YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

nit 4
Environmental chemistry
Environmental chemistry is a field of chemistry concerned with designing ways for the protection
of environment. It focuses on the methods of reducing pollution of the environment that results
from manufacturing activities, agriculture, waste products and so on.

Environmental chemistry is the chemistry of air, soil, and water. It also studies the chemical and
biochemical phenomenon that occur in the environment.

4.1 Air
Air is a homogenous mixture of different gases it consist of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.97%
Noble gases and 0.03% carbon dioxide by volume. The composition of air is not the same at all
places in the world. This is due to the fact that the atmospheric air of humid region contains more
water vapor than that of arid regions and the atmospheric air of highly an industrialized area
contains a higher percentage of carbon dioxide than areas with less industry.

Average composition of atmospheric air

Gas Name Chemical Formula Percent Volume

Nitrogen N2 78.08%
Oxygen O2 20.95%
Water H2O 0 to 4%
Argon Ar 0.93%
Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0360%
Neon Ne 0.0018%
Helium He 0.0005%
Methane CH4 0.00017%
Hydrogen H2 0.00005%
Nitrous Oxide N2O 0.00003%
Ozone O3 0.000004%

4.1.1 Air Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse
change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.
Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally
occurring contaminants.

Pollution is any discharge of material or energy in to the environment pollution causes short term
or long term harm to the air, water and land around us. Pollution affects the earth’s ecological
balance and lowers the quality of life in the environment

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

Air pollution is the contamination of atmospheric air by gaseous substances and tiny solid
particles entering into it that are not normally present in the air. Air pollution is caused by the
emission of gaseous substances like CO2 which continually increases its concentration in the
atmosphere.

Types of Pollutants
In order to understand the causes of Air pollution, several divisions can be made. Primarily air
pollutants can be caused by primary sources or secondary sources. The pollutants that are a direct
result of the process can be called primary pollutants. A classic example of a primary pollutant
would be the sulfur-dioxide emitted from factories

Secondary pollutants are the ones that are caused by the inter mingling and reactions of primary
pollutants. Smog created by the interactions of several primary pollutants is known to be as
secondary pollutant.

4.1.2 Causes of Air pollution

1. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal,
petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution. Pollution
emitting from vehicles including trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause immense amount of
pollution. We rely on them to fulfill our daily basic needs of transportation. But, there overuse is
killing our environment as dangerous gases are polluting the environment. Carbon Monoxide
caused by improper or incomplete combustion and generally emitted from vehicles is another
major pollutant along with Nitrogen Oxides that is produced from both natural and manmade
processes.

2. Agricultural activities: Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related

activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. Use of insecticides, pesticides
and fertilizers in agricultural activities has grown quite a lot. They emit harmful chemicals into the
air and can also cause water pollution.

3. Exhaust from factories and industries: Manufacturing industries release large amount of
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby depleting
the quality of air. Manufacturing industries can be found at every corner of the earth and there is
no area that has not been affected by it. Petroleum refineries also release hydrocarbons and
various other chemicals that pollute the air and also cause land pollution.

4.1.3 Effects of Air pollution

1. Respiratory and heart problems: The effects of Air pollution are alarming. They are known
to create several respiratory and heart conditions along with Cancer, among other threats to the
body. Several millions are known to have died due to direct or indirect effects of Air pollution.

2. Global warming: Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the world is
witnessing due to Global warming. With increased temperatures worldwide, increase in sea levels
and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs.

3. Acid Rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the
atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combines with

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain
can cause great damage to human, animals and crops.

4. Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some

pollutants gets developed on sea’s surface and turns itself into algae and adversely affect fish,
plants and animal species. The green colored alga that is present on lakes and ponds is due to
presence of this chemical only.

5. Effect on Wildlife: Just like humans, animals also face some devastating effects of air
pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and
change their habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect
sea animals.

6. Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for
protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the
presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer
will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems.
UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.

4.1.4 Solutions for Air Pollution

1. Use public mode of transportation: Encourage people to use more and more public modes
of transportation to reduce pollution. Also, try to make use of carpooling. If you and your
colleagues come from the same locality and have same timings you can explore this option to save
energy and money.

2. Conserve energy: Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. Large amount of fossil
fuels are burnt to produce electricity. You can save the environment from degradation by reducing
the amount of fossil fuels to be burned.

3. Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle : Do not throw away items that
are of no use to you. In-fact reuses them for some other purpose. For e.g. you can use old jars to
store cereals or pulses.

4. Emphasis on clean energy resources: Clean energy technologies like solar, wind and
geothermal are on high these days. Governments of various countries have been providing grants
to consumers who are interested in installing solar panels for their home. This will go a long way
to curb air pollution

Global warming
Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the earth. Carbon dioxide occurs in
the air as a result of natural process such as respiration, decay and decomposition of organic
matter. Beside this human activities that involved the combustion of mineral coal and petroleum
have a resulted in a significant increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air.
Thus this increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air resulted in global warming

Causes of global warming

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

 Burning fossil fuels

 Deforestation
 Farming
 industrial wastes
 CFCS
Effects of global warming
 Ozone layer depletion
 Some gases like CFCS found to destroy ozone gas
 Acid rain
 Melting of ice
 Climate change
 Changes in vegetation

 Greenhouse effect is a natural process by which heat is trapped in the

atmosphere by water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and other gases that
form a blanket around the earth. The amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere increase due to human activities such as
 The burning of fossil fuel
 The removal of rain forests
 Disposition of acids emitted from industrial area
Water
Hardness and softness of water
Softness of water and hardness of water is related to the ability of the water to form lather
with soap the water that forms a lather rapidly with soap is soft water. Water that does
not form lather with soap readily is called hard water. Hardness of water caused by the
presences of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in it. Salts dissolve in water as rain
water collects on the ground and flow through rocks such limestone (CaCO 3) and Dolomite
(CaCO3.MgCO3).
Hard water does not form lather with soap readily, due to the reaction of calcium and
magnesium ions with soap to form an insoluble scum. Hard water can form lather after the
reaction between the ions and the soap is complete. Scum is a solid like substance that
forms when soap dissolves in hard water.
Types of hardness
There are two types of hardness of water they are temporary hardness and permanent
hardness
 Temporary hardness of water: is caused by the presence of dissolved calcium hydrogen
carbonate (CaHCO3) and magnesium hydrogen carbonate(MgHCO3)
 Permanent hardness of water : is caused by dissolved calcium chloride (CaCl2),
Magnesium chloride(MgCl2) and calcium sulphate(CaSO4) and magnesium
sulphate(MgSO4)
Softening of hard water
Softening water is a process of removing magnesium and calcium ions from hard
water. Temporary hardness of water is remove by boiling when temporary hard water

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

is boiled the dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate and magnesium hydrogen

carbonate will decompose to give insoluble carbonate of the metals and carbon dioxide
will be given off. The equations for the decomposition are given below
Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 +CO2 + H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 → MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O
The insoluble solid calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate settles down to the
bottom of the material in to which the water is boiled. It forms a layer on the interior
surface called lime scale. This layer is mostly formed in kettles, pans and boilers.
Permanent hard water cannot be softened by boiling. Permanent hardness of water
can be removed by the addition of sodium carbonate also called washing soda.
Na2CO3.10H2Owhyen sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 is added to water is dissociate in to
sodium ions and carbonate ions carbonate react with calcium and magnesium ions
present in the water to form insoluble calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate
Ca2+ + CO32- → CaCO3
Mg2+ + CO32- → MgCO3
To remove dirt it is preferable to wash clothes with soap in soft water than in hard
water this is because soft water does not contain calcium and magnesium ions.
Ordinary soap consists of sodium stearate, C17H35COO-Na+. as soap dissolves in water it
dissociates in to stearate ion C17H35COO- react with calcium and magnesium ions to
form an insoluble dirt-like substance called scum.
Ca2+ (aq)+ 2C17H35COO- (aq) → Ca(C17H35COO-)2 (s)
Water pollution
Water pollution is the degradation in the quality of water by dissolved chemicals, non-
dissolved chemicals and sediments, biological agents and heat .In general water is said
to be polluted if it contains substances that affects the health of living things or causes
damage to property.
Polluted water contains substances or chemicals that bring about harmful effects on
the lives of animals and plants and also cause damage of properties. These harmful
substances that pollute water are called Water pollutants. The major water pollutants
are domestic wastes, agricultural wastes and industrial wastes
 Domestic waste : refers to any solid or liquid materials discharge from our
houses in to the water in rivers, streams, lakes and oceans. The swage we
discharge into water sources may originate from washing clothes, washing
cooking utensils in kitchen, bath rooms, toilets, etc. ……. The swage from these
sources contains a variety of detergents, different types of dirt’s and harmful
bacteria.
 Agricultural wastes : these are pollutants that are coming the modern inputs
used in agriculture. They include such chemical as fertilizers, pesticides,
herbicides and insecticides. Animal waste and other substances washed into
stream or ground water are also agricultural pollutants.
 Industrial wastes : are those wastes coming out of industries. They include
different kinds of organic and inorganic substances that are capable of pollution
the water. Such pollutant of industrial origin includes oils, plastic, metallic
wastes, acids, salts, dyes, and suspended solids.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

Prevention and control of water pollution

Water pollution can be prevented or controlled by using different methods these
includes:
 Removal of pollutants by purification
 Reduction of pollutants inputs
 Recycling of wastes
 Use of chemicals
Water purification
Water purification is the removal of contaminants from untreated water to obtain water
which is pure enough for a desired use. Water treatment describes those processes used
to make water fit for a desire use these can include uses such as drinking water, industrial
process, medical and many other. During the treatment of drinking water substances such
as suspended matter, viruses, fungi, minerals, bacteria and other chemical pollutants are
removed.
The most common treatment used in water purification are:
 Physical treatment
 Chemical treatment
 Biological treatment

Physical treatment involves processes that are carried out no chemical and biological
changes. The most common method of physical treatment are screening and filtration
Screening is a physical treatment used to remove large pieces of solid waste.
Filtration is a method used to remove fine suspended particles. This is achieved by passing
water through a filter medium.
Chemical treatment is the addition of chemicals to water to improve its quality. The
most common chemical treatment methods are chlorination and addition of aluminum
sulphate(Al2(SO4)3).
 Chlorination is the addition of chlorine to water to kill bacteria and other
harmful micro-organisms. The chemicals used for this purpose is sodium
hypochlorite (NaOCl). The chlorine is sodium hypochlorite kills harmful
bacteria in water.
 Addition of aluminium sulphate causes chemical reaction to occur to form
insoluble solid. This help to improve the clarity of water and removes
dissolved harmful substances.
Biological treatment is a method that uses microorganism, mostly bacteria
decompose waste substances in water. By the action of bacteria, waste substances can be
converted to carbon dioxide, water and other products biological treatment is mostly used
to treat waste while physical and chemical treatments are used to treat drinking water as
well as waste water.
Soil
Soil is the top layer of the earth. It is the growing medium for plants. The soil provides
plants with stability, water and essential minerals for their growth. Soil consist of solid,
liquid and gas components.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

The solid components of soil contains minerals and organic matter or humus this
component make up about 50% of the total soil volume.
The liquid component of soil consists of water and dissolved minerals. It make up about
25%of the total volume of soil.
The gas component of soil consists of air the composition of soil air is 78%nitrogen, 21%
oxygen and about 0.05% carbon dioxide by volume. The composition of soil in air is nearly
similar to that of the atmospheric air. However, percentage of carbon dioxide in soil air is
slightly higher than that of atmospheric air.
Acidic and alkaline soils
The nature of the soil depends on the material from which it is developed the materials it
contains and many other factors soil of all places is not the same. Naturally soil can be
acidic, basic (alkaline) or neutral.
Acidity and alkalinity is measured in terms of PH. PH is the measurement of acidity or
alkalinity of substances. Generally PH of substances depends on the concentration of
hydrogen and hydroxide ion. In acidic solution the concentration of H + is higher than that
of OH-. In alkaline solution the concentration of H+ is smaller than that of OH-. A neutral
solution and soil contain equal concentration of H+ and OH-
Plant nutrient and soil improvement
Plant nutrient are materials required by plants for their growth plants get the material
nutrient from the soil. A soil can produce good crop yield only if it contains all the
necessary plant nutrients. Plants do not need all nutrients in the same quantity for their
growth they require some nutrients which are called macro(major) plant nutrient in a
large amount and others which are known as micro(minor) plant nutrients only in a very
small quantity.
Major plant nutrients
The major plant nutrients are the elements required by plants in large amounts. These
elements are also called macronutrient. The major plant nutrients are Nitrogen,
Potassium, Phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and sulphur. The elements Carbon, Hydrogen
and Oxygen are also major plant nutrients.
Methods of improving soil fertility
A soil can be either fertile or infertile. A fertile soil contains the major plant nutrients as
well as other elements required by plants in small amount in sufficient quantities.
An infertile soil lacks some of the plant nutrients or may not contain them in sufficient
quantities. When the plant nutrients are not present in sufficient quantities in a soil, it is
very important to add fertilizers to improve its fertility.
Fertilizers are substances that are added to the soil to improve the growth, crop yield and
nutrient value of crops. Fertilizers are classified as natural (organic) fertilizers and
chemical (synthetic or artificial) fertilizers.
Organic (natural fertilizers are those derived from animals and plant. These include
animal dung , urine, and material

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

Chemical (synthetic or artificial) fertilizer are fertilizer can be synthesized in factory or

industry for example dap( (NH4)2HPO4) , urea (NH2)2CO, Diammonium phosphate and
ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 are some examples of artificial or chemical fertilizers.
Acidity and Alkalinity of soil
Acidity and alkalinity of soil is associated with the amount of hydrogen ion and that of
hydroxide ion concentration
Fuel
 Fuel is anything that capable of burning to produce heat energy and light
 Coal, natural gas and crude oil are collectively called fossil fuel
 Natural gas and crude oil are formed by the slow decomposition of huge deposits of
animals and plant remains in the absence of air for some hundred millions of years
 Coal is formed by the decay of plant remains in the absence of air for hundred
millions of years.

Unit 5

Calculation based on formula

 Chemical formula: is a shorthand representation of the composition of a molecule or

a compound. It can be the combination of chemical symbol and numbers

 Atomic mass is the average of the all isotopes of an element atomic mass is
calculated using this formula

the1 st isotopes ×the 1 st percentage abundance the2 nd isotopes ×the 2 nd percentage abundance
+
100 100
Example: Naturally occurring consist of two isotopes with the atomic mass of 10a.m.u and
11 a.m.u which have a relative abundance of 20% and 80% respectively what is the
average atomic mass of boron?
Solution:
10× 20 11 ×80
Average atomic mass of Boron = +
100 100
200 880
= 100 + 100
= 2 + 8.8 = 10.8 is the atomic mass of boron
 Molecular mass: is the sum of the relative atomic masses of individual atoms it contains.
The term molecular mass refers to the mass of a molecule of an element or a compound.
Example : calculate the molecular mass of a molecule of ozone, O 3
(Atomic mass: O=16)
Solution:
Step 1: The only atom present in the molecule is ozone (O3)
Step 2: Number of O atoms = 3

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

Step 3: Total mass 3×16= 48

Step 4: Molecular mass = 48 a.m.u

 Formula mass: is the sum of the mass of each kind of atoms( ions) of elements in
the formula of the compound.
Example : Calculate the formula mass of Glucose (C6H12O6) ( Atomic mass : C=12,
H=1, O=16)
Solution :
Step 1: Elements present: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Step 2: Number of atoms: C=6, H=12, O=6
Step 3: Total mass of each element: C=6×12=72, H= 1×12=12, O=6×16=96
Step 4: Formula mass of Glucose (C6H12O6) = 72 + 12 + 96 =180 a.m.u

 Mole concept: the mole is the unit of measurement for amount of substance in the
international system of units. A mole of a substance or a mole of particles is defined
as exactly 6.022 × 1023 particles, which may be atoms, molecules, ions or electrons.
 The mass of one mole of atoms, molecules or a compound is called molar mass. It is
denoted by ‘M’ and expressed by the unit gram per mole (g/mol).

 To calculate the mass of moles of a substance in grams is

Mass of substance = Given number of moles × Molar mass
Example1:
Calculate the mass of 6.5 mol of calcium atom ( atomic mass: Ca=40)
Solution: Mass of substance = Given number of moles × Molar mass
= 6.5 mol × 40 g/mol
= 260 g
Example 2: what is the mass of 6 mol of NaNO3
Solution: 1st calculate the molar mass of NaNO3
Molar mass of NaNO3 = (1×23) + (1×14) + (3×16) =85 g/mol
Mass of substance = Given number of moles × Molar mass
= 6 mol × 85 g/mol
= 510 g
 To calculate the number of moles of a substance from a given mass we use
the relation :

Given mass∈grams m
Number of moles(n) = or n=
Molar mass of the substance∈gram per mole M

Example: How many moles are there in 120g Fe? (Atomic mass: Fe = 56)
Solution : Given mass= 120g
molar mass= 56g/mol

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

Given mass∈grams m
Number of moles (n) of Fe = or n=
Molar mass of the substance∈gram per mole M

120 g
= = 2.14 mol of Fe
56 g /mol

 The number of moles of a substance from a given number of particles is

calculated using the relation:

given number of particles

Number of moles (n) = 23
6.022 ×10 particle/mol
Example: How many moles are equivalent to 2.410 × 1023 molecules of SO4
given number of particles
Number of moles (n) = 23
6.022×10
= 2.410 × 1023molecules
6.022 × 1023 molecules/mol
= 0.4 mol
 To calculate the number of particles in a given mass( amount) of a substance
Given mass m
Number of particles = × 6.022 × 1023 or number of particles = × 6.022 ×
Molar mass M
1023

Example: Calculate the number of molecules in 56 g of SO3 (Atomic mass S=32, O= 16)
Solution : Molar mass of SO3 = (1 × 32) + (3 × 16) = 80 g/mol
Given mass of SO3= 56g
m
No of molecules of SO3= × 6.022 × 1023
M

56 g
= × 6.022 × 1023
80 g /mol

= 0.7 × 6.022 × 1023 = 4.2154 × 1023

 Number of atoms = Number of moles of atoms × 6.022 × 1023

Example : calculate the number of atoms in 0.8 mol of Aluminum atom (Atomic mass: Al =27)
solution:
Number of atoms = Number of moles of atoms × 6.022 × 1023

= 0.8mol × 6.022 × 1023atoms/mol = 4.8176 × 1023

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

 Percentage composition of a compound: is the ratio of an amount of each element

to the total amount of individual element in a compound which is then multiplied
with 100.
mass of element ∈the compound
% composition = × 100
formula ( molar ) mass of a compound
 To determine the percentage composition of a compound we use the following steps.
Step1: Find the molar mass of all the elements in the compound in grams per mole

Step2: Find the molecular mass of the entire compound

Step3: Divide the component’s molar mass by the entire molecular mass and You
will now have a number between 0 and 1. Multiply it by 100% to get
percentage abundance

Example: Calculate the percentage composition of calcium sulphate (CaSO 4)

(Atomic mass: Ca=40, S=32, O=16)

Step 1: Ca= 1×40=40g/mol , S= 1×32= 32g/mol, O= 4×16=64g/mol

Step2: 40 g/mol + 32 g/mol + 64 g/mol = 136g/mol

40
Step 3: % Ca = = 0.2941 ×100 = 29.41%
136

32
%S=
136
= 0.2352 ×100 = 23.52%

64
%O= = 0.47 ×100 = 47.05%
136

Determination of formula
 Empirical formula: is the formula that shows the number of atoms of each type of
element present in the compound in the lowest possible ratio.it is the simple
formula of the compound.
Steps for determining empirical formula
Step1: write down the symbol of the consistent elements
Step2: write the mass or mass percentage of the elements under each element
Step3: find the number of moles of each element by dividing the percentage mass
of each element by the respective atomic mass
Step4: to get the simplest whole number value, divide the relative number of atoms
by the smallest of the set

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

Step5: if the above ratio is not whole number, multiply all the values by a suitable
integer which will change them to simple whole number
Step 6: write the symbol of the consistent elements side by side and the number
obtained as subscript to get its empirical formula

Example: Find the empirical formula of an oxide formed by reacting 28g of iron
and 12g of oxygen (Atomic mass Fe=56, O=16)
Solution:
Step1: Elements: Fe O

Step2: Mass 28 12

28 12
Step3: Number of moles
56
= 0.5 16
= 0.75

0.5 0.75
Step4: Divide the smallest =1 = 1.5
0.5 0.5

Step5: Multiply by 2 1×2=2 1.5 ×2= 3

Step 6: Empirical formula of the compound is Fe2O3

 Molecular formula : is the formula that shows the actual number of toms of each
type of element present in a compound

Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n

Molecular mass = Empirical formula mass × n
where n is a number greater or equal to 1

Example: The empirical formula of glucose is CH2O and its molecular mass is 180.
Find the molecular formula of glucose. (Atomic mass C=12, H=1, O=16)
Solution: Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n
Molecular mass of glucose = 180
= 180= (CH2O) x
= 180= (1×12 + 2×1+ 1×16) x
= 180 = 30x
180 30
=6 = =1
30 30
Molecular formula of glucose= (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

Example2: A certain compound consist of 93.71% C and 6.29 % H. its molecular

weight is approximately 130. What is its molecular formula
Solution: in this case first determine the empirical formula from the given
percentage composition using the steps applied in empirical formula
Step1: Element C H

Step2: Mass 93.71 6.29

93.71 6.29
Step3: No of moles
12
= 7.81 1
= 6.29

7.81 6.29
Step4: Divide the smallest = 1.24 =1
6.29 6.29

Step5: Multiply by 4 4×1.24=5 4 ×1= 4

Step6: Empirical formula of the compound = C5H4

Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n

Molecular formula = (C5H4) x

130= (5×12 + 4×1) x
130 = 64x
130 64 x
64
= 64
X= 2

Molecular Formula = (C5H4)2

= C10H8

∭∭ The End ∭∭

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

EXERCISE
Choose the best answer from the given alternative

______1, The 1st most abundant element in atmospheric air is

A, O2 B, N2 C, CO2 D, Ar

______2, 21% of the air composition is

A, O2 B, N2 C, CO2 D, Ar

______3, Which of the following gas increase the temperature of an environment

A, NO2 B, SO2 C, CO2 D, CO

______4, The correct sequence of the abundance of the component of air is

A, O2 >N2>CO2>Ar B, N2> O2> Ar > CO2 C, Ar >N2>CO2> O2 D, O2 >N2> Ar > CO2

_____5, An acid rain is caused by

A, CFC’s B, SO2 C, CO2 D, NO2

_______6, Which of the following pairs of gases is responsible for warming of the earth

A, N2 and SO2 B, SO2 and CFC’s C, CH4 and CO2 D, CO2and N2

_______7, which one of the following element is the most abundant noble gas in atmospheric air

A, Xe B, Kr C, Ar D, He

_____8, which one of the following is essential to green plants for the process of photosynthesis

A, NO2 B, CO2 C, O2 D, N2

_____9, which of the following is a biological treatment for water purification

A, Screening B, Chlorination C, Bacteria decomposition D, Filtriation

_____10, which one of the following is NOT air pollutant

A, N2O B, CO2 C, SO2 D, CO

_____11, Which air pollutant reduces the capacity of Hemoglobin to carry oxygen

A, CO B, SO2 C, H2S D, N2O

_____12, the substance that protects the earth from Ultra violet rays is

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

A, O3 B, CO2 C, O2 D, CO3

_____13, which element is used in the production of rat poison

A, S8 B, O3 C, P4 D, N2

_____14, which one of the following allotropy of sulphur is stable at 119 0 C

A, Rhombic B, Plastic C, White D, Monoclinic

_____15, The process of extraction of sulphur is called __________

A, Haber process B, Hall process C, Frash process D, Cynidation

_____16, which element is does not exist free in nature

A, Sulphur B, Phosphorus C, Nitrogen D, Carbon

_____17, which one of the following is the major causes of air pollution Except

A, Burning of Fossil Fuels B, Exhaust from factories

C, Agricultural activities D, None

______18, one of the following is the main solution of air pollution

A, Use public mode of transportation B, Emphasis on clean energy resources

C, Conserve energy D, All of the above

_____19, which one of the following is NOT the effect of air pollution

A, Effect on Wildlife B, Deforestation

C, Eutrophication D, Acid Rain

__20, Greenhouse effect is a natural process by which heat is trapped in the atmosphere by

A, Water vapor B, Carbon dioxide C, Methane D, All

_____21, which of the following is NOT the uses of water

A, It is essential for our health B, It is used as raw material for respiration

C, It is used in photosynthesis D, It is used to make soft drinks

_____22, Which one of the following is NOT the main causes of hardness of water

A, Sodium B, Chlorine C, Magnesium D, A and C

_____23, Which one of the following is the cause of temporary hardness of water

A, CaCl2 B, CaHCO3 C, CaSO4 D, MgSO4

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

_____24, Permanent hardness of water can be removed by adding of

A, Chlorine B, Washing Soda C, Soda ash D, sodium

______25, a water pollutant that refers to any solid or liquid materials discharge from our
houses in to the water is

A, Agricultural waste B, Domestic waste C, Industrial waste D, All

______26, ________ is a physical treatment of water used to remove large pieces of solid waste

A, Filtration B, Screening C, Evaporation D, Distillation

______27, A method that uses microorganism, mostly bacteria decompose waste substances
in water is

A, Biological Treatment B, Physical Treatment

C, Chemical Treatment D, None of the above

______28, The top layer of the earth is

A, Core B, Soil C, Stone D, Mantle

______29, Which one of the following is the major plant nutrients Except
A, Nitrogen B, Iron C, Potassium D, Magnesium
______30, A substances that are added to the soil to improve the growth, crop yield and
nutrient value of crop is

A, Insecticide B, Pesticides C, Herbicides D, Fertilizer

____31, Which of the following is a liquid fuel

A, Kerosene B, Wood C, Coal D, Charcoal

______32, A type of fuel that formed by the decay of plant remains in the absence of air for
hundred millions of years is

A, Crude oil B, Coal C, Natural gas D, Coke

______33, What is the main composition of natural gas

A, Methane B, Ethane C, Hydrogen D, Nitrogen

_______34, Calculate the number of moles of 8.5 grams of NaCl

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

A, 0.14 mol B, 0.31mol C, 0.05 mol D, 0.28 mol

______35, What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2 (Atomic mass , Ca=40, P=31, O=16)

A, 410 a.m.u B, 310a.m.u C, 210a.m.u D, 110a.m.u

______36, Glycerol has the molecular formula of C3H8O3. Calculate its molar mass
(Atomic mass C=12, H=1, O=16)

A, 29g/mol B, 92g/mol C, 110g/mol D, 64g/mol

______37, What is the mass of 4.01×1023 atoms of magnesium (Atomic mass: Mg=24)

A, 45.99grams B, 25.99grams C, 15.99grams D, 35.99grams

______38, What is the mass of 3.01×1023 atoms of Iron (Atomic mass: Fe=56)

A, 56grams B, 25grams C, 112grams D, 28grams

______39, which one of the following contains greatest number of atoms

A, 71g of Chlorine B, 2g of Hydrogen

C, 48g of oxygen D, 18g of Carbon

______40, Which one of the following compound contains the highest percentage of oxygen

A, H2O B, CaCO3 C, N2O D, SO2

_______41, A compound with the simplest formula C2H5 has a molecular mass of 180. The
molecular formula of the compound is (Atomic mass C=12, H=1,)

A, C8H20O4 B, C6H20O4 C, C4H10O2 D, C8H15O4

_______42, If you had 1.204×1024 molecules of nitrogen, how many moles would this be

A, 4 moles B, 1moles C, 5 moles D, 2 moles

_______43, A compound contains 93.8% Carbon and 6.2% Hydrogen by mass. What is the
empirical formula of this compound?

A, C5H4 B, CH C, C8H6 D, C3H2

_______44, A compound of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen contains 40%, 6.6% and 53.4%
respectively. If the molecular mass of the compound is 60, what is the molecular formula
of the compound?

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE
 YELIBE FANA PRIMARY SCHOOL

A, C2H4O2 B, CH2O C, C2H2O D, C2H2O2

_______45, All of the following are true about the mole concept except

A, It has a mass equal to the mass of proton B, It is equal to gram atomic weight

C, It is equal to gram molecular weight D, It contains 6.02×10 23 particles

_______46, How many moles of diammonium phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) are there in 26.2g of
((NH4)2HPO4)

A, 0.5 mol B, 0.4mol C, 0.23 mol D, 0.19 mol

_______47, What is the percentage of CaO in CaCO3

A, 65% B, 31% C, 56 % D, 13 %

_______48, Which one of the following quantities contains the same number of molecules

A, 8g O2 and 32g SO2 B, 28g CO and 14g N2

C, 48g O3 and 16g O2 D, 2g H2 and 44g CO2

_______49, Which one of the following is not true

A, Empirical formula is the simplest formula

B, The sum of percentage of elements in a compound is equal to 100

C, One mole of different substances have the same mass

D, Molecular mass is the sum of the relative atomic masses of individual atoms it contains

_______50, How many moles are equivalent to 6.033 × 1023 molecules of SO4

A, 1.5mol B, 1.0mol C, 2.0mol D, 2.5mol

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE