g. to the JACS of Central Asia pro-
vided results are encouraging.

Introduction: Ge- Background

ographic, social, Thirty years ago there were less households with larger herds in the pro-
political, econo- posed test areas. A single family possessed comparatively more animals
mic, cultural con- but the absolute number of animals was lower per valley. The pressure on
text as relevant the environment and the natural resources was less and the output per
animal unit was higher due to more available fodder resources. Nowadays
there are about three times more people living in these valleys. Although
the dependency has partially shifted from self-sufficiency based on local
natural resources to off-farm employment and remittances earning, small
herds as food and financial livelihood asset are still indispensable a large
majority of small holders.

Hypothesis
Widespread diseases and infections1 (health problems) as well as nutrient
deficiencies (managerial issue) are two of three main groups of causes
responsible for a decreased yield in milk, meat, wool and reproduction
and to a lesser extent also for mortality rates above common average. A
possible effective contribution to mitigate this unsatisfactory situation
consists in de-worming the animals at the appropriate period(s) of the
year and in compensating nutritional deficiency through artificial admini-
stration of site-specific missing minerals and trace elements, which im-
prove livestock output. Recent studies carried out by the University of
Agriculture in Faizabad (PhD work of Dr. Inam-ur-Rahim) have shown that
the latter could be an option to improve livestock output and thus the
conditions of natural resources and the livelihoods of remote mountain
communties. The proposed PAMS project intends to test this scientific
knowledge in three test valleys jointly with local small holders.

Since intensive livestock production is pre-dominantly a female activity in

this area, intensive collaboration especially with women is planned. PAMS
activities will thus consider gender equality when delivering free of cost
nutrient supply during the PAMS experimental period.

1 Fasoliasis, worms, ticks/ mange infestations, an-eastrus, mastitis, metritis, metabolic/ defi-
ciency diseases, foot and mouth disease, Anthrax, Black Quarter disease, Entero-toxaemia,
Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious eczema

5
 Introduction to the area (see also table in the annex)
The three selected test valleys lie in the Hindukush Mountain Range and
belong to the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP) in Pakistan. The
elevation above sea level varies from 1000 meters in the South to 7000
meters in the North. In all the valleys the dependence on livestock for
subsistence is higher than cropping.

A) Arkary Valley
The valley of Arkari lies South-West of Tirichmir peak and is characterized
by dry, temperate vegetation, without conifers, oaks and alpine steppes.
Snow leopard, wolf, ibex, booted eagle, goshawk, himalayan snow cock
and chakur characterise a high diversity of endangered wildlife species
associated with birch, willow and juniper species as well as other rare
plants.
Human population is concentrated in the bottoms of the valleys and high
pastures are used in summer months for grazing, hunting and gathering
wild life resources. Cultivated land in the region is privately owned where
as pastures are generally communal. Holding patterns for agricultural
land are generally equitable with very few landless farmers or large land-
owners. Agriculture and livestock production provide the main source of
livelihood for these mountain communities. Remittances from migrant
labour, employment in small enterprises like small roadside shops, ho-
tels, outfits for tourists and employment in Government departments and
NGO’s make the additional income.
Arkari valley is part of the Tirichmir conservancy which covers an area of
about 970 sq. km. The principal sub-valleys are Mizhigram, Besti, Dir Gol,
Agrmagol and Anu gol. There are 10 permanent villages of different size
with a total of 570 households and about 4000 inhabitants. The villages
are Shali, Besti Payeen, Besti Bala, Afzalabad, Porponi, Siah Arkari, Safed
Arkari, Rabat, Ovir and Ovirlasht.
The “Jamat Khanas”, religious institutions synonymous to mosque com-
mittees, have a strong decision making power for regulating the code of
conduct of the communities. The valley population is quite liberal and
cooperative and has been associated with the regional Rural Support Pro-
grams (RSPs) for the last 20 years, chiefly the Aga Khan Rural Support
Program (AKRSP). The AKRSP has facilitated the formation of Village Or-
ganizations (VOs) for men and Women Organizations (WOs), which have
established themselves at the village/sub-village level to address com-
mon development needs, mainly physical infrastructure.

B) Chagharzai Valley
Please see separate document with scheme and also table with valley in-
formation in the annex.

C) Kalash Valley(s)
In the southern Chitral District, between the Kunar River and the Afghan
border, lie the three Kalash valleys of Rumbur (130 households), Bumbu-
ret (680 households) and Birir (450 households). Around 11’000 people
live in these vallys of which about 1/4 belong to the indigenous people of

6
the Kalash (seee www.kisp.org). The Kalash practise their own culture,
religious rites and customs and are not Muslims. The Muslims living in
the valleys have either in-migrated from the surrounding muslim majority
or converted Kalash. The Kalash and the Muslims live together in the
same villages and sometimes even in the same families (Wynne 2001).
The valleys are located on the edge of the monsoon belt, the vegetation is
dense and on the valley floors barley, wheat, vegetables and animal fod-
der plants are cultivated. The steep 3000 m high ridge between the val-
leys is covered by evergreen forest up to many tops. Their use appears so
far to be ruled by religious respect for the creation having thus conserved
natural resources to a much higher degree than any other surrounding
areas under similar geographic conditions. Each household has a couple
of goats, some cattle and sometimes a horse and/or a plough bull.
Different animal diseases and parasites diminish livestock output and
reproduction rate.

7
Objective(s) The overall goals of the proposed PAMS are to contribute to

(a) focus on small ruminants and find pathways to alleviate poverty of the
poorest by increasing livestock output

(b) empower local population to more effectively address animal health

issues and to effectively compensate nutrient deficiency of livestock, and

(c) a more sustainable use of natural resources by mitigating the in-

creased competition over natural resources of small holder mountain
communities.

The more specific objectives are to:

1) Assess the different site-specific nutrient conditions determined by

the mother rock, soil, and vegetation conditions in three proposed
test valleys - Chagharzai, Kalash, Arkari (see annex) -> research
objective out of the scientific evidence gathered by Dr. Inam-ur-
Rahim (see references in the annex)
2) Provide specific nutrient supply formula for the test valleys and
produce doses to complement nutrient defficiencies for the se-
lected test herds (about 900 small ruminants all together) thus
providing direct (mitigation) support to selected small holders
3) Provide de-worming for the selected test herds thus showing the
positive effect of keeping herds in a healthy state and in demysti-
fying the ‘secrets’ of veterinary treatments1 (direct mitigation ac-
tion)
4) Actively involve small holders in applying, testing and monitoring
the effect of administrating such site-specific complementary nu-
trient doses and thus contribute to capacity building and aware-
ness-rising among local population
5) Transfer and disseminate the acquired knowledge (know- and do-
how) on mineral supplementation and on preparing the needed
nutrient supply doses to the entire population of the test valleys
through feedback-events; this shall include the supply formula in
order to allow the self-production of future complementary nutri-
ent doses by small holders in the concerned valleys -> contribu-
tion to empowerment and sustainability
6) Involve local actors (administration, national and international
NGOs) and media in order to provide feedback regarding the
achievements of the nutrient supply and to eventually contribute
to its future wider application -> policy and public relations work;
wider dissemination of know- and do-how

1 Local farmers often perceive de-worming as a tonic needed for week animals. The local veterinary prac-
titioners - who largely depend for their living on exploiting the unawareness of the farmers - don’t inform
the farmers correctly.
8
Methodology and Representative initiative and open-minded stakeholder group representa-
Approach tives in the test valleys shall have the opportunity to take part in the pro-
ject and to benefit from the very beginning. To verify the quantitative
output particular suited entire herds will be chosen. To be able to sepa-
rate the impact of mineral supplementation and de- worming, three dif-
ferent groups of animals are necessary:

The following test scheme is being envisaged involving about 1200 ani-
mals in total: (see first table in the annex)

Each group will consists of several complete small herds in each test val-
ley. Group A and B animals may belong to a same herd while Group C
animals will allways be kept as separate herds in order to avoid as much
as possible that de-wormed animals are contaminated by untreated ani-
mals again. Group B animals will receive nutrient doses free of charge for
one year after the test period is over. Herders who allow to monitor Group
C animals without receiving any treatment and nutrient support will have
their animals de-wormed free of charge after the test period. They will
also receive the nutrient supply doses for their animals for one year free
of charge after the test period (and thus eventually allow for further
monitoring). This shall insure that all herders actively participating in the
test will get the same support in the end.
Livestock status and performance as well as natural resource conditions
will be assessed before the testing will start (T0). For this work an MSc
study is planned which will also include part of the monitoring during the
test period (Eva Syfrig, University of Berne). After de-worming and upon
beginning of the treatment with nutrient supply doses demography and
milk production of all herds (groups A, B and C) will be assessed on a
weekly basis. Live-weight, wool quality and wool quantity will be assessed
seasonally. Productive performance will be monitored continuosly. Mat-
ing, conception, lambing interval, twinning percentage etc. will provide
quantitative figures of small ruminants livestock performance in the area.
In order to evaluate qualitative output and aspects, herders will be ques-
tioned regarding their personal benefit and experiences related to medi-
cal treatment and nutrient supply through semi-structured interviews.
Their willingness to participate in possible future farmer’s cooperatives
intended to prepare and distribute nutrient supply doses shall be asked,
too.
Expected outputs • A scientific and accessible report showing the impact of de-
worming and site-specific nutrient supply on small ruminants in
the three test valleys chosen.
• An MSc study providing an up-dated overview on the (current) con-
ditions of livestock and natural resources before starting with the
interventions (T0) complemented by some results of the monitor-
ing of the activities of the PAMS.
• A database containing the information on all the fodder sample
analysis, on the animals involved in the test (results of continuous
monitoring) etc. stored at HUJRA and made available for concerned
persons and institutions.

9
 • An awareness raising effect on the local population and other ac-
tors involved (including responsibles for development pro-
jects/programmes and government representatives) in the area
with regard to livestock improvement, natural resources, liveli-
hood etc.
• A capacity building effect for the involved NGOs, VCCs, herders etc.
in the area.
• An improvement of the performance of the herds provided with
health care (de-worming) and complementary nutrient supply.

10
Activities planned Remark: Preliminary to the subsequent activities listed a considerable
to achieve out- amount of work has been already carried out in visiting the proposed test
puts. valleys and sub-test valleys and in contacting numerous institutions and
persons to seek collaboration and support for the PAMS as well as to dis-
cuss different issues with concerned stakeholders to secure the feasibility
of the proposed PAMS. As such several man weeks of work has been car-
ried out by Dr. Inam-ur-Rahim mainly consisting in field visits. All the
related expenses have been covered by himself and by HUJRA.

First Phase – preparatory work to be done by Dr. Inam Rahim and Eva Sy-
frig (MSc study Berne University)
1. Collection of samples of the main forage species in different cate-
gories of grazing lands in all three valleys during summer 2004
and winter 2004/05.
2. Analysis of the samples in a laboratory to determine the contents of
minerals and trace elements and to identify regional defficiencies.
3. Establishment of the Formula according to the results of the analy-
sis in order to compensate missing or insufficient nutrients;
preparation of test doses for the animals.
4. Production of sufficient doses of the mineral mixture for the se-
lected livestock in all valleys and working out a simple and easily
comprehensible administration plan for the involved … (drawing
of a scheme).
5. Information and training of the participating farmers: In several as-
sessments the local population and authorities shall be informed
on the research and the participating stakeholders shall be trained
for the correct administration of the nutrient supply.
6. Choosing appropriate herds of small ruminants (goats and sheep)
and collecting additional information in order to assess the cur-
rent health status, weight, milk yield etc. of the livestock; the ani-
mals of the selected herds shall be marked in order to allow a reli-
able monitoring e.g. of the demography; during the application of
the doses, the development of these chosen animals shall be ob-
served regularly; further additional information on the area (see
2nd table in the annex) will be collected.

Second Phase
7. Application of the doses during one year: The livestock keepers
themselves will applicate the doses according to the administra-
tion plan; the valley associates will assist, monitor and report
8. Measuring output and protocol health status of animals: During the
application collaborators from local organisations measure the
output of the marked animals regularly and protocol the health
status of the animals; institutions of the elected Union Council at
valley-level will monitor the process.1

1 In Chagharzai valley the SDC funded IPRP project is working and in Arkari MACP is ac-
tive, similarly we may collaborate with IPRP. If agreed I will write the Chief Technical
Advisor of IPRP a letter, and we can monitor the impact assessment through the CBO they
11
 9. Evaluation of the results: The gained data shall be interpreted and
the formula (if necessary) changed accordingly. All the documents
will be stored in a central place (possibly at the Malakand Univer-
sity) and made accessible to everybody interested/concerned.
10. Feedback: Public Restitution will take place on several specific
events open to local stakeholders, scientists and representatives
of the government and other institutions; the launching of the first
steps for building (village or sub-valley level) farmer’s cooperative
for the marketing of the nutrients in a broader area shall be taken.

Relation to PAMS Improving livestock output of marginal poor small holders has a direct
Principles tangible impact on their livelihoods and – in a long term perspective – on
their environment and natural resource base. Those involved in the test
application will benefit directly from the concrete activity of livestock nu-
trient supply provided by the PAMS, which aims at mitigating the impact
of marginalisation of remote mountain areas. As such the project ad-
dresses at least two core problems of the NCCR North-South and the
concerned JACS - deteriorating (land) natural resource and critial liveli-
hood conditions. The proposed PAMS has a strong transdisciplinary ap-
proach and counts on various partnerships for its success. Local NGO’s –
in particular HUJRA and KISP, local herders, local and regional authorities
and a range of external actors (IUCN, WWF and others) will be motivated
to work together. Preliminary informal meetings have taken place during
the preparatory phase of the PAMS and feedback has been very positive.
Duration Launching date: August 2004
Duration: approximately two years (untill July 2006)
Reporting Regular administrative and activity reports every 6 months.
Final report with accounting in August/September 2006.
Budget Total amount: 44’128 CHF (for details please see annex in separate docu-
ment)
Work plan Please see separate document in the annex.

are working with, or other mechanism, they are using in the area. Union Councils may not
have the capacity, further the tenure of existing Union Council term will terminate and re-
election will take place that may hinder the monitoring process. In Kalash valley KISP will
do the job, however prior discussion will be needed with all such stakeholders)

12
3 Actors involved

Memorandum of YES NO
Understanding
(MoU) HUJRA and KISP are ready to sign a MoU which however
still needs to be drafted. Additional organisations have
assured their support in case the project is allotted1.
Regional Coordina- RC Dr. Manandhar Siddhi
tor (RC)
JACS SAS RCO in Kathmandu
Tel. ++977 1 5547756 (office / secretariat)
Fax: ++977 1-5547756
E-mail: [email protected]
Lead IP The project has been elaborated through contacts estab-
lished by Dr. Daniel Maselli, Coordinator IP2. However,
the JACS concerned is JACS SAS with Prof. Dr. Ulrike
Müller-Böker as HIP and Dr. Manandhar Siddhi as Re-
gional Coordinator in Kathmandu (Nepal).
Scientific backstop- Dr. Inam-ur-Rahim, HUJRA
ping Dr. Daniel Maselli
Dr. Jakob Zinsstag (IP4) concerning veterinary aspects
eventually Dr. Urs Geiser (IP6) concerning livelihood as-
pects (yet to be negotiated)
Requesting agency HUJRA, Holistic Understanding for Justified Research and
Action
Dr. Inam-ur-Rahim, chairman
Opposite Government Degree College for Girls
College Colony, Saidu Sharif, Swat
NWFP, Pakistan
[email protected]
Executing agency HUJRA (with lead in Chagharzai valley1)
(agencies) • for Kalash Valleys jointly with
KISP, Kalash Indigenous Survival Program
Miss Lakshan Bibi, chairperson KISP

1 Mail from responsible of MACP: “Dear Daniel, We in the project of Mountain

Areas Conservancy Project (MACP) of IUCN will be more than happy to collabo-
rate with your reserch work. Besides persuing the cooperation and willing in-
volvement of the community, wherever possible the material and manpower
help besides logistics and transport can be contributed for the studies by
MACP. I assure the support of MACP when ever asked for. Regards, Iqmail
Shah” / The responsibles for a project working in the pastures of Rumbur val-
ley (Kalash valley) for the protection of wildlife (World Wide Fund for Nature,
WWF) have been contacted, too; they have indicated their willingness to provide
their support and are ready to sign MoU, if desired.

13
 Rehman Plaza 1081 3rd floor – Opp. HBL near GPO
Saddar Road, Peshawar Contt. Pakistan
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.kalash.it
• For Arkari valley jointly with
Jumat Khana and the
Valley Conservation Committee (VCC)2
Mr. Shah Syed Iqmail3, Manager of the
Mountain Area Conservancy Project (MACP)

Stakeholder in- The selected local farmers – in particular women involved

volvement in project in livestock management - in all three test valleys will
actively participate. Additional farmers will be invited to
information and restitution events and gatherings. Fur-
ther collaborators from the communities e.g. village
teachers, people from the village council, local elders
shall be personally associated to the measuring and writ-
ing of the protocols.
Beneficiaries During the test period the involved herders and their
families will directly benefit from the PAMS activities. In a
broader understanding the concerned communities will
benefit from the increased awareness about means to
improve livestock output. Should the PAMS succeed in
convincing other farmers, NGOs, Government bodies etc.
to invest in such medical and nutritional treatments the
effect could be expanded to all the valleys and possibly
beyong. The possible creation of farmers’ cooperatives
would help in spreading these improved livestock man-
agement practices.

Place and date HUJRA, Peshawar, 10 June 2004

Annexes List of annexes

1 Contacts have been established with the Chief Techinical Advisor of the SDC
funded Innovation for Poverty Reduction Project working in the area.
2 The VCC has a Valley Conservation Fund (VCF); the fund has been capitalized
through 25% share by the communities and 75% share by MACP
3 Dr. Inam-ur-Rahim visited Arkari valley and discussed the PAMS idea with
the community elders; they were very much enthusiastic about the activity, and
indicated their willingness to cooperate in case the project is approved.
14
Annexes

Group A: de-wormed Group B: de-wormed Group C: control group

animals receiving nutri- animals without nutrient without any treatment
ent supply doses supply

120 goats per test valley 120 goats per test valley 80 goats

30 sheep per test valley 30 sheep per test valley 20 sheep

150 animals per test 150 animals per test 100 animals per test
valley valley valley

450 animals totally 450 animals totally 300 animals totally

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17
 Chagharzai Kalash Arkari
Sub-valleys Panderh Tangorha Topai Rumbur Bumburet Birir Bestigol Agram- Pechus-
gol/Anugol gol/Aspaniol
Research Area
Area (in km2) 40 100 60 200 180 120 150 250 200
Altitude in m 1000-2200 1000-2000 1200-2200 1500-4500 1500-4500 1500-2500 2600-5000 2600-5000 2200-4500
a.s.l.
Climate Sub-humid Semi-arid Arid
Precipitation 1000-1500 mm/y 450-800 mm/y 250-450 mm/y
Number/ size Pastures are intermingled in croplands and Upland pastures are available at an eleva- Upland pastures are available at more than
of pastures shrublands; allocation of a land unit for pas- tion of more than 3500 m a.s.l. and occupy 3500 m a.s.l. and occupy more than 75% of
toral use at lower elevation depends on more than half of the total geographical the total geographical area of the valley;
accessibility and moisture availability; at area of the valley; six main pastoral units are main settlements are available at the valley
upper elevation it depends on slope/ as- available in the valley; Rumbur has the bottom of seven important pastures; occa-
pect, elevation and accessibility. highest proportion of upland pastures; a sional patches of Juniper trees are rarely
zone of Deodar and Oak forest follows pas- seen at moisty locations; main pastures in-
tures respectively towards the valley bot- clude, Khoeengol, Kurhumbukhtgol,
tom; main pastoral areas include Shool, Agramgol, Anugol, Mijigramgol, Pechusgol,
Baghbareet, Otak, Astoi, Zenoor, and and Aspanigol.
Acholgah.
People
Villages and Panderh Gul Bandai Bar Tiraj Gaz Kuru Owang Wa- Aspar Birir Besti Bala Oweer Momi
inhabitants Kot Alami Banda Koz Tiraj Dundulut dus Beharh Besti Pain Oweer Lasht Memon
Shangrha Gumbat Amnay Kalash Gram Palowanan- Gree Siah Arkari Rabat Heraini
deh,
Paiza Shamnal Sar Qala Shaikhanan- Grumit Gol Safed Arkari Rabat Muk- Haraini
Anaish,
Doma Tangorha Maradhu deh Gambak Zhao Kuru Purpuni hee Andakhti
Rajkan Batara Inzer Maira Broon, Shakhanan- Saddam Afzalabad Pechus
Topai Batrik deh Shoul Shali
Kandisar Mijigram
Karakal
Shakhanan-
deh

18
19
Farming sys- Subsistence level livestock and crop pro- Subsistence level livestock and crop pro- Subsistence level livestock and crop pro-
tems duction. duction. duction.
♦ Main valley: irrigated cropping lands ♦ Main valley: irrigated cropping land with ♦ Main valley: irrigated farming system
with rice: wheat and maize 1-2%, rice plus wheat/legume fodder; alternating with wheat, maize, oats, barley and vege-
♦ 5-6% rain-fed agriculture with wheat cropping pattern on the riverbanks, orchard table/medic fodder; alternating cropping
and Maize, tending 1.5% pattern on the riverbanks, orchard tending
♦ 10-13% dispersed grasslands for hay ♦ 1% low elevation grasslands for hay 1-1.5%
♦ 24-26% free grazing rangelands (grass making ♦ 80% upland and middle elevation graz-
dominated), ♦ 14% Oak forest at low elevation slopes ing lands with sparse vegetation of less than
♦ 37-40% scrub-land (shrub dominated) for lopping and fuel 35% cover
♦ 13-23% natural forest ♦ 15% Deodar forest beneath upland pas- ♦ 18.5-19% area with permanent snow
Mainly sedentary farming system, with tures cover
landowners residing in integrated settle- ♦ 60% upland pastures Mainly semi-transhumant system (prevalent
ments of the valley bottom with irrigated ♦ 8% of area with permanent snow cover inside narrow valleys): mono-seasonal
agriculture and double cropping; tenants Mainly semi-transhumant system (prevalent cropping of maize or fodder or vegetable
on hill slopes in hamlets with rain-fed agricul- inside narrow valleys): mono-seasonal rotation; transhumant/semi-nomadic system
ture and sedentary grazers on steep slopes cropping of maize or fodder or vegetable with population of sheep and meat type
in dispersed settlement with grazing and rotation; transhumant/semi-nomadic system goat grazing and browsing on hillside out-
browsing potentials; transhumant grazers with population of sheep and meat type side the valley and using upland pastures of
also reside at lower elevation hill slopes dur- goat grazing and browsing on hillside out- Mijigramgol pastures owned by Mehter of
ing winter and the valley serves as transition side the valley and using upland pastures Chitral (in summer 4-5 months on lease ba-
route for nomads travelling with their herds inside the valley (in summer 4-5 months on sis).
between Buner and Kohistan to upland lease basis).
pastures.
land holdings Approximately 3 ha including less than 0.5 Approximately 0.5 ha per household of Approximately 0.5 ha per household of irri-
per house- ha irrigated land or rain-fed land; rest as irrigated land and 0.25 ha grassland for hay, gated land; pastures are communally util-
hold private grazing land while the pastures are communally utilized ized by inhabitants of different villages
by inhabitants of different villages

number and 550 house- 680 house- 620 house- 150 house- 800 house- 250 house- 370 house- 350 house- 450 house-
size of house- holds with holds with holds with holds with holds with holds with holds with holds with holds with
holds 4500 inhabi- 5600 inhabi- 5500 inhabi- 35% Muslims 65% Muslim 50% Muslims 3000 inhabi- 2800 inhabi- 4000 inhabi-
tants tants tants and 3500 and 7000 and 2500 tants tants tants
inhabitants inhabitants inhabitants
languages Pushtu, Gujri Kailashwar, Khowar, Nooristani, Gujri Khowar, Gujri
ethnic groups Pukhtuns, Miangan, Tenants, Gujars Kalash, Shaikhan, Shafnai, Azakhel, Ka- Anjasay, Sayed, Chowkaiy, Shafnai, Azak-
20 tourai, Alghani, Beshqari, Gujar hel, Katourai, Alghani, Beshqari, Gujar
religions Sunni Muslims Kalash religion, Sunni Muslims Ismaili Muslims
Vegetation

Vegetation Coniferous forest (Pinus wallichiana), upper Alpine mats, coniferous forest, upper mon- Rare patches of Juniper trees on shaded
(type/belts, montane to supalpine deciduous forest, tane to supalpine deciduous forest, mon- places, no forest, montane to subalpine
cover) de- fodder trees include grewia, celtus, olive, tane to supalpine dry coniferous forest, meadows and (Artemisia) steppe, lower
pending on ailanthus, oak and mulberry near habitation montane to subalpine meadows and (Ar- montane semidesert (Chenopodiaceae)
altitude and temisia) steppe at lower elevation; orchards steppe, willow tree on cropland boundaries
slope-aspect grown throughout the valley mainly for fuel; orchard production at low
elevation settlements

21
Most impor- Quercus incana, Grewia oppositifolia, Cel- Quercus incana leaves are pruned from Willow, birch, poplar tree, seabuck thorn
tant forage tus australus, Morus alba, Diosyros lotus, forest, mulberry, grape wines, walnut tree shrub, mulberry, walnut, potato (leaves),
species Ausculus indica, Celtus caucasica, Robinia leaves are also fed as a supplementary wheat, rice and barley straw, and
pseudoacacia, Olea cuspidate, Melia resource, Artimesia maritima species are maize/oat stalks are procured from the field
azedarach, Ailanthus chinensis, trees, Ani- available at low elevation winter grazing and used during winter; medicago is sown
somoles indica, Dodonia vescosa Shrubs. lands; wheat, rice and barley straw, and as fodder crop and mainly stored for winter
Heteropogon Contortus, Chrysopogon maize/oat stalks are procured from the field feeding; Salvia, Rheum, Polygonatum, Pip-
aucheri, Panicum antidotale, Dicanthium and fed during winter; Medicago is sown as thatherum hilarae, Scruphularis, Ephedra,
annulatum, Digitaria decumbence, fodder crop and mainly stored for winter- Agrostis, Mentha, Acethelimaris, Chrysopo-
Chrysopogon achynolatum, Cymbopogon feeding. gon, Filigo, Prongos, Grotalaris, Iris, Euroca
jwarancusa, Chrysopogon montanus, and Alliaris are important grazing
Themeda anathera, Aristida adscenciaidis, land/upland pastures forage species avail-
Cymbopogon schaenanthus, Aristida ad- able in the valley.
scencionis and Aristida poaceae. The
Chrysopogon aucheri, Panicum antidotale,
Digitaria decumbence, Cymbopogon
jwarancusa, Cymbopogon schaenanthus
Chrysopogon achynolatum, Dicanthium
annulatum, Heteropogon contortus and
Themeda anathera grasses are available
on hillside. The marginal land grasses in-
cluded Cynodon dactylon, Apluda mutica,
Seteria pumila, Panicum turgidum, Pennise-
tum orientale, Digitaria sanguinalis, Saccha-
rum spontanum, Rottbeollia exaltata, Ar-
throxon prionodes, Cenchrus cilliaris, Sor-
ghum almum, Desmostachya bippinata
and Andropogon squanosus.
Nutritional Iodine, Phosphorus, Magnesium and sporadically Calcium seems to be the important mineral deficiencies occurring in different valleys
deficiencies in different intensities, while Copper and Sulphur may be available in toxic amounts in different valleys; this needs to be further investi-
gated by collecting and analysing summer and winter samples.

22
Livestock
Average herd Landowners (35% of the population) may Kalashi people on average may have in Cattle: 2 Cattle: 3 Cattle: 3
size per have on average of 3 buffaloes, 2 cattle their herd 2 cattle, 50 goats and 2 sheep; Sheep: 8 Sheep: 10 Sheep: 3
household and 2 goats in their herd; tenants (63% of the converted Kalashi (now muslims) peo- Goats: 12 Goats: 15 Goats: 10
the population) may have 2 buffaloes, 4
ple on average may have in their herd 4
cattle and 4 goats on average in their herd;
grazers (2% of the population) may have 1 cattle, 20 goats and 1 sheep; the Nooristani
buffalo, 9 cattle, 60 goats and 15 sheep on people on average may have in their herd
average in their herd. 5 cattle and 32 goats; some households of
Chitralis settled for trade may have on av-
erage in their herd 2 cattle and 10 goats.
A Goats
Number1 2400 4400 2250 2600 6500 3200 4440 5250 4500
Occurrence Possible diseases: Fascoliasis, worms infestation, warble flies, ticks/mange infestations, an-eastrus, mastitis, metritis, metabolic/ deficiency
of diseases/ diseases, foot and mouth disease, Anthrax, Black Quarter disease, Entero-toxaemia, Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious exema are the
parasites1 common ailments prevailing in different valleys with different intensity; the occurrence will have to be evaluated in each valley
Reproduction Different breeds available (milk and meat) 1-2 kids per year, usually single parturition 1-2 kids per year, usually single parturition
rate1 1-3 kids per year, usually single parturition per year per year
per year
Milk yield per 0.25 to 1.5 litres per day depending upon 0.25 to 0.5 litres per day 0.25 to 0.5 litres per day
animal 1 breed
Meat yield Three main breeds: Ajarhi (meat breed 35- Three main breeds: Ajarhi (meat breed 35- Two main breeds: Ajarhi (meat breed 35-50
per animal1 50 kg live weight), Barberri (30-40 kg live 50 kg live weight), Local (15-22 kg live kg live weight), Local (15-22 kg live weight
weight), Teddi (20-25 kg at puberty age weight) at puberty age at puberty age
Wool yield Hairs are only obtained from the Ajarhi goat Hairs are obtained from both the Ajarhi and Hairs are obtained from both the Ajarhi and
per animal1 possessed by 2% Grazers at the rate of 1.5 local breed at the rate of 1.5 kg and 0.5 kg local breed at the rate of 1.5 kg and 0.5 kg
kg per year per mature animal and used for per animal respectively and converted into per animal respectively and converted into
rope making and mesh for load carry over
Palas (a carpet type use) Palas (a carpet type use)
donkey and mules

23
B Sheep
Number1 900 120 150 150 900 450 2960 3500 1350
Occurrence possible diseases: Fasoliasis, worms, warble flies, ticks/ mange infestations, an-eastrus, mastitis, metritis, metabolic/ deficiency diseases,
of diseases/ foot and mouth disease, Anthrax, Black Quarter disease, Entero-toxaemia, Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious ecthema
parasites1
Reproduction 1-3 lambs per year, usually single and rarely 3-5 lambs per year, usually 2 and occasion- 3-5 lambs per year, usually 2 and occasion-
rate1 2 parturitions per year ally 3 parturitions per year ally 3 parturitions per year
Milk yield per 0.25 litres per sheep per day Milk never taken Milk never taken
animal1
Meat yield Local Errhai breed 25-35 kg live weight. Local Kairhi breed 14-22 kg live weight Local Kairhi breed 14-22 kg live weight
per animal1 Ramboillete cross 35-45 kg live weight
Wool yield Local Errhai breed 0.50 to 0.75 kg per shear Local Karhi breed 0.25 kg per shearing in Local Karhi breed 0.25 kg per shearing in
per animal1 in three annual shearings; Ramboillete cross three shearings three shearings
0.75 to 1.00 kg per shearing in three annual
shearings

1 to be updated through PRA / during field visits/work for each (sub-)valley

24
PAMS Activity plan
Activity 2004 2005
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
Elaborate PAMS proposal (gather
& analyze literature, contact local
stakeholders & local partners in
the field etc )
Recruit & train collaborators
(valley associates), contact
potential test herders
Collect summer samples (plants)
in rangelands of test valleys
Assess T0 situation in all (sub-) test
valleys; select and inform test
herders; draft monitoring protocol
Global Budget and Business Plan (August 2004-July 2006/24 months)

Expenditure / activity Price per unit & no. of PKR* CHF* PAMS / HUJRA KISP IP2 / Others
units PKR NCCR CDE
Fodder sample analysis 100/mineral per sample; 144’000 3’200 3’200 0 0 0 0
120 samples with 12 min.
Nutrient supply doses 120/animal/y; 900 1st year, 144’000 3’200 3’200 0 0 0 0
300 2nd year
De-worming 50/animal 60’000 1’334 1’334 0 0 0 0
Salary for coordinator1 20’000/m for 2 years 480’000 10’667 10’677 0 0 0 0
(part time)
Salary assistant2 for 8’000/m for 2 years 192’000 4’267 4’267 0 0 0 0
documentation / account.
Salary for 3 valley 5’000/m for 2 years per 360’000 8’000 8’000 0 0 0 0
associates3 person
Travels & Bulk sum coord. & 300’000 6’667 6’000 0 667 0 0
accommodations associates & extra visitors
Sensitising & restitution 20’250/event for 2 events 121’500 2’700 2’700 0 0 0 0
events per valley
Equipment (digital 33750digital camera; 135’000 3’000 2250 750 0 0 0
camera / labtop) 101'250 labtop
Stationary & 2250/m for 2 years 54’000 1’200 1’000 200 0 0 0
communication
Expenditures MSc4 2 travels & field work 2x2 279’000 6’200 0 0 0 5’000 1’200
months
Supervision / coaching Work time; 1 field visit - 33’000 0 0 250 32’750 0
by IP25 (travel & accomm.)
Supervision / coaching Work time; 1 field visit - 28’000 0 0 250 2’750 25’000
by IP46 (travel & accomm.)
Miscellaneous / reserve - - 1’500 1’500
Total - - 112’945 44’128 950 1167 40’500 26’200
1
Dr. Inam-ur-Rahim, chairman HUJRA (50%), Employee of HUJRA (100%), local pre-identified people with good educational base (75%), 4
2 3

Eva Syfrig, University of Berne, 5 Dr. Daniel Maselli, Co-ordinator IP2, University of Berne 6 Dr. Jakob Zinsstag,
45 Ruppies correspond to 1 CHF (http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi, accessed on 7 June 2004)