en Assignm

t 1

Volume 1, Issue 1

30/07/2010

Topic: Potential of Incinerator Malaysia

Usage in

Content Introduction Types of incinerator Waste disposal method The differences between technology of incinerator in China and Japan Potential of incinerator usage in Malaysia Conclusion Bibliography Appendix

EDITOR:
NOR ADILAH BT ANUAR NUR FARIKHA BT ABD RAOP WAN NUR INTAN SYAZULIAH BT WAN HARUN RAMLIA BT RAHMAN NOR SHAZLEEN BT MD AMIN

INCINERATOR
INTRODUCTION
Incineration is the thermal destruction of waste. It is as old as throwing food wastes on a wood fire, and in many developing nations, garbage is still routinely burned in drums and boxes on city streets. Modern incineration systems use high temperatures, controlled air, and excellent mixing to change the chemical, physical, or biological character or composition of waste materials. The new systems are equipped with state-ofthe-art air pollution control devices to capture particulate and gaseous emission There health are contaminates. still many conconcerns the stringent regulations that have been enacted by federal and state regulators ensure that the design, operation, testing, and maintenance of these systems provide maximum safety and minimum risk to the sur- -high temperature rounding area and inhabi- -controlled air tants.
-excellent mixing to change the chemical physical or biological character. Modem incinerator systems use

nected with incineration systems, especially for populations living near incinerators. However,

On average, every citizen of Malaysia produced 0.8kg waste each day. This amount is even larger when taking into account the individuals who live in the city. Residents are urban areas is estimated to produce 1.5kg waste each day. According to statistics issued by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in 2001, 16.247 tons of waste generated in Australia every day. Selangor state leads other states in the production of 2.955 tons of garbage a day. This was followed by Kuala Lumpur ( 2 .634 tons / day ) , Johor ( 2.002 tons / day ) , Perak ( 1.596 tons/ day ) and Kedah ( 1.383 tons/day ) .

PRODUCTION OF GARBAGE A DAY ( Tons /day)

3 2.5 2

On average, every citizen of Malaysia produced 0.8kg waste each day.

1.5
1 0.5 0 PRODUCTION OF GARBAGE A DAY ( Tons /day)

According to statistics issued by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in 2001, 16.247 tons of waste generated in Australia every day.

Looking at the data, generation of waste or solid waste depends on the size of an area, the population and activities. Types of waste generated also differ by region. In urban areas, solid waste produced is more complex than in rural areas. Garbage produced in the form of paper, glass materials, construction waste wood, wood, plastic materials, waste, food waste, materials and aluminium.

In Malaysia, the resulting waste sent to landfill or incineration point (incinerator). The two systems are very popular in Malaysia. There are 161 solid waste disposal sites in Malaysia (this amount does not include the ten local authorities in Sabah and Sarawak). Sarawak has a total landfill highest at 28 sites. This was followed by Johor (26), Perak (18), Pahang (14) and Kelantan (12). Among these 161 sites, 77 of them consisted of open dumping sites (open dumping). 49 consists of the disposal site controlled (controlled tipping), 19 sites have 'bund' and waste solids buried every day, ten sites are gathering pipeline facilities 'leachate' and the ventilation pipe and the rest have treatment systems 'leachate.

There are 161 solid waste disposal sites in Malaysia .

Bed incinerator.

Incineration can be adapted to the destruction of a wide variety of wastes. This includes but is not limited to household wastes, often referred to as municipal wastes, industrial wastes, medical wastes, sewage, Superfund soils and liquids, and the hazardous wastes (liquids, tars, sludges, solids, and vent fumes) generated by industry. Unlike many other methods of waste disposal, incineration is a permanent solution. The major benefit of incineration is that the process actually destroys most of the waste rather than just disposing of or storing it. Many local community incinerators were built after World War II. The suburban communities surrounding large urban centers selected incineration as the method of disposal over landfills. There was a lack of consideration of exhaust emissions from these units in the original designs: Tall stacks were used for dispersion rather than proper air pollution controls. The combustion furnaces operated at high excess air levels resulting in lower temperatures, incomplete combustion and high levels of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. Typical conditions surrounding these facilities were high soot and odor levels as well as corrosion from acid gas deposition. It was an unhealthy and unsafe environment for the neighbors.

Unlike many other methods of waste disposal, incineration is a permanent solution. The major benefit of incineration is that the process actually destroys most of the waste rather than just disposing of or storing it.

Types of incinerator
Waste incinerators are used to destroy solids, sludges, liquids, and tars. Depending upon the physical, chemical characteristics of the waste and the handling they require, different incinerator designs will be applied. Solids, sludges, and tars are incinerated in fixedhearth and rotary kiln incinerators. Liquids may also be burned in these systems and used as support fuel. In many plants where liquids are the

Important point!!!
There are three types of incinerator that we have to remember..
Fixed-Hearth Incinerator Rotary Kiln Incineration Liquid Injection

Fixed-Hearth Incinerators
Fixed-hearth incinerators are used extensively for medical and municipal waste incineration. Fixed hearths can handle bulk solids and liquids. A controlled flow of "underfire" combustion air (70 to 80 percent of the theoretical air required) is introduced up through the hearth on which the waste sites. Bottom ash is removed by dumping into a water bath.

Unburned combustibles and high levels of carbon monoxide and hydrogen exit above the hearth. These volatiles are oxidized in the combustion zone where overfire air provides sufficient excess air and residence time at temperature to ensure complete burnout. The three Ts of combustion and oxygen provide high combustion efficiency. Natural gas or oil is supplied to maintain tem-

peratures as high as 2,000F. In some large municipal waste combustors, called waste-toenergy plants, heat recovery boilers are used to generate steam for electric generation. These plants are also referred to as trash-to-steam plants. All incinerator systems are now regulated by exhaust emissions. Air pollution control systems are installed to control emissions of particulate matter including metals
Summary about fixed-hearth incinerator.. -used extensively for medical and municipal waste incineration -can handle bulk solids and liquids -Natural gas or oil is supplied to maintain temperatures as high as 2,000F

Rotary Kiln Incineration

Solid wastes as well as liquid wastes generated by industry are destroyed by on-site and commercial-site rotary kiln incinerator systems. The rotary kiln is a cylindrical refractory -lined shell that is rotated to provide a tumbling and lifting action to the solid waste materials. This exposes the waste surface to the flames from fuel burning as well as liquid waste burning in the rotating kiln. Flames will also be generated over the surface of The rotary kiln provides excellent mixing through a rotatingtumbling action that distributes heat evenly to all the waste materials contained

waste solids exposed to the heat and incoming air. Pumpable sludges and slurries are injected into the kiln through nozzles. Temperatures for

within it. The kiln is the primary combustion chamber

(PCC) where organic compounds in the wastes are volatilized and oxidized as air is intro-

burning vary from 1,300 to 2,400F. Lower temperatures are often necessary to prevent slagging of certain waste materials.

Summary about rotary kiln incinerator.. -destroyed solid and liquid waste generated by industry -is rotated to provide a tumbling and lifting action to the solid waste materials -Temperatures for burning vary from 1,300 to 2,400F -Lower temperatures are often necessary to prevent slagging of certain waste materials.
Illustration of rotary kiln incinerator

Liquid Injection Incinerators

Liquid Injection Incinerators are highly popular systems used to convert the hazardous waste materials to safe compounds, imparting proper disposal of both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. These wastes are easily disposed by implementing several process, waste is pumped and
Application - To destroy and burn hazardous wastes - To damage sludge, slurry, vapor and combustible liquids. - To dispose several aqueous and non aqueous wastes that can be atomized - consist of powerful burner nozzle that is used for atomization of aqueous and non aqueous wastes
Example of liquid injection incinerator

sprayed into the combustion chamber. Highly sensitive to waste composition and flow

esses i.e drying, solidification, vitrification and then concentration. To allow for easy combustion, these system utilize high pressure to prepare liquid wastes for incineration by breaking them up into tiny droplets. In incineration procchanges, these incinerators are single chamber units consisted with waste burners. Also re-

- High temperature is generated by these incinerators, widely applied for an effective treatment for wastes containing chlorinated hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds

Waste Disposal Method

Business Name"For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for Nature cannot be fooled."

Ocean Dumping
Pollution of the open or illegally within biological agents seas by human ac- coastal waters. Intivities has become a cineration at sea of serious Ocean problem. organic wastes, with dumping is subsequent dumping, that can affect marine ecosystems and marine organisms,

some of which are

the dumping or plac- has been allowed as ing of materials in a viable designated places in disposal the ocean, often on process, the
Ocean damping prohibited in United States

continental both in the United and in subsequently sumed but by conhumans.

shelf. A wide range States of materials is in- Europe. volved, including garbage, construction An little source

important,

Dumping of radioactive wastes and soil from nuclear contaminated defense

Special points of interest:
Ocean dumping is the dumping or placing of materials in designated places in the ocean Ocean dumping is regulated and controlled, while some dumping occurs haphazardly by ships and tankers at sea

recognized of ocean

and demolition debris, sewage sludge, dredge material, and waste chemicals. In some cases, ocean

dumping is the elimination of bilge water from tankers carrying oil and other

sites has periodically been suggested as a viable disposal

dumping is regulated and controlled, while some dumping occurs haphazardly by ships and tankers at sea,

products. Bilge water can contain a number of toxic

method, and canisters of nerve gas have been disposed of at sea. In addition

chemicals, as well as

Sanitary Landfill
The term "sanitary landfill" was first used in the 1930s to refer to the compacting of solid waste materials. Initially adopted by New York City and Fresno, California, the sanitary landfill used heavy earth-moving equipment to compress waste materials and then cover them with soil. The practice of covering was evident in or weight of a particular waste material. Since they are constructed of soil, posing waste materials in North America and other developed countries, even composting. Among the reasons that landfills remain a popular alternative are their simplicity and versatility.

though considerable efforts are being made to find alternative methods, such as recycling, incineration, and

For example, they are not sensitive to the shape, size,

Dont blow it - good planets are hard to find. -Quoted in Time

Greek civilization over 2,000 years ago, but the Greeks did it without compacting. Today, the sanitary landfill is the major method of dis-

they are rarely affected by the chemical composition of a particular waste compoTwo method construct sanitary landfill

Open Damping
Open dumping is the disposal of solid waste at any location other than a facility permitted by the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). When a violation is found, the DEQ takes action to cause the open dumping to cease and to cause the waste to be cleaned up. In almost all instances, open dumping is a violation. There

are many reasons, both environmental and aesthetic,

why open dumping is not permitted. In the environment,

Causing or allowing open dumping is illegal and may result in substantial penalties

Recycle
Recycling involves processing used, unwanted materials materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key component of

(waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw

(from incineration) and water pollution (from land filling) by reducing the need

Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the

third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy

modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper,

metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. Although similar in effect, the composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste such as food or garden waste is not typically

TECHONOLOGY IN JAPAN
Special points of interest: Japan is short of landfill and its situation is becoming severe because of NIMBY syndrome. recycled paper eliminates 40% of energy, 130% of waste, and 90% of air pollution comparing the paper from virgin resources

Regulations in the environmental field are

landfill is decreasing rapidly. Therefore, is waste now

Japan is short of landfill and its situation is becoming severe because of NIMBY syndrome. Actually, it is very difficult to construct a landfill newly. According to the esti-

becoming severe and severe. At the same time, NIMBY syndrome is becoming stronger day by day. The cost of incineration and other conventional waste treatment, especially landfill is increasing. As a result, recycling is becoming to be available. However, a

minimization

strongly required. Incineration is still considered to be one of the effective and indispens Ooable technologies in Japan and plays important roles in the waste treatment. Recently, it is considered that the recycling should play and will play a major part of the waste treatment as a

mated remaining capacity of landfill for industrial hazardous waste, we will lose a landfill in 2007. Therefore, Japan should reduce the waste to prolong the life of landfill. Recycling is focused on as effective means of waste minimization. For example, recycled paper eliminates 40% of energy,

considerable amount of substances including resources are still land filled as a waste and remaining capacity of

method of waste minimization from the aspect of both environment and

natural resources.

130% of waste, and 90% of air pollution comparing the paper from virgin resources. In case of aluminium, recycling can eliminate 90%of energy, 95% of solid waste, and 90% of air pollution compared one from virgin raw materials. In case of iron steel, it can eliminate 60 % of energy, 90% of solid waste, and 30% of air pollution. A landfill option for waste disposal is becoming to be unavailable. To solve this problem recycling and complete incineration technologies are strongly required minimizing the emission of toxic substances and energy consumption. Now 75% of MSW are incinerated. Combustion of the organic component of waste is an effective disposal method if the combustion is conducted properly. Recycling is increasing year by year and now 12% of MSW are recycled. Landfill is decreasing. This is one of the incineration facilities for the MSW near from Tokyo. Incineration allows a drastic reduction of amount and volume is also one of the best techniques for hazardous organic wastes and is widely used. It can achieve a 75 per cent weight reduction and an 85 per cent volume reduction. The longterm cost of land disposal is likely to be greater than the short-term cost of Incineration. If organic wastes escape from a landfill, expensive treatment of contaminated ground water or other remedial actions must be practiced in the future. Proper treatment by methods like incineration eliminates the long-term costs, although the short-term costs may be higher. Recently, incineration is becoming more popular due to the shortage of landfill sites. The preferred technologies are shifting from landfill ones to those that achieve waste destruction, elimination and recycling. A great effort is now being made on recovering resources such as paper, bottles, cans, and electrical consumer appliances etc. from the municipal solid waste to minimize the final disposal and increase the lifetime of landfill. However, seventy five percent of them are still incinerated. This is an incineration facility for hazardous wastes. The plant is comprised of a rotary kiln, secondary and tertiary combustion chambers, a fixed bed furnace, a quencher, scrubbers, a wet electrostatic precipitator and a stack. The waste is transported mainly in tanker trucks or steel drums. The waste was checked, classified and registered in each shipment and stored for treatment. Primary classification is based on the results of characterization tests on the spot such as viscosity, flammability, pH and compatibility of the waste where solid material is allowed to settle and is removed from the liquid. Before sending the material to a storage tank, a mixing test is carried out to avoid unexpected problems caused by chemical reaction between the liquids in the storage tank and pipes.

Regulations

in

and roles

plays in

important the waste

we will lose a landfill in 2007. Therefore, Japan should reduce the

the environmental field are and becoming severe. severe At the

treatment. Recently, it is considered that the recycling should play

waste to prolong the life of landfill. Recycling is focused on as effective means of

same time, NIMBY syndrome is becoming

and will play a major part of the waste

stronger day by day. The cost of incineration and other conventional treatment, waste especially

treatment as a method of waste minimization from the aspect of

waste minimization. For example, recycled paper eliminates 40% of energy, 130% of waste, and 90% of air pollution comparing the paper
Rotary kiln

both environment and natural resources. Japan is short of landfill and its situa-

landfill is increasing. As a result, recycling is becoming to be available. However, a considerable amount of substances including resources are still land filled as a

from virgin resources. In case of aluminium, recycling can elimi-

The preferred technologies are shifting from landfill ones to those that achieve waste destruction, elimination and recycling.

nate 90%of energy, 95% of

waste and remaining capacity of landfill rapidly. waste is decreasing Therefore, minimization is tion is becoming severe because of NIMBY syndrome. Actually, it is very difficult to construct a landfill newly. is According to the estimated remaining capacity of landfill for industrial hazardous waste,

solid waste, and 90% of air pollution compared one from virgin raw materials. In case of iron steel, it can eliminate 60 % of energy, 90% of solid waste, and 30% of air pollution. A landfill option for waste disposal

now strongly required. Incineration

still considered to be one of the effective and indispens Ooable

Prevention is better than cure

technologies in Japan

is becoming to be unavailable. To solve this problem recycling and complete incineration strongly technologies required are

sive

treatment

of

contami-

nated ground water or other remedial actions must be practiced in the future. Proper treatment by methods like incineration eliminates the longterm costs, although costs may the be

minimizing

the emission of toxic substances and energy consumption. Now 75% of MSW are incinerated. Combustion of the organic

short-term

higher. Recently, incineration is becoming more popular due to the shortage of landfill sites. The preferred technologies

component of waste is an effective disposal method if the

To catch the reader's attention, place an interesting sentence or quote from the story here.

combustion is conducted properly. Recycling is increasing year by year and now 12% of MSW are recycled. Landfill is decreasing. This is one of the incineration facilities for the MSW near from Tokyo. Incineration allows a drastic reduction of amount and volume is also one of the best techniques for hazardous organic wastes and is widely used. It can achieve a 75 per cent weight reduction and an 85 per cent volume reduction. The long-term cost of land disposal is likely to be greater than the short-term cost of Incineration. If organic wastes escape from a landfill, expen-

are shifting from landfill ones to those that achieve waste destruction, recycling. A great effort is now being made on recovering resources such as paper, bottles, cans, and electrical consumer appliances etc. from the municipal solid waste to minimize the final disposal and increase the lifetime of landfill. However, seventy five percent of them are still incinerated. This is an incineration facility for hazardous wastes. elimination and

The plant is comprised of a rotary kiln, secondary and tertiary combustion chambers, a fixed bed furnace, a quencher, scrubbers, a wet electrostatic precipitator and a stack. The waste is transported mainly in tanker trucks or steel drums. The waste was checked, classified and registered in each shipment and stored for treatment. Primary classification is based on the results of characterization tests on the spot such as viscosity, flammability, pH and compatibility of the waste where solid material is allowed to settle and is removed from the liquid. Before sending the material to a storage tank, a mixing test is carried out to avoid unexpected problems caused by chemical reaction between the liquids in the storage tank and pipes.

ROTARY KILN After the primary classification the chemical composition, heat value and flash point are measured and combustion tests are carried out prior to treatment. The results are used for determination of the optimum treatment method and the schedule. The blended mixture is charged into a rotary kiln by a ram and incinerated at 1,000C at a feed rate of 4 t/h. Waste oil will be burned at the same time when the mixture has a low heat value. Combustion gas from the rotary kiln goes into a secondary combustion chamber, where acid and alkali are decomposed thermally at 800 C. Then waste oil is burned in a tertiary combustion chamber to raise the temperature to 1,000C to decompose hazardous materials completely. The gas from the tertiary combustion chamber is quenched to 700C or 800C in a cooling tower by spraying a high volume of water. HCl and SOx are removed in a subsequent two stage scrubbing system, which is where the slaked lime slurry and the solution of caustic soda are sprayed. Before exiting the stack, the gas is introduced into the wet electrostatic precipitator, where particulate and water droplets are trapped and removed. It has recently reported that 80C 90% of total amount of dioxins generated in Japan is from MSW incinerators. During the eighties the mechanisms of dioxin formation were revealed. On this basis considerable improvements of the burning process and flue gas cleaning have been introduced and innovative technologies are investigated to achieve complete combustion for the minimization of dioxin generation and detoxification of ash.

According to the information from IAWG, considerable amount of dioxins are synthesized in the old gas treatment systems. However, improved technologies can reduce it drastically. The most important parameters for dioxin formation are organic carbon, chlorine, oxygen, temperature, time and catalyst. Principally incineration practices address the three Ts: time, temperature, and turbulence. The wastes, as gases, must be exposed to a temperature high enough to allow complete oxidation of the organic materials. The waste gases must have some period of time exposed to these maximum temperatures, and the gases must be mixed well enough so that each molecule is exposed to enough oxygen molecules to allow complete oxidation. Combustion temperature must be maintained higher than 800C. The concentration of CO must be kept under 100 ppm at the exit of stack. This indicates a complete combustion decreases the dioxin formation. This means that filter must be operated at a temperature below 200 C. There are al-

most two thousand MSW incinerators in Japan and the effect of MSW incineration is great.

ROTARY

TECHONOLOGY IN CHINA
Volume 1, Issue 1 Newsletter Date

China currently oper- of the low calorific ates 19 municipal waste incinerators (MWI) with a total daily capacity of approximately 7,000 tons (December 2002 status)1. This value of the waste (approx. 5 MJ/kg), incineration on a fluidized bed and the addition of hard coal is also wide-spread. The flue gas cleaning

today,

as

the

au-

thorities still

is about 2% of all the is done using dry or municipal solid waste being produced in China. Most of these systems are grate technology. Because however, China will creasing number of not be able to fur- difficulties in finding have consites for cities ther dump raw mu- landfill structed or are plannicipal waste. Some waste a sensible disning to construct inmunicipal authorities tance away from the already have great city. Thus, an inThe incineration of municipal waste plays a minor role in China semi dry systems. focus mainly on incinerating waste, from hazardous e.g. waste or

FIGURE:

Wmi Shang-

Special points of interest:

The flue gas cleaning is done using dry or semy dry systems. There were 19 municipal waste incinerators in operation in China in December 2002 with a total daily capacity of approximately 7000 tons.

industry

hospitals. In future,

Municipal waste incinerators in China

It appears as though large cities such as Shanghai

on the other hand appear to prefer fluidized bed

as, in general, the cost of operating combustion fluidized is bed

(see Figure) are mainly constructing grate firing systems. Smaller and medium sized cities costs of the generally unavoidable support firing

combustion. The use of fluidized bed combustion for the incinera-

generally

higher than for conventional grate firing.

the cost of operating fluidized bed combustion is generally higher than for conventional grate firing

tion of municipal solid waste is surprising But because of the low calorific value of municipal solid waste in China, the

results in the fact that fluidized bed technology can still be competitive in China, even for municipal solid waste

must also be taken into consideration. These costs are much lower for fluidized bed combustion. This

Issues of incinerator in Malaysia

DPM: Broga incinerator

the

Broga

incinerator

project stopped because it

Special points of interest:

cancel the RM1.5bil
incinerator project in Broga.

system, which cost more than RM1.5bil, is very

was too Expensive.

expensive. He was speaking after

TANGKAK: The Government had decided to cancel the RM1.5bil incinerator project in Broga last year as it was very costly to build and to maintain. Deputy Prime Minister

The decision was not

due to any protest or court action.

launching a unity carnival organised by Pertubuhan Kebajikan Dan Dakwah technology, whatever project planned the to Government undertake the Deputy Prime Minister

The landfill system had

been running without any problem

Islamiah Johor or Pekida. Abdul Najib said the Government had several alternatives, including using the sanitary landfill system in Bukit Tagar, to resolve waste disposal problems in the country. He said the landfill system had been running

Datuk Seri Abdul Najib Tun Razak said the decision last year was made at a meeting he chaired with the Housing and Local

should also ensure

safety of the people and

Government Minister Datuk Seri Ong Ka Ting. Speaking to the reporters here he said the decision was not due to any protest or court action but due to the high capital cost and keeping fee to have such incinerator. "The studies showed that

without any problem and the Government would also look into other systems, which were more costeffective and with proven technology. He said besides and costproven

effective

Costly Incinerators or Efficient

PENANG, Mar 23, 2007 (IPS/IFEJ) - Malaysia has were built. Malaysians, he added, would just have to are not impressed. Now they are going to build incinerators everywhere,'' says Ooi, an anti-incinerator campaigner who was part of the successful campaign to halt the 1,500-tonne behemoth at

announced that it may set up accept them. more incinerators to deal with Kuala Lumpur may have a mounting piles of waste in landfills - just six months after a mega-incinerator new incinerator within the next five years while the historical city of Malacca

project was scrapped follow- further south has submitted a Broga, 45 kilometres from ing an outcry from residents. request for one. Landfills A government committee was preparing a report on a plan to build more incinerators in the country, revealed Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak. The committee had already received about 150 proposcannot be an option for cenKuala Lumpur. But they failed twice in building a big one (first in Puchong in Kuala

L andfills cannot be an option for central Malacca due to rapid Malacca chief minister Mohd Ali Mohd Rustam

Lumpur and later at

urbanisation and development,'' said the new site in

Broga). In Broga, a valley of forests, scenic hills, and water catchment areas, residents rose to protest amidst worries about dioxin pollution, the disposal of toxic incinerator ash and costly incinerator maintenance. ment,'' said Malacca chief It's the same old issue of how to control and monitor the dioxins. And it is going to

als to build incinerators from tral Malacca due to rapid various parties. urbanisation and develop-

The deputy premier, who chairs a cabinet committee

minister Mohd Ali Mohd Rustam, adding that sur-

on solid waste management, rounding areas serve as said it was just a matter of time before incinerators or a cluster of incineration plants Anti-incinerator campaigners important water catchments.

of which only 100,000 tonnes is recov- Japan accounts for 10 per cent of Malayered. That's like throwing away 2.55 million trees into the landfills,'' it said on its website. sia's global trade. Only months earlier, in December 2005, the two countries had signed the JapanMalaysia Economic Partnership AgreeFew would dispute that the government's recycling campaign and its collection points, with large bins in three colours for the various types of waste, have been a failure. Where they existed, many of these bins were inaccessible or full of un-segregated rubbish. And most households did not have easy access to such recycling collection points. Environmentalists and anti-incinerator campaigners in the region are concerned that such bilateral agreements with Southeast Asian countries could pave the way for the setting up of wastecolonies" in the region. ment (JMEPA), a bilateral free trade agreement which came into force last July.

technology in Japan these days, researcher Mageswari Sangaralingam of the Consumers Association of Penang said, They may have brought down the level of emissions of dioxins and other pollutants like heavy metals and mercury, but they still get accumulated in the soil and in the food chain over time.''

If the money (allocated for incinerators) was used for effective waste minimization, recycling and organic composting programmes, then the amount of waste would be much less and they would not have to turn to

In this throwaway society, Kuala Lum-

They have protested against the

pur alone discards some 3,000 tonnes Japan-Philippines Economic Partof solid waste every day. nership Agreement (JPEPA), which they say contains disturbHalf a year is all it took for the governing provisions that could allow

ment to announce its renewed interest Japan to export toxic waste such in incinerators following the scrapping of the Broga incinerator. as incinerator ash to the Philippines, which has banned incinerators. Japan's response - that it But the termination of the 425 million US dollar project, awarded to Japanese engineering giant Ebara Corp, reportedly led to a warning from Japan that such action would not be beneficial to the promotion of foreign investment to Malaysia''. In response to those who tout the supposedly cleaner incinerator would not allow such exports has failed to dispel the environmentalists' concerns.

Can Incinerator build in Malaysia?

Malaysia is one the country that uses incinerator technology. There are several factors that we need to consider before we choose the incinerator technology method in Malaysia, include cost needed to build the incinerator, environmental effect, suitable place and risk for people around that place. From the first issues that we show above, we know that cost is the main point that our government need to think. This is because it is too expensive to build one plant of incinerator. It takes about RM1.5bil to build the incinerator. Although, we spent a lot of money in build incinerator, but at the end it still give a lot of bad impact to our environment. Besides that, to build incinerator it req

Incinerator in Malaysia
uired large area and it need to be far away from residential area. We can build up the incinerator and we have that potential. We still have residential that not discovered yet. However considering the impact that the incinerator gives to the environment does not support our needed to overcome the waste problem. We could found a residential for the development of the incinerator but we need to consider the effect that hard for us to maintain without proper technology. We already build up the incinerator in Malaysia, and our government still on their hand to build up more incinerators. Major impact on the environmental aspects covering land, water and air were put into considerations. A case study involving the operations od a sanitary landfill in Malaysia have been observed to determine its suitability to build a recuperative energy incinerator on the existing landfill. The most important aspect that we need to consider when we want to build up this incinerator is we have to find the most suitable site. It is regard to the least potential environment impacts in constructing a recuperative energy incinerator. We have that potential but we still needed to overcome the impact so the technology of incinerator could be constructing all over the place. A modern incinerator, (which removes 99.9 per cent dioxins and other pollutants), burning 416 000 tonnes of garbage per year (four and a half times what Barbados is likely to burn) will produce about 0.431 grams

An incinerator is an
The Environmental Impact of an Incinerator: Waste-to-Energy: Environmental Impact Combustion leases Toxins Contamination Food and Water Hinders Prevention Dioxin Waste of Re-

without its hazards. Although the process of controlled com-

tions of using an incinerator to dispose of waste. These include the release of airborne toxins from burning plastics and metals, the contamination of food and water in the area the incinerator is in use

industrial tool used in the treatment of municipal solid waste

bustion of waste is beneficial in that it reduces the amount of waste that ends up in a landfill, there are numerous envi-

which uses a process of waste combustion to create electricity. This process is also known as waste-toenergy, but it is not

ronmental

implica-

and it inadvertently hinders the prevention of waste that could otherwise reduce the amount of toxic materials combusted for fuel.

Waste-to-Energy: Environmental Impact

In waste-to-energy theory, is a externalities. In other words, the process has negative consequences that arise directly and indirectly from it. Environmentally speaking, erate electricity is largely untenable unless the proper safeguards can be put into place that reduces its haz-

beneficial method for the production of electricity that does not require fossil fuels.

However, the process is rife with negative

using an incinerator to combust waste to gen-

Combustion Releases Toxins

The first manicipal solid waste hind in the waste of the combusted material, whether in water, gas or ash. Ash is created at every point in the combustion cycle, from the bottom of the waste

it produces toxins from burning certain materials

jor impact of burning waste with an incinerator is that it produces toxins from

combustion facilities often thing burn from everyorganic

materials to plastics and metals. Heavy and

burning certain materials. If it were only organic materials

metals,

furans

dioxins are left be-

burned, it would be different, but mu-

Contamination of Food and Water

After the toxic byproducts of the combusted waste are released either into the air, water or contained in ash, absent adequate measures designed to prevent this, the toxins can make their way into the food and water supply of the areas surrounding the incinerator. By impacting the environmental in this catastrophic manner, human health is put at risk. The carcinogenic qualities of many of that the es-

chemicals

Hinders Waste Prevention

What is most apparent is the need to prevent much of the waste from entering the waste-toburning plastics and metals does, much of what is burned in municipal incinerators is organic duces waste proa
An incinerator hinders the prevention of waste by favoring the shortterm benefit over the

methane,

more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, so composting should be encouraged. In short, an incinerator hin-

energy plant in the first place. While organic

waste is combustible and prorecyclable or reusable. Even burning

ders the prevention of waste by favoring the short-term benefit over the long-

duces none of the toxic compounds that

Dioxin
Compounds related to dioxin, and believed to be as harmful, are chlorinated dibenzodioxins (CDD), chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDF) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). The chemical that are produced, (polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxin or PCDD). Dioxin is created in many different processes, such as in incinerators burn regular dioxin was first discovered in an old incinerator in the United States 1978 later other erators throughout the country. It is one of the in and at incinwhether there are "safe limits" and what these limits should be. Dioxin is up made of a

which

family of 210 compounds (75 dioxin and 135 furans) which are accidental byproducts the of

household garbage or medical waste, as well as power companies that burn fuel to produce electricity. A

several pol- The toxin can also be produced lutants produring the procduced by an ess of treating sewage sludge incinerator, and by far the most fearful because it is a cancer-causing, altering

forest fire can produce large quantities of the chemical,

chlorine

industry. Com-

pounds related to dioxin, and believed to be as harmful, are chlorinated (CDD), dibenzodioxins chlorinated

which is also formed during bleaching chlorine of wood

hormone chemical.

pulp that is used to make paper or it can be found in vehicle exhaust emissions. In addition, the toxin

There is a great debate

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dibenzofurans (CDF) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). They are collectively called dioxin

about of

the dioxin

quantities

Conclusion
Incinerator is one of the ways that we can use for waste disposal method. However, in manage waste. We might think like that first, because it helps us on solving the waste problem. What factor that becomes our priority is how this development of incinerator will effect in our life. From all the data we gain, it is not proper method for our environment. However, with the proper technology from Japan and Europe, all the bad effect can be reduced. Recently, in Japan incineration is becoming more popular due to the shortage of landfill sites. The preferred We have been mention that this incinerator could help us to process the waste unfortunately there is many factor that we need to consider if want to build it. It is like an investment for a short period and long period. We know that development of incinerator technologies are tipping fees to encourage

there are many advantages and disadvantages by using this method. As we mention earlier incinerator has its own contribution on decreasing

Inside this issues:

One of the landfill in Ma advantages and disadvantages by using incinerator. incinerator has its own contribution on decreasing the amount of garbage. the proper technology from Japan and Europe, all the bad effect can be reduced. Recycling is focused on as effective means of waste minimization.

the amount of garbage. Compared to the old incinerator, that polluted the environmental, the modern incinerator could overcome the problem. In such way that the modern decreases incinerator the really of

recycling, reuse and incineration, banning compost material from landfills. It also permitting disposal of materials with only three percent or less carbon or passing laws to encourage the construction of incinerators. Although incinerator is one of technology that we can use to overcome the waste disposal problem, but prevention is better than cure. Recycling is still the best method because it is effective cost, secure, and everyone can involve without affected our environment. Recycling is focused on as

amount

dioxin produce.

shifting from landfill ones to those that achieve waste

destruction, elimination and recycling. In addition, Europe also moving away from landfill towards recycling and incineration. Many members of European Union are either prohibiting the dumping of incinerable material in landfill, imposing levies on top of

has been spread around the world because it could help us