Physics Project 13 Nov

PHYSICS
PROJECT
(To Study Various Factors on which the internal resistance of a cell
depends)
“To Study
Various Factors
on which EMF of
a cell depends”
Submitted to: Er. Swati Sharma

Submitted by: Amrinder Singh
Certificate
This is to certify that this project has been
made by Amrinder Singh of class X|| - Non
Medical on the Topic “To study Various
Factors on which internet resistance of a
cell depends” under the guidance of our
Physics teacher Er. Swati Sharma and have
been completed successfully
Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude towards my
Physics Teacher Er. Swati Sharma, for her precious and
valuable guidance which played a crucial role in my
investigatory project on the topic “To Study Various
Factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends”,
but also with my studies. I am very grateful to the school
as well, for giving me this opportunity.
Index
1. Aim
2. Apparatus
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography
7. End Of Project
Aim: “To study various factors on which the
internal resistance of a cell depends ”
Apparatus
 potentiometer,
 battery (or battery eliminator)
 two way keys
 rheostat
 galvanometer
 resistance box
 ammeter
 cell (Leclanche cell)
 jockey
 setsquare
 connecting wire
 sand paper
Introduction
 Internal resistance is defined as the resistance
offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of
ions.
 There is a great need of batteries in our daily use

electronic appliances and the use is increasing every
day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can be increased
greatly.
 Thus, this project report is based on practical

analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.
 When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased, we

can increase the potential difference across it, and hence
make it more reliable
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal
resistance of a cell
 It is directly proportional to the distance between
the electrodes.
 It is inversely proportional to facing surface area of
the electrodes in electrolyte.
 It decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
 It is inversely proportional to concentration
of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
R = (E-V)/I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
/I
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections according
to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than
that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will
not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance

of separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery,
making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug-in key K2, adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the
last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately
using a set square and measure the balancing
length (l1) between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the
same time, take out a small resistance (1 – 5 W)
from
the shunt resistance box connected in parallel
with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire
and obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end
P. Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2.
Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to

obtain another set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area
of electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase
the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings.
To study variation of internal resistance
with concentration of electrolyte
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled
water for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating
step 7 to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS
S.no. Ammeter Position of null Shunt Internal
Reading point(cm) Resistance Resistanc
(A) With R Without R(Ω) e r(Ω)
(l1) R
(l2)
1 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
.
2 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
.
3 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
.
Table for effect of separation between electrodes
S.no Separation Balancing Balanci Internal r/d

. between point ng Resistance
electrode point r(Ω)
d (cm) l1(cm) l2(cm)
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
.
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
.
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
.
Table for effect of temperature
S.n Temperature l1(cm) l2(cm) Resistanc Internal Tr
o. T e R(Ω) Resistan (ΩK
( C)
o
ce r(Ω) )
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
CONCLUSION
 The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between
the electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped
in electrolyte.
proportional to the temperature of
electrolytes.
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys
only when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and
E2 should , all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the
wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for
a particular set of observation. If necessary,
adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
cross- section and material density throughout its
length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
BiblioGraphy
 https://examfeed.com/physics-
investigatory-project-class-12/
 https://www.academia.edu/35790870/
FACTORS_AFFECTING_INTERNAL_RE
SISTANCE
 http://sisphysics.weebly.com/uploads/
7/9/7/5/797568/cell.pdf
 https://www.studocu.com/en-au/
document/glenwood-high-school/physics-
stage-1/factors-affecting-internal-
resistance-em/35256008
 https://physicscatalyst.com/article/physics-
project-class-12/
 https://www.seminarsonly.com/
Engineering-Projects/Physics/
Investigatory-Projects.php
END OF
THANK YOU

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PHYSICS

Submitted to: Er. Swati Sharma

 There is a great need of batteries in our daily use

 Thus, this project report is based on practical

 When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased, we

To study variation of internal resistance with distance

13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to

Table for effect of separation between electrodes

S.no Separation Balancing Balanci Internal r/d

2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96

3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87

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