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Cape Technikon Theses & Dissertations Theses & Dissertations
1-1-2001
A solution concentration model for CIP simulation
Jacqueline Major
Cape Technikon
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A SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION
MODEL FOR CIP
SIMULATION
BY
JACQUELI"iE \JIAJOR
A THESIS SUBMITTED I!'\ FULfILMEl\,'T OF THE REQLIREMP,T
FOR THE MASTERS DEGREE IN TECHNOLOGY (CHE\lICAL
ENGINEERING) AT THE CAPE TECHNIKOJ\
SLPERVISOR: 1.\\ COETZEE
CAPE TECmIKO\;
APRIL 2001
ABSTRACT
Carbon-in-pulp technology is used extensively ir. the mining industry to recover metal
cyanides from solution. Also. this technology has found increasing application in the gold
mining sector. replacing the less efficient zinc precipitation procedure. The extensive use
of carbon in such processes have prompted many researchers to investigate the
mechanism of metal cyanide adsorption. Not only has this provided many viable theories
in the understanding of the mechanism. but has also led to an improved understanding of
the effects of the various operating conditions on the Cl? circuit.
Also. the modelling of this process has resulted in proposed rate equations. of which the
famous "kn" model is the most widely used in design. This is a single rate equation that
could result in significant errors and hence. a dual resistance model was developed.
However. this model is mathematically complex. Recently. in an attempt to O\'ercome the
shortcomings of previous models. empirical calculations to accurately describe
adsorption kinetics were developed at the Cape Technikon.
These correlations were derived using batch experimental data. In this study the focus
was on modeling the adsorption process on a continuous scale using a laboratory scale
cascade system. This study utilized the fact that solution concentration is the main driving
force tor aurocyanide adsorption onto acti\'ated carbon and that carbon loading has an
indirect effect on adsorption kinetics. The metal was ultimately tested against actual plant
data and provided very accurate results.
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work contained in this thesis was carried out at the School of Mechanical and
Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, at the Cape Technikon
between January1999 and December 2000.
I wish to thank tIle tollO\lillg people.institutions for their assistance and contributions in
the completion olthis thesis:
The Department of Chemical Engineering at the Cape Technikon for the use of their
instrumentation ;md laboratory facilities.
The National Research Fotlndation (NRF) for their financial contribution to my work.
My supervisor. ]\Ir. 1. W. Coetzee. "1 appreciate everything that you have done for me
and all the time you put into helping me:'
To the staff and tdla
l
\ students at the Cape Technikon. for all your help. To mv
friends. thank IC)U for p1',1,iding all the encouragement and laughter.
My family. Wilh your sappon lOd belief in me I know I can accomplish any1hing.
Hilmar. my fi.<ll1cee. )'Qur Ime and encouragement has been amazing. Thank you for
being so patient through all my years of studying.
CONTENTS
ABSTACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
I INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE STUDY
PAGES
U
1ll
,1
VU
III
1.1
111
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2'-+
\.2.5
1.2.6
1.2.7
1.2.8
1.2.9
12.10
1.3
1.-+
ACTIVATED CARBON
Raw Materials
Physical manufacture
Chemical Manufacture
Physical Structure of Activated Carbon
Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon
THE CARBON-IN-PULP (CIP) PROCESS
Adsorption
Adsorption tanks
Mixing
Interstage screening
Carbon transfer
EIUlion
Carbon regeneration
Electra\\ inning
Mechanism for Gold C ~ anide Adsorption
Modelling
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LlTER..A.TURE STUDY
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
EXPERIMENTAL
,
)
4
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
19
19
26
1\
2.1 Experimental material
26
2.2 Experimental set-up
27
') ,
Minimum stirring speed
27
_ . ~
2.4 Adsorption rate
27
3. PLANT LAYOUT AND COMMISIONING
29
3.1 Design of cascade system
29
3.1.1 Tanks in cascade
29
3 . 1 . ~ Feed and waste tank
30
3.1.3 Pumps
30
3.1.4 Motors
30
3.1.5 Materials of construction
31
, ')
Preparation of feed slurry
31
~ . -
3.2.1 Washing of sand '7
~ -
- 7 7
Make up of slurry
"
J._,,,-,
~ ~
-,
Construction of cascade system
34
~ . ~
3.3.1 Tanks
34
, , 7
Channels
34
J,J._
3.3.1.1 Testing for suitability of channels and feed pump
34
-, ,
Framework. agitator. motor and associated construction
36
J.J . .,)
3.4 Commissioning of CIP plant
37
3.4.1 Feed tank agitation
37
3 . - + . ~ Feed pump
38
3-\.3 Cascade belts and pulleys
38
3.4.4 fixed cascade tank impellers
38
3.4.5 Calibration of speed controller revolution counter
39
3.4.6 Performance of screens
39
3.5 final note
39
4. MODEL DEVELOPMENT
40
4.1 Batch adsorption
41
4.2 Hypothesis
41
5. COMPUTER PROGRA.M OVERVIEW
43
SI General
43
- 7
Optimum determination
44
).-
6. RESUTS A'\D DlSCL'SSIO:\
46
7. CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS 59
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A C++PROGRAM FOR SIMULATION
OF GOLD ADSORPTION ONTO ACTIVATED
CARBON
60
65
Table I.I
LIST OF TABLES
The various t ~ pes of elution processes available. along with their
advantages and disadvantages
PAGE
20
vi
Table 1.2 The various types of electrowinning cells available 21
Table 3.1 Pumps utilised in pilot plant 30
Table 3.2 Motors utilised in pilot plant 30
Table 3.3 Materials of construction 31
Table 6.1 Tabulated results of experimental ru') .+7
Table 6.2
Tabulated results received from anglogold .:18
Table 6.3 k and n values calculated from the kn model 51
Table 6.4 k and K values calculated from the updated kn model 53
Table 6.5 k,. k
J
and K values calculated from the solution concentration model 55
VII
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1.1 A schematic representation ofthe structure of graphite. 00
Figure 1.2 A schematic representation of the proposed structure of activated ~ 3
carbon.
Figure 1.3 An illustration of the pore structure of activated carbon. ~ 4
Figure 1.4 A flow diagram representing the Carbon-in-pulp circuit. ~ 5
Figure 2.1 The apparatus for experiments performed in 5L reactors. ~ 8
Figure 6.1 Graphical representation of rate vs C , 49
Figure 6.2 Sectional graphical representation of rate vs C" 49
Figure 6.3 Sectional graphical representation of rate vs C, 50
Figure 6.4 Graphical representation of the actual and the predicted C result> "J
Figure 6.5 Graphical representation of k values S ~
Figure 6.6 Graphical representation of n values Se
Figure 6.7 Graphical representation of the actual and the predicted C" results 53
Figure 6.8 Graphical representation of the k values 54
Figure 6.9 Graphical representation of the K values 54
Figure 6.10 Graphical representation of the actual and the predicted C" 55
Figure 6.11 Graphical representation of the k, \alues 56
Figure 6.12 Graphical representation of the k, values 56
Figure 6.13 Graphical representation of the K \ alues 57
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE
STUDY
Gold is a word that has become as famous as wildlife when reference is made to South
Africa. For years, revenue from gold production has been the dominating factor in the
South African gross domestic product. Although this dominance is expected to reduce in
magnitude as is already experienced. revenue from this noble metal will still play a vital
role in the local economy in that it remains the largest single industry employer.
Research in the field of gold mining has grown enormously since the late 1950s. This is
hardly surprising given the large revenue generated by this single local industry. Not only
has advances in technology been experience in the mining division. An example of
metallurgical technology advancement can be seen in the replacement of the zinc
precipitation procedure by the use of activated carbon via the carbon-in-pulp (ClP)
process to recover aurocyanide from solution after cyanidation. This ClP process was
selected as focus point of this study.
The difficulty in CIP modeling and plant design stems from the fact that gold adsorption
onto activated carbon follows a dual kinetic rate. In the initial stages of adsorption film
diffusion is the rate controlling factor whereas intra-panicle diffusion limits the reaction
rate once the carbon reaches 60-70% of its equilibrium loading value [Johns, 1987}.
However. most kinetic models for CIP simulation do not take this dual kinetic rate into
consideration. This simplification inevitably leads to significant errors. These methods
are described in full detail later in the chapter. Methods to address this shortcoming have
been proposed [Van Deventer, 1984]. However. these are mathematically complex and
difficult to apply to a continuous process.
This study focuses on this modeling procedure. attempting to eliminate the shortcomings
of the single rate models. but at the same time removing the mathematical complexity of
those models attempting to describe dual rate kinetics.
1.1 ACTlVATED CARBON
Charcoal is a strange and interesting substance. The fact that it has the power to abstract
gold and silver from cyanide solutions to the extent of 7 percent of its weight in gold or 3
percent of its weight in silver without showing the slightest change in appearance. even
under the microscope. clothes it with a mystery that has long interested metallurgists.'
Even now. with the mass of data made available by various investigators. much remains
to b ~ learned [Gross and Seotl. 19r).
1.1.1 Raw Materials
Activated carbon can be manufactured from wood. nut shells. coal. petroleum coke. and a
variety of organic products [MeDougall. 1991: Bhuppa, 1990). The choice of material
along with the method of production. has a large effect on the structure and properties of
the product [van Dam, 1995). Coconut shell carbon. however. is the preferred brand with
commendable durability and high adsorption capability for gold and silver cyanides
[Bhuppa, /990j. There are basically two forms of activated carbon:
I) powdered and
3
2) granular.
The powder fonn is usually used on a throw-away basis and the granular form is
generally re-used after regeneration. The use of granular carbon is therefore more cost
effective and more extensively used.
1.1.2 Physical Manufacture
Gaseous pyrolysis at lower temperature (300 to 600C) of the raw material to drive off
the volatile matter (H. O. traces of Sand N). leaving a product consisting of
approximately 90% carbon [de long, 191: Mallson. 19"1j. The product is a
hydrophobic skeleton which is made up of an irregular crystalline structure with free
fissures remaining between the crystallites [Bailey. 1987]. Decomposition and deposition
of disorganised carbon results in filling and blocking of these pores. The activation step is
therefore necessary to enhance the low adsorption capacity of the carbon / Balci el al..
199-1j. Heating of the material at temperatures in the range of 700 to 1000 QC are used to
facilitate a controlled dehydration and devolatilization of pans of the carbon [Bailey.
19-1. Hassler. 197-1..\1cDollf!,al. 1991j. The reactiw oxygen bums away part of the
carbon skeleton as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. thereby increasing the internal
surface area of the carbon [Bailey. 198-j. As a result of the lOll affinity of dicyanoaurate
for chemically produced products. the thermal manufacture of acti\'ated carbon has
become the preferred route for the production of products suitable for use in the gold-
recowrv process [:vlcDollgall. 199/j.
1.1.3 Chemical Manufacture
Chemical activation is used mainly for uncarbonized cellulose materials. primarily wood
{JfeDougall, 1991]. The raw material is first mixed with a dehydrating agent and dried at
temperatures of200 to 650 QC resulting in the carbon skeleton. Next the activating agents
are added and the mixture heated to 350-650 QC {MeDougall, 1991]. Lower temperatures
than in physical activation results in smaller crystallites being formed which promote the
development of the pore structure {de long, 1991].
1.1.4 Physical Structure of Activated Carbon
The most significant physical properues of act" vated carbon are the number and size
distribution of the pores. bulk density. dry impact hardness. wet abrasion resistance and
particle size distribution {MeDougall, 1991j. During activation the carbon develops a
porous graphitic structure of molecular dimensions with an extraordinarily large internal
surface area on which adsorption may take place. X-ray studies show activated carbon to
have a structure similar to that of graphile {Hmsler. Afallsoll. 19-1. :\Ic Duugull.
1991} As can be seen in figure 1.1. graphile consists of fused hexagonal rings forming
layers which are held approximately 3.35 'A apart by Van der Waals forces (.l1e Duugall,
199/I Thermally activated carbons are believed to be made up of tiny
platelels only a fe\\ carbon atoms thick and to 100 'A in diameter(see figure 1.2) Walls
of open cavities or pore structures are formed. The overall structure is very disorganized
as the hexaoonal rings are randomI\' arranged and man\' have undergone cleavage. The
:::.... . .... .....
separation between the layers is also greater than that of graphite. ie. 3.6 'A {de Jong.
1991: AIc DOl/gall. 199/I Ra\\ materials \\hich have dense ,ellular structures produce
hard brittle products and therefore carbons made from coconut shell are used almost
exclusively in the gold mining industry! Bailey. 1987 Pore sizes ma:, exert a screening
5
effect which prevents molecules from being adsorbed. or it promotes adsorption when
pore diameters are of optimum size. In cross-section the pores in activated carbons could
be circular or rectangular, or a variety of irregular shapes. The pores can be classified
according to three distinct groups based on their pore diameter [de long. 1991: Mc
Dougall. 1991}:
Macropores (>25nm). are channels which are determined by the cell structure of the
original carbon material. They provide rapid access to the meso and micropores
where actual adsorption takes place.
Mesopores or transitional (l-25nm and account for 5 % of the internal surface area).
are situated between graphite-like micro-crystallites which are also formed by
activation perpendicular to the plates.
Micropores Inm and account for 95 % of .he internal surface area). are developed
during activation. when graphite-like micro-crystallites are affected.
[Figure 1.3 gives an illustrated representation of the pore structure of activated carbon]
1.1.5 Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon
As a result of structural imperfections there are many opportunities for reactions with
carbon atoms forming on the edges of the planar layers. These reactions cause the
formation of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the carbon [Mallson,
19
7
1. -'4e Dougall. 1991}. Although a large number of these groups have been identified
(carboxyl. penolic hydroxyl. qui non-type carboxyl. normal lactones. fluorescein.
carboxYlic acid anhydrides and cyclic peroxides). carbon remains unamendable to
infrared spectroscopy. lea\'ing doubts as to the nature of unidentified groups [.'vIe
Dougall. 1980}. It is known howewr that the nature of the su lace groups are dependent
on the conditions during and after manufacture [.'vlallson. 19- j: Mc Dougall. IYY1j.
6
1.2 THE CARBON-IN-PULP (CIP) PROCESS
In the late seventeenth century the adsorptivity propeny of carbon was discovered. A
century later. the gold adsorption from leached cyanide solution was reponed. The
carbon-in-pulp circuit was first employed on a small scale by the Carlton mills around
195 I[Fasl, 1988). It was only in August 1973 that the process gained recognition when
the first large scale CIP circuit was commissioned by the Homestake Mining Company
[Hall. 1974). The availability of hard carbon and the development of the Zadra method
for gold elution made it more economical to use. The CIP circuit has since become the
preferred route for gold recovery. Reasons for its popularity are [Slanley, 1990).:
Reduced capital expenditure
Economic evaluation has shown that the filtratil nlzinc precipitation process requires a
capital expenditure significantly higher than the CIP process.
Reduced operating costs
Estimation of operating cost for the CIP process indicated that they would be lower than
those for the filtration Izinc precipitation route. Difference of 12% has bveen giv'en by
Gencor Group Mines.
Improved gold recovery
The CIP gives a far better recovery of gold than the Resin-in-Pulp process as well as the
filtration/zinc precipitation method.
Reduced sensitivity of recovery to throughput rate
Abilitv to handle shalev and claw\' ore more efficiently than filtration. Ore
. ... .
containing clay particles is more difficult to filter and consequently increases gold
losses. These material do not affect the CIP process significantly.
The mined ore first undergoes crushing and grinding to obt, n a panicle size of 80%
under 7 5 ~ m [ L a Brouy el al. 19Y-I). For economic reasons the pulp must be concentrated
and thickeners are necessary to obtain the correct solid to liquid ratio prior to cyanidation
7
[Adamson, 1972: Bailey, 1987: Stanley, 1990: Yannopoulos, 1991}. During leaching the
gold is adsorbed to form an aurocyanide solution.
4Au(s) + 8CN-(aq) + 02(g) + 2H
2
0(l) -. 4Au(CN)"2(aq) + 40K(aq)
The gold in the ore is oxidised and sodium cyanide and lime are added to form the
aurocyanide complex.
1.2.1 Adsorption
After cyanidation the ore pulp is pre-screened at 71 Oflm before it enters the CIP circuit.
This facilitates the removal of wood chips or other oversized materials which may block
the inters-stage screens [Dahya, 1983: Laxen e, ai, 199-1: Menne. 1982}. The carbon-in-
pulp (CIP) process recovers gold in solution fro,n slurry streams by contacting carbon
with the pulp and separating the two by screening. This occurs in a number of adsorption
vessels in series. These tanks are arranged in a cascade to facilitate the use of gravity for
continuous movement of pulp [Bailey. 198-.J'annopoulus, 1990}. The pulp flows
continuously from the first tank to the last while the carbon is transferred counter-
curremly from the last tank to the first. The slurry flows through the adsorption system
resulting in the decrease of gold in solution. while the concentration of gold increases on
the carbon. The solution gold value therefore decreases dO\m-stream [Dahya, 19/'13:
Laxen el al. 199-1}. For maintaining the pH of the pulp in the range of 10-11 lime is added
[}'w1I1opuulos, 1990}.
1.2.2 Adsorption Tanks
The size and number of adsorption tanks depend mainly on the feed gold concentrations
[Laxen el ai, 199-1}. Tanks have a staggered layout to assist in the flow of pulp. Open
launders or pipes are used to interconnect the tanks for the flow of the 0'<: pulp.
8
1.2.3 Mixing
The rate of gold extraction IS a sensitive function of mixing for hydrometallurgical
operations. Incorrect design and operation can result in major gold losses. due to the
prodution of carbon fines and the imperfect contacting of the carbon and the pulp mixture
[Dahya. 1983j. Mechanical agitation remains the more popular choice as its adsorption
kinetics are twice as high as air agitation [Menne. 1982j. The agitator which is decided
upon must perform the following mixing principles:
1. Uniform suspension of solids and carbon
11. Optimum mass transfer to carbon
111. High volume efficiency
IV. Fast re-suspension after a power failure
1.2.4 Inter-stage Screening
Screens are used to separate the carbon from the pulp. The pulp is pre-screened' to'
separate oversize material such as wood chips that cause inter-screen blockages. Pulp
110\\ through the tanks of a carbon-in-pulp plant is continuous v,-hereas the carbon IS
moved interminently [Dahm. 19/53. Ya11110poll!OS. 1990j. A screening system IS
employed to allow the pulp to pass from one tank to the other but preventing the carbon
from moving between tanks. There are two t\pes of inter-stage screens used in industry
[Dahya. 1983. J"al1nopoIl1os. 19IJUj. namely:
Airswept static screens with the pulp airlifted onto external screens which allow the
pulp to pass through while retaining the carbon and returning it to the same tank.
Equalised-pressure air cleaned (EPAC) screens which are r',aced on the periphery of
the tank. These provide minimal blockage as long as the pulp levels on either side of
the screen are maintained as near equal as possible.
9
1.2.5 Carbon Transfer
Carbon transfer is effected by the use of airlifts or pumps. Pumps are used mainly for
large-scale plants [Laxen et ai, 1994; Menne, 1982j. Carbon transfer can be done on a
continuous or intermittent basis [Stange et ai, 1990j. When considering the duration of
transfer times it should be noted that a single large transfer is more effective than a
number of smaller transfers [Bailey, 1987]. The amount of carbon transferred daily is not
constant and carbon transfer is not an instantaneous process. As a result of these
variations steady-state is never reached [Schubert et ai, 1993; Stange et ai, 1990].
1.2.6 Elution
Elution is a slow process. which. depending on the method employed. requires from 8 to
48 hours for completion even at elevated temperatures. This is due primarily to the slo\\
diffusion of the aurocyanide ion within the micropores of the relatively large particles of
activated carbon. Unlike the adsorption process which has received considerable attention
in the past from both a kinetic modeling point of view. very little attention has been paid
to the elution methodology other than publication of elution profiles under various
conditions. Four elution techniques are commonly use in industry today. These are given
along \\ith their ad\'antages and disad\'antages in Table 1.1 [DahlCl et al. 1903. Laxen Cl
ul. 198J and 19(1-1. SlUnge. 1991. Wan er af. 199IJ. Yannupul/los. 19(;1].
All elution processes are based on Ficks first law:
J ~ -DC * d>l
Rg dy
Where mass transfer rate is a linear function of molar concentration gradient (high
temperature) [COl/ISDn and Rchardson. 1990j.
10
1.2.7 Carbon Regeneration
The rate at which the carbon removes the gold from the pulp in a carbon-in-pulp plant is
the main criterion governing the process. During the period that the carbon is in contact
with the pulp it becomes progressively poisoned and loses its activity [Bailey, 1(iI'l-,
Dahya, 1983: Yannopoulos. 1991]. It is essential that the carbon added to the circuit is as
active as possible to counteract this loss. This can be achieved by discarding the carbon
after elution but the most cost-effective system is to re-use the carbon after restoration of
its activity, Various chemicals have been shown to be capable of restoring the activity of
the carbon when single or defined adsorbates are loaded. Appropriate solvents or
chemicals can be found specifically to desorb tl:ese adsorbates. However. if a carbon has
been loaded with a heterogeneous mixture of ads ,rbates. as would be present in a gold
plant process stream. only partial restoration of activity is usually achieved using
chemical regeneration techniques. Thermal regeneration techniques are effective in
restoring the activity of carbon loaded with organic adsorbates. Thermal regeneration
involves three types of reactions corresponding to three types of adsorbates on the spent
carbon [van Ther, 198j b}:
Type I:
Thermal desorption of volatile orgamc compound initially adsorbed on the activ'ated
carbon. but not irre\"ersibly bound to active surface sites:
Type 2:
Thermal decomposition (cracking) of organic compounds not sufficiently volatile for
thermal desorption and ' or which are tenaciously bound to surE :e sites:
Type 3:
Pyrolysis of the remammg compounds vvith the concomitant deposition of a
carbonaceous residual. Compounds involved in this type of reaction are critical to
1I
regeneration considerations. SInce the carbonaceous residual has to be removed
selectively. In practice this is achieved by the use of endothermic stream or carbon
dioxide oxidation at comparatively high temperatures. Within this temperature domain
energy losses increase significantly. equipment specifications become more stringent
(and costly). and base-activated carbon losses invariably occur. concurrent with the
oxidation of pyrolysed adsorbate residuals.
Thermal regeneration involves heating the carbon to 650 DC in the absence of air for 30
minutes [Dahya, 1983; Laxen et aI, 1994; YannopouIos, 1991). Wet carbon is introduced
into a rotary kiln. the feed end of which is sealed to force the stream generated to pass
over the carbon bed. The steam is then exhaus:ed from a flue pipe at the discharge end
and so prevent air from entering the kiln [Dahya 1983. l'annopouIos. 1991}. However.
regeneration results in the partial combustion of the carbon (carbon losses due to
combustion increases with time and activation temperature) as expressed in equations
below [Dahya. 1983. YannopouIos. 1991):
C - H,O ---. CO - H,
C + 2H,0 ---. CO, - 2H,
Reactivated carbon is then air cooled in the cooling section of the kiln or in a hopper. The
Re-activated carbon is then screened at 20 mesh to remove fines and conditioned with
water before recycling to the adsorption circuit [Duhl'u. 1983}.
1.2.8 Electrowinning
The recO\ery of gold fram cyanide leach solutions by electra-precipitation was practiced
at the turn of the century but was abandofl.:d in favor of the cementation by zinc. This
\\as due to the poor efficiency and relati\el) 10\\ unit ir,mughput rates that could be
12
achieved at the low gold tenors. However recent developments involving intensive
cyanidation of gravity concentrates and the use of activated carbon for the recovery of
gold from solutions and pulps have resulted in the production of solutions containing in
excess of 500 grams gold per ton of solution. Electorwinning becomes a viable
alternative at these gold levels.
Table 1.2 describes a number of the cells which have been designed for the recovery of
gold from eluted solutions [Dahya. 1983]. The majority of these cells contain a steel
wool cathode. This is due to the large surface area it provides for electrolytic deposition
of precious metals [Dahya, 1983. Laxen el ai, 199./]. These cathodes are capable of
loading 30 kg of gold and 6 kg of silver. after wrich they are removed and smelted with a
flux (borax. nither and silica) to produce a high prity bullion [Bhappu. 1990, Laxen <'I
al. 199./]. In some cases the removed cathodes are dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the
residue is then smelted. This process reduces the consumption of flux during smelting
[Dahya, 1983].
1.2.9 Mechanism for Gold Cyanide Adsorption
The kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption of gold cyanide on acti\'ated coconut-
shell carbon have been im'estigated [Dixvl1, Chv and Pill. 19-6. Clw, Dixon and Piu,
1 9 ~ 9 ] . Over the years a number of possible mechanisms have been suggested for the
adsorption of dicyanoaurate onto activated carbon. However. no consensus has been
reached and all possible mechanisms can be simplified into one of these basic forms:
The Au(CN)2. ion is adsorbed without undergoing chemical change. and held by
electostatic or van del' Waals forces.
The gold compounds is decomposed from Au(
CNj
2. to Au(C"i) and adsorbed as such.
The aurocyanide is reduced to either gold metal or to a partially reduced state
between gold( 1) and gold(Oj.
13
[Adams er al,1989; lanes er ai, 1989; Mc Douga// er ai, 1980; IYan er al. 1990:
Yannopoulos, 1990].
Doubts surrounding the mechanism for adsorption stem mainly from the fact that carbon
is not amendable to infrared spectroscopy or any other technique of physical investigation
[Mc Dougall, 1980]. This makes it difficult for investigators to know the true nature of
the oxygen containing functional groups on carbon which play an important role during
adsorption,
1.2.10 Modelling
Tile 'k,,' model
This model developed by Fleming er al (1979) was the first South African model used.
This model was developed using the results from the Fairview pilot plant and it was
found that a common rate law was applicable in all the stages,
C -C (l)=kxC xl"
., '
Where: C.
C,
I
k
= Carbon loading at time t [git]
Solution Au concentration at time t [git]
Incoming carbon
Rate constant [h
t
]
By utilising the above and combining it with a mass balance over the cascade system
yields:
14
\\'here: Stage number
Mass of carbon in stage [t]
Flow rate of carbon [t!h1
Flow rate of solution [t1h]
This rate expression was used at Grootvlei and resulted in an over design [Fleming and
J\iicol. 1981]. This phenomenon was ascribed to a difference in the order of the reaction.
Hence. the rate equation was amended with the half order time dependency replaced by a
variable. n.
By closer investigation it becomes apparent that the rate equation used in the 'kn' model
is single rate dependent. Thus. no provision is made for the dual reaction rate that is
present when carbon is used as adsorbent. This may account for significant errors.
especially when certain stages are running closer to equilibrium.
All updated'kll' model
This updated model includes an equilibrium parameter [Sicol el al. 198.JI
With constant gold concentration in solution the rate equation was found to be:
Where: r Rate [mg/m' h]
K = Equilibrium constant
IS
From a mass balance over the first stage in the train of cascading vessels the following is
obtained:
Where: 1.2 First and second stage respectively
This procedure is slightly more complex in nature since it involves a convergence step_
The tirst sIep involves estimating the value of M/Fe and then solving for Cet I ) and (2) as
well as for the subsequent stages_ The value of Cs( I) is compared to the desired value and
the calculation repeated with new values of M,/F
e
until the desired ,-alue for COI is
obtained_
Although this procedure was well accepted it is still based on a single rate equation_
Furthermore. the rate constant k is dependent on external particle ,-ariables such as
agitation rate and pulp density_ Therefore. prior knowledge of this value is limited if
experimental conditions do not simulate actual plant conditions accurately_
The Van Deventer Model
In order to overcome the shortcomings of pre,-ious models which incorporated a single
rate equation. a branched pore model was proDosed [ran Dn-elller_ I YX-Ij.
16
This model did not only acknowledge a dual reaction mechanism but also incorporated
various types of intraparticle diffusion, The model is broken down into 4 steps,
a) Transfer ofgold across the liquid boundary layer surrounding the particle
6k "
A1 r' =F(CCi-I)-C(i))- r 'CC (i)-C (i)"JI)M
.\.> .\.\ .\ d L 5 5 c
pPc jO]
h) Adsorption at the solid-liquid interface
k [c C')(L)): C (,)(m.})' J
_' (C (i)-C (i)(S}I)=km c [ -, l
S S IC c")(mJ)
Pc - c [
cl Transport a/gold in [he macropore nel1]'ork hy a sur/ilL'e dit/iision mechanism
6k (C (")!.> /1' CC")!m /)' 'I
ar
dmj
)=----.!!!... ,[ -, [ I-k (C(i)!mtl_C(i)(/>iI)
, d IC (")"1../ J" ,
p " - c I
d) Difliisionfi"om Ihe macropore 10 the micrupare
Where:
k, film transfer coefficient
km macropore mass transfer coefficienr
17
kb micropore mass transfer coefficient
er. fractional number of total capacity available as macropores
n, number of probability density functions for carbon loading
r
s
' rate constant for solution in stage i
r,' rate constant for carbon in stage i
Superscripts in brackets:
s surface of particle
m macropore regIOn
b =
. .
mlcropore regIOn
carbon loading fraction
The Van Deventer model does describe the change in the gold loading mechanism which
previous models ignore. However, the model is mathematically complex and requires a
number of parameters that must be calculated or estimated [Stanle; J91Fj.
Through flolV modelling
A more recent development proposed by Ylenne. [J 9':!5aj. This arms to design plant
expansions using existing plant data.
liI'a / ot = KaXII' max- I']
Where:
BYa = change in carbon loading. g Awt
Bt = change in time. hours
Ka = adsorption rate constant t so[ution/g Au.hour
Ymax = number of accessible adsorption sites on the carbon. g Awt
18
Y = carbon loading, g Auft
SYd I t5t = KdY
Where:
OYd change in carbon loading due to desorption, g Au/t
ot change in time, hours
Kd = desorption rate constant t solution/g AU.hour
Y = carbon loading, g Au/t
SY I t5t =oYa I t5t -oYd I t5t = Ka.XIY max- Y] - Kd.Y
Adsorption occurs if:
oYalot> OYd/ot
Elution occurs if:
oYalot < OYd/ot
The model preferably based on fundamental expressions becomes more complex as other
processes occurring during adsorption are also mathematically comhined to the model
structure. Examples of processes incorporated into the through flo\\ model are cyanide
dissolution. carbon adsorption. carbon desorption etc.
Various other models as proposed by Vegter and Stange also exists. However. most of
these are the property of various research laboratories and are not readily available. Also.
it is believed that none of these are solely based on solution concentration as described in
this study.
19
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LITERATURE STUDY
Much infonnation is available on gold adsorption onto activated carbon which
include the mechanism of adsorption and the ClP process
Models for CIP simulation and design are either simplified by ignoring a dual kinetic
rate or is mathematically complex when this dual rate is incorporated.
lA OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The development of a simple. yet accurate model for ClP simulation.
Namc of proccss Conditions undcr which proccss ' Advantagcs and disadvantagcs
IJcratcs
'. -
Zadm

NaOH and 0.1 % NaCN Advantages: relatively low capital cost

85-95C Disadvantagc:

long cycle time is a limiting factor on large

atmospheric prcssurc scale plants

24-60 hours
Anglo Amcrican (AARL)

Preconditioning- 1f2 bed volume of Advantagcs:

reduced reagent consumption
5% NaOH and 1% NaCN (lid

reduced carbon inventory
hour)
,

reduced size of stripping section

, 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ : o ~ ~ t water at 3 bed
Disadvantages:

use high temperatures and pressures

Illultiple streams increase circuit complexity

110C

50-100 kPa
I
total cyclc time 9 hours (including acid
wash)
Alcohol Stripping

1% NaOIl, 0.1 % NaCN and 20% Advantages:

reduced size of stripping scction
,
: alcohol by volume (mcthanol)

less frequent carbon regeneration
.
,

BOC Disadvantages:

high fire risks associated with alcohol

atlllospheric pressurc high operating costs due to alcohol loss by

I
I

5-6 hours volatilisation

I number of safety featurcs to minimise fire
i
rises
I
effective vaponr recovery system is essential
I
I
to maintain economic balance I
I1igh Pressurc Stripping

1% NaOIl and 0.1 % NaCN Advantagcs:

reduced rcagent consumption
I
I
reduced carbon inventory
I

160C

350 kPa

reduced size of stripping section

2-6 hours Disadvantagcs:

morc costly cquipment

effluent solution must be cooled before

I
pressure reduction to avoid nashing
Tablc 1.1
I
The various types of elution processcs available, along with their
advantages and disadvantages
I ~
o
.1:.y!le of cell Cell design Operation of the cell
Cylindrical Cell

Consists of three concentric cylinders which rest Pregnant electrolyte enters through a
inside onc another. The cathode compartment, feed tube, and circulates upwards
the overflow container and the outside container through the steel wool cathode. It then

Cathode: The inner container is perforated and overflows into the outer container withl
,
serves as the cathode. It contains a feed tube, a the anode made of stainless steel
,
current distributor and a quantity of steel wool screen. The solntion IS .then

Anode: The anode is contained in the outside

recirculated back to the elution section
I
container and is made up of stainless steel screen
Rectangular Cell

Consists of a rectangular tank with the anodes The pregnant solution is fed to one side
\
and cathodes positioned alternately atong length on the cell . It passes through the cell

Cathode: Consist of steel wool in rectangular and overflows on the other side, where
plastic baskets. They are connected electrically it is recirculated to the elution section.
in parallel by bus bars provided on the top of the
.
cell on both sides.

Anodes: Consist of stainless steel sheets. They

are connected the same as the cathodes
Anglo Amel'ican Cell (AARL)

Consists of a cylindrical annular design. The cell The electrolyte solution is circulated
,
is divided into anode and cathode compartments Ulrough the cathode compartment, after
by a cation permeable membrane. which it is recirculated to (he elution

Cathode: Consists of stainless steel wool in a section.

sock shape.

Anode: The anode is stainless steel. A strong,

alkaline solution in circulated through the anode
compartment. I
, ~
Table 1.2
The various types of electrowinning cells available
o
~
.:!'
,-
-
'-
o
-
Dicyanoaurate
.

..",.
-
-

Solution
'",

.. -
..
'"

. .....

....
/.

,
......

,
,
,
-
,.
,.
. ... ,
, ..
;I

,

,
".

/.
\

I
;I
,
\

,
/

\

.
,
,
. \
\
. .
\
--
-,.

' I
... J
"

"
.
'/
'"

...

\
..

\
J.
,

, ,
/'" .

.. ' ..
"'-
,

..
.. , -

.... .
, '.
--
..
....
--
..

..

MAcnopORE

MICROPORE
Figure 1.3 An illustration of the pore structure of activated carbon.
'"
"'"
25
TO REFINERY
-
I
ORE
I
-
AIR I
SCREENS
I CYANIDE
"I
LEACHING
I
ADSORPTION I
CARBON
CARBON
I
SCREEN
I
CARBON
ADSORPTION I
CARBON
I
SCREEN
I ,
TAILINGS
LOADED CARBON
TO WASTE
CYANIDE
..
CAUSTIC
I ELUTION
I
-
CARBON
I I
ELUATE
IREACTIVATION
ELECTROWINNING
- ~ !
GOLD AND
SCREEN
-
I
Sll..VER
-
Figure lA A flow diagram representing the Carbon-in-pulp circuit
26
CHAPTER 2
EXPERIMENTAL
This chapter describes the experimental procedures and analytical techniques utilised to
conduct the work contained in this thesis.
2.1 Experimental Material
The ore made up synthetically consisted of silica sand purchased from Conso!. The stock
purchased was then screened to obtain the required particle size of less than 150 flm. The
sand was washed with acetone for the removal of oil and soaked in water for the remo\'al
of acetone. After the slurry was made up from the ore. gold solution was added to
produce the required concentration and density for the experimental work.
Norit and National Chemical Products Ltd. in South Africa supplied the coconut shell
activated carbon. which was used in the study. The virgin carbon was washed with
distilled water for the purpose of removing any fines and dried overnight in an oven at 50
c. The carbon was then stored in a sealed container to avoid adsorption of moisture from
the atmosphere.
The adsorbate used in the experiments was potassium dicyanoaurate. KAu(Cl'\b. a
crystalline salt 01'98% purity. A mass of 1.4'J3g of the KAu(CN)2 was weighed ofT and
made up in alL \olumetric flask using distilled water. the product being a standard
27
solution of I OOOppm Au in the form Au(CNr2. A 100 ppm solution is then made up by
adding 90 ml ofwaterto ID ml of the 1000 ppm solution. From this solution the
concentration for the six tanks were made up. Concentrations for tanks one to six were
10.51. 7.39. 5.18. 3.12, 2.2 and 2.22 ppm respectively. The concentration of the slurry in
the feed bin was 11.8ppm.
2.2 Experimental Set-up
The experiments described in sections 2.3 - 2.5 were performed in 5L perspex reactors.
These reactors were made to a standard tank configuration. with an internal diameter of
192 mm and a height of 235 mm. Each tank w a ~ fitted with 4 evenly spaced baffles each
with a width of 19 mm. A 3-blade impeller driver by a Heidolph electric motor provided
the agitation. A sketch of the apparatus is shown in Figure 2.1. The entire apparatus
consists of six tanks having a staggered layout to assist the flow of pulp. A pump was
also required for the intermittent transfer of carbon.
2.3 Minimum Stirring Speed
Tests were performed to determine the minimum stirring speeds required for keeping
slurries of various densities in suspension. A high initial stirring speed was used to ensure
all solids were in suspension. The stirring speed was then reduced until settling was
obsened visually.
2.4 Adsorption rate
The adsorption rate and concentration profiles was determined by means of a atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (A.A.).
110=
n
150=
/.
10= J....
1
45=
Figure 1.5 The apparatus for experiments performed in I L reactors
29
CHAPTER 3
PLANT LAYOUT AND
COMMISIONING
3.1 Design of Cascade System
3.1.1 Tanks in cascade
The tank configuration of the six tanks in the cascade was intended to be as close as
practically possible to a standard tank configuration.
Each of the six tanks are joined to those on either side by a channel of 150 mm in length
at a slope of 1:3 to ensure a high linear \elocity of the slurry to avoid slurry settling in the
channels. The shape (semi-circular or v-shaped) and diameter (expected to be in the range
10-20 mm) of the channels that facilitates the smooth flow of slurry was determined
experimentally during the construction phase of the plant. Each channel was fitted with a
1.0 -1.3 mm screen to prevent loss of carbon down the sy stem.
Each tank has an agitator (10 mm shaft) associated with it including a marine impeller
(rather than the 6-blade impeller of a standard tank configun .ion). This is considered
more suitable given the slurry emironment. Each of the stirrers is driven by the same
motor. which has a controller to control the agitation speed to within a few rpm.
30
Each tank rests on a stainless steel tray to trap the solution in the event of leakage from
the tanks.
3.1.2 Feed and waste tank
These tanks are specified as 210 litre polypropylene drums. A marine impeller fitted to a
JI. horsepower motor is specified for the feed tank to ensure that the si urry IS a
homogeneous suspension.
3.1.3 Pumps
Self-priming i
Suitable for slurry environment
IPUMP
Feed pump
TYPE I REASON FOR CHOICE
I
Verv stable 110\\' rate achievable
!
!
Table 3.1 Pumps utilized in pilot plant
It was decided Ihat the carbon will be transponed manually in the initial investigation to
minimize carbon breakage,
3.1.4 Motors
, MOTOR
I Agitation of cascade tanks
Feed agitation
I TYPE
,
I 2.2 kW squirrel cage
Iprecision controller
, 250 W motor
REASON FOR CHOICE
I
high I Safe
Very precIse agitation rate I,
i can be achieved .
I I
Expected to be adequate for :
I
ag"auon task. already I
: available in the depanment
Table 3.2 Motors utilized in pilot plant
31
3.1.5 Materials of construction
I COMPONENT
I
Impellers and shafts
I MATERIAL
Stainless steel
IREASONS FOR CHOICE
Resistance to corrosion and wear by
cyanide slurry
, Feed and waste tanks I Polypropylene Resistant to wear by cyanide slurry
Light weight
i Cascade tanks PVC
corrosion i
I
I
caused by spills ans splashing
I Strong enough for suction side of i
I i pumps
I ""F=-r-am-e-w-o-r=-k-----+j-,C=-a-s-t t-;-hI Strong j
! corrosion resistant paint i Paint to protect from
Drip trays Stainless steel Resistant to corrosion and wear b\
I cyanide slurry
Table 3.3 Materials of construction
3.2 Preparation of feed slurry
The slurry to be used in the cascade is required to be oil free with all particles S; 150 f-lm.
700 kg No. :2 Silica Sand was purchased from Consol. Consol could not guarentee that
the sand was oil free. Since only --15 % of the "0. :2 sand were smaller than 150 f-lm it was
necessan to sie\e the sand.
The sand was sieved through alSO /lm screen using a Rollogram sieve. Approximately
260 kg of sand passing through this screen was collected.
3.2.1 Washing of Sand
In order to wash the oil from the sand, the fine material was washed in 20 kg loads as
follows:
20 Kg of sand was added to a 25 litre bucket. 10 Litres of acetone was added and the
slurry was stirred for 30 minutes to ensure all oil in the sand had dissolved. The stirrer
was switched off and the sand allowed to scule. Acetone was pumped off using a
paristaltic pump until the sand was as dry as poss'ble. 15 Litres of water was then added
and the slurry agitated for 20 minutes to allow residual acetone to mix with the water.
The agitation was stopped and the sand allowed to settle. Any oil slick visible on the top
of the water was removed and the water was drained off using a centrifugal pump. The
washed sand was placed in the feed drum.
1 Litre of the acetone used to dissolve the oil was filtered through filter paper and the
paper left to dry. No oily mark was visible indicating that the level of oil contamination
was very 10\\. For this reason only one acetone \vash was done per load. The quantity of
oil still remaining was wry 10\\ (it only formed a panial slick on the \Vater surface) and
hence pumping it off was sufficient for complete removal.
The combined washed sand was repeatedly \vashed with water to ensure that all acetone
was removed.
33
3.2.2 Make up of slurry
The density of the sand particles was determined by placing a known mass of sand into a
known volume of water and measuring the volume increase. This was repeated in
triplicate and the relative density of the sand was found to be 2.6.
Calculations to obtain slurrv with Rn 1.5:
For I litre of slurry let mass sand required be
Mass water required
Volume of water
Volume of sand
Total volume
Thus
i.e For every litre of slurry required. mass of sand is
and mass of water is
x kg
(1.5 -x) kg
(1.5 - x) litres
x/2.6 litres
1.5 - x + x/2.6 = I
x= 0.8125 kg
0.8125 kg
0.6875 kg
The volumes are assumed additive. which IS a valid assumption smce the sand is
completely insoluble in water.
To make up 210 litres of slurry 171 kg of sand and 1--1--1 kg of water was required.
In practice the slurry "as made up by placing a 10 litre bucket of accurately known mass
and \olume on a balance and adding water and sand until the final mass and the
calibrated mass corresponds to a relati\e density of 1.5.
34
3.3 Construction of cascade system
3.3.1 Tanks
The tanks were cut from PVC tubing (od 200 mm. thickness 4 mm ) to a height of 235
mm. Circles for the bases were cut from 4 mm PVC sheeting and secured with UPVC
weld. These were left for 24 hours after which they were filled with water and left for 48
hours to check for leaks. Leaking tanks were dried and additional UPVC weld was added.
This was repeated until all tanks passed the leak test.
19 mm wide baffles were cut from 4 mm PVC and attached using UPVC weld. The
baffles were placed about 10 mm from the bottoIT of the tanks to prevent sand settling at
the bottom of the baffles.
A hole was drilled into one of the tanks near the top and a piece of glass tubing attached
for an inlet to which the tubing from the feed pump was attached.
Covers were made for each tank to contain splashes. This was done by cutting 300 mm
diameter circles from 4 mm PVC and cutting a rectangular slot of 20 mm by 200 mm
along the diameter to allow space for the turning shaft and to fit firmly against the
channels.
3.3.2 Channels
3.3.2.1 Testing for suitability of channels and feed pump
Once the tanks were constructed two of these \\ ere set up in a temporary arrangement
with slurry in both and the peristaltic pump intended for use in the CIP plant was used to
35
circulate slurry continuously through the two tanks which had a test channel installed.
This set-up was used to test the suitability of the pump selected and whether the channels
being tested were satisfactory. A triangular channel was used and was satisfactory. It was
decided to give the channels straight shoulders to increase their strength and allow for a
substantial increase in flow of slurry for any future projects using the CIP cascade plant.
The channel shape was as follows (inside measurements given).
19mm
..
37 mrr;
A solid model of the channel was made by cutting wood to the appropriate shape. This
was then used as a mould to vacuum mould each of the channels from 1.2 mm PVC. The
slots in the tanks were filed to the correct angle and the channels inserted and welded in
place. An additional piece of pipe (of the same size as he tanks) was cut into rectangles
and the same slot was cut. These pieces were then welded onto the tanks to add extra
strength to the channels and reduce the chance of leaks dewloping where the channels
were joined to the tanks.
The screens were made using 1.3 mm plastic coated fiberglass mosquito mesh. A piece of
pipe cut into rectangles from \\hich a slot shaped as abow was cut. A piece of mesh was
36
stretched and welded over the openmg usmg UPVC weld. These screens were then
welded to the inside of each tank in such a way that the slots lined up.
3.3.3 Framework, Agitator, Motor and Associated Construction
The impeller blade design is shown below (actual size). The blades are attached to a
collar at an angle of 45. The blade shown for the feed tank is the final blade used after
the tank size was changed (see commissioning below).
CASCADE TANK IMPELLER
FEED TANK IMPELLER
The framework was constructed in such a way so that the imp:ller shafts are at a fixed
height. The height of the blades from base of each tank were set so that they ranged from
35 mm to 53 mm. Calculations predict the iJeal height to be in the regio;] of 64 mm
37
3.4 Commissioning of CIP plant
3.4.1 Feed tank agitation
The first problem encountered when attempting to run the system was that of maintaining
the feed as a homogeneous slurry. The motor for the feed agitator was not powerful
enough to get the slurry into suspension. thus it was decided to make up the feed in 50
litre drums and top it up every 5 hours.
The motor was able to maintain the slurry in suspension at 1400 rpm. but overheated after
an hour of continuous use. It was only possib'e to fill 2 tanks in this time. It will be
necessary 10 use a larger motor to run the plant f( r longer runs. The homogeneity of the
slurry was tested by taking repeated 100 ml samples from the feed tank during agitation
and determining the masses obtained. The sample was returned 10 the feed tank before
the next sample was taken.
The results are tabulated below:
SAMPLE NO.
3
4
SLURRY MASS
170.8
1807
170.9
173.2
RELATIVE DENSITY
1.455
1.539
1.456
1.475
5 1758
MEAN RELATIVE D E ~ S I T Y
STANDARD DEVIAno:.;
Table 3.4 Results of the homogeneity test
1.497
1.484
0.035
38
Since the standard deviation is only 2.4 % of the mean value it was concluded that the
slurry is being homogeneously mixed.
3.4.2 Feed pump
During the initial tests gear stripping of the peristaltic pwnp occurred due to incorrect
tubing used. These were replaced for future runs. Prior to this the slurry was pumped
satisfactorily at 167 mllmin (the design specified flow rate). The slurry can be pumped up
to 560 mllmin with the current pwnp but settles out when speeds of less than 120 mllmin
are attempted. The extreme values were determined using the temporary test set up
described under the channel construction section
3.4.3 Cascade belts and pulleys
The correct belts did not arrive in time to commission the plant hence. temporary pulleys
were constructed from PVC tubing. These slipped as they became heated during'
operation and one broke so that the minimum stirring speed to keep the sI urr)' in
suspension could not be determined and only the first 4 tanks in the cascade could be
stirred.
Only 8 of the pulleys used were of the correct size.
3.4.4 Fixed cascade tank impellers
The impellers of the tanks were set at a fixed height along the This was done
to overcome certain construction problems. This set up is not ideal since the trays must be
removed and tanks lifted while the stirrers are in operation in order te suspend settled
39
material. This operation reqUires 2 people and IS not ideal SInce spilling of material
occurs and it is in general a safety hazard.
The impeller shafts were not set at the design height of 64 mm from the base of the tanks.
The first tank in the cascade had the impeller blade at 35 mm and the second one at 53
mm (the last 4 impellers were set at heights between these extremes). After running the
cascade system for 1 hour the contents of the first two tanks were allowed to settle out
and it was noted that the second tank contained less solids than the first one. This had to
be recti fied.
3.4.5 Calibration of speed controller revolution counter
The revolution counter on the speed controller associated with the motor turning the
cascade tank impellers was calibrated using a tachometer. It was found to over read by 7
rpm over the full range of operation.
3.-1.6 Performance of screens
The screens on the channels did not block when the system was run with slurry for one
hour. However. it was still to be tested during longer periods and with carbon in the
system.
3.5 Final note
All proposed modifications and adjustments \\ere made prior .0 a continuous run that
lasted for five hours.
40
CHAPTER 4
MODEL DEVELOPMENT
This chapter describes the development of a solution concentration model for (IP
simulation.
4.1 Batch adsorption
The following is a typical adsorption profile of gold onto activated carbon in a batch
reactor.
IAu]
/
Film
transfer
Critical
/ point
/
Diffusion
control
During the so-called film transfer phase. carbon loading increases and solution
concentration decreases but the adsorption rate remains constant. This generated the idea
that a rate equation based on the difterence bet\\ een solution concentration and carbon
41
loading could result in significant errors. Hence, it was decided to develop a model for
CIP operations based on solution concentration only, with carbon loading having an
indirect effect.
4.2 Hypothesis
Solution concentration IS the mam mass transfer driving force gIven normal CIP
operating variables.
Adsorption kinetics is a linear function of solution concentration if the ratio. C"IC, is
larger than a certain critical value.
Adsorption kinetics is a logarithmic function of solution concentration once the
critical ratio has been reached. i.e. dimin"hes at a diminishing rate as Cs,lC,
decreases.
This is graphically illustrated below:
Rate
Critical
CC
Csi
Thus rate =
) critical
rate = Ad ID(e,,) + K if
< critical
Where:
k
c
= unitless constant rate constant
k
d
= unitles diminishing rate constant
K = constant (g/t)
A mass balance over reactor i yields the follo\Ving expressions
F",(C,I -C,,) = F.c(C" -C,+,) = rate of gold recovery in tank i
Therefore.
41
And
if
C"
1-
C,
> critical
Hence
OR
if
C"
1-
C,_
< critical
43
CHAPTERS
COMPUTER PROGRAM OVERVIEW
This chapter describes the program used to conpare the solution concentration model to
the other simplified models (i.e. kn and updated I n models) and also to test the accuracy
of the new model.
5.1 General
An object orientated (-'-7 program was developed. oap was selected in order for the
program to be re-used by other programs if required as well as the simplification of using
\'ariables in various functions. The program is shown as Appendix A. The class and
source code has been separated for the purpose of readability.
The H file declares a class named (IP \\'ith the cpp file containing the source code.
Public and private data and functions are declared and implemented in the cpp file.
A tank structure is used that contains the necessary data for ,ariable determination. A
vector of pointers is used to access. change and use members of the structure. The new
member is used to create tanks to overcome the difficulty of not necessarily having prior
knowledge of the number of (JP reactors in the train, These are destructed separately in
44
the destructer once the program goes out of scope. Data is read and wriuen from and to
text files to eliminate the need for re-entering data needed for variable determination.
5.2 Optimum Determination
Numerical techniques are often unstable in the optimum region or produce local maxima
if the correct numerical technique is not selected. In other words the calculations cease
once an optimum local is reached. This is graphically illustrated below.
Criteria
O p t i m u m ~ .
local Optimum
Variables
With this in mind the program created ignores these local optima and continues with the
calculations in the range set. This is considered the "nuclear bomb" approach and
guarantees the optimum result from the calculations executed. Although not as time
efficient as most numerical techniques an optimum is a stable point with time not
considered a serious problem keeping in mind the process speed of new computers.
The functions utilized in the program all have an outer loop so as to investigate the
optimum for each reactor. The inner loops determine the optimLlm variable values using
an error criterion.
45
A percentage error criterion was used in order to compare errors incurred when making
solution concentration predictions. This was done in order to compare errors directly. as
the magnitude of acmal solution concentration can be deceptive. This may best be
explained by example.
Tank no. Actual Cs;
I
Predicted CS! Error 0/0 error
I
x 1.5
I
1.3 0.2 13.3
Y
O. I 0.01 0.09 90
In the above example tank x results in a much larger error than tank y although the %
error is quite the opposite.
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant conditions for experimental and simulation were as follows:
46
Volume of tank
Initial concentration
Tip speed
Relative density
Carbon concentration
Mass of carbon per transfer
Loading on fresh carbon
: 51
: 11.8mg/l
: 0.9421/t
: I.lmg/l
: 2g/1
: OAgil
: Omg/g
Starting concentrations for laboratory scale pilot plant experime>.1
Feed to tank 1(Feed bin)
Feed to tank 2(Tank I)
: 11. C,mg/l
: 10.51mg/l
47
Feed to tank 3(Tank 2)
Feed to tank 4(Tank 3)
Feed to tank 5(Tank 4)
Feed to tank 6(Tank 5)
Residue
(Tank 6)
: 7.39mg/1
: 5. I 8mgll
: 3.l2mg/1
: 2.2mg/1
: 2.22mg/1
The results obtained are listed below:
Experimental Run
Time Tank 1 Tank 2 Tank 3 Tank 4 TankS Tank 6
3.39 4.73 5.31 I
I
7.78 9.67 60min
,
I
I
120min
I
9.34 8.01
I
6.63 5.46
I
4.73
\
,
I
5.11
i I
I
180min
I
9.1
i
7.69 6.4
I
5.49
I
4.83
I
4.45
I
i
240min
!
9.51
I
7.48
i
6.83
"
5.64 4.19
i
5.41
I
I
I
300min
i
9.24
I
9.05
I
7.69
I
6.46 5.39
,
4.59
I
,
,
Table 6.1 Results of the experImental run performed on the CIP pilot plant
Gray found the critical value (as explained in chapter 4) to be approximately 0.003.
However. this v'alue is dependent on process variables such as agitation rate. Hence. a
specific critical value had to be determined. Also. due to the erratic behavior of the pilot
plant. actual plant data was obtained to test the simulation developed.
Pilot Plant
As mentioned before. the laboratory scale pilot plant did not yield meaningful results.
Thus. the developed model could not be evaluated with confidence on this data. It was
concluded that a larger plant should be constructed to simulate actual plant conditions
48
effectively. The data obtained was .erratic in nature and meaningful conclusions could not
be drawn.
Plant Data
In an attempt to test the model developed actual plant data was obtained from Anglogold.
Critical Csi/C,
The critical value was determined from the average monthly values received. These
averages were calculated by the computer program. The values are shown below:
Tank no. Actual
C
si
m
I 35
7719
46
I 2 0.86 1360
T
3.92
i
I
,
a.? 1 624
T
3.4 I ~
I
I
4 O.I? 366
I
4.2
i
3.7
4.2
0.04 275
---=-=---i-----=:-'-'---
O.O? 211
6
5
7 0.01 155 3.97
8 0.01 119 3.7
Table 6.2 Results received from the Anglogold CIP plant
The carbon flow rate (F, ) is 0.5 tih and the incoming carbon concentration (CC) 90 g/l.
The critical value approach was tested with the plant data received. A plot of rate
(F,(C,-C,-tl/M, ) vs C" is shown below and clearly indicates that rate increases as
solution concentration increases although carbon loading is also increasing \\ith C
SI
in the
system.
49
Rate vs Csi
l.5

1
120
100
" 80 +-,
60 1-1
40 I
20
OE--=--------------------'
o 05 I
Actual Csi {ppmL_
Rate
Figure 6.1 Graphical representation of rate vs C
si
The above suggests a linear relationship between rate and solution concentration.
However. if the data is divided into two sections it becomes clear that only a section of
Figure 6.1 is effectively linear. This is shown below in Figures 6.2 and 6.3 by selecting a
critical value of 0.0003.
Rate vs Csi 2

160
140
=- 120 t--._-- -
IOU 1---- ---
-; 80 1-- ---
- !
&. 60!
..j.lj
:!u i-
0--------------
o
Rate
u [ j .:;
Actual ("si (ppm)
--Linear (Rate)
Figure 6.2 Sectional graphical representation of C,i vs rate
Figure 6.2 is a plot of the first three reactors in the CIF train. The plot reveals that a
change in rate is almost 100% explained by a change in solutior concentration (RC
0.9997). In all three cases Cs/C < 0.0003. The result manifests the hypothesis that rate
can be explained by a linear solution concentration relationship if the critical value is
larger than some predetemlined \alue. A plot of the last 5 reactors is shown belo\\.
Rate vs Csi
R
2
= 0.954
50
12 10 I-
'" 8 .. ..
../
-; 6
4
2 1---------------------

o 005 01 015
AcJuaJ Csi (l!P'!!J
Rate -Log. (Rate)
Figure 6.3 Sectional graphical representation of Cs; vs rate
Figure 6.3 reveals the logarithmic relationship between rate and C, . In all the reactors
under consideration C/Cc < 0.0003. Also. the \ariation in rate is 95%
explained by changes in solution concentration as 0.954 is obtained for RC.
A comparison is drawn between the Solution Concentration model (SCModel) and the'kn .
models. These two models were selected on the basis of industrial acceptance and their
simplicity.
51
The kn model
0.02 0.01 70 0.1 I 6
i
Tank
I
Actual Predicted k values
I
n values
I
!
Csi(ppm) Csi(ppm)
I
1 I 1.35 2.82
I
160 0.95
2
I
0.86 0.88 60 0.6
I
,
3 0.21 0.46 150 0.6
I
4 0.12 0.09 95 0.15
I
5 0.04 0.04 120
I
0.2
,
I
7 0.01 0.01 70 0.05 I
8
Table 6.3
i 0.0 I 0.00 50 I 0.05 I
k and n values calculated from the kn model of the data received from
the Anglogold CIP plant.
These values are calculated by a program created using the kn model" s mathematical
expressIOns.
Actual and Predicted Csi vs tank no.
3 _. - - - - - - - . - ~ - - - - - - - - - _-0 ---
I ~
2.5 1-- --- .--------.---
') - _ ..
E
"
- ":;.
1.5

r-
!O
0.5
"'Ii-
0

Ij
I!l
"'

..
0 2 4 6 8 10
Actual C5i(ppm)
Tank no.
::: Predicted C51( ppm)
Figure 6,4 Graphical representation of the actual and the r :edicted Cs; results
From the above it is clear that this model owr-predicts at higher C" values.
52
k values '5 Tank no.
2 4 6 8 10
lilnkno.
Average --Linear (Average)

200
I
150 er.
I
"::l
"
100
!
...
..::::
50
0
0

k values

Figure 6.5 Graphical representation of the k values calculated from the kn model
for each tank in the system
The standard deviation was calculated for k and equals 41.998. The average value for k
\\as found to be 96.88. Thus. a relati\ely large standard deviation results.
n values \5 Tank no.

-t -t. -----.----.. -
-l 6
Tank no.
J
0.8
~
;
0.6
;
0.4
=
0.2 ,--_..
o
o

8 10
n \ d l u > ; ; : ~
Figure 6.6 Graphical representation of the n values calculated from the kn model
for each tank in the system
The standard deviation was calculated for n and equals 0.3357. The awrage value for n
\\as found to be 0.3375. Again a large standa,d deviation results. The sum of the
- -
percentage error for the kn model is B8.land the average perc-emage error per rank
53
therefore equals 54.76. In other words. on average the predicted Cs, and actual C" differ
by almost 55%.
The updated kn model
6600 I.]) 0.04 0.04 )
I
Tank
I
Actual Cs; Predicted Cs; k values
I
K values
(oom) (oom)
; 1 1.35 0.41 1.25 2100
I
7
0.86 0.21 I 1700
I
,
0.21
I
0.10 1 3100
I
~
I
4
I
0.12 0.05
I
1.3 3200 I
-
I -
6 0.02 0.03 0.25 10300
7
I 8
Table 6.4
0.01
0.01
k and K values
0.02
i 0.02
calculated from
I 1.65
the updated kn
13500
14900
model of the data
received from the Anglogold CIP plant.
Actual and Predicted Csi vs Tank no.

0.5
;;;
"

"
0
0 2 6 8 10
Actual Csi (ppm)
Tank no.
11:: Predicted Csi (ppm)
Figure 6.7 Graphical representation of the Actual and PreOIcted Cs; results
The updated kn model under-predicts at high C" \alues and over-predicts at low C"
\alues.
54
k wines vs Tank no;
4 6 8 10
Tank no.
Average --Linear (Average) kvalues
L: [----------.'----
r. .
"2 1
:
OL-------------
o 2
Figure 6.8 Graphical representation of the k values calculated from the updated
kn model for each tank in the system
The standard deviation was calculated for k and equals 0.457. The average value for k
was found to be 1.006.
Kvalues \os Tank no.

20000 I
15000 ,-----
::<: lOOOO L.------
5000 I -===+"=====-
..
,-_._-.:.:.-._---------
o
o 4 6
Tank no.
8 10
h. \ alues A\ erage - Linear (A \ erage)
Figure 6.9 Graphical representation of thc K values calculated from the updated
kn model for each tank in the system
The standard deviation was calculated for K and equals 5310.569. The merage value for
K was found to be 6925. As with the kn m0del the updated kn model produces large
standard deviation results. The variables estimated are therefore erratic and vary greatly
55
with tank number. The sum of the percentage errors for the updated kn model is 501.2
and the average error per tank therefore equals 62.65. Hence. a difference of almost 63%
between actual and calculated Cs; is experienced per tank.
The solution concentration model
i
Tank Actual Predicted k" values
I
ko values K values
I
i C,i(VVm) Cs;(vvm)
,
I
I 1.35 L12 109.5 0 I 0
I
i
2 0.86 0.71 109.5
,
0 0
!
,
3
I
0.21 0.29
I
177.5 0 0
I
I 4
,
0.12 0.08 0 , 2.2
,
15.6
I I
i 5 0.04
i
0.04
I 0 4
,
21.4
I
,
6
i
0.02 ! 0.02 0 I 10.5
,
I
I
7 0.01 O.O! 0 38
i
2L2
,
,
I
8 0.01 0.01 0
,
4

I
, j.
Table 6.5 k", ko and K values calculated from the solutIOn concentratIOn model of
the data received from the Anglogold CIP plant.
A plot of the predicted and actual solution concentrations is shown below
Adual and Predicted ( Tank no.
1.5
2

o
o
_ ::r.

" 0.5
I;
I " :<
I
m .- .
4 6 8 10 I
Tank no. IV I
Actual Csilppm) If Pn:dicted
Figure 6.10 Graphical representation of actual and predicted Cs;
56
The SCModel provides a very accurate prediction at lower C" values and underpredicts at
higher solution concentrations. However, the errors experienced at higher solution
concentrations are small.
kl;: values vs Tank no.
~ ~ ~ f

~
"
:
if
.E

"
]00
~
I
~ " "
50
\
I
,
0
I
0 2 3 4
Tank no.

kc values

Average - Linear (A\erage)

Figure 6.11 Graphical representation of the kc values calculated from the solution
concentration model for each tank having a critical value> 0.0003
The standard deviation was calculated for k
c
and equals 39.26. The average value for k;
was found to be 132.2.
kd v.d ues ,s Tauk no.
-- - --------ti-- -t<-- eo -- --Gc-- M--
--- - ~ -
5
.j
~
"
3
g;
,
1
-
--. +--
.+

]0 8 4 6
Tank no.
2
oL----------------
o
kd values
ID Average
Figure 6.12 Graphical representation of the k.J values calculated from the solution
concentration model for each tank in the system with critical value <0.0003
57
The standard deviation was calculated for ~ and equals 1.35. The average value for k
d
was found to be 3.
Kwines vs Tank no.
~
~ ~ r
~
15
I

>
10
~
L
5
0
I
0 4 6
Tank no.
8 10
K values & .-\ verage - Linear (A'0 era!!e)
figure 6.13 Graphical representation ofthe Kvalues calculated from the solution
concentration model for each tank in the system with critical value < 0.0003
The standard deyiation was calculated for K and equals 5.25. The average value for K
\\'as found to be 18.38. The sum of the percentage errors for the solution concentration
model is 135.2 and the average error per tank therefore equals 16.9%.
From the aboYe it is clear that the solution concentration model pro\'ides more accurate
predictions than the olher \\0 used for comparative purposes, Thus. it seems that a rate
based on solution concentration and a critical \'alue could be used for CIP modding,
58
In summary
[UPdated kn model ! Solution I kn model
, Criterion
I
I
I concentration i
I
I
i model
I
\
: L % error
I
438.1 501.2 135.2
I
I
I Average % error per 55 63 17
I
i tank
i
I I
i Average (standard ;
0.72 0.61 0.34
i
I
i dc\iaIion factual
I
I
I
I value of parameter
I
59
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMENDATIONS
The objective of this study was to detennine whether a simplified semi empirical model
could be used 10 simulate carbon-in-pulp perfoffi.ance and whether the results obtained
justifies further studies related to this topic.
The following is concluded:
A model based on solution concentration provided more accurate results than other
simplified models such as the kn and updated kn models
The solution concentration model should be tested on higher grade plant data to
ensure reproducibility.
The laboratory scale pilot plant should be modified and capacity increased to yield
accurate results that could be compared 10 actual plant data
60
REFERENCES
Adams. M.D., and Fleming. C.A., "The mechanism of Adsorption of Aurocyanide
onto Activated Carbon". Metallurgical Transactions, Vo!. 20B, pp 315-325, 1989
Adamson, RJ.(Editor). "Gold Metallurgy in South Africa", Chamber ofMines o/South
Africa, Chapter I. 2, 4, 10, pp I-55, 88-119, 284-347, 1990
Balci, S., Dogu, T., and Yucel, H., "Characterisation of Activated Carbon Produced
from Almond Shell and Hazelnut Shell". Jourm I Chem. Tech. Biotechnol.. Vo!. 60. pp
419-426. 1994
Bhappu. R.B.. "Hydrometallurgical Processing of Precious Metal Ores". Mineral
Processing and Extractive Mewllurgy Reviell. Vo!. 6. pp 191-216. 1990
Coulson. J.M.. and Richardson. J.F.. "Chemical Engineering". Vol 3. Pergamon Press.
pp 44-49. I 992
Dahya. A.S.. and King. DJ.. "Developments in Carbon-in-pulp technolog) for gold
recovery". CIM Bulletin. Vo!. 76. pp 55-61. 1983
de Jong. I.. "Trace Cyanide Removal by means of Silver Impregnated Active
Carbon". Technical Report \Vritten for the Technische Universi,eit Delft. June 1991
61
Fleming, C.A., Nicol, MJ. and Nicol, 0.1., "The optimisation of a carbon in pulp
adsorption circuit based on the kinetics of extraction of aurocyanide by activated carbon".
Mintek Confidential Commurucation No. C450, 1979
Fleming. c.A. and Nicol, MJ.. "The kinetics of gold adsorption onto activated carbon
from cyanide pulp". "Mintek Confidential Communication. No. C620. 1981
Gray. 0 .. "A quantitative study into carbon-in-pulp adsorption operations". MTech
thesis. The Cape Technikon, April 1999
Fast, J.L., "Carbon-in-pulp pioneering at the Carlton Mill", Engineering and mining
journal. No. 56. June 1988
Hal!. K.B.. " Homestakes Uses Carbon-in-pulp to Recover Gold from Slimes".
World .Mining. Vo!. 27. pp 44-49. November 1974
Hassler. 1.W., "Purification wit Activated Carbon". 3rd Ed.. Published by Chemical
Publishing Co. Inc.. (New York). Chapter I!. pp 169-199. 1974
Jones. R.L.. and Chandler. H.D.. "The effects of drag -reducing additives on the
rheological properties of silica-water suspensions containing iron (1I1)oxide and of a
typical gold-mine slurry". J S. Ins/. .'vfin. ivIe/all.. Vol. 89. No. 6, pp 187-191. June
1989
La Broo)'. S.R.. Linge. H.G.. and Walker. G.S.. "Review of Gold Extraction from
ores". Alinerals Engineering. Vo!. 7. '"'0. 10. pp 1213- I24I. 1994
62
Laxen, P.A., Becker, G.S.M., and Rubin, R.. "Development in the application of
carbon-in-pulp to the recovery of gold from South African ores", 1. S. inst. Min
Mewll., Vo!. 79, No. 11, pp 315-326, March 1994
Laxen. P.A., F1eming, c.A.. Holtum, D.A., and Rubin. R., "A review of pilot-plant
testwork conducted on the carbon-in-pulp process for the recovery of gold".
Proceedings. 12th CMMI Congress, The South African Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy. (Editor-H.W.Glen). Vo!. 2, pp 551-561. 1982
:vIanson. J.S.. and Mark. H.B.(Jr). "Activated Carbon: Surface Chemistry and
Adsorption from Solution", Published by Marlel Dekker. Inc., New York. Chapter s 1-
3. pp 1-37, 1971
McDougall, G.1., "The Physical Nature and Manufacture of Activated Carbon".
Journal ofthe South African Institute ofMining and Metallurgy. Vo!. 91. No. 4. pp 109-
120. April 1991
McDougal!. G.1 .. Hancock. R.D.. t\ico!. \1.1.. Wellington. O.L.. and Copperthwaite.
R.G.. The Mechanism of the Adsorption of Gold Cuanide on Activated Carbon", J
S. Afr.Inst. Min. iv!elall.. Vo!. 80. pp 344-356. September 1980
Menne. D.. "Optimisation of Full-Scale Circuits for the Carbon-in-Pulp Recovery' of
Gold". Proceedings, 12
th
CMMI Congress. The South African Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Johannesburg. (Editor. Glen. H.W.). pp 569-574.1982
Menne. D.. "Predicting and Assessing Carbon-in-Pulp Circuit Performance", XII'
lnlernalional .i1inerals Processing Congress. The Canadian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy. Toronto. pp 5.1-5.19. Oct 1982
63
Menne. D. M.. Randoll Gold Forum, Perth, Western Australia. 14-17 March 1995a.
Nico!. MJ.. Fleming, C.A. and Cromberge, G. "The adsorption of gold cyanide onto
activated carbon n. Application of the kinetics model to multistage adsorption
circuits". J.S. Afr.lnst. Min. Metal!.. 84, pp 70-78, 1984
Schubert. J.H.. Barker. 1.1.. and Swartz. C.E.L.. "Performance evaluation of a carbon-
in-pulp plant by dynamic simulation", 1. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.. Vo!. 93. No. 11112.
pp 293-299. November 1993
Stange. W.. Woollacott. L.C.. and King. R.P.. "Towards more effective simulation of
CIP and CIL process. 3. Validation and use (f a new simulator". ". J S. Aii'. Insl
Min. Metal!.. Vo!. 90. No.12. pp 323-331. December 1990
Stanle)'. G.G.. Gold Extraction Plant Practice in South Africa". Mineral Processing
and Extractive Metallurgy Reviell. Vo!. 6. pp 191-216. 1990
Stanley. G.G.. "The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold in South Africa". The South
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Vo!. I. Chapter 9. pp 379-449. 1987
van Dam. H.E.. "Gold RecoVfI!' Carbons; Durability as a Consequence of
Structure". Engineering and .\fining Journal. Vo!. 196. pp 26-28. April 1995
van Devemer. J.SJ. "Kinetic models for the adsorption of metal cvanides on
activated carbon". PhD thesis. University of Stellenbosch. 19E 4
van Vliet. B.M.. "Regeneration principles". SAIMM School on geld recovery usmg
carbon. Lecture 20. Johannesburg. 1985
64
Wan. R.Y.. and Miller, J.D., "Research and Development Activities for the Recovery
of Gold from Alkaline Solutions", Mineral processing and Extractive .Metallurgy
Review. Vol. 6, pp 143-190, 1990
Yannopoulos. le., "The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold", Published by Von Nostrand
Reinhold (New York), Chapters 3-5, 8. 10-11, pp 25-114. 141-170. 185-256, 1990
65
APPENDIX A
C++PROGRAMFOR SIMULATION OF
GOLD ADSORPTION ONTO
ACTIVATED CARBON
#include "cip.h"
int main()
Clp Z:
return 0:
#ifndef CIP H
- ~ -
#define CIP H
- --
//interface for CIP class
#include <iostream>
#include <!stream>
"include <vector>
#include <string>
"include "Math.h"
class cip
I
I
public:
cip ();
-cip();
private:
void read();
void control():
void get Averages():
- ~ -
void modeUmO:
void model_knO 0:
void model updateO():
void model_update():
MAIN
INTERFACE
66
67
void model_newO:
double kl, k2, nI, Kl, kc, kd, SD, Fc,V;
int t, step, tn;
ifstream fin;
ofstream fout;
vector<double> a;
const string A, B, c, D, E, F, G;
struct Tank {
int No;
double CsI. Csi, Mc, Fs. Cc
double estimate. error, pererror:
double k. n. K;
\ .
J.
vector<Tank *> vP:
#include "c.cpp"
#endif
SOURCE CODE
I/Source code
#include <iomanip>
cip::cip(): A("Result for kn model"). B("Tank "). c (" Actual Csi ").
DC' Calculated Csi "). El" Error"). F("Results for updated kn model"),
G("------------------------------------------------------------------------" )
J
,
Illnitialise
kl = 0:
k2 = 0:
nl = 0:
Kl = 0:
cout"Welcome to the Dependancy simulation for CIP operations"end!:
cout"You are required to enter at least two constants and a da,d sheet"end!:
cout"Four other constants are optional"endl:
cout<<"---------------------------------------------------------------------" <<endl:
cout"IMPORTANT: "end!:
cout"The data must be stored in a lXI file of name data in t h ~ current directory"endl:
cout"as follows: CsI, Csi, Mc, Fs and Cc for each tank"endl;
cout"The results may be found in results.IXt in the current directory"endl;
cout<<" ----------------------------------------------------------------------" <<endl:
fin. open("data. IXt");
fout.open("results.txt");
readO;
}
cip :: -cipO
I
t
/!delete tank structures created by new
for (int i = 0; i < t; i++)
delete vP[i];
fin.closeO;
fout.closeO:
}
void cip: :readO
{
double value;
char answer I. answer2;
cout'l============================'lendl:
cout"Please enter the number of tanks in the CIP train "endl;
cint:
cout"Emer the carbon flow rate in t/hr ":
cinFc;
cout"Would you like to enter k and n for the kn modellY or nl "
cinanswerl:
if ((answerl == 'y') I (answer! == 'Y'))
cout"k "
cinkl:
coutlt
n
"
cinnl;
\
j
cout" "endl;
cout"Would you like to enter k and K for the updated kn moc.c! [y or n] "
cinanswer2;
if answer2 = 'y') It (answer2 = 'y'))
I
t
coutltk ":
68
cink2:
cout!tK 11.
cinKI;
}
cout1I "endl;
I/read all values from the data file into vector a
while (finvalue)
a.push_back(value);
controlO:
\
j
void cip::controIO //A function to control the simulation
{
char decision:
getj\verages 0;
if \kl ,= 0)
model knOO:
else model_knO 0:
cOUl"Would you like to continue with the updated model') [Y or N] "
cindecision;
if\((decision == 'Y') il (decision == 'y')) && (k2 == 0))
model updateO():
else model_update();
cout"Would yo like to continue with the SCModel model') [Y or N] "
cin decision:
if decision == 'y') 11 (decision == 'Y'))
model_newO:
void cip:: model_kn () /!function to determine accuracy ofkn mode! with k and n
provided
I
t
foutAend!:
fOUlGendl:
foutBcDEendl:
for (intj = O:j < t:j-i+)
I
I
fOUl<<j + 1" ".
foutsetprecision(4)vpU] -> Cs;:
"PU] -> estimate = vPUJ -> CsI/pow((l -r kl pow(vPUJ -> McTc). nl)
(Fc/vPUJ -> Fs)). (j+I )):
69
foutsetprecision(4)vP[j] -> estimate" ";
vP[j] -> error = fabs(vP[j] -> estimate - vP[j] -> Csi):
foutsetprecision(4)vP[j] -> errorendl:
vP[j] -> pererror = fabsvP[j] -> Csi - vP[j] -> estimate)/vP[j] -> Csi) * 100:
I
J
double total(O):
for (intj = O;j < t;j++)
total += vP[j] -> pererror:
fout"The total percentage error is "setprecision(4)totalendl:
fout"================"endl;
}
void cip:: get_AveragesO //function to determine average input values
{
int step(O);
double VI, V2, V3, V4, V5;
intj(O):
while (j < t)
Vi = 0:
V2=0:
V3 =0:
V4=0:
V5 =0:
for (int z = 0 + step: z < a.size(): z -= (t*5))
f
l
VI T= a[z]:
V2 += a[z+ I]:
V3 -= a[z+2]:
V4 ~ = a[z+3]:
V5 -= a[z+4]:
I
J
VI i= (a.size()!(t*5:
V2 /= (a.size()/(t*5)):
V3 i= (a.size()/(t*5):
V4;= (a.size()/(t*5):
V5= (a.size()i(t*5:
,. I create a tank
vP.push_back(new Tank):
vP[j] -> No = j:
vP[j] -> Csl = VI:
70
vPO] -> Csi = V2;
vpO] -> Mc = V3;
vPOl-> Fs = V4;
vPO] -> Cc = VS;
step += 5;
++j;
)
void cip:: model_knO 0 Ilfunction to obtain k and n values if not supplied
{
double EST, ERROR. CERROR, C;
int i(O):
IIOuter loop, t tanks
while (i < t)
{
kl = 50;
nl = 0.05;
vP[i] -> error = 1000000;
IIMiddle loop for k determination
while (kI < 200)
nl = 0.05;
Illnner loop for n determination
while (nl < I)
if(i < (t-I)) C = vP[iTI] -> Cc:
else C = 90;
EST = vP[i]-> Cslipowl ~ kl * powvP[i] -> Mc/Fe). nl) *
(Fc/vP[i]-> Fs). (i+I));
IIAcceptance criteria
ifvP[i]-> error > fabs (vP[i] -> (si - EST) && (EST> 0)
{
vP[i] -> error = fabs(vP[i]-> (si - EST);
vP[i]-> k = kl:
vP[i]-> n =nl:
)
nl += 0.05:
1
I
kl ~ = 5:
71
72
++i;
}
II Calculate average k and n
ERROR = 0;
kl = 0:
nl =0:
for (int i = 0: i < t; i++)
I
,
kl += vP[i] -> k;
nl += vP[i] -> n:
k I 1= t:
nl 1= t;
fOUlFendI;
foutGendI;
fout<<8<<c<<0<<E<<endl;
for (intj =O;j <t;j++)
{
if(j < (t-I C = vP[j+I] -> Cc:
else C = 90;
vP[j] -> estimate = vP[j] -> Csl/pow((1 + kl * pow((vP[j] -> Mc/Fc). nl) *
(Fc/vP[j] -> Fs)), (j+I);
vP[j] -> error = fabs(vP[j] -> Csi - vP[j] -> estimate):
vP[j] -> pererror = vP[j] -> error * 1001 vP[j] -> Csi:
ERROR += vP[j] -> pererror:
f o u t < < j ~ 1"
foutsetprecision( 4)vPli] -> Csi" "setprecision( 4jvPli] ->
estimate <<" "<<setprecision(4)<<\ Pli] -> error<<end!:
,
J
foUl<<'Ok = "<<setprecision( 4)<<kI<<endI:
foUl"n = "setprecision(4)nl endI:
fout"With sum of percentage errors = "setprecision(4)ERRORend!:
fout"==============================="endI;
fOUl"The individual constants calculated are as follows :"endl;
foutlltank "Ilk lltl
n
r1endl:
for (int i = 0; i < t: i++)
fouti+l" "setprecision(4)vP[i] -> k" "oetprecision(4)vP[i]->
nendI:
fout<<"==================================="<<endI:
73
void cip:: model_update 0 //function to determine accuracy of updated kn model with k
and K supplied
(
t
double C, totaJ(O);
fout" "end!:
foutFendl;
foutGendl;
foutB<<c<<0<<E<<endl;
for (int i = 0: i < t: i++)
,
I
fouti + 1" "endl;
foutsetprecision(4)vP[i] -> Csi:
if (i < t-I) C = vP[i+I] -> Cc;
else C = 90;
vP[i] -> estimate = (vP[i] -> Cc * (1 +k:'*(vP[i] -> Mc/Fc)) - CliCK! *k2*vP[i] ->
Mc/Fc):
foutsetprecision(4)vP[i] -> estimate" ".
vP[i] -> error = fabs(vP[i] -> estimate - vP[i] -> Csi);
fout<<setprecision(4)<<vP[i] -> error<<endl:
vP[i] -> pererror =fabsvP[i] -> Csi/vP[i] -> estimate)/vP[i] -> Csi)*IOO:
1
J
for (intj = O:j < t:j++)
total += vPu] -> pererror;
fout"The total percentage error is "setprecision(4)totalendl;
fout<< " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " end!:
\oid cip:: model_updateO (I 'function to determine k and K for updated kn model
double EST. ERROR. CERROR. C:
im i(O):
flOuter loop. t tanks
while (i < t)
,
I
Kl = 500:
k2 = 0.05:
vP[i] -> error = 1000000:
//Middle loop for K determination
while (K I < 15000)
k2 ~ 0.05:
IIInner loop for k determination
while (k2 < 2)
{
if(i < (t-1) C ~ vP[i+I] -> Cc;
else C ~ 90;
EST ~ (vP[i] -> Cc * (I + k2 * (vP[i] -> Mc/Fc - C)/(KI * k2 *
(vP[i] -> MclFc));
IIAcceptance criteria
ifvP[i] -> error> fabs(vP[i] -> Csi - EST && (EST> 0
{
vP[i] -> error ~ fabs(vP[i] -> Csi - EST);
vP[i] -> k ~ k2;
vP[i] -> K ~ KI;
)
k2 + ~ 0.05;
)
KI + ~ 100:
1
f
++i:
1
j
II Calculate average k and K
E R R O R ~ O :
KI ~ 0;
k2 ~ O :
for (int i ~ 0: i < t; i++)
f
,
KI + ~ vP[i] -> K:
k2 + ~ vP[i] -> k:
Kl ! ~ t:
k2 ! ~ 1:
fOlltFendl:
fOlltGendl:
fOllt<<B<<c<<D<<Eend!:
for (intj ~ 0: j < t; j++)
{
if(j < (t-I C ~ vP[j+I] -> Cc:
else C ~ 90:
vP[j] -> estimate ~ (vP[j] -> Cc * (1 + k2 * (vP[j] -> Mc/Fe - C)/(KI * k2 *
(vP[j] -> Mc/Fc:
74
75
vP[j] -> error = fabs(vP[j] -> Csi - vP[j] -> estimate);
vP[j] -> pererror = vP[j] -> error 1001 vP[j] -> Csi:
ERROR -t-= vP[j] -> pererror;
fout<<j+ 1'1 11,
foutsetprecision(4)vP[j] -> Csi" "setw(4)vP[j] -> estimate "
"setw(4)vP[j] -> errorendl;
fout<<"k = "<<setprecision(4)k2<<endl;
fout"K = "setprecision(4)KI endl;
fout<<"With sum of percentage errors = "<<setprecision(4)<<ERROR<<endl:
fout"=============================="endl:
fout"The individual results are as follows :"endl;
foutHtank r'"k ""K"endl;
for (int i = 0: i < t; i++)
fouti + 1" "setprecision(4)vP[i] -> k" "setprecision(4)vP[i]
-> Kendl:
fout<<"============================================="<<endl:
void cip :: model_new 0 llfunction to determine parameters of the SCModel model
double EST. ERROR. C:
int i(O):
i'Outer loop for number of tanks
while (i < t)
vP[i] -> error = 1000000:
kl = I:
k2 = 1:
Kl = 1:
IILoop for kI determination
!fCriteria
if((vP[i] -> CsiivP[i] -> Cc) > 0,00033)
J
l
f/Set irrelevant parameters to zero
\P[i] -> n = 0:
\P[i] -> K = 0:
while (k I < 200)
I
l

else C = 90:
}
else
{
-i--"- i:
ERROR ~ O :
kl ~ 0:
76
EST = (Fc * (vP[i] -> Cc - C)/(vP[i] -> Mc * kI):
IICriteria
if((vP[i] -> error> fabs(vP[i] -> Csi - EST && (EST> 0
{
vP[i] -> k = kl;
vP[i] -> error = fabs(vP[i] -> Csi -EST):
}
kl - ; - ~ 0.5:
IISet irrelevant parameter to zero
vP[i] -> k = 0;
IILoop for k2 determination
while (k2 < 4)
{
KI = I;
if(i < (t-I C ~ vP[i+l] -> Cc;
else C ~ 90;
Illnner loop for KI determination
while (K1 < 30)
{
EST = exp(((Fc * (vP[iJ -> Cc - C)/vP[i] -> Mc) - KI )/k2):
/Criteria
if((EST> 0) && (vP[i] -> error> fabs(vP[i] -> Csi -
EST)
vP[i] -> K = K I:
vP[i] -> n ~ k2:
vP[i] -> error = fabs(vP[i] -> Csi - EST):
}
KI -t-= 0.1:
,
J
k2+= 0.05:
77
k2 =0;
KI =0;
int count(O);
for (intj = 0; j < t; j++)
{
kl += vP[j] -> k:
k2 += vP[j] -> n;
KI += vP[j] -> K;
if (vP[j] -> n == 0) count++;
kl != count:
k2= (t - count):
Kl i= (t - count):
for (int j = 0; j < t; j++)
{
if(jt-lC=vP[j+l]->Cc:
else C = 90;
if (vP[j] -> n == 0)
vP[j]-> estimate = (Fc * (vP[j] -> Cc - C/(vP[j]-> Mc * kl):
else vP[j] -> estimate = exp(((Fc * (vP[j] -> Cc - C)/vP[j] -> Mc) - Kl)/k2);
vP[j] -> error = fabs(vP[j]-> Csi - vP[j]-> estimate):
vP[j] -> pererror = vP[j] -> error * 1001 vP[j] -> Csi:
ERROR += vP[j] -> pererror:
I
J
fout"Result of SCModel"end!:
foutGend!:
foutBcDEend!:
for (int j = 0: j < t:
fout<<j + 1" "setprecision(4)\'P[j]-> Csi"
"setprecision(4)vP[j] -> estimate" "setprecision('f )vP[j] ->
error<<end!:
fout "kl = "kl end!:
fout"k2 = "k2end!:
fOU1"K = "Kl endl;
fout"With sum of percentage errors = "setprecision(4)ERRORendl;

fout"The individual results are as follo\\s :"end!:
fout"
ta
nk "Ilk ""k] "'lK "endl:
for (int i = 0: i < t; i++)
fOU1i 1" "setprecision(':; )vP[i] -> k" "setprecision(4)vP[i] _
> n" "setprecision(4)vP[i] -> Kend!:
fout"=============--c===================="endl:
78