Sinhgad Academy of

Engineering
(SAE Kondhwa)
 Project Based Learning

FE(2019)pattern
SPPU
Project Title: Smart Fire Alarm
 Team Members and Mentor :

Group No. :- B5
 FB021 : Omkar Devidas Dadpe
 FB022 : Asmita Jadhav Gurunath
 FB023 : Utkarsh Mahendra Sonawane
 FB024 : Kashish Kalpeshkumar Katariya
 FB025 : Devang Vinod Tilgule

 Name Of Mentor :- Mrs. Usha Jambhale

 Abstract Of Project :

Fire Alarm Circuit is a simple circuit that detects the fire and activates the Buzzer. Fire Alarm
Circuits are very important devices to detect fire in the right time and prevent any damage to people
or property.

There are many expensive and sophisticated Fire Alarm Circuit in the form of stand-alone devices,
but we have designed five very simple Fire Alarm Circuits using common components like
Thermistor, LM358, Germanium Diode, LM341 and NE555.
This is a very simple alarm circuit using Thermistor, LM358 Operational-Amplifier and a Buzzer. The
primary purpose of fire alarm system is to provide an early warning of fire so that people can be.
evacuated and immediate action can be taken to stop or eliminate of the fire effect
as soon as possible
 Problem Identification:

 Fire outbreaks in buildings create a huge negative impact on the buildings, which
could be detrimental to the safety of life and property
 Chemical fires are frequent in commercial places, but it can also occur in a residential
house. For instance, then the volatile gasoline starts vaporing and reaches a flash-
point temperature; it can cause a fire. It also happens when the chemicals in the air
combining with oxygen reach a flash-point temperature and ignite a fire.
 Literature Survey:

Author :- Dr. Saylee Gharge , Sachin Pandey

Date :- 7th July 2014

This paper present a system which can efficiently detect fire after the image of the area
has been captured by a camera. Fire has destructive properties which cannot be
tolerated in any work areas. Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic
chemical process of combustion, releasing heat and light. The light parameter and
color of flame helps in detecting fire. The system first detects smoke and then fire. When
smoke is present in the area it displays a message on the Security terminal. When a fire
breaks in the area under consideration, the corresponding fire region in the input video
frame will be segmented which covers the fire. If the area of the flame increases in the
subsequent frames, then an alarm is sounded.
Author :- Micky James
Date :- 8th August 2014

Detecting break out of fire at the initial stage itself is vital for the prevention of material as
well as human loss. Traditional point-based sensors for heat or smoke detection would
detect the presence of fire only if the particles produced as a result of combustion reach
the sensors. Video based fire detection approach is implemented in scenarios where point
sensors may fail. Video based fire detection systems has got a wide variety of applications
in large scale industries, naval vessels, forest fire detection etc.
 INTRODUCTION

The fire alarm working principle is based on thermistor used in the fire alarm circuit. This
fire alarm circuit is used to identify and indicate an increase in temperature beyond
certain value (temperature of an enclosed area). All Fire Alarm Systems essentially
operate on the same principle. If a detector detects smoke or heat, or someone
operates a break glass unit, then alarm sounders operate to warn others in the building
that there may be a fire and to evacuate. A thermistor is an inexpensive and easily
obtainable temperature sensitive resistor, thermistor working principle is its resistance
depends upon the temperature. When temperature changes, the resistance of the
thermistor changes in a predictable way. The benefits of using a thermistor is accuracy
and stability
 Components Required:

• 10k Thermistor
• LM358 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
• 4.7k ohm resistor (1/4 watt)
• 10k ohm potentiometer
• Small Buzzer (5v buzzer)
• Connecting wires
• Mini bread board
• 5v power supply
 Thermistor
 An NTC thermistor is a thermally sensitive resistor whose resistance exhibits a large,
preciseand predictable decrease as the core temperature of the resistor increases over the
operating temperature range.
 The enclosed negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, p/n 1600-10K, works by
translating temperature into resistance, with resistance decreasing as temperature increases.
 A thermistor is an inexpensive and easily obtainable temperature sensitive resistor, thermistor
working principle is, its resistance depends upon the temperature. When temperature
changes , the resistance of the thermistor changes in a predictable way. The benefits of using
a thermistor is accuracy and stability.
 A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent on
temperature. This type of thermistor is used the most. A PTC thermistor works a little
differently. When temperature increases, the resistance increases, and when temperature
decreases, resistance decreases.
 LM358 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

 LM358 is a dual op-amp IC integrated with two op-amps powered by a common power supply.
The differential input voltage range can be equal to that of power supply voltage. The
LM358IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp IC.
 It is designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally frequency
compensated, high gain, independent op-amps. This IC is designed for specially to operate
from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. LM358 consists of two
independent, high gain operational amplifiers in one package. Important feature of this IC is
that we do not
require independent power supply for working of each comparator for wide range of power
supply.
 LM358 can be used as transducer amplifier, DC gain block etc..
 the output gets fed back to the inverting input through some impedance. An Operational
Amplifier or op-amp is a voltage amplifying device designed to be used with external feedback
components such as resistors and capacitors between its output and input terminals.
 4.7k ohm RESISTOR (1/4 watt)

 A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an
electronic circuit.
 Every 1,000,000 Ohms is known as a Megohm (Mega = one million), abbreviated to the
capital letter "M". As a couple of examples; a 4,700 Ohm resistor would be written as either
4.7Kor 4K7, and 5,600,000 Ohms would be written as 5.6M or 5M6.
 10k ohm POTENTIOMETER

 A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals. Two terminals are
connected to both ends of a resistive element, and the third terminal connects to a sliding
contact, called a wiper, moving over the resistive element. A potentiometer is a manually
adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals.
 Two terminals are connected to both ends of a resistive element, and the third terminal
connectsto a sliding contact, called a wiper, moving over the resistive element.
 SMALL BUZZER (5V)

 The buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to attach it to power and ground. ...
When current is applied to the buzzer it causes the ceramic disk to contract or expand.
Changing the This then causes the surrounding disc to vibrate. That's the sound that you
hear. PUI has theAI-3035, a piezoelectric buzzer rated for 2-5 Volt operation, nominal 3
Volts, and with a maximum current requirement of 9 mA.
 The dimensions are 30 mm diameter, 20.5 mm height excluding leads. To reduce the sound
of the buzzer, measure the resistance of the buzzer, then place a resistor the same value as
the buzzer in series with it, see how much this drops the volume. The more resistance to
quieter the buzzer should be. If the buzzer does not work with half the value, try a value
lower in resistance.
 CONNECTING WIRES

 These are used to connect the components in the circuit.

 These are used to allow current through them.
 These are made up of copper, since copper is a good conductor of electricity
 MINI BREAD BOARD

 Breadboards are designed to work with through-hole electronic components. These

components have long metal leads that are designed to be inserted through holes in a
printed circuit board (PCB) that are plated with a thin copper coating, which allows the
component leads to be soldered to the board.
 This board is divided into 4 parts, 1st and 4th part slots are horizontally connected whereas
2nd and 3rd part slots are connected vertically.
 The mini breadboard has 400 slots
 5V POWER SUPPLY

 In this circuit we use 5 volt power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 CIRCUIT DESIGN

 The design of the Fire Alarm Circuit with Siren Sound is very simple. First, connect the
10 KΩ Potentiometer to the inverting terminal of the LM358 Op - Amp. One end of
the POT is connected to +5V, another end is connected to GND, and the wiper
terminal is connected to Pin 2 of Op - Amp.
 We will now make a potential divider using 10 K Thermistor and 10 KΩ Resistor. The
output of this potential divider i.e., the junction point is connected to the non –
inverting input of the LM358 Operational Amplifier.
 We have chosen a small, 5V buzzer in this project to make the alarm or siren sound.
So, connect the output of the LM358 Op - amp to the 5V Buzzer directly.
 Pins 8 and 4 of the LM358 IC i.e., V+ and GND are connected to +5V and GND
respectively.
 WORKING

 We will now see the working of the simple Fire Alarm Circuit. First thing to know is that
the main component in detecting the fire is the 10 K Thermistor. As we mentioned in
the component description, the 10 K Thermistor used here is a NTC type Thermistor. If
the temperature increases, the resistance of the Thermistor decreases.
 In case of fire, the temperature increases. This increase in temperature will reduce
the resistance of the 10 K Thermistor. As the resistance decreases, the output of the
voltage divider will increase. Since the output of the voltage divider is given to the
non – inverting input of the LM358 Op – Amp, its value will become more than that of
the inverting input. As a result, the output of the Op – Amp becomes high, and it
activates the buzzer.
 ADVANTAGES

 Low cost
 Reliable
 Fast response
 Circuit can be easily constructed
 High level security
 Easy to design
 Easy to modify
 Low power consumption
 Can easily be installed anywhere in commercial buildings
 Portable
 DISADVANTAGES

 False alarm
 Blinded by thick smoke
 Senses near range heat(fire) only
 Uses continuous power supply
Refrances

 https://www.electronicshub.org/simple-fire-alarm-circuit/#Circuit_Design
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgsB6VmNGXo