Physics Sample IP

WEW HORIZON PUBLIC SCHO
Education to Excel"
NEWHORIZON PUBLIC SCHOOL& PENGUIN KIDS
Nane: Krishna Madinkumar Reoll No.-5

Class-All A Academic Year: 2022-23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my Respected
Principal Sir, Mr.Anand Bangal of New Horizon Public School, New
Panvel for his encouragement and for all the facilities that he provided for
this project 'studying various factors affecting internal resistence
which also encouraged me to do a lot of research work and learn about
new things.
l extend my hearty thanks to my subject teacher Mrs. Prajna Arun

ma'am.l take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for
her invaluable guidance, useful suggestions and constant encouragement,
which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work.
can't forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and friends who

helped me to carry out this project work and thank them for their valuable
advice and support, which I received from time to time.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms. Krishna Madinkumar of class Xll A has

successfully completed the Physics Investigatory Project on
'studying various factors affecting internal resistance of current
under the guidance of Mrs. Prajna Arun as prescribed by the
CBSE for academic session 2022-23.
Signature of Signature of Signature of

External Examiner
Subject Teacher Principal
School Stamp
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate..
Acknowledgment.
Objective.. 3
Introduction... .4
5
Apparatus..
Procedure... .....6
Circuits Prepared... * .
... . //
...8
Observations...
...9
Conclusion...
... 10
Bibliography... **
4
AIMOFTHE PROJECT
To study the various factors on which the intemal resistance
or electromotive force of a cell depends.
RHEOSTAT 400 cm
N
300 cm
200 cm
K
PRo cm 100 cm
E
R.B.
LR Shunt
Fig. Internal resistance of a cell.
INTRODUCTION
Since we are opting for engineering, understanding electricity is

important technological literacy. careers in engineering require a
fundamental knowledge of electricity in order to design and invent
electrical technology and products-to whom we are dependent
everyday; especially during pandemic to resume our daily activities
amid the hardship. Electricity is present everywhere in our lives and
electrical engineers makes that attainable.
This project has examined the various factors that affect the
internal resistance of a cell; the separation between its electrodes
their surface area and the concentration of its electrolyte. Internal
resistance is the property responsible for decreasing the terminal
voltage of a cell below its emf. As such, it is generally
advantageous to reduce the internal resistance of cell. Hence, the
study of factors affecting internal resistance is of economic
relevance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Potentiometer, battery, three one way keys, a heostat of low
resistance, a galvanometer, a high resistance box, a fractional
resistance box, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a voltaic cel, electrolytes
of different concentrations, a jockey, connecting wires and sand
paper,
PROCEDURE
1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and
make tight connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

make sure that
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and
the is more than that of the cell,
otherwise null or
e.m.f. of battery
balance point will not be obtained.
resistance uvith
To study variation of internal
distance of separation
distance of 16 cm.
4. Keep both the electrodes at a
battery, making rheostat
5. Take maximum current from the
resistance small.
that
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat
so a
null point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.

set
7. Determine the position of the null poit accurately using a
the balancing length (1) between the null

square and measure
point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the same time,
take out a small resistance (1 -
5W) from the shunt resistance box

connected in parallel with the cell.
8
CIRCUITS PREPARED
OBSERVATIONS
1.Least count of ammeter= 0.2 A.
2.Zero correction in ammeter=_0A.
3. Emf of the driving cell E = 0.2_A.
4.Emf of the standard cell= 1
ariation of Internal Resistanee with Distanee ef

Seperation
Position of Nul point(cm) Shunt Resistance Internal
resistance r(0)
Without shunt R With shunt R R(0)
(1) (12)
R-1) 12
42.4 2.8 2 28.28
76.5 5.4 4 52.66
66.7 13.5 6 23.64

G
LO
CONCLUSION
h e emf ofa cell is constant, E=_0,98_V.
The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the

separation between the electrodes.
I. The internal resistance of a cel is inversely proportional to the

temperature of electrolytes.
to the
V.The internal resistance of a cell isinversely proportional
Concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
The connections should be neat,cle an and tight.
II. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to the taken.
The positive poles of the battery E and cells Er and E:
of the
should, al be connected to the terminai at the
zero
WIires.
the wire.It should
V. The jockey should not be rubbed against
touch the wire gently.
V. The ammeter reading should remain constant fora particular
rheostat of this
set of observation.lf necessary, adjust the
purpose.
the e.m.f of
VI The e.m.f of the battery should be greater than
the either of the two cells.
SOURCES OF ERROR
The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
The potentiometer wire may not be of
uniform cross-section
and material density throughout its length.

zero.
I End resistance may not be
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.http://ncert.nic.in/
https:/www.wikipedia.org/
https://www.shaalaa.com/
HC Verma
SL Arora

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WEW HORIZON PUBLIC SCHO

NEWHORIZON PUBLIC SCHOOL& PENGUIN KIDS

Nane: Krishna Madinkumar Reoll No.-5

l extend my hearty thanks to my subject teacher Mrs. Prajna Arun

can't forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and friends who

This is to certify that Ms. Krishna Madinkumar of class Xll A has

Signature of Signature of Signature of

Since we are opting for engineering, understanding electricity is

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

null point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.

the balancing length (1) between the null

point and the end P.

5W) from the shunt resistance box

ariation of Internal Resistanee with Distanee ef

42.4 2.8 2 28.28

76.5 5.4 4 52.66

66.7 13.5 6 23.64

The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the

I. The internal resistance of a cel is inversely proportional to the

and material density throughout its length.

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