Carrer Development Toolkit

Career development
toolkit for early career ~~ ~

pharmacists and
pharmaceutical
scientists
--
FIP Development Goals
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 p2
Colophon
Copyright 2020 lnternational Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)
lnternational Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)

Andries Bickerweg 5
2517 JP The Hague
The Netherlands
www.fip.org
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in any retrieval system or transcribed by any
form or means- electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise without citation of the source. FIP shall not
be held liable for any damages incurred resulting from the use of any data and information from this report.
All meas u res have been taken toen su re accuracy of the data and information presented in this re port.
Editors:
Ayodeji Matuluko Sherly Meilianti

FIP YPG Chairperson of projects 2020 FIP YPG President 2020
Emmanuel Oluwagbade Adam Pattison Rathbone

FIP YPG Professional development team member 2020 FIP YPG member
Design and layout:

lnternational Pharmaceutical Federation
ISBN: 978-9-083092-82-9
Publication date: 14 December 2020
Recommended citation:
lnternational Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). FIP YPG Career development toolkit for early career
pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. The Hague, FIP, 2020.
Table of contents
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................................4
Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................5
Toolkit overview ............................................................................................................................................................................6
1 Background and concept ..................................................................................................................................................... ?
1.1 Global strategy to invest in early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists ............................... 7
1.2 Career development toolkit... .............................................................................................................................................. 8
2 Career paths and opportunities in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences .................................................. 9
2.1 Career paths and opportunities in diverse settings ................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Specialist areas of pharmacy ............................................................................................................................................12
2.3 A tool to help you explore diverse career paths ........................................................................................................14
3 Career development cycle .................................................................................................................................................15
3.1 Reflection .................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
3.2 Planning .....................................................................................................................................................................................18
3.3 Action .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2o
3.4 Evaluation .................................................................................................................................................................................21
4 Global frameworks to support professional development ................................................................................... 23
4.1 Global Competency Framework ....................................................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Global Advanced Development Framework ................................................................................................................ 24
s Developing transferable skills .........................................................................................................................................25
5.1 Communication skills ...........................................................................................................................................................26
5.2 Negotiatio n ski lis ................................................................................................................................................................... 27
5.3 Analytical skills .......................................................................................................................................................................29
5.4 lnterpersonal skills ................................................................................................................................................................30
5.5 Conflict resolution skills ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
5.6 Leadership skills .......................... .. .. .. ..................................................................................................................................... 35
5.7 Resilience ..................................................................................................................................................................................38
5.8 Personal branding skills ......................................................................................................................................................41
6 Activities to develop your skills and expertise ..........................................................................................................47
6.1 Mentorship ..............................................................................................................................................................................-47
6.2 Training and certification ...................................................................................................................................................50
6.3 Networking for success ....................................................................................................................................................... 51
7 Strategies for successful career changes ....................................................................................................................54
7.1 Factors leading toa career change .................................................................................................................................54
7.2 Strategies for successful career changes ..................................................................................................................... 55
8 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................................................s8
9 Appendices ..............................................................................................................................................................................59
10 References ...............................................................................................................................................................................78
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 P4
Acknowledgements
FIP YPG wishes to thank the following people for their contribution to this document:
Career Development Toolkit Young Pharmacists Group Project Team

Ayodeji Matuluko (Nigeria)
Emmanuel Oluwagbade (Nigeria)
Sherly Meilianti (Indonesia)
Karima Bennara (Aigeria)
Funmbi Okoya (Nigeria)
Career Development Toolkit Working Group

Adam Pattison Rathbone (UK)
Antria Pavlidou (Cyprus)
As ka Patel (Canada)
Austin Green (USA)
Dimitrios-llias Balourdas (Greece)
Gizem Gulpinar (Turkey)
Yoonjung Choi (Republic of Korea)
Reviewers
Catherine Duggan (The Netherlands)
Nilhan Uzman (The Netherlands)
Ema Paulino (Portugal)
Giovanni Pauletti (USA)
Renly Lim (Australia)
Acacia Leong (U K)
FIP Workforce Development Hub Leads
New Generation of Pharmaceutical Scientists Special lnterest Group- Rebecka lsaksson (UKL Brian Cicali
(USA} and Sarah Dineen-Griffin (Australia)
Case study contributors

Ahmad El Ouwieni (Lebanon)
As ka Patel (Canada)
Brian Cicali (USA}
Chun Wai-Mai (Malaysia)
Ciara O'brien (UK}
Emine Merve Yild1nm (Turkey)
Farhan Yusuf (Tanzania)
George Vasilopoulos (Greece)
Shepard Nqobile Mhlaba (Zimbabwe)
Graphic design support

Princy john (USA}
FIP YPG would al so like to thank our members who provided their feedback on the draft version of the toolkit.
t.a•eerd~\·e oJrl!rt to~lklt fo ·~afl}· ·:1ree1 pha1 ncci~ts a 1::1 p 11rmacEu:kal ~ó~rti~u 1ps
Foreword
The Worlc1 HPalrh Orga nizar.ion {WHO) sr.ares r 1at rhe re is" no h Pa lr.h wit • our. a wo rkforce". As r.he rh ird-large:;r
hcdlth wo · kforcc in the wor Id, thc phdr rn;;tc utitdl wo r kforcc i s ;;rr i nci spc nsdblc rompo ncrrt of thc hcdltiKdrc
systerr. The capaci ty to del iver high·q ual ity he al thcare de pends o n h<.vi ng a sufficie nt, corn pete nt anc flexible
¡lharmaceutical workforce w·o can del iver p • armaceutical and medicines-re lated services. The conti nt ed
dcvcloprncnt of pharmacy scrviccs and ~harrnaccutical sci<:nccs can only be built on a w<:ll-balanccd,
corr petent and well·distri buted pharrr a ce ut cal wo rkfo ree. T 1is is al g ned w th the 1nte rnational
Pharmaceutical Fede ·arion (FIJ>)'s rn issio n, whi eh i s ro support global health )y enab li ng the advancerne nt of
pharmaceutical practi ce, scien ce and ed ucation. lt is al so wort hy of no te that a fu nctional p harmaceutical
workforce can o ·ly ex rst whe re the re rs good ed ucatr o n, train i ng and op portu n ities fo r profess ional
development. This brings ~bout the importJ.nce of h;tving ~ gtfde ro support the ph~rm<~.cetticnl workforce·s
professional development.
To J.chieve the FIP strJ.tegic outcorne 6- "FIP is J. cost-effective, unifie(l, vibrJ.nt J.nd growing orgJ.nis~tion
that meets the needs and supports the wor~ of its members•- FIP aims to develop ft tue leaders from all
¡larts of the organ sation, the profession and the globe. The FIP Young J>harmacists Group (VPG) is a network
ot rnotivated young pharmacists and pharrnaceutical scientists within riP which alig,ns with this strategic
outcome. The 20~9 YPG need s assessmen t su rvey cond u cted by Fl P YPG expressed a need 'o· caree r
developrnent resources. This is a so aligned with one of the olljectives of the Fll' st·aregic outcorne 5, which is
ro facilitare and enable :he sharing of re evant knowledge and professional develo~rnent tools for all
me m bers across coun tries and regio ns. Th is caree r d eve lop ment tool kit p re pared by Fl P YPG is i ntended to l>e
beneficia 1ro a nd p rovic e sufficienr. guida nce for ea rly caree r pha rmacisrs and pha rmaceur.ica 1 scien ti srs Th is
rcady·rnade re~ourcc is al>o dlif,rrcd with thc FIP Devcloprrrent Goals, particLiarly FIP DG 2: "Early tdr<:er
tr<.ining strategy", FIP DG t 1: "Advanced and specialist development", FIP DG s: ''Competency development", FIP
f)G 6: "Leaciership develollmenr", FIP nc; 8: "Working wirh others" and FIP IJG g: "Conrinuing profes~ional
dcvcloprnc nt str atc!\ics."
Thi s tool kit wi 11 he lp i nd ivid uals d eve lop ideas, set gonl s J.n(J bu i Id a se nse of sel f-J. wareness n nd
u nd ersta nd i ng of what they need to do :o reach th ei r fu 11 potential. lt w ill su p port early career )harmacists
and pharmaceuticc.l scien:ists in creating their own career paths, and personal development plans that will
help t~em rn;¡ke strnregic decisions, increase cnreer fulfilment ~nd increJ.se employment opport.mities. This
will sL pport the aeh ieveme nt of ~u stai nab le Ueve lop m ent Goals (SUGs) 3: "Good health ¡¡ • d well bei ng" and 8.
"Decent work and econornic growt ·".
This toolkit has o n ly )e en made possil>le than ks te t-e co llec:ive ex pe rtise, ti m e, effort and comrn itn ent of
the authors, co • tent edita rs and reviewers who have contri b uted to th e deve op ment of thi s i rnpo rtant
resouce. On behalf of rll', 1 arn sincerely gratefLI to all, without whose contril>ution this influe·tial and rich
publ ication wou Id not l>e pass ible.
Thank you,
Dr C~the ·in e DuggJ.n

Chief Executive Oflicer, Fl P
Toolkit overview
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for Early Career Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Scientists
What's
Career Paths and Opportunities

in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Rha r. maceutical
Career Development Cycle

REFlECTION
Underst anding You ..t' Develop in g a road m ap to
..t' Se lf r efl ec ti o n
suc cess
..t' Pee r re f lec ti o n
..t' W h ere, w hen, and how
..t' 4 M AT lear n i ng m ode l ('w hy',
..t' Mak i ng a personal
' w ha t ', ' h ow ' a nd ' if ' o f
co m mitment
ref lec t ion)
..t' Sett i ng SMART sh o rt- and
..t' SW OT a na lys is
lo ng-term goals
ACTION
..t' Wh a t are th e prin c ip ies o f ..t' W ha t ac ti o ns t o t a k e to m ee t
eva lu a ti o n a nd w hy it is yo ur pla nn ed o bj ec ti ves a nd
i m port a nt? w hy yo u ta ke th e ac ti o n
..t' How to id e nti fy th e str e ngth s
and weakn esses o f a n actio n ..t' How t o doc u me nt w hat yo u have do ne, recor d
yo u 've t a k e n t o m eet y our a nd r ef lec t
lear n i ng o bj ec ti ves ..t' Too ls t o he l p yo u d oc um e n t yo ur progr ess
Global Frameworks to Support Professional Development
Developing Transferable Ski lis

• 1
l!eaaersniR sl<ills
Activities to Develop Your Ski lis and Expertise
ce r.tifi ca ti o n
Strategies for Successful Career Changes!

1 Background and concept

"A universal truth: No health without a workforce."
The WHO strategy for Human Resources for Health (HRH) highlighted that there is "no health without a
workforce" (1) to emphasise the role of the workforce in the health system. As the third-largest health
workforce (l) in the world, the pharmaceutical workforce is an indispensable component of the healthcare
system. We play a critica! role in linking all healthcare providers through the formation of coherent
relationships between patients and medical teams, developing evidence-based plans in the field of care
and following up with patients' health conditions to achieve optimal health outcomes. Worldwide, the
pharmaceutical workforce is often the most accessible point of contact (1) and has an important role in
ensuring access to essential medicines, which is one of the most basic health services. Pharmaceutical
scientists contribute towards the development of new medicines and explore new therapeutic targets to
offer more effective ways of managi ng d isease. To guarantee access to essential medicines and appropriate
use of medicines, it is expedient to have an appropriately trained pharmaceutical workforce. (á)
The term "pharmaceutical workforce" refers to the whole of the pharmacy-related workforce, including
registered pharmacist practitioners, pharmaceutical scientists such as chemists, molecular biologists etc,
pharmacy technicians and other pharmacy support workforce cadres, pre-service students/trainees
working in a diversity of settings (community, hospital, research and development, industry, military,
regulatory, academia and other sectors) with diversity in the scope of practice.
As the pharmacy profession has evolved and shifted in focus from a product-oriented toa patient-oriented
profession, pharmacists' training and roles have seen a great shift. This shift has led to the redesign of
pharmacy education programmes globally. The world is also changing, and it has become important now
more than ever to ensure that pharmacists are aware of existing opportunities and are equally prepared to
take on the challenges of an evolving profession.
In addition, in some countries, there is a growing increase in young pharmacists and pharmaceutical
scientists entering the workforce. lnvesting in early career pharmacists' and pharmaceutical scientists'
training and infrastructure is crucial to help them navigate their careers .
1.1 Global strategy to invest in early-career pharmacists

and pharmaceutical scientists
The lnternational Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP} is the global body representing over four million
pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. FIP's mission is to support global health by enabling the
advancement of pharmaceutical practice, sciences and education. The continued development of
pharmacy services and the pharmaceutical sciences can only be built on a well-educated, competent and
well-distributed pharmaceutical workforce. (5)
Good education is required for a functional workforce. Therefore, it is fundamental that the international
community agrees on how pharmaceutical workforce competency is developed and assured through initial
and subsequent professional education, accreditation and certification .
Communication, dissemination, monitoring, evaluation, systematic planning and comprehensive

stakeholder engagement are clear objectives for FIP to coordinate global efforts for pharmaceutical
workforce development to meet future pharmaceutical healthcare needs globally. (5)
A cornerstone of meeting these objectives is by supporting young and early career pharmacists and
pharmaceutical scientists through the Young Pharmacists Group of FIP (FIP YPG). FIP YPG is a network of
young pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists within FIP. (~ z) The group's objectives are to engage
young pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists and foster leadership within the different sections and
special interest groups (SIGs) of FIP. FIP YPG has several activities to support the professional development
of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. One of the features of the FIP World Congress
is a two-day leadership development workshop which includes courses such as project management skills,
succession planning, leadership styles, how to run effective meetings, communication skills, and how
young pharmacists can con tribute their quota towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
(ill The leadership development support provided by FIP and FIP YPG has more recently evolved into an
online longitudinalleadership development programme (LDP) for FIP YPG members, "LDP 2.0". (9.)
In addition, FIP YPG supports its members in making career decisions and getting advice from more
experienced peers or senior colleagues in their areas of interest through the FIP YPG mentorship
programme. The FIP YPG mentorship programme runs for nine months. (lQ)
FIP YPG also hosts multiple webinars all year round for professional development. Some past webinars
have looked at digital health, advanced roles of the next generation of pharmacists and pharmaceutical
scientists in public health, the role of youth in achieving one of the triple billion targets of the WHO
(universal health coverage), and how to prepare a successful grant application, among others. ffi)
FIP YPG published a 2019 mHealth report luJ which discusses how pharmacists can utilise mHealth to
improve patient care, anda professional development support resource entitled "Leading with emotional
intelligence"{.g) to help young pharmacists learn and practise emotional intelligence ski lis.
To support policy and advocacy, FIP YPG has also developed, led and disseminated several surveys. First,
the "job and career satisfaction survey" was distributed between November 2019 and May 2020 to assess
the satisfaction of early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists in their workplace and to
id e ntify gaps in ed ucation and trai ni ng for early career pharmacists and pharmace utical scientists glo bally.
Second, a survey on the roles of national and regional young pharmacists groups in global health was
disseminated from August to October 2020 to understand the impact of young pharmacists and
pharmaceutical scientists in global health. Lastly, a survey on soft skills in the pharmaceutical field was
distributed to elucidate the gaps that currently exist in soft skills education and development in young
pharmaceutical scientists and pharmacists, between August and September 2020. Apart from that, FIP YPG
also supported the FIP migration survey on young and early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical
scientists to assess the intention to migrate of young pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists globally,
and the "digital health in pharmacy education survey" which aimed to investigate and describe the
read in ess an d res po nsiven ess of ed ucatio nal p rogram mes in prepari ng the fu tu re pharmace utical
workforce on digital health in pharmacy education.
Following the provision of these resources and activities, FIP YPG believes that there is a need to have a
ready-made resource available to early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists to guide them in
developing their careers. (Z) This toolkit was specifically developed to provide just such a resource .
1.2 Career development toolkit

The word "career'' is used to refer to a person's profession or occupation, or their course of action or
progress throughout their life. (.u) There is no one-size-fits-all approach to career development as it usually
relies on the individual, their interests, their goals and their vision of the future.
However, now more than ever, it is important for individuals to take charge of their career development as
the world evolves . lt is becoming increasingly important for individuals to be able to identify for
themselves specific gaps in their skills or career development in line with their career goals- without
relying on employers, policymakers or educators to help them on the journey. Furthermore, with
increasingly globalised economies, competition for well-paid and secure roles is increasing. Continuous
professional development is key and should be internalised as a main priority for every early career
pharmacist and pharmaceutical scientist that seeks to advance in their career.
This toolkit will help individuals develop ideas about their career, set goals and build a sense of self-
awareness and understanding of what they need todo to reach their full potential.
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 pg
2 Career paths and opportunities in pharmacy and

pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists' minds are full of endless opportunities. In recent decades, the
pharmacy profession has shifted its focus from being traditionally medicine-centred to specialised person-
centred, i.e., from that of compounder and dispenser towards a more inclusive focus on patient care. The
forthcoming Fourth Industrial Revolution has the potential to bring about a further change in the
profession, with the profession turning to non-pharmaceutical means of treating diseases and reducing its
involvement in the supply of medicines. (M ) lt is important to ensure that the future generation is
adaptable, enthusiastic and capable of facing this change.
FIP aims to make the profession attractive for future and young pharmacists and has co-created a youth
agenda for professional d evelopment together with the 1nternational Pharmaceutical Students Federation
(IPSF). Ten reasons for future generations to be pharmacists and/or pharmaceutical scientists based on
current innovations and future trends were outlined (M) (see Figure 1).
Vital member of Delivering Constant

healthcare team pharmaceutical innovation Make a difference
eare
Emergency relief Healthcare Change leaders Preventive care

liaison
lnfluencers Many roles, one

goal
Figure 1. 10 reasons to be a pharmaceutical professional
Pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists are becoming truly flexible professionals, as much as other
healthcare professionals (thus using their expertise in various settings). Pharmacists and pharmaceutical
scientists should endeavour not to view the opportunities available to them as strictly within "boxes". We
should be able to observe the environment within which we are practisi ng and identify where our expertise
and capabilities are most needed; this does not have to be the traditional career paths which we already
know. Here we outline the settings where pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists can work, i.e.,
community, hospital, industry, academia, regulatory and other sectors, such as public health and
professional representation bodies (see Figure 2) (1.5.). Pharmacist and Pharmaceutical Scientist roles can
include a range of activities starting from drug development, quality control, fundamental research,
regulatory pharmaceuticals, drug dispensing, patient education and counselling, hospital/pharmacy
ad min istration and com mun ity services. (l.Q, 11) Pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists can be i nvolved
in the discovery, development, manufacturing, regulation, and utilisation of medical products, as well as
marketing and economics. (18) With the continuously evolving and expanding role of the pharmaceutical
workforce, a pharmacy or pharmaceutical sciences degree opens the doors to many unconventional and
unique roles.
This section provides general information on some career paths and opportunities for pharmacists and
pharmaceutical scientists (see Figure 2) anda tool to help you explore diverse career path opportunities.
Figure 2. Career paths and opportunities for pharmacy and pharmaceutical science graduates
2.1 Career paths and opportunities in diverse settings

In this section, information about different career paths and opportunities has been compiled based on
the experiences of the toolkit authors and case study contributors. Bear in mind that some roles will
require additional qualifications and experience, including postgraduate degrees such as master's (MSc) or
doctoral degrees (PhDs). To achieve an MSc, candidates typically complete a small research project that
takes a year. MSc degrees also include structured teaching that involves sitting examinations and
sub m itti ng coursework. To achieve a Ph D degree, cand id ates m ust demonstrate the ability to plan, execute
and analyse a research project (or projects) to advance understanding in a specialist field . PhDs graduates
have the ability to present their research to peers, in writing and orally at conferences, and publish their
work in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The time frame to achieve a PhD varies between three and five
years and may include structured or self-directed learning. Requirements for postgraduate qualifications
vary from institute to institute, so check with the institute of your choice before applying.
2_1_1 Community
Community pharmacy is one of the most popular choices for early career pharmacists in most countries. A
community pharmacist's role is to dispense prescribed medicines accurately and to provide education and
information to patients on prescribed and over-the-counter products. Community pharmacists play an
important "gatekeeper" role in the prevention and early identification of people at risk (e.g., through point-
of-care testing); this is one of the major services community pharmacists now provide.
In some parts of the world, the community pharmacist's role is evolving whereby there is an increasing
focus on the utilisation of clinical skills to manage chronic conditions, and also an opportunity to become
prescribers of some medicines to patients. As a community pharmacist, you can also choose to specialise
in an area of expertise, such as diabetes, respiratory medicine, anticoagulation management, travel clinics,
and many more. You can also be involved in some public health initiatives, such as smoking cessation
programmes, managing and preventing diabetes and its related complications, and vaccination.
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 pn
2.1.2 Hospital
Hospital pharmacists provide drug management and clinical oversight to hospital inpatients and
outpatients. A hospital pharmacist's role could be to oversee the development of medicines use policies
forthe hospital, train other healthcare professionals in the hospital,lead organisational change and ensure
the right patient receives the right treatment in the right way at the right time. Hospital pharmacists can
join ward rounds with the medical and nursing team to identify potential drug therapy problems and
create solutions- this even includes prescribing in sorne countries.
Hospital pharmacists m ay al so ru n pre-assess me nt el in ics fo r patients com in g i nto hospital for e lective
surgery, work in urgent care environments or accident and emergency, or supervise the production of
parenteral products, su eh as eh e motherapy, in trave nous antibi oti es o r total parenteral n utrition. Hospital
pharmacists workat individual, patient and organisationallevels to ensure robust policies and procedures
for medicines, as well as delivering direct patient care. As a hospital pharmacist, you can be an advanced
generalist and work across specialities or specialise in a clinical area such as oncology, surgical, dialysis,
infectious disease, critica! care, bariatrics, psychiatry, general medicine, parenteral nutrition, and many
others based on your clinical interest and expertise.
2.1.3 lndustry
Being an industrial pharmacist or pharmaceutical scientist involves the preparation, design, manufacture,
developmentand testing of new medicines and treatments. Being involved in the production of medicines
or the supply chain ís an essential role in industry that oversees the safe and accurate creation of
p harmaceu ticals. Th is i s partí eu larly ím portan t to e nsu re med icí n es can safely be prod uced an d
transported across jurisdictions legally. These roles requíre excellent administration and management
skills.lndustrial pharmacy can be a rewarding career path which can often lead to managerial posítions or
any other pharmacy related posítions in business. Pharmaceutícal scíentísts and pharmacísts working for
large pharmaceutical manufacturers may also work with colleagues in regulatory affaírs to bring new
p rod ucts to th e market and monitor existing markets. Yo u m ight be i nvo lved in the de live ry of el in ical trials
of new medicines. The role will sometimes involve coordinating studies from a medical perspective,
ensuring that drugs used in the trials are imported, stored, accounted for, compounded, dispensed and
used under strict protocols.
So me areas of research and development in the industry include:
• Structu ral bio i nfo rmatícs and stru etu ral molecular bíol ogy
• Cheminformatics and computational drug discovery
• Molecular pharmacology
• Pharmacogenomics and functional genomics
• Medicinal chemistry and drug design/optimisation
• Drug delivery, pharmacokinetícs and pharmacodynamics
• Pharmacoepidemiology
• Pharmacognosy and natural products chemistry
Industrial roles can al so include being a representative or acting as a medical information liaison officer-
providing clinical insights to technical teams and technical insights to clinical teams. Senior roles in this
area require additional qualifications, such as a postgraduate doctorate and very senior roles will require
post-doctoral experi e nce.
2.1-4 Academia
The skills and experti se of a pharmacist and pharmaceutical sciences researcher are invaluable in
educa ti ng fu tu re ge nerations in un ive rsiti es, healt h professio nal trai ni ng schoo ls and colleges. 1n
academia, your roles might in elude being a clinical instructor, a lecturer or professor involved in teaching
or being a dedicated full-time researcher- ora mix of both. You will provide training and education to
students in a variety of to pics in clud i ng d rug the rapy se lectio n, p harmacoki netics, medicinal che mi stry,
pharmacology, comm unity pharmacy, compoundin g, herbal and anci ent therapies, clinical pharmacy and
pharmacoepidem iology, as w ell as many other su bject areas. Yo u co uld al so be i nvolved in estab li sh i ng and
impleme ntin g policies about und ergrad uate and co ntinuin g ed ucation, in-service training and other
aspects of workforce development in the university. Workforce development in the university includes
supervising PhD and master's students, as well as applying for funding to provide opportunities for junior
researchers to develop their skills. Senior roles in this area require additional qualifications, such as a
postgraduate doctorate and very senior roles will require post-doctoral experience.
2.1.5 Regulatory
Regulatory departments are usually found in pharmaceutical companies and government bodies. You will
need to have a comprehensive understanding of the regulations, policies and laws which relate to
medicines' manufacture and supply. Many countries require government approval for clinical studies, and
almost all of them require drugs to be approved or authorised befare they can be marketed. You will be
involved in these complex regulatory processes to protect the public through safe and effective new
medicinal products. This could include post-authorisation monitoring, such as pharmacovigilance. You
could be in charge of the quality control of drugs, cosmetics and medical devices and work with
enforcement agencies, including customs departments that control the distribution of drugs through licit
and illicit channels, and in the inspections of the manufacture, importation, distribution and sale of drugs.
Another important role you may have is to help decide whether a medicine should be part of a drug
coverage plan (prívate or public insurance) using your expertise and emerging literature. Senior roles in
this setting require additional qualifications, such as a postgraduate doctorate and very senior roles will
require post-doctoral experience.
2.1.6 Clinical consulting pharmacy

As clinical pharmacists, you can work in the community, in nursing homes, in aged care facilities or in
hospital settings. Within this area of expertise, you can also specialise in fields such as geriatrics,
cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, diabetes, respiratory care and home health care. The focus of
this role is on clinical interventions, including medication reviews, drug interaction monitoring, drug
therapy response monitoring, review of factors impacting pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of
medicines, and review of laboratory findings with physicians and health care providers as appropriate. This
emerging role is a hybrid of the functions of community and hospital pharmacists. You will need to be a
subject matter expert, thereby allowing you to use your cognitive and clinical expertise as a drug therapy
expert in managing chronically ill patients. To succeed in this role, internships and/or residency in the area
of expertise are often required.
As a clinical consultant, you can also find opportunities within benefits management, managed care and
mail order pharmacy. In some areas, consultant clinical pharmacists are also involved in leading clinical
trials in their areas of expertise, managing other clinical pharmacists in the specialty and developing
teaching or resource materials for others.
2.2 Specialist areas of pharmacy
Specialist areas of pharmacy have developed in many countries across the globe . These emerging areas
have generated new technologies, skill sets and knowledge- pushing the boundaries of pharmacy and
pharmaceutical science. Specialist areas emerge when traditional roles for pharmacists and
pharmaceutical sciences evolve and lead to new tools or innovative practices. Over time, these tools take
on a meaning and life of their own, creating specialist areas of practice. In this section, we provide an
overview of emerging areas of specialist practice.
2.2.1 Pharmacogenomics
An emerging role of pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1s 1n the pharmacogenomics sector.
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic inheritance affects the body's response to
drugs. lt was coined from two words, "pharmacology" and "genomics" and is thus the intersection of
pharmaceuticals and genetics (1.9_). The importance of pharmacogenomics to health care cannot be
overemphasised dueto the negative impacts caused by adverse drug reactions of prescribed medicines in
so me individuals. Pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists, as medicines experts, have an important role
in this sector.
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 Pl3
The ideaof pharmacogenomics stems from the fact thatdrugs might one day be tailor-made for individuals
and adapted to each person's genetic makeup. This is a significant area for development in the
pharmaceutical industry, healthcare systems at large and the pharmaceutical workforce.
Through your involvement in this sector, you could help in reducing the cost of health care because of
decreases in: th e n u m ber of adverse d rug reacti on s; th e n u m ber of fai led d rug tri al s; the ti m e it takes to get
a drug approved; the length of time patients are on medicines; the number of medicines patients must take
to find one that is effective; and the effects of a disease on the body (through early detection). W1)
Presently physicians diagnose and sometimes prescribe a drug on a trial and error basis. Pharmacists or
pharmaceutical scientists provide advice about side effects and drug-drug interactions. But in the coming
years, genetic profile reports might be of more importance than diagnostic or blood reports. Thus, after
diagnosis by a physician, a pharmacist or pharmaceutical scientist might interpret genetic results and
provide treatment recommendations based on which drug would be best for a patient's particular genetic
makeup.
2.2.2 Health informatics and technology

Health informatics and technology is a growing niche with the many technological advances that are
taking place within the healthcare industry worldwide. Your expertise as a pharmacist or pharmaceutical
sci entist in d rug th erapy manage me nt i s es se ntial in crea ti n g treatm e nt algo rithm s, dos i ng cal cu lators,
electronic health records and drug directories, along with inventory management and managing
computerised physician arder entry.
Yo u can al so be involved in pharmacy i nformatics. Th is is the study of best practices in i nformation accrual,
handling, dissemination and comprehension using appropriate technology. You will deal with the subset
of informatics relevant to the practice of pharmacy.
2.2.3 Astro-pharmacy
As humans leave the earth, they are taking their medicines with them! Emerging roles are exploring the
administration, absorption, metabolism and elimination of medicines in zero-gravity. As space travel
becomes more commercialised and astronauts spend longer in space, understanding how medicines can
be manufactured, stored and supplied in space may be areas of significant investment in the future. This is
a very new field, and there is extreme competition to work for space agencies around the world.
2_2-4 General practice

Pharmacists who spent the majority of their working time in community or hospital settings have
historically eo ntributed to medication safety in general practices i nte rm itte ntly. Th is m ight in el ude
completing audits or doing casual sessional work for the practice. However, increasingly, pharmacists are
an embedded member of the general practice team, taking on their own caseload of patients and running
their own clinics. This is similar to clinical consultant pharmacists. However, rather than provide highly
s pecial ised pharmaceu ti cal ca re for a specific gro u p of patients, general practice pharmacists kn ow "a 1ittle
bit about a lot" and con tribute to pharmaceutical care of a wide range of patients. Training programmes
are being developed, to mirror the training pathways in hospital and community, that enable pharmacists
to work solely in this sector.
2.2.5 Other opportunities

P harmacist an d p harmaceutical scienti sts can partici pate in formula ti n g h ealth and d rug poi i cíes,
particularly those on the selection, procurement and distribution of drugs. You can serve as a source of
informatio n for health ca re profess io nal s and the pu bl ic and participa te in th e pre paratio n of
pharmacopoeias and other official documents. In some countries, yo u can al so have a role in the control of
enviran mental health, quality of food and cosmetics, and medical devices.
Working in a government organisation, yo u can al so be involved in drug management, which in eludes the
selection of essential drugs, the determination of drug requirements, the procurement and distribution of
drugs a nd t heir rat i onal use, as w ell as t he des ign and use of info rm ati o n sy st em s. Al so, you can coll ect and
co llate dat a required by yo ur natio na l governm ent agencies and by intern ati onal bodi es, such as th e
1nter nat i onal Narcoti es Ca nt ro 1Board.
3 Career development cycle

There are multiple models of career development. The career development model used in this toolkit
focuses on reflection, planning, action and evaluation, which is known as the continuing professional
development cycle in the pharmacy profession (20) (Figure 4). This model is simple and has clear
applicability to everyday practice through the action and evaluation cycle. lt is pragmatic compared with
other CPD cycles and is used in many different countries.
"Reflection" includes thinking about your skills

and competencies to identify an area for
development. "Pianning" includes thinking about
the options yo u have and identifying how yo u will
develop your skills. "Action" focuses on specific
activities you can do to develop your career,
including building a CV and how you will develop
particular skills. "Evaluation" includes appraising
how well the actions you carried out met the
objectives you planned and how you developed
the competencies you identified in reflection. The
cycle (see Figure 4) restarts with "reflection",
Figure 4. Career development model cycle u sed in
because during "evaluation", you might start to this toolkit {lQ)
think about your next area for development.
Using the career development model will help you to develop your competence
throughoutyour life, by repeating the process of planning, taking action and reflecting.
The model will allow you to focus on the behaviours, skills and competences required
for effective performance and development. This cycle also matches with the "4MAT"
learning model, which is a model that drives the learning process by answering four key
questions: (1) why, (2) what, (3) how and (4) if. (n) So, for example, in the reflection part,
we will describe "why" reflection is important, "what" reflection will be about, and
"how" todo the reflection; "if" is to be considered when we have done the reflection. We start to evaluate
the reflection process and bring it into practice. Other CPD cycles exist, for example the Chartered lnstitute
of Personnel and Development has a six-step model of CPD . (ll)
The four-step model in Figure 4 can be u sed alongside existing competence standards (such as FIP's Global
Competency Framework (GbCF) and Global Advanced Development Framework (GADF). (B ) (See Section 4
for more details). Supported by professional codes of ethics, competency standards describe the skills,
attitudes and other attributes (including val u es and beliefs) attained by an individual based on knowledge
and experience. They specify the application of knowledge and skills to the standards of performance
required in a practice setting. Used together, these tools will enable you to practise effectively as a
pharmacist or pharmaceutical scientist. The value of competency standards rests with their capacity to
support and facilitate professional practice and growth, in the interests of public safety. Developing your
career using competency standards, you will be able to demonstrate to the public and other healthcare
professionals how you are developing the expertise you bring to patient care and the important role you
play in ensuring the safe and responsible use of medicines.
3.1 Reflection
This section includes:
• What reflection is and why it is important;

• How todo the reflection by yourself or with others; and
• Tools to help you reflect on your current job-specific skills and knowledge, your capabilities, your
transferable skills, your work values and your interests.
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 pl6
3.1.1 What is reflection and why is it important in career development?
Reflection is an aspect of experiential learning

and it involves thinking about your performance.
Reflection can use triggers or materials to help Why is reflection
you think about your development; it could, for important?
example, be a videotape of you undertaking a
patient consultation. Reflection helps you in Reflection helps us to look at
identifying what was done well and what could ourselves- just like using a
have been done better. You can reflect alone or mirror.
with peers to facilitate learning.
Rather than focusing on physical
Reflection can be done using a variety of different appearances, the reflection that
theoretical approac hes or without any theoretical you do will take a deeper look at
approach. lf you would like to learn more about your professional skills,
the theoretical approaches that can be used to attributes and competencies.
facilitate reflection, see Appendix 2.
Being familiar with yourself,
Reflection is sometimes called "self-assessment" knowing your strengths and
or "self-appraisal". There is no right or wrong weaknesses, will help you plan
method and most people have their own unique and explore your options for
way of se lf-eval u ati on or refl ecti on. The process of career development.
reflection can sometimes be difficult; however,
once you have developed your reflective skills,
they will help you develop yourself professionally
Figure s.lmportance of reflection
and personally (see Figures).
3.1.2 How to reflect?

Self-reflection
Self-reflection can happen in lots of different ways. One way to
reflect might be to focus on key questions (see Figure 6).
Focus on key questions Self-reflection like this can help you identify which direction you
would like your career to go in, which jobs you might like todo and
1.What do 1 enjoy doing? which skills yo u need to develop to get those jobs.
2. What motivates me? Other people prefer a process of reflecting on the performance of a
3. What am 1 good at? particular task or competency compared with a standard to create a
4. W hat are the th i ngs that 1 benchmark of themselves. For example, you might know that
can improve on? pharmacists should be able to recognise that a common side effect
--
of ACE inhibitors is a dry cough. You could reflect by thinking about
how often you recognise this side effect: rarely, regularly or always.
lf you know that pharmacists should always recognise this side
Figure 6. Key questions for effect, but you only recognise it rarely, this may be an area in which
self-reflection you should plan sorne development in arder to identify side effects
of ACE inhibitors more often.
This is im portant for two reasons. First, by reflecti ng on your own performance, yo u wi 11 be able to crea te a
benchmark of your competency, which will help you to monitor your own professional development.
Second, identifying where you are now will help you set clear targets for your professional development
that are linked toa measurable outcome and will help to focus your skills development.
Peer-reflection
Peer-reflection is a process whereby we receive feedback from our peers, either formally or informally. A
good way to obtain feedback using peer-reflection is to have an agreed and shared understanding of what
you are reflecting about. For example, if your peer reflection is on your ability to work safely in the
laboratory, you need to know what definition of "safely" your peers are using. One peer might think
working safely includes just wearing gloves whereas another might thínk it in cludes wearing gloves,
TOP TIP!
3.2 Planning
• What todo to identify opportunities for career progression and why it is important;
• How to plan your career progression by seeing how others ha ve developed their career and identified
skills needed to develop their career progression; and
• Tools to help create SMART objectives and action plans in order to help your planning.
3.2.1 What is planning and why is it important in career development?

Career planning is key for great success and building your own strategy that suits your personality, skills
and qualities which will help you in achieving your desired goals and objectives.
Planning your career means that you are not leaving things to chance, but taking control of your career
journey. You can start the career planning process at any point in your career. Although it is often
associated with high school and final year students, it can al so be helpful for those who are contemplating
a career change or who are not seeing the progress they would like in their career field.
Make a personal commitment to change, to risk doing something new and different, to benefit your own
personal growth. Developing a road map that outlines your future and how you are going to get there will
help you meet your commitment. Planning could include measurable short-term or long-term goals, such
as learning a new skill, getting a promotion or moving toa new organisation.
Career planning involves mapping and identifying the key steps of your professional future. From
identifying fields of interest to developing long-term objectives and goals, it can help you devise a strategy
forcareersuccess.
3.2.2 How to develop your career planning strategy

lt is important to consider these two steps when creating your career path:
Reflect and do sorne research
Starting with reflection will help understand your own interests, strengths and weaknesses, and this is the
first step to planning your career successfully. Reflecting with peers such as friends, family and colleagues
about their jobs and experiences may help. Find out what skills they use and what qualifications they ha ve.
Ask them what type of experience they earned befare their current position (see Section 3.1). Finding
people to reflect with can be challenging for some people: accessing mentorship programmes or
requesting to shadow people in different career paths can make this process easier. When yo u are reaching
out to people you do not know to ask about their career, choose polite and courteous questions. For
example: How did you get into your current role? Were there extra qualifications or experience you
needed? What are the best parts of your role? What are the less enjoyable parts of your role?
Once you have identified what skills, competencies or attributes you would like to develop, it is time to
figure out how you might do it. Brainstorm possible activities and investigate them and look at the
descriptions and qualifications you might gain and what the learning outcomes might be.
In addition to online research, try to seek out and talk to professionals and experts in the field. Attend in-
person or online networking events or set up informational interviews with experts. You could try to gain
hands-on experience in a potential profession by pursuing volunteer opportunities, internships or job
shadowing experiences, also known as externships. These activities can last from one morning to several
weeks and are an excellent way to get a feel for what your responsibilities would be in a given role.
lt is important that you plan activities that align with the gaps in your skills and competencies identified
during reflection. Listing your current skills, abilities, and experience and the ones needed for your
preferred job may help you to understand what career path suits you the most and help you figure out
which activities you should planto do.
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 plg
Determine your target

Once you know which activities you need todo to develop the skills, competencies or attributes identified
in reflectio n, it is ti meto set so me goals w hich wi 11 h el p yo u decid e what actio ns yo u need to take. So m e of
your goals may be short-term; others, long-term. For example, you might seta goal of being prometed in
two years' time or yo u might seta goal of ach ieving an executive-level position in 10 years' ti me.
Think about the small steps you will need to take to achieve that goal and set reasonable and realistic
timelines. "Realistic" means you should set deadlines for each of the goals that will motívate you to get
thi ngs done, that are actually ach ievable. Yo u cou Id work towards an exact date (e.g., 22 J u ly 2043} or pick a
broader timescale (e.g., july 2043 or even just the year 2043}. Adding time trames into your career plan will
keep yo u motivated to keep going.
To make sure your goals are up to date, make a note of your goals and keep checking your progress. You
might do this annually, as part of professional registration1 revalidation or appraisal. Since pursuing a
career path can take years, dividing broader objectives into smaller goals that yo u can track can be very
useful.
3-2-3 SMART framework to help your career planning

SMART is an acronym referring to Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Timely objectives. The
SMART framework (ls_) (see Figure 8) is a way of ensuring that your objectives have a meaning.
Specific Make your goal as specific or

What do yo u want to
be abl e todo' precise as possi ble. lf yo u as pi reto
be a community pharmacist1 seta
specific goal1 like securing a job in
Timely Measurable a community pharmacy in one of
How w1ll you know
Wh en w1ll yo u be
abl e to ach1 eve 1t? SMART once yo u have
achieved 1t'
yo u r local d rug stores ore ven yo u r
ow n. Quantify or measure your
objectives progress. Set bench marks 1i ke
\ Relevant
Achievable
completing a bachelor's degree in
education or applying to 10 jobs
that meet your requirements. Set
ls 1t appl1cable to goals that you can achieve. To
yo u r profess1onal W1ll yo u be able todo confirm that your goal is
development or your 1t, or could other
current role/rores' things1mpacton 1P attainable, think about the small
7 E steps befare the big ones and
Figure 8. The SMART Framework consider how realistic they are.
Any career-related goal yo u set should genuinely matter to you, your colleagues or the people you provide
services for. Think about how important the goal is and whether it will help you reach your long-term
objectives. Give your goals specific deadlines. You will have an easier time achieving the end result and
motivating yourself to action if you have committed to a specific time frame. You could even create
milestones or check-in poi nts to review progress- yo u cou Id as k a colleague, manager or mentor to check
in on your objectives.
The plannin g stage can be started at any point throughout the year1 but you may find it useful to align it
with y our annual development or performance review.
lt i s important t o remember that you may spend time at work learning or completing training that is not
planned (or at least not part of your plan}. Having your own plan for career development will ensure you
have a guide to follow that will help you take advantage of training offered by a provider or identify how
yo u need to su pplement work-based learning. Focus on the outcomes yo u would like to see realised) rather
th an th e tim e spent o n ac tiviti es o r have a det ail ed pl an o f ev ery activity you pl an to undertake. Try
co mpl etin g y o ur own pl anning usin g th e te mplat e in App endi x s.
After yo u identify which areayou need to work on, it is important to identify places to gain your knowledge
and/or experience. The next section will help identify some actions to develop your knowledge and gain
skills, attributes and competencies.
3.3 Action
• What actions to take to meet your planned objectives and why yo u take the action;
• How to document what yo u have done, record and reflect; and
• Tools to help you document your actions.
3.3.1 What is the action, and why do you do the action?

The action relates to your own ability to undertake specific activities to develop particular skills,
competencies or attributes. For example, during reflection, yo u may identify thatyou need to work on your
leadership skills. You could planto attend a conference on leadership attributes by 31 july next year. The
action you do would be to attend the conference, what you did at the conference and what you learned.
You would then be able to evaluate how attending the conference (what you did or the action you took)
helped meet your learning need. lt is important to take action to achieve your goal. There is no point to
your plan if you do not take any action to achieve your goal/plan.
The action could include something as simple as listening to a podcast or lecture, or something more
complex like writing a paper or attending specific training. Many of these activities can be completed at
home orare available online for free and can be identified through search engines.lt may also include very
focused activities to develop particular skills, attributes or competencies. Another example is that if in the
previous reflection section, yo u identified that yo u might need to develop confidence when checking, an
action that might help to meet this learning need might be to attend some consolidation training that
focuses on dispensing in stressful situations (see more actions related to skills that you can develop in
Section s: Developing transferable skills).
The action might al so relate to something that has already happened that helped yo u learn something. For
example, if you have hada conflict at work with a colleague, this might have helped you learn about how
to de-escalate difficult situations. Being able to recognise actions that have already happened is great as it
lets yo u learn from actions that yo u might not be able to plan -like disagreeing with a colleague.
The action could also include working with a recognised

organisation ora university that offers courses that will help meet 9roPTIP!
your objective. Be bold here; try not to attend the same usual Look for national courses
courses other people in your network attend- this will help you available in your country
stand out. For example, clinical pharmacists focusing on diabetes which might be funded
can look up internationally recognised associations, such as the by your government.
lnternational Diabetes Federation. This lets you take learning from
your specialty back to your workplace and gives you an edge.
3.3.2 How to document your action

lt can take some effort to identify the right type of action you need to take- with the right organisation
and costs. Once yo u have identified a useful action that helped yo u learn, keeping accurate records ofwhat
happened and how it happened will allow you to evaluate how well your actions supported your learning
need s. For ex a m p le, if a particular action (such as attend i ng a co nference) d id not meet yo u r learn i ng need s,
you could plan a different activity next time. Keep a record in a physical folder or online- but make su re
to keep a backup. Over time this will representa portfolio of all of your experiences, which you can use to
present to your employer (or future employers) during appraisals.(1Z)
Take a look at the example in Figure g.
What resources did you

What did you do? When did you do it?
use?
1 attended three training 1did this on 2nd july, gth july and The training was provided by
sessions on managing stress fui 16 1h July 2020. my employer, so it did not cost
situations during the checking me anything. The training
process. lasted three hours all together.
What was most positive What was the most

What did you learn? thing about this negative thing about this
experience? experience?
llearned that to reduce the We got to si m u late checking in lt was sometimes challenging
chance of making an error 1 a very stressful environment to make errors in front of
need to keep my workstation that hel ped me learn to de al people
clear, delegate tasks to with the stress.
colleagues (if possible) and to
take regular breaks
Figure g. Record of learning example
After trying out some of the activities in this section to develop your skills, attributes and competencies,
you can record your own experiences of using the template in Appendix 6.
3-4 Evaluation
• What the principies of evaluation are and why it is important;
• How to identify the strengths and weaknesses of an action you have taken to meet your learning
objectives; and
• Tools to support the evaluation .
3-4.1 What is the evaluation process?

The evaluation process is how you evaluate the outcomes of your action on your development of skills,
attributes and com petencies. Evaluation hel ps yo u identify if yo u ha ve learned what yo u needed to ach ieve
your goal. Assessing the success or progress towards achieving your goals is a cornerstone of the
professional development cycle. (5)
3-4.2 How todo your evaluation

Some questions to help you to evaluate your goals are:
• Were the addressed learning needs met?

• How has your practice changed?
• How have your colleagues benefited?
• Oid yo u identify any gaps in learning? lf so, what were they?
Eval uati ng yo ur actio ns can be a fi rst step to identifyi ng new learn i ng needs or that existi ng learn i ng need s
have not been met.
For example, in the previous reflection, using the SWOT template, you have planned activity to build your
confidence in checking by completing an audit of how many near·miss mistakes that you make. Your
Career de ve lopment toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmace utical scienti sts 1 p22
evaluation might include "Have you completed the audit?". lf "yes", then did the findings improve your
confidence?
Your evaluation could include a rating of how much completing the audit improved your confidence on a
scale of o-10, where o means not at all and 10 means as muchas possible. Alternatively, you could identify
how your practice, or the practice of your colleagues, has changed since you completed your learning
action. Have your colleagues noticed you are more confident around the dispensary? Asking simple
questions like these can be a good way to evaluate your learning activities subjectively.
3.4.3 Tools to support your evaluation

Another usefu 1way to eval u ate your learn i ng more objectively is to use checkl ists. Yo u can ereate your own
checklist about what "quality" looks like for you. We have provided some checklists for common activities
that are part of professional development (see Appendix 7}.
You can also use templates to evaluate specific actions you have taken to improve your career, such as
updating your CV or writing a cover letter. We have included some of these templates (see Appendix 8 for
CV and see Appendix g for cover letter} to get you started - but if these do not work for yo u, yo u could
create your own.
You may also utilise colleagues to provide peer evaluation. Peer evaluation can involve the use of
standardised checklists or agreed standards to provide an alternative perspective to how well you
achieved your action plan. Peers can include your friends or work colleagues or if you are looking for
someone different, you could access mentorship programmes or professional networks.
Some people may not prefer to evaluate themselves using checklists, templates or subjectively vía their
peers. They may prefer to use professional standards that enable them to monitor their professional
development over time. For example, the FIP Global Competency Framework (GbCF} and Global Advanced
Development Framework (GADF} include standards to monitor your professional development in a
structured way, over time.
4 Global frameworks to support professional

development
4.1 Global Competency Framework
"A framework to supportyour competency development"
The Global Competency Framework (GbCF) (R 26) was developed by FIP as a focused
support structure for early career pharmacists (those in the immediate post-licensure
foundational period of perhaps one to two years). The GbCF consists of 123 behavioural
statements, with 23 competency domains within four broad competency clusters. The
four broad competency clusters are generally applicable for the pharmacy workforce
worldwide (see Figure 10).
Assessment of medicines
Emergency response Compounding medicines
Health promotion Dispensing
Medicine information and advice Medicines
Monitor medicines therapy
Patient consultation and diagnosis
Global
Competency
Framework
(GbCF V2)
Communication skills
Continuing professional
development
Digital lileracy
lnterprofessional collaboration
Leadership and self·regulation Budget and reimbursement
l egal and regulatory practice Human resources management
Professional and ethical practica lmprovement of service
assurance and research in the Procurement
Supply chain management
Workplace management
Figure 10. Four focus areas of the GbCF (E )
The GbCF is a useful way to keep track of your career development journey by monitoring how often you
perform one of the competencies. For example, how often do you "accurately assess medicines" in terms
of identifying, prioritising, resolving and following up on medicines interactions without making an error.
Would you say consistently (85-100% of the timeL usually (50-85% of the timeL sometimes (25-50% of the
time) or rarely (0-25% of the time)? Another example in the area of procurement could involve asking how
often do you "accurately evaluate tender bids". Would you say consistently (85-100% of the timeL usually
(50-85% of the timeL sometimes (25-50% of the time) or rarely (0-25% of the time)?
As your career progresses, you should be able to see that when you first started your career, you may only
have accurately assessed medicines rarely or sometimes- everyone makes mistakes at the beginning. But
as yo u develop,you should see yourself move to assess and supply accurate medicines as part of your usual
practice and then be able todo it consistently.
This approach to keeping track of your career development links to the GbCF and is a useful way of
supporting your reflection. By monitoring how often you demonstrate the competencies in the GbCF, you
can reflect on which areas yo u need to improve, plan and then decide which actions to take to develop your
skillset. You could even evaluate your progress by completing regular appraisals using the framework with
your peer, mentor or employer.
4.2 Global Advanced Development Framework

"A framework to advance your career development"
The Global Advanced Development Framework (GADF) was developed to support the
professional development and recogn ition ofthe pharmacy workforce everywhere. (l l)
The framework has the primary purpose of identifying broad areas for professional
development and advancement for pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists to
develop their careers in a structured manner.lt builds up from the GbCF for yo u to map
and plan your professional development and develop your personal development
portfolio and career pathway.
The GADF does not define job descriptions ora specific scope of practice; it generically and structurally
supports the continued professional development of pharmacy practitioners along any chosen career
trajectory. lt is believed that the principie of the advancement competencies should include those
competencies connected with leadership, managing others, educating and mentoring others and
supporting evaluation and innovation in health service provision.
There are six clusters of developmental competencies included in the GADF:
1. Expert professional practice;
2. Working with others;
3. Leadership;
4. Management;
s. Education, training and development; and
6. Research and evaluation.
The first cluster, "Expert professional practice", is adaptable for all sectors and specialties. "Expert
practice" should be defined and shaped by the practitioner, within the context of the individual's job and
career. The "Expert practice" cluster reflects this design principie and is formatted to allow you to self-
define your area of medicines expertise.
The remaining five clusters are generic domains which are applicable and independent of the sector of
practice or focus. There are 34 competencies located across six clusters. Each competency has three
defined stages of advancement which will allow a continuum of practitioner development and
progression . Through self-assessment of each competency, you will be able to know what your level of
practice is. The GADF will help you in identifying areas that yo u wish to develop across all the competency
clusters, therefore assisting in formulating a personal development planto advance your practice.
Both the GbCF and GADF are useful frameworks for you to implement your reflection, plan, action and
evaluation process in developing your career journey.
5 Developing transferable skills
According to a recent article by the

World Economic Forum {28}, there will be
a great change in the skills needed to
succeed in the workplace by 2025, as the
in-demand skills across different roles
change due to the impacts of the 2020
pandemic and other factors such as the
increasing application of technology.
The top skills which employers see as
rising in prominence in the lead up to
2025 include skills such as critica!
thinking and analysis, problem-solving,
and skills in self-management such as
active learn i ng, re si 1ience, stress
tolerance and flexibility.
Figure 11: The WHO concept of a "seven-star pharmacist".
Career growth requires consistent development of skills relevant to your career goals. lt can be troubling
deciding which skills you need to develop. Luckily, many models can help you identify these. For example, the
concept of the "seven-star pharmacist" was proposed at the third WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the
Pharmacist, which defines the roles of the pharmacist as being a caregiver, decision-maker, communicator,
leader, manager, life-long learner and teacher (see Figure 11). (l., 16}
Alternatively, you can choose to focus on developing skills for specific jobs or roles. We have hada look at
so me of the most recent jobs advertised for pharmacists in 2020 and picked out so me of the key attributes of
pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists that are required . These include being:
• Accurate and methodical;
• Able to understand and apply the law;
• Responsible;
• lnterested in people's health;
• Willing to supervise others;
• Able to work with all types of people;
• Able to explain clearly to members of the public;
• Able to read and write effectively;
• Able to use a computer and the main software packages;
• Thorough and able to pay attention to detail;
• Sensitive and understanding; and
• Willing to be accountable for patients' outcomes.
We also looked at some of the key skills pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists are required to have
for common jobs and that are listed as "essential". You will need to have:
• Excellent verbal and written communication ski lis;

• Negotiation skills;
• Analytical skills;
• lnterpersonal ski lis;
• Conflict resolution skills;
• Leadership skills;
• Resilience; and
• Personal branding skills.
These above skills can be categorised into transferable ski lis, i.e., qualities or skills that can be transferred
from one job to another.
Verbal communication skills include

using the correct tone and vol u me for
Do this activity! the setting. This makes sure that you
Draw a randa m set of shapes on a piece of A4 paper are heard. Simple things like looking
- the more creative) the better. Do not show anyone at the person yo u are speaking tocan
whatyou have drawn. NOW1 describe your image and also help- especially for people who
ask a colleague to draw whatyou are telling them to may be hard of hearing and lip read.
draw. lt helps if you are back to back1 so yo u cannot see An example is lowering your voice or
each other. Once you have described all of the images tone when giving bad news or
on your sheet of paper, compare the two drawings. speaking more softly if comforting
someone. Alternatively, yo u can speak
How did it go?
boldly and confidently if you are
Most of the time, the images are very different as trying to impress someone- perhaps
people have different interpretations of how the a potential employer.
shapes are described.
To practise your verbal and listening
skills, do the activity in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Activity for verbal communication
Another key part of verbal comm u nication is speaking si m ply and plai n ly. Avoid jargon where yo u can. Use
short sentences, especially in written communication- your readers will thank you for it.
Communication matters; whether pharmacists are counselling patients in a retail pharmacy, working with
other he al thcare p rovide rs in a has p ital, or presentí ng a business plan in a carpo rate setti ng, it i s i mportant
that they effectively share messages with others. But there is another form of communication that is just
as important but less popular than any other skills among those who often pursue pharmacy careers, and
that is writing.
According to The Pharmacy Student Survival Guide, Third Edition, " writing is the vehicle that drives
p harmacy practice, regard less of practice type or setti ng".(}.3)
Written communication ski lis are essential for most professionals in the 21st century. Again1 avoid jargon
and use short, snappy sentences. Remember, a picture speaks a thousand words- so re place the text with
an image, diagram or infographic if you can. lf you are going to use pictures, diagrams ora slide show to
help you communicate, make su re not to over-fill your slides with information. Try to use images or icons
to convey meaning.
5.2 Negotiation ski lis

Negotiation is defined as a strategy to resolve a divergence of interests, w here common interests also
exist. (3_y) lt could be cooperative where both parties are trying to get the best possible result and mainly
looking for a win-win situation by getting as much value as possible for their objectives. (ls) lt al so could
be soft or hard, based on the concessions offered . Whatever its type, negotiation is a set of skills that can
be learned and practi sed; it need s advanced planning and patience.
Negotiation as a skill is a central part of each and every career development where dealing with multiple
parties is involved. Pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists require such skills especially while dealing
with employees or managers regarding contracts, new system applications or even work time schedule.
Mastering negotiation will help yo u to develop your caree ron many levels: it will help you to save time and
effort, get yo u r d re a m job and contract, an d in fl uence othe r parties and co nvi nce them of yo u r poi nt.
Do th is activity!
Reflect on past experiences that required
some negotiations. Which of the style(s) in the
negotiation chart above did you employ?
Do you thinkyou could have done better?
What style would you employ the next time

you find yourself in a situation requiring your
negotiatio n ski lis?
Their wants and needs
Figure 14: Negotiating style chart and negotiating skills activity{3Q)
Each one of us has our own style of negotiation (see Figure 14), and getting familiar with your personal style
will help you to identify ways to improve your negotiation skills. (ls) You can master all styles by practice in
real situations, and the more yo u repeat and practise these ski lis, the more natural using them will be.
Whatever style you are following, negotiation always requires effective communication of goals, needs and
wants, where both planning and preparing are essential.
See a case study from our member Ciara O' brien below, which demonstrates how she developed her
communication and negotiation skills.
As a pharmacist registe red in Great Britain, 1a m el igibl e to beco me a no m inat ed signat o ry f or t he ABPI Co de of
Practice. The medica! final si gnatory is respo nsible for the final check of pro moti onal and no n-promotio nal
materia ls th at will be sent to healthca re professionals, patients or the pu blic. In my cu rre nt co mpany, a
va lidation is req uired to become a medica! fin al signatory.
As the ar ea 1w orked in di d not i nvolve acti vely promote d p rod u ct s, 1d id not fe el
that 1 had sufficient expo sure t o sit the validat ion. 1 decid ed 1 needed mo re
tim e to a pply my t echnical kn owl edge of t he Cod e, pract i ce my deci sion-
ma king skills and develop my communication and negotiation skill s.
1 decided to del ay my validation whil e 1 b uilt up my wo rki ng kn owled ge and
practi ca! appli cation of the Co de. This involved w o rkin g cl osel y wit h my li ne
manage r t o mentor me th ro ugh th e sys t em, ch ec ki ng mat erials and de liveri ng
negative fe edback t o t eam s to build up my skill s beyon d t he t echni ca l aspect s.
1 al so t oo k the opportunity to speak w it h diff eren t co ll eagu es abo ut t heir
approac h t o help me understand thei r decisio n-maki ng pro cess in a rder t o
devel op my own. Wh ere 1 co uld not f ind any live examp les of less-co mmo n
mat eri als, 1u sed th e syst em t o search fo r a lready a pproved mat erials - fi rst to
devel op my own jud gement and then review ing t he fi nal sig n of f comments to
see if 1had missed anything.
After the self-directed extra preparation and t he enco urageme nt from my
Ciara O'brien co ll eagues, 1 under too k and passe d the validati on. 1am much more confident
Industrial pharmacist in my ability t o pe rform fina l sign off of mate rials acc ordi ng t o t he AB PI Code of
Practi ce. 1am pro u d of the professio nal appr oa ch 1t ook t oe n su re 1was ready t o
take on th e responsi bili ty and accounta bili ty of a medica! fi na l signatory.
What can you identify from thi s case study that links to your experience
and how would yo u apply the ski listo your career?
5-3 Analytical skills

Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modelling data to discover useful
information for work-related decision-making.(TI) lt is a vital part of having a successful career. When data
is u sed effective ly, it lead s to better u nderstand i ng of yo u r previous work performance and better decision-
making for your future steps. Which skills you need to analyse data vary depending on methods of data
collection and the type of data yo u ha ve. Although there are m ultiple methods of data analysis, th is section
will focus on statistical, descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, prescriptive and qualitative analysis.
Statistical analysis is a quantitative form of analysis that draws on the principies of mathematics and
probability. {3ill lt is concerned with the organisation and interpretation of data according to well-defined,
systematic assumptions, procedures and rules. (lg_) There are different categories of this type of analysis.
Descriptive analysis is the simplest and the most common use of data in all work fields today and it is used
to reduce large sets of observations into more compact and interpretable forms.
So me useful resources that can help yo u develop your descriptive statistical analysis skills can be found at:
• Statistical analysis
• Statistics training
• Statistical analytics tutorials
Diagnostic analysis is a form of advanced analysis which examines data or content by finding the cause
from the insight found in statistical analysis. (áQ) Diagnostic analysis is useful to identify behaviour
patterns of data. For example, if a new problem arrives in your work process, you can use diagnostic
analysis to find if similar problems have occurred elsewhere, to establish a pattern. lf you already have a
set of data, you may be able to complete diagnostic analysis to see if problems are interconnected.
Predictive analysis utilises previous data to make predictions about future outcomes. {f¡],) For example, let
us say that last year yo u bought th re e hand bags based on yo u r savi ngs and if th is year yo u r salary do u bies
then you can buy six handbags. However, what about other factors which may influence how many
handbags you can buy, like the chance of the prices of bags increasing this year or maybe instead of
handbags yo u would want to buy a new bike, or yo u need to buy a car? Organisations are increasingly using
predictive analysis to help plan their activities, overcome difficult problems and uncover new
o p po rtu n iti es.(.f!l_)
Prescriptive analysis relies on artificial intelligence techniques, without additional human input. ~)
Numerous types of data-intensive businesses and government agencies can benefit from using
prescriptive analysis, including those in the financia! services and healthcare sectors, where the cost of
human error is high.(fl1.) Currently, most of the big data-driven companies (Apple, Facebook, Netflix, etc.)
utilise prescriptive analysis and artificial intelligence {Al) to improve decision making.(fl1.)
Qualitative analysis involves synthesising data collected from interviews, document analysis or through
observation by creating themes and categorising data to provide a greater depth of understanding and
meaning.(ál) Some pharmacists and social pharmaceutical scientists utilise qualitative analysis to
understand medicines use.
To learn more about data analysis in pharmacy visit the following links:
• lntroduction to statistics
• Six ways pharmaceutical companies are using data analytics to drive innovation & value
• How big data is affecting pharmacy practice
• Data analytics: key to operating a successful pharmacy business and practice
See a case study from our member Shepard Nqobile Mhlaba below, which demonstrates how he applied
data analysis and decision-making skills in practice.
1was charged with the responsibility of ordering of pharmaceutical products

for the pharmacy by creating an arder list, carrying out a forecast and
procuring medicines. 1compiled a list of medicines using consumption data
of products which were sold in a given period of time. These data were then
used to calculate the average monthly consumption, months of stock and
forecast quantities for the next six months. Microsoft Excel can be used to
calculate the arder quantity of products based on the above parameters and
this will help in making an informed procurement decision. The process is al so
based on available funds and if the total arder price is more than available,
funds adjustments are made accordingly, making decisions based on
available stock and the demand for the product. As a result of this process, an
Shepard Nqobile arder list was created based on available funds and the arder was placed and
Mhlaba received. The process allowed the pharmacy to restock and replenish about-
to-finish stock.
Community pharmacist
What can you identify from this case study that links to your experience
and how would you apply the skills to your career?
5-4 lnterpersonal skills

5.4.1 Emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence is an indispensable ingredient for effective leadership.(M ) As healthcare keeps
evolving towards interdisciplinary teamwork, the impact of emotional intelligence on workplace
behaviour is of particular interest.
Emotions are linked to the purposes, projects and needs of every individual. Your emotions motivate and
regu late yo u r actions.(M ) Awareness of yo u r emotions is essential in building your career path, as th is may
influence your decision making about the field of practice to focus on, around your workspace and your
relationship with other professionals in your workplace.
The best thing about emotional intelligence is that it can be learned . At the start of your career, you may
not understand why people in your team are behaving the way they do. However, you can learn to
understand their motives by developing your emotional intelligence and empathy skills.
Using emotional intelligence in the workplace can: improve relationships with your associates and
colleagues (áS); improve empathy skills for pharmacists focused on patient-centred care; help you to act
with integrity; help you to get respect from your peers; help you to manage change more confidently;
improve job satisfaction; help you to feel confident and positive in your attitude; reduce stress levels; and
increase creativity.
An emotional competency framework can help you to develop your personal competence (relating to self-
awareness, self-regulation and self-motivation) as well as your social competence (made up of social skills
and social awareness).(áS).
"Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm"- Ralph Waldo Emerson
lf yo u are enthused to develop your emotional intelligence you could try so me of the steps in Figure 15.
Step 1: Build your awareness toa level of unconscious

competence Step 1:
Constantly work on your emotions to the point at which
Build your awareness toa level of unconscious
•
understandingyour feelings become part of yo u. competen ce:
Step 2: Differentiate and analyse your emotions by
keeping a journal or diary
Colour code the page (red, amber, green} for days where Step 2:
you felt good, okay or bad and then analyse what
Differentiate and analyse your emotions by
•
happened on the red days to make you feel bad. This keepi ng a jo u rnal or d iary.
could help identify triggers that you could learn to
control.
Step 3: Accept and appreciate emotions as signals Step 3:
Emotions are important tools that help to keep us going
Accep t and appreciate emoti ons as si gnals.
•
- if your em oti on s are fluctuati n g, it cou Id be a sign yo u
are working too hard and need to take a break.
Step 4: Accept and recognise the emotions of others
The patients we serve and the people we work with may
not be able to control their emotions, but you can
Accep t and recogn is e t he em otio ns of others.
control how you react to them. Emotions are part of
what makes us human. lf you can recognise that
someone is sad, angry or frustrated and empathise with Figure 15. Steps to develop your
them, you will have better relationships and climb the emotional intelligence
career ladder faster.
To learn more about emotional intelligence read FIP YPG's support material on " Leading with Emotional
lntelligence".
5.4.2 Personal competence

Self-awareness involves being emotionally aware, and recognising your emotions and their effect on you
and those around you.{.L&) You should understand how you are feeling and why yo u are feeling that way.
This can help you see how your emotions influenceyourthoughts and actions about the things that pertain
to you and others.
Self-regulation lets yo u decide how well yo u respond to externa! factors around yo u (people, information,
t echnology). ({¡_Q) Do you have self-control and can easily manage disruptive emotions such as getting
insulted by a colleague or being reprimanded by your boss? Do you feel content and beco me complacent
after being praised for a job well done?
To be self-aware yo u must be able to evaluate yo u r emotions.(ás) Th is involves th in ki ng carefu lly about why
you feel the way you do. ls it because of a past experience? Or because of something that happened more
recently? What is the context to your emotions? ls it about a person, a situation or yourself? Once you
understand why you feel the way you do, you may be able to adapt this and manage your own motivation.
3.1.3), the Global Competency Framework

Bei ng aware of yo u r own self-confidence and bel ieving
(see Section 4.1) or the Global Advanced
in yourown self-worth and capabilities is an important
Development Framework (see Section
part of your personal competence too. You need to be
4.2).
able to stand your ground and voice your opinion even
when it is un popular, learn to be decisive and stick to
your core values. You must also be able to recognise
your own limitations, so that you do not end up in a
9 TOP TIP!
difficult situation that is out of your depth.
Research says So% of emp loyees that
As a pharmacist ora pharmaceutical scientist having cont ribute to other areas o utside
undergone several trainings in the course of your their immediat e a nd defi ned job
study, you are fit to work in any field of pharmacy desc ription move fas t er a nd fu rthe r
practice yo u wish to. However, knowi ng yo u r strengths than their conte mporaries. So, t ry to
and weaknesses, where your interests lie, and your get involv ed in activi t ies that are
long- and short-term goals is what personal d iffe re nt f ro m yo u r ro uti n e, d ay-to-
competence is all about. You can also use several day role.
frameworks to identify your strengths and weakness,
for example, by using the SWOT template (see Section
5.4-3 Social competence

As m e m be rs of th e p harmace utical workforce an d part of the healthcare team, o u r job
816 demands we interact with other professionals and this means we must be socially
competent on a daily basis. Social competence relates to social awareness and
WORKING specific skills that we can use during social situations which are called social ski lis. ~
WITH OTHERS ~) Even outside the working environment, it is crucial we use social competence
skills.
Social awareness involves being empathic and sensing others' feelings and perspectives, taking an active
interest in thei r eo ncerns.{f¡z) Yo u m u st acknowled ge the social el i mate (fi nancial, p hysical and
en vi ron mental situation yo u and your colleagues are in}. Antici pati ng, recogn ising and meeting thei r needs
will demonstrate that yo u are socially aware.~
Developing others, for example, through mentorship, can help you leverage diversity. ~) Cultivating
opportunities by working with diverse people, learning to work with people of different races, sexualities,
religions, and political beliefs can help you learn new things and present new opportunities for career
development.
In our opinion, being politically aware is one of the most important skills in emotional intelligence.
Wherever yo u find yourself, you should try toread and understand an individual's ora group's emotional
currents and power relationships. Look out for the decision makers, detect crucial social networks, and
understand the forces that shape the view of your clients and competitors.
Al tho ugh the re are many di ffere nt social ski lis, we focu s he re on eig ht key social skills. Yo u coul d reflecto n
these and plan an activity to help yo u develop your social skills:
1. lnfluence: can you persuade people to key into your goals or supportyour project?
2. Communication: can you send clear and convincing messages?
3. Leadership: do yo u inspire and guide groups and people?
4- Change catalyst: do you initiate or manage change?
s. Conflict management: how well do you negotiate and resolve disagreements?
6. Building bonds: do you nurture instrumental relationships?
7- Collaboration and cooperation: how well do yo u work with others toward shared goals?
8. Team capabilities: have yo u created group synergy in pursuing collective goals?
Personal competence is a solid foundation on which you can build your social competence (see Figure
16).(ásj
Oeci sion Makin g:

Prob lem Solvin s
/~ I mpul se Con tro l
V · Reality Test i 1g
Stress Ma nagem ent:

(jl St ress Toleranc e
Fle>ibil ity
Self-E xpre ssion: Optim ism
ln terdependen ce
Asserti vene ss
Se lf- Pe rcept ioll: Emotional Expression
Self-Actuallzatlon
Em otl onal Self Aware ness
Sel f-Regard
PERSONAL COMPETENCE
Figure 16. Personal competence as a foundation for social competence (i¡s_)
Do the activity in Figure 17 to reflect on how you can develop your interpersonal skills.
Do this activity!
Reflect on the scenario below:
Anjay, a hospital pharmacist has observed a high occurrence in the rate of

medication errors. She has informed her colleagues, including the head of
department, about the problem but everyone seems unconcerned. The issue gets
worse and she increasingly beco mes frustrated. She is not in a formalleadership
role to spearhead the inve stigations into the causes of the problem .
How would you apply your interpersonal skills to handle this issue if you
were in the same situation as Anjay?
Figure 17. Activity to develop your interpersonal skill
s.s Conflict resolution skills

Conflict resolution skills are applied in handling disagreements or di sputes between two or more people
or gro u ps of people, with the aim of m iti gating the negativ e im pacts of such disagreements or d isputes.(SQ).
lt i s very important in a work settin g to minimise or prev ent conflicts that might lead to decreased
productiv ity. The a ppl ication of conflict management skill s also tran scend s the w orkplace into o ur
perso nal a nd soci all iv es.
There are f ive co nflict manageme nt styles:(5.1)
1. Avoidance - This style of conflict resolution involves ignoring the conflict with the hope that it
resolves by itself. This approach is useful when the conflict is not important or there is no time for
more in-depth intervention.
2. Accommodation- Using this style involves putting the needs of others in place of yours. lt involves
taking measures to determine what the other party's concerns are and possibly conceding to their
argument to keep the peace.
3- Compromise - This conflict management style aims to arrive at a common ground or agreed
resolution between both parties involved in the conflict. This approach may not leave either side
completely satisfied with the outcome.
4- Competition- This style is important when you need to take a stand about a particular issue and
satisfy certain requirements of a company or your own desires at the expense of the other parties
involved in the conflict. This may mean being more assertive and rejecting other parties' ideas to
achieve the final say.
s. Collaboration- This style aims to find solutions that satisfy the needs of all parties involved. This
goes beyond trying to find a middle ground, and instead focuses on pleasing all parties involved and
making su re that all opinions are represented in the final resolution(s)
Read more information about conflict

management styles and skills in the following Do this activity!
links.
Reflect on the listed ways of conflict
• Five Conflict Management Styles for resolution. Which is your predominant
Every Personality Type style? Think about how yo u can combine
the different strategies at various stages
• What Are the Five Conflict Resolution
of resolving a conflict.
Strategi es?
Figure 18. Activity to develop your conflict

Do the activity in Figure 18 to develop your
resolution skills
conflict resolution skills.
See a case study from our member Chun-Wai Mai below, which demonstrates how he hand led unforeseen
situations during his career.
As a research project leader, it is pivota! to ma ke su re a project achi eves all t he

set milestones and outcomes. However, there are always unforeseen
circumst ances that m ay del ay researc h progress. In o ne of th e national research
grant round s, 1secur ed th e fundin g for a t echnically ch all enging proj ect.
We had only two yea rs t o achieve all the milestones and outcomes f or our
project. Durin g that time, 1 had regular meetings with all team members to
traek our milestones. There were a few i ncidences when ou r consumables w er e
delayed. Lu ckily, we managed t o sa lve the purc has ing issues, placed anot her
arder to obtain th e m at eri als from anoth er supplier, and fin ally we got t he
materials. We were o nly slightly delay ed in achievin g our milestone. Dueto th e
conce rn that we may not ha ve be en able toa eh ieve all th e m ileston es if it was a
project for one postgraduate stud ent, 1 recruited two full -tim e mas t er stud en ts
t o su pport the project
We delivered all th e milestones and outcom es within the stipul at ed tim e fram e. Chun-Wai Mai
We publi shed thre e 151 pap er s in st ea d of two papers that 1 promised t o t he Pharmacist/
funders, both of my MSc students gr aduated on-time, and their these s w ere pharmaceutica/
accepted wit h min ar correctio ns.
scientist
What can you identify from this case study that links t o your ex peri ence
and how wou ld you apply t he skill s to yo ur career?
•
•
•
Using our own experiences, he re are sorne actions that we think you can take to develop your leadership
ski lis:
1. Be proactive, not reactive
Take responsibility for your lite. Proactive people think and act on their thoughts. As a leader you have
to be proactive because of externa! factors which might not always be favourable. Reactive people, on
the other hand, are often affected by their physical environment. They find externa! sources to blame
for their behaviour.
2. Practise discipline
Discipline is the most important element in leadership. Developing discipline in your professional (and
personal) life is a must in arder to be an effective leader, and to inspire others to be disciplined as well.
People will judge your capacity to lead by the amount of discipline yo u display at work. Demonstrate
discipline at work by getting to work on time, meeting deadlines, keeping appointments, and ending
meetings on time. lf you are naturally disorganised, then you may have your work cut out, but you can
always start small: try implementing good habits at home, like waking up on time and getting daily
exercise, and work yo ur way u p from there.
3. Expand yo u r capacity
An effective strategy to develop your

leadership skills is to take on more Consider this:
responsibility. You do not have to take on more
than you can handle, but you do need to do In the firs t quarte r of 2020 during t he first
more than simply what is covered in your job wave of the COVID-19 pan dem ic, while
description if you want to grow. Stepping out there was problem in phar mace uti cal
of your comfort zone is the only way you will logistics in a cou ntry dueto the lockd own
learn anything new and doing so will get you and thus short age of perso nal protecti ve
noticed by executives or leaders as someone equipme nt, a comm unity phar macy was
who takes initiative. This simple action will able to provide t heir environmen t and
improve your learning ability as you learn staff with t he appropri ate PPE need ed
quickly when you learn new things. This because t hey ordered sufficien t PPE
eventually makes you invaluable in your befo re the re was a lockdow n.
enviro nme nt. A ph armac ist t oo k t he init iat ive to i nfor m
4. Loo k ahead the manage ment of a poss ible diffic ulty in
logistics durin g t he pandem ic.
The mark of a good leader is having foresight,
and the ability to anticípate problems befare He was commended be cause of his critica!
they occu r. Th is is a val uabl e ski 11 to ha ve whe n thinking and his proactiveness in ensu ri ng
handling complex projects with tight that his patie nts and colleag ues had
deadlines. The ability to spot potential access to protective equip ment.
problems and provide suggestions is
invaluable for a leader. This ability also helps
yo u recogn ise o ppo rtu nities that others
overlook, which will certainly earn you
Figure 21. Example of leadership skill' attributes
recognition (see Figure 21).
s. Inspire and empower others

Being a leader means you are part of a team, andas a leader you should be able to motívate and inspire
those yo u work with to collaborate as best they can. Delegate d uties as often as yo u can and ensure yo u
are maximising the strengths of your teammates; this enables you to explore your own strengths as
well. When a team member needs encouragement or guidance, offer it. Sometí mes, all a person needs
is someone to listen and be sympathetic.
6. Communicate
The most important skill of a leader is to listen t o the ideas of th ose they lead and share their vision
effectively. Create an atmosphere of helpful give-and -take by taking the time t o fully understand issues,
and give candid and accurate feedback. You should not feel threatened when someone disagrees with
you) questions your thinking or puts forward ideas of their own. Keep an open mind and give merit
where it is due.lt will not always be easy) but ifyou learn to value and respect others on yourteam) they
will be more likely to step up to the plate for you) which would yield positive results and help you in
career g rowth.
7. Resolve conflicts
Yo u may experíence conflíctS 1 between yourself anda colleague or between team mates. Not everyone
wíll get along all the time. As a leader you must have emotional íntellígence and always assume
responsibílíty for resolvíng disputes) ínstead of ignoring interpersonal conflicts. Good leaders do not
just hope conflícts will go away. Address conflicts by talking to those involved privately and be open to
creative solutions to salve problems. (S.s.}
8. Strategic th in ki n g and execution
To cope with new realities 1 it is imperative that leaders are strategic with their ideas and the execution
of these. Excell e nt lead ers are good strategists. A framework for effectíve strategy i ncl u des both
strategic planning, and strategic thinking that reflects intuition and creativity. As a leader, you need to
ensure thatyour strategies are aligned with yourvisions, plans and communication. Your strategies are
results of the type and depth of informatíon at your dísposal) therefore you need to be well informed.
Strategic thinking and execution require collaboration, motivation1 openness, vision, logic and
creativity1 as well as excellent leadership. Find more information on strategic thinking and models of
strategíc thinking here: strategic thinkíng and execution
Do the activity in Figure 22 to reflect on how you can develop your leadership skills by observing others.
Do this activity!
Asan early career professional1 reflect on these questions:
• Have yo u ever mentioned the phrase "they are the best boss 1have ever had"?
• Ha ve yo u wondered why yo u feel confident about so me of yo u r colleagues handling a
particular task more than others?
• Do yo u prefer a particular team leader to another?
• Have you considered why some patients prefer to be attended to by some of your
colleagues rather than others in your community or hospital practice?
All these feelings are i ntrinsic ind icators that yo u have met or worked with someone with
good leadership skills. Reflect carefully about that person and rate how often they
demonstrated the key attributes of a good leader. We have included a " What makes a good
leader" template in Appendix 10 to help you do this. lf you would like to complete a more
comprehensive assessment1 see Appendix 11.
Figure 22. Activity to develop your leadership skill
See a case study from our member George Vasilopoulos below, which demonstrates how he showed his
leadership skills.
!"-
He re 1share the experience of the development of a new community pharmacy in the city of Patras in Greece,
and how 1applied my management, leadership, decision making and analytical skills. The idea was to create
a new store that would provide customers and patients not only with a variety of choices in cosmetics and
supplements but also with professional advice for their needs.
The project involved market research and planning, development of the
business unit and its operating strategy.l was responsible for developing and
operating the Community Pharmacy in a market that is highly competitive
(one community pharmacy per 1,000 citizens).
-
1 worked with a marketing company in arder to set up the right marketing
strategy, especially in the cosmetics and supplements sector. The process
involved evaluating data and field market research, so that the right decisions
could be made. Accordingly, the proposed plan had to be presented to the
workforce and the appropriate roles had to be assigned. As a follow up, 1 George Vasilopoulos
worked on a weekly and monthly base to analyse the sales and orders data in
arder to eval uate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Moreover, 1 Entrepreneur:
applied a 360° approach for the evaluation of the workforce. community pharmacy
1had to think about this project in terms of a start-up retail that incorporates the responsibilities, towards
the patient and the community, of a pharmacy. 1believe that this was the hardest part at the beginning of
this effort.
Currently, it is our seventh year of operation despite the financia! difficulties in the Greek economy and we
have beco mean important point for customers in my city.
What can you identify from this case study that links to your experience
and how would you apply the skills to your career?
5-7 Resilience
Life is full of challenges, and in navigating your career path you will be faced with numerous curves and
turns along the way. Resilience is a key skill that helps you continue on your career path when things get
tough or do not work out as expected .
Resilience is the ability to recover from obstacles quickly.(s.§_) lt is as mucha mindset as it is a skill.
In your career and even in your personallife, it is inevitable that issues will come up that will throw you off
balance and shake your ability to work, or even affect your belief in yourself. Resilience is being able to
continue despite the obstacles in your way. lt is nota skill that comes naturally to everyone, but one that
can be learned by developing strategies.(SL)
The concept of career resilience is the ability to adjust to career changes- whether as a result of job loss
oras a result of changes in the sector. This is dealt with in greater depth in Section 7: Strategies for
successful career changes. A really important part of resilience is creating a work-life balance that meets
your needs for your current situation. At different parts of your life, you may be able to work longer hours
and only resta little; however, as you move through life you may need to adjust the amount you work to
ensure yo u stay productive.lf we do not adjust our working patterns to meet our needs, we can experience
burnout (see Section 7 for more detail) which makes us less productive and less successful. Ensuring you
take time out of work to "rest and recuperate" is a key part of building your resilience.
Do the activity in Figure 23 to reflect on how you can develop your resilience skills.
Do this activity!
Reflect on the scenario below:
Mark completed his second degree after pharmacy school and gota new job ata fast-growing
pharmaceutical sales company. He had done really well at the interview and had been
recommended by the interview panel as the best candidate for the role. Everything was going
well for h i m. However, barely ayear into his job he got the news that the department was goi ng
through sorne restructuring and that they were planning to let staff go. Thankfully, Mark was
not one of the staff to be let go, but he was faced with a new challenge because he had to take
on the work of those members of staff that left in addition to his existing workload. This meant
that he needed to learn sorne new skills in a very short time. The company also threatened more
job losses. He was scared he might lose his job at any time and needed to put in extra effort to
prove that he was competent for the tasks at hand. This took a toll on his mental health, his
physical health and his personal lite. lt was a struggle for him to keep going to work every da y
and he often cried uncontrollably on the way into and out ofwork.
Think about what Mark could doto improve his resilience to

an increased workload and fear of redundancy?
Figure 23. Activity to develop your resilience skill
Here are so me actions that we think will help yo u develop your resilience skills:
1. Reflect on the issue at hand
lf yo u are faced with a challengi ng situation, it is ver y easy to fe el overwhel med and beco me emotional.
lf this happens, stop and reflect, try to understand how you are making sense of a situation and why
you feel the way yo u do. Mark, in Figure 23, could have set aside time to think about what taking on the
new tasks meant for him, what it meant for him to have not been laid off, and what he could doto move
forward. He started by making a list of things that were going well for him, and things that were not
going too well and could be improved. He also took time and adapted his routine to make room to
express e moti o ns. Goi n g t h ro ugh th i s p rocess he lped h i m to get better clarity o n w hat th e situation was
and helped him to realise that he was in a good position to develop professionally as a result of being
given more responsibility.
2. Remembering why yo u are doing what yo u are doi ng

Going back to the steps of the career development model and reflecting on your career plan will help
you have a clear understanding of what your career goal is. Why you chose a certain career path and
what yo u ai m to achieve in the short-to-long ter m. Th is hel ps to keep yo u on track as yo u work towards
achieving the end goal and avoids being 'dragged down' by current hardships being faced.
3. Find a support system
This may include family and friends or even work colleagues who can help yo u to stay on track just by
bei n g there for yo u. lt cou Id al so be a com m un ity group or oth er sort of gro u p of people w ith w hom yo u
can share your thoughts and aspirations and from whom you get useful advice. You could also have
mentors, who wi 11 gu id e yo u th rough the process of tackl i ng the issue at hand, as they most 1i kely wou Id
have had experiences with similar issues. Knowing you have a support system and people who
understand what you are going through can help you stay on track, especially when you want to give
u p.
4- Take breaks often
Relax. Breathe. Exercise . Try not to overthink or overwork yourself. Practise mindfulness, be aware of
how healthy you are or what you need todo to stay physically and mentally healthy. Trying todo too
much all at once, in a bid to tackle the issue quickly, can lead to you burning out Although it may seem
count erintuitiv e to take a break if yo u need to, remember that th e work i s likely to still be th ere when
you return. Taking a day off, a weekend off, or even longer time off key tasks can hel p you to come back
to them with a fresh mindset when yo u do decide to restart them.
s. Determine what yo u can control
Understanding the distinction between what you can control and what is out of your control can help
improve your resílience.ln Mark's case (see Figure 23L he is not in charge of making company polícíes or
deciding who is retained or made redundan t. He is al so not necessaríly in charge of decíding which tasks
are allocated to him whíle the company undergoes restructuring. However, he does have control over
his attítude, hís approach to the tasks given to him and hís career plan.lf his current plan is not workíng
well, he has the power to change it, including pursuing a different career plan.
6. Map out different scenarios for yourself
So for example, Mark could considerwhat happens if the company decides to let hím go and how he wíll
handle this. He adopts a positíve attitude, makes su re hís CV is up·to·date and sets up regular alerts on
job vacancy sítes. He is planníng actively. He also gíves his absolute best to his current tasks at work,
whilst retaíning enough energy to look after himself physícally and mentally. Whílst he anticipates
being retained and meeting his commítments to the company, he is al so aware of hi s commitments to
himself and hís future.
For more informatíon on resilíence see the following link: career resilíence
See a case studyfrom our member Ahmad El Ouweini below, whích demonstrates how he applied resilience
skills.
Duríng t he cardíal agy clini ca l ratatí an af my past-graduat e res íd ency yea r 1, my majar platfa rm presentat ían
w as sudd enly cha nged fra m th e last w eek t o th e second w eek af th e rot at ion . Co ncu rr ently, 1 had pre-
ass igned deadlines for two other tasks in additi on to my daily teaching/precepting a nd di rect pat ien t care
dut ies.
As a ph a rm acy resident, 1 was asked to prepare a 15-min u te p resentati on o n a con t roversia! t a pie i n card iology,
req ui rín g huge amo unt of research, and to end it wít h my recommendati ons fo r cliníca l prac tice
Si nce all t hese t as ks were im portant a nd u rgent, 1 rearranged them accor di ng to
difficulty and t he amo unt af tim e a nd number of indivídua ls invo lved in t heir
implem entation. Afterward s, 1 desig ned a d et a il ed timeline f or co mpletin g t hose
t as ks wi t h the most res ourc e-con suming o nes f irst 1 had t o sleep only for t hree
hours fo r t w o day s in arder to manage betw een delivering o n tim e whil e g ivíng
th e bes t w ork qu ality 1 can offer. Moreover, 1 all ow ed myse lf t o have o ne w hole
d ay off f or a picnic with my f riend s, whi ch certainly allowed meto recharge my
sp irit, boost my energy and f u el my creativíty for new id eas at w ork. Addít í anally,
1 a llocat ed enough tim e fo r feed back fro m my preceptors and th e st akeho lders
in vo lved in t he implemen tati on of my p ro jects.
Major lessons l earn ed:
1- Resilience is yo ur stro ngest w eapon to keep you r momentu m, foc us and
manage yo urself prope rl y t o produce beyond-exp ectati o ns w ork.
2- In arder t o bríll íantly sell yo u r idea amo ng d ifferent stakeholde rs, ya u shaul d
first understand th eir person alities a nd priorities; th en show them t he
benefits of adoptin g yo ur id ea o n th eir p ractic e and work environment; and
Ahmad El Ouweini
finally, ta cti cally match th eir prí o ríties with the va lues thatyo ur idea bríngs Clinical pharmacist/
to th e field. preceptor
3- Reg ular self-retre at time, even during yo ur bu si es t times, has its magical
effect, red u cí ng th e am ount of wo rk bu rn aut.
What can yo u íd entífy from thí s case study that línks t o your expe rí ence
and how would yo u apply the skill s to your career ?
s.S Personal branding skills

Your personal brand is the way you present and promote yourself with an emphasis on your unique skills,
experiences and personality. How you portray yourself can tell your unique story or highlight your unique
selling point. Your personal brand makes you stand out to your peers and potential employers, and allows
you to carve a niche for yourself in an ever-growing professional world.
Actions thatyou can take to develop your branding include:(~)
1. Have a clear objective

Why do you need to develop a personal brand? You need to determine your reason for wanting to
develop a personal brand. Are you trying to position yourself for new opportunities in the sector? Are
you trying to break into a new area of pharmacy or pharmaceutical sciences? Are you interested in
growing across a certain career path? Answering these questions will help yo u determine your why and
keep yo u grounded on your journey to developing your personal brand.
2. Determine your target audience
Who is your target audience? Peers in your field, employers, researchers and/or potential supervisors (if
you are interested in academia) etc.? Determining your target audience will help you narrow down to
the right platform on which to build your personal brand.
3- Choose your platform

Knowing your objective for building a personal brand and your target audience will help you narrow
down to the right platform on which to build your personal brand. For example, if you were looking to
find interesting roles in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and potentially get a new role in that field
(your objective), yo u would determine that your target audience would be researchers or professors in
the field of pharmacoepidemiology. This might lead you to think about which platform you can use to
reach researchers and professors; such people can be found at ResearchGate. Alternatively, if your
target audience is broader, you could use a different platform, such as Linkedln . Linkedln is a great
platform for building your personal brand as it allows you to connect with diverse professionals within
and also outside the pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences sector. There are a number of other great
platforms where you can start building your personal and professional brand, such as Twitter,
Facebook, and others specific to researchers such as academic profiles on institutional websites. lf you
cannot choose a platform, why not create a personal website?
4- Develop your profile
The first task once you have chosen a platform is to build a profile, almost like an online CV, and
communicate your values on the platform through an up-to-date and engaging summary and high-
resolution photo. You can develop your profile further by regularly posting content.(5_9) How do you
expect to keep your audience interested if you do not? Are you going to write articles or post
infographics? Are yo u going to share interesting links to your work and tag the relevant people? As busy
professionals we may not have the luxury of developing content so often, but having a plan, a strategy
and deciding on the frequency of this will ensure you remain consistent in achieving your personal
branding objective.
This also ensures you are not easily forgotten . lt is easy for people to feel uncomfortable about sharing
their activities and contentas they may perceive it to be bragging or showing off, especially in the field
of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences where, traditionally, individuals have not been encouraged
to promote themselves. However, we live in a fast-paced and changing world that it is now important
to always communicate yourvalue, own your own accomplishments and skills- not with the intention
of being a show-off but to engage people and provide opportunities for them to learn from your
experiences. Striking a good balance with this is key.(6o)
s. Build a network and stay connected
Building and maintaining strong networks online and offline can help you stay connected with your
peers, your colleagues and your superiors.(61) Start by joining FIP and keeping your membership up to
date every year. The benefits of joining a professional network and getting actively involved are many.
join other professional organisations too, particularly if they are specific to your field or research area,
and explore ways to remain actively involved . jo in committees and volunteer your time. By building and
fostering networks, yo u maintain the trust of people yo u work with th rough the delivery of quality work
consistently. When people are always aware of yo u r value, yo u remai n at the top of their mi nds and can
carve a niche for yourself in a very diverse sector.
Do the activity in Figure 24 to develop your personal branding skills.
Do this activity!
On a single side of A4 paper, draw a pyramid. At the top of
the pyramid, write your name. At each corner of the base of
pyramid write down four principies, ideas, attributes or
themes that you want to include in your personal brand
that create your unique selling point.
Each of the bases should representa foundation to your

identity- without it, you wouldn't be you!
Figure 24. Activity to develop your personal branding skill
In the following section, we describe some tips to prepare your currículum vitae {CV) and cover letter as
tools to support yo u branding yourself.
5.8.1 Preparing your curriculum vitae

A currículum vitae (CV), or résumé, is a written description of a professional's career outline. A typical CV
should include extensive information on your educational background, work experience, honours and
awards, publications and keynote presentations, as well as any other remarkable work·related
achievements. (§1) A CV acts as a mediator between you anda potential employer and creates an initial
im pression about your personal and professional profile. Along with yo u r cover letter these docu ments can
influence whether you are selected for an interview.
Writing an effective and easy-to·read CV is key to advancing up the career ladder. (§l) You want to have a
structured and well·organised CV which truthfully represents your highest accomplishments. You have to
be confident regarding your achievements, while maintaining honesty and never exaggerating. Your CV is
your personal marketing tool, in which content needs to be tailored to suit each job application. lt should
tell a story about your profile, your professional achievements and ultimately highlight specific qualities
that match yo u toa role. A summary of points that yo u may include in your CV appears in Figure 25.
Personal details and career objective

In general, you should start by providing some brief personal details, followed by an optional career
objective section where you should describe how your skills align with the requirements of the job you are
applying for. Your personal information should include your full name and title as well as contact details,
such as address of residence, phone number and professional email address. You might want to also
include your professional social media accounts (e.g., Linkedln or Twitter). Regarding the career objective,
the CV should provide a brief outl in e of yo u r professional background and career goals while enabl i ng yo u
to showcase the skills and attributes that make you a good candidate.
Work experience
A list of your current and previous professional experience should follow. Rank each position of your
employment in reverse chronological arder and state your job title, the employer, as well as the dates you
worked.
Use bullet points to pinpoint a concise summary ofthe position and key responsibilities and achievements
to show your impact. Show what you w ere assigned todo and what you actually delivered, so try to be
results·focu se d in this sec tion. You co uld a lso in clud e any re search or teaching exp eri ence you have.
You could also focus on the skills and qualifications that make you stand out from the crowd if these align
with the job you are applying for. For example, soft skills m ay be required in consumer facing roles, so any
volunteering experience, online training and certifications as well as any experience from hobbies may be
relevant. Once yo u start gaining experience, you can reduce the detail of old or irrelevant roles.
Edyc:atiQnªl ªnd ªc:ªdemic gualific:ªliQn~

Your educational qualifications should also be listed in reverse chronological order. lnclude the name of
the i nstitutions and the dates yo u attended, followed by the q u al ifications and grades yo u ach ieved. Make
su reto emphasise any academic honours, awards or educational scholarships you received during your
studies.
Pu bl ications and presentations

Particularly important for academic CVs is to list any publications, including articles, reviews and books.
Write all req uired information about each publ ication, i ncludi ng the title, journal title, date of pu blication,
and page numbers based on appropriate citation formats (e.g., Vancouver, APA, Harvard etc.). Likewise, list
any oral presentations, also including poster presentations, and any talks given at scientific conferences.
Professional memberships and affiliations

lf you belong to any professional group or network related to your areas of expertise, you should list it in
this section. Mention if you hold a position on the board of any organisation. Only list active affiliations
and memberships.
Licences and continui ng professional development (CPD) certificates

This section provides information on extra com ponents yo u can add to yo u r CV, demonstrati ng to potential
employers your drive to remain current in your field and your willingness to continue learning as a
professional. However, it is important that you avoid overstating your experience levels based solely on
certificates . List he re any relevant professio nal de ve lo p me nt 1icen ce or ce rtificate, i ncl ud ing the
institution's and the instructor's name and grade.
Relevant skills and interests

This section should facilitate the addition of other pertinent information to your job application such as
additionallanguages, any work-related com puter ski lis and personal interests, and hobbies. Yo u should list
all languages that you can speak or write, including your mother tongue, and alongside include an
ind ication of how fl uent yo u are (basic, conversational, intermed iate, fluent, bil i ngual or native).
Here you can also include any volunteer experience. However, if your volunteer experience is highly
relevant to your job application, it should be listed with an appropriate title and a description that
highlights your skills and any accomplishments.
Hobbies and interests should show positive traits or skills, such as dedication, analytical thinking and
teamwork, in order to have a positive impact. In that sense, a hobby gives employers an idea about the
things you value and what additional skills you may have, while interests may indicate topics you are
currently exploring. For example, if the job requires yo u to be outgoing anda good team player, any team
sport would be sufficient to exhibit both qualities, while playing chess requires patience and analytical
thinking.
Personal information Career ob ·ective

• Ful l name • Career background
• Professional title (e g. Pharmacist) • Career goals
• Contact detarls (address, phone • What can yo u offer to the job
number, e-mail address) position?
Education and academic Professional membershi s

ualifications and affiliations
• List qualification, institution name, • List any prof ession a l o rganisat ions
dates, grade (in reverse thatyou be long to
chronological arder) • Men t ion you r positio n
• Underli ne academic honou rs,
se ho 1arsh i ps and a w ards
Licences and CPD Relevant skills and interests

certificates • Foreign lang uages
• List any type of licence, certification, • Computer ski lis
or accreditation, and date received • Personal activi t ies/ Vol u nteeri ng
Figure 25. CV builder
On a closing note, always keep in mind that a good CV is a professional asset anda powerful too l. A regular! y
updated and suitably adapted CV can optimise your chances of success for awards and fellowships, grant
applications or volunteer activities. Alongside a powerful cover letter, you will have increased chances of
a successful application. We highlight some "Dos and don'ts" for you when you write your CV (see Figure
26). Yo u can al so do an activity for developi ng yo u r CV (se e Figure 27).
For an example of a currículum vitae, see Appendix 12. We also provide some evaluation templates for
updatingyour CV in Appendix 8.
Do this activity!
Be concise and use Never exaggerate;
consistent ldentify two d ífferent job appl ications
formatti ng Avoid mentioning
anything unrelated in your area of interest and prepare two
throughout; o
to the position yo u different CVs tailored to each job
Be honest about are applyi ng for;
o
::J application, using the example CV in
your ,_.;
accomplishments; Never use the same
CV for d ífferent job
Vl Appendix 12 as a guide.
Vl
Emphasise yo u r applications.
o strengths and your or
o transferable skills;
Proofread multiple lf yo u have a eu rrent CV al ready, use the
times for any evaluation template in Appendix 8 to
spellíng místakes. review yo u r CV, ensurí ng that it
contains all the important points as
discussed above.
Figure 26. CV Dos and Don'ts Figure 27. Activity to develop your CV
5.8.2 Writing your cover letter

A cover letter is an introduction or piece of correspondence that usually "covers" the main document you
are sending to someone. (2.4) These are typically used to accompany your CV in almost every application.
Wh i le yo u r CV is intend ed to lay out the facts, the cave r lette r is m eant toco nvey person ality. Cave r lette rs
should complementyour CV and not duplicate it. (fu)
Your cover letter will give a first impression of you toa potential employer. lts purpose is to create a good
impression and be as memorable as possible. Thus, writing a unique cover letter for every job application
is key to success. Templates should not be considered as a good strategic approach when crafting a cover
letter. However, even though there is no official format, ideally your cover letter should be well·structured,
visually organised, and concise- emphasising yo u r su itabi lity for e m ployment.
Introduce yourself
The headerof every professional cover letter should include your name and contact details, includingyour
address, email and phone number, at the top right or left corner of the page. The date andan appropriate
greeting should follow. Depending on the position you apply for, use the first or last name of the hiring
manager. lf you do not know whom to address the letter to, even after doing some research, you can use
the following:
• Dear H i ri ng Manager,
• Dear [Example Company] Team,
• To Whom lt May Concern,
• Dear Sir or Madam,
Grab their attention

You should make a memorable introduction, be engaging and direct while informing your hiring manager
about your professional background and what you can offer to the position . Explain your motivation for
applying. Key things to remember are:
• Highlightyour achievements;
• Show that you are mindful of their requirements; and
• Base the introduction on your passion and enthusiasm.
Showcase your skills

You should explain why you are the perfect candidate. Show your expertise in the field , without
exaggeration, and then continue with previous experiences that complement your application . Highlight
your u niq u e selling poi nts. However, try to avoid a repetition of your CV. It has to beco me clear why yo u are
interested in working in the specific position and what you can offer to the employer. lf you do not have
any previo u s ex perience, state any rel evant soft ski lis, cou rsewo rk o r persa nal tr aits and characteristics
and tell them why you are so eager to join.
Call t.Q ª_ctiQn

Conclude your cover letter with a closing paragraph to reiterate your interest in the job position anda call
to action . lndicate that you desire a personal interview, so encourage them to contact you or have a loo k
atyourCV.
Finally, you ju st need to puta formal closing at the very end, by writing "yours faithfully" and then follow
it with your full name . Adding your handwritten signature is optional, but it is suggested for formal cover
letters. We highlight so me "Dos and don'ts" for you when yo u write your cover letter in Figure 28. We also
provided so me evaluation templates for writingyour cover letter in Appendix g.
Be brief, concise and Avoid being

consiste nt; repetitive;
VI
o Highlightyour Avoid using "1" too
o transferable ski lis; m ueh;
Communicate Don't be too casual or
appropriately; too formal; o
Speak their language; Don't mention other
o
::J
Proofread multiple applications. .....
VI
times for any spelling
mistakes.
Figure 28. Cover letter Dos and Don'ts

6 Activities to develop your skills and expertise

We describe three broad activities that you can do to develop your skills and expertise: mentorship,
training and certification, and networking.
6.1 Mentorship
Mentorship is a "nurturing process that involves a more skilled or more experienced person- serving as a
role model - teaching, sponsoring, encouraging, counselling and befriending a less skilled or less
experienced person for the purpose of promoting the latter's professional and personal development."(Q5)
Mentorship is a key aspect of career development because it provides an opportunity for the person being
mento red to be able to ha ve a roadmap for their career, influenced by the guidance of a mentor. Mentoring
can help the mentee feel more confident and supported. Mentees can also develop a clearer sen se of what
they want in their careers and their personal lives. This process allows mentees to develop greater self-
awareness.
Nowadays, the concept of"reverse mentoring" is al so well known in the workplace.lt is a mentoring format
which is basically the opposite of traditional mentoring. Reverse mentoring involves experienced
colleagues being mentored by members of staff from ayounger generation, background or experience.(66}
Some benefits have been reported from this form of mentoring, which include: increased retention of the
younger generation; sharing of digital skills with senior members; driving cultural change; and promoting
diversity. (22) Young mentors can also gain a lot of benefits like leadership skills andan increase in their
confidence.
6.1.1 Why is mentorship needed?

Young pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists atan early stage of their career are usually in need of
guidance and mentorship from more experienced peers or mentors who can provide them with guidance
on how to achieve the goals that they have set for themselves in their career.
6_1.2 Mentorship framework

Mentoring is about transferring information, competence and experience to mentees, so that they can
make good use of these and build their confidence accordingly. Mentors serve to encourage, nurture and
provide support. lt is important to remember that mentoring is about structured development - the
mentor does not have to tell the mentee everything they know about a subject, at every opportunity.
lnstead they should provide an opportunity for self-directed learning and for the mentee to cometo a place
where they can proactively seek out specific solutions.(68}
The mentoring process should involve the use of a personalised mentoring roadmap tool based on mapping
self-identified needs and career goals.(68} The mapping process includes a self-assessment to determine
your personal need for mentoring and thereby support successful career advancement. A mentor can get
to know your personal strengths and weaknesses and, in this way, get to know you better. With this a
mentor will be able to address your unique needs and guide you along a path of action that plays to your
strengths, while providing opportunities to improve recognised weaknesses for the benefit of your
personal growth and successful educational and/or career goals.(68}
Comprehensive mentoring can fulfil the complete mentoring needs of different personality types, at
different times, and for different individual weaknesses and strength-building opportunities.
6.1.3 Starting your mentorship journey

The GROW (Goal, Reality, Obstacles and option, and Way forward) (Q_g) model can be used to help you as a
mentee identify whatyou want to discuss with your mentor. This model can be u sed as a tool for discussion
between the mentee and mentor, to share their expectations (see Figure 29).
“ ”
“ ”
“ ”
“ ”
ć
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Career de ve lopment toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmace utical scienti sts 1 ps2
Networking is nota one-way process and should not be viewed asan opportunity only to get something
from people. lnstead, networking positions you to develop long-term relationships with personal and
professional benefits for you and for everyone in your network. (2s)
6.3.2 Why network?

There are a number of benefits to networking. Key among them is that networking "strategically" positions
you to being visible to certain people, in line with your personal and career goals. Networking is linked to
your personal brand.
He re are five im portance reasons why yo u shou Id network:(Zs)

1. Networking helps you to beco me noticeable
By linking up with the right people and developing a reputation for delivering consistent val u e to your
network yo u become more visible.
2. lncreased opportunities
As you become more visible and gain people's trust new opportunities in career or business, etc., are
made available to you.
3. Opportunity to reassess your expertise
When yo u engage increasi ngly with people with a d iverse skillset yo u will realise that there are certai n
skills in wh ich yo u are lacking. Th is does not mean that yo u wou Id be comparing yo u rself to people in
yo u r network, as each pe rson's career jo u rney is different. Howeve r, be i ng aware of what steps oth ers
have taken to achieve certain skills, certifications, etc., will allow you to know where to direct your
career planning efforts.
4. lncreased self-confidence
Over time as you develop skills and take advantage of trainings and certifications made available
through your network, you develop self-confidence and increased self-esteem. This comes as a result
of networking with the right people and knowing what is current within your field of interest as a
result of this.
s. Development of important long-term relationships
Acquaintances could become friends, former colleagues could become business partners, and so on.
Networking gives you an opportunity to develop long lasting relationships with key people.
6.3.3 How to network effectively

lt is important not to view the networking process asan opportunity only to gain something for yourself.
lt is important to know how to network effectively. First, you have to choose a networking platform, and
then you can implement some strategies outlined below to facilitate a successful networking process.
Choosing a networking platform

One of the easiest ways to take advantage of networking opportunities is tojo in a professional group or
organisation. Through this you can take advantage of opportunities to get involved in activities with
equally experienced or more experienced people, as well as attend conferences or events on offer through
the professional group or organisation.
For an early career pharmacist or pharmaceutical scientist, networking through FIP is a good option.
However, you may find that there are other professional groups or fields through which you can take
advan tage of netwo rki ng o p portu n iti es.
Networking onlin e may al so be a use ful strate gy (see Section 5.8: Personal brandin g skill s, for more
information).
Strategies to facilitate successful networking (73)

So me strategies to facilitate successful networking are outlined in Figure 31, namely:
1. See networking as a learning opportunity
lnstead of seeing networkíng as a chore think about how much you have to learn just by building
relatíonships with people wíthin and beyond your area of practice.
2. Plan ahead and take note of common interests
lf yo u are attending a conference and looking to meet interesting people with whom to network, it is
im portant todo a lot of plan ni ng befo re yo u attend the conference. Make a 1ist of people with com mon
interests whom you would like to meet (this is easily available to view ahead of a conference on
conference apps or websites). This could be people in the same stage of your career journey, or people
far ahead in their journey (including conference speakers etc.) whom you have identified as having a
common interest with yo u. Going through this process ahead of time will allow you to identify whom
you need to be speaking with and where yo u may find them.
3. ldentify what value you have to offer
1 n en su ri ng t hat yo u tru ly benefit fro m n etwo rki ng, th in k about h ow yo u can he 1 p the other person o r
how you may add val u e for them.

4. Follow up
People sometimes mistake the networking process asan opportunity to just give everyone you meet
your business card and add to your own stack of cards. Some people even brag about how many cards
they exchanged ata conference . However, it is important toas k yourself what is the point of stacking
up cards if yo u are not then following up with people .
...
0TOPTIP!
After attending an eve nt and exch anging business
cards with people, endeavour to follow up with
Follow up
them within 48 hou rs or up to a week at the most.
Send an email and remi nd t he person whereyou
met them, what yo u discussed and how yo u may
be of help to them .
Thís helps you to stay top on th eir mind and

Figure 31: Strategy for successful networking
positíons yo u as a person of value.
7 Strategies for successfu 1career changes

"The only way to make sen se out of change is to pi unge into it
move with it and jo in the dance"- AJan W Watts
While some people find career change exhilarating, others may find the uncertainty of career transition
stressful. For people in both categories, the first question to be considered is "how do you know it's time
to change?" lf yo u are still employed, yo u may experience a mild discontent with your work and this feeling
cannot be ignored.
Career change can be considered in two different aspects. One involves changing toa different field that is
largely unrelated to your previous work skills or responsibilities; the other involves a job change, i.e.,
switching toa different job in the same field. Career change involves more than leaving an organisation or
changing companies. lt encompasses an interprofessional transition from one occupational field to
another. Career change is typically a more difficult work transition compared with job change because it
requires new training and additional human capital investment in a new field. (Z_Q)
7.1 Factors leading toa career change

There are some factors that might cause you to think about changing your career, e.g., reduced job
satisfaction, burnout, job insecurity, personality traits, poor remuneration and unanswered callings.
First, when you are not satisfied with your job, you usually think about leaving or searching for alternative
career options. Low job satisfaction and job loss can be seen as a new opportunity to leave dissatisfying
and unpleasant work, and this can trigger career change.
Secondly, career change can occur as a result of experiencing burnout. Burnout refers to changes in your
ability to function (psychologically and physically) in response to constant interpersonal stressors at
work.(l l) People can notice burnout when they sen se that they are making more errors than usual, missing
important deadlines or forgetting to complete tasks assigned to them. When this happens, people can
experience a lowered self-esteem, as they start to believe they are no longer as good as they used to be. lt
is a bit like having too much food on your plate: as individuals we can only take on so much work, justas a
plate can only take on so much food. As the food pi les up, some will start to slip off the edges and be lost.
The same thing happens with work. Stress is a part of many people's lives and although it is admirable to
strive for not being stressed, this simply is not possible for many people in the society we live in. Burnout
is nothing to be ashamed of, although it does carry a stigma in so me countries. Deal with burnout by taking
a break from work and looking after your physical and mental health through exercise, meditation,
mindfulness and allocating time for rest and recuperation . This can help create a better work-life balance
and increase your productivity. Most importantly, if you do feel stressed and do not know how to manage
it, you should reach out to support services, such as a licensed counsellor or your manager as soon as
possible.
Thirdly, job insecurity can lead to career change. Job insecurity is defined as "perceived powerlessness to
maintain desired continuity in a threatened job situation".(zli) When an individual perceives a subjective
threat about their current job, feelings of job insecurity arise. The significance of the threat is dependent
on an individual's evaluation of their ability to cope with the threat. lf an individual perceives that their
personal resources are not sufficient to handle the threatening situation, feelings of job insecurity
intensify, subsequently resulting in poorer well-being (e.g., increased exhaustion, decreased vigour) and
poorer work-related outcomes.(zg)
Fourthly, individual characteristics are widely considered a fundamental influence on career-related
decision-making. Research suggests that emotional stability, conscientiousness and openness to
experience are significantly related to job mobility. Emotional stability is defined as being cal m, cool and
collected, as opposed to being overly anxious, depressed and worried. Conscientiousness is associated
with being careful and responsible, and openness to experience refers to being creative and broad-
minded .(So)
Fifthly, poor remuneration has an impact on career choice and the decision to make a career change.
Remuneration has a key role to play in employee retention in organisations.(Sl) Findings from FIP YPG's Job
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 pss
and career satisfaction survey highlight that financia! rewards or the possibility of a salary increase have
an impact on early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists' professional satisfaction and the
decision to follow a career pathway or potentially make a career change. (-ª1.)
Finally, individuals are likely looking for more than just financia! incentives from their job, which has led to
the development of new approaches in arder to understand what work means to them. Along with the
extri n sic benefits of wo rk, there is growi n g attention di rected toward wo rk's i ntri n sic reward s, wh ich
include fulfilling one's purpose, experiencing meaningful work, engaging in self-expression and benefiting
society.llil)
7.2 Strategies for successfu 1career changes

We have reflected on our experiences of career change and have provided some questions that we think
might be hel pfu 1if yo u th in k a change of career seems to be the answer when evaluati ng yo u rself in terms
of the above factors.lfthe questions are answered honestly, it may help you to thinkyour decision through,
evaluate your position and view yo u r prospects with a steady gaze. As k yourself the following q uestions:
1. Why do you want to change?
2. What kind of work do yo u want todo?
3. What are your skills and capabilities?
4. Do you want to use your existing skills and capabilities?
s. What are you interested in?
6. What are your values?
7. Are yo u prepared to retrain or start from the bottom again?
8. How m u eh money do you need to make?
g. Will you regret it if you do not make the change?
To gain more insight on the strategies for successful career changes, visit Top Tips for a Career Change .
See a case study from our member Aska Patel below, which dem o nstrates how she decided to make a
switch in her career.
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 ps6
1 graduated with my Bachelor of Pharmacy degree with a clear intention t o build my pract ice i n a
community setting. However, practising in a retail pharmacy for over th ree year s, 1 reali sed t hat 1 was
mi ssi ng a critical compon ent in m y p ractice, namely, p rotes si o nal sati sfacti o n. 1 had always envisi on ed
my pharmacy practice to be able to create valuable and effective patie nt i nteract ions, w hich l ea d t o
i m p roved patie nt outcom es. The busy enviran me nt of a retai 1p harmacy w ith com pe t i n g pri oritie s did not
provide me with sufficient time to create a valuable impact on my patients an d ma de it diff icul t t o gi ve
them my undivided attention.
My goal asan active practitioner was and always will be to improve pat i ent outcome s i n t h e co mm u nity
while advocating for pharmacists to have an expanded scope of practice. 1 was clearly not ali gn ed wi t h
my goal and did not have opportunities w here 1 could adapt my role to fin d t h e balance 1sought.
1 enrolled in pharmacy school again to complete my Doctor of Pharm acy degree.

Through the programme, 1 was able to build on my existing clinical skills an d
gai ned h os pi tal experie nce th rough my cli nical rota ti o ns. These rotation s
provided opportunities to expand my network and seek mentors who bec ame my
guides along the way. An important lesson 1 learned through my rotations was
that we are on ly as good as o u r n etwork. Having mentors invested in yo u r growth
is key to success in caree r plann i ng.
After six months of practice as a hospital pharmacist, 1transitioned to my current

role in a government setting providing home care and consulting ser vices w ith in
my region. 1 made the choice to transition from hospital, as 1 had limited pat ient
i nteractions, wh ich agai n did not ali gn with my end goal. 1n my eurrent role, 1 have
built a successful practice in the community, providing solely clinic al servi ces
such as med i cati on management in pati ents' own homes. Al ong w ith w hi ch, 1 am Aska Patel
also involved in policy work with the government and participate in comm ittee s Government/
at the p rovin cial level. 1 enjoy my current role, as it was every thi ng 1 had home care
envi sioned. lt did n ot happe n overnight. 1 had to build rapport with my se niors,
di splay my skill s th rou gh proj ec t s, negoti ate how my t ime would be di vided, and
disc uss my short· and lon g-term goa ls with my manage rs t o ensure we can wo rk
togeth er t o create a rol e and opportuniti es that 1had sou ght.
"Ca reer chang e is a pro cess, wh i ch starts w i th i d en t ifying your end goa/s, your str engths
and w ea knesses, and whatyou wish t o accom pl ish w i th the change."
An im po rtant qu esti on 1 asked myse lf befare makin g th e switch i n my ca reer f ro m re t ail t o hospi tal an d
t hen t o gove rnm ent/con sul t ing role was: w hy am 1 makin g t he change, an d is t here any way my curre nt
role ca n morph t o fulfil th e current ga ps 1exp eri ence? lt is important t o ide nti fy the "why" firstas if the re
ar e no comp elli ng reason s f or or agai nst it, th e n th ere wi 11 not be en o u gh moti vati o n to p ursue the chan ge .
Once y o u hav e iden t i f ied y ou r " why", t hen determine a cle a r end goa l of w hat yo u wi sh t o acco m pli sh
an d a li gn all yo ur activiti es t o match th e en d goal. Ho wever, do n ot be af rai d o f se tbac ksor taking deto u rs
aIon g t he way to exp lore ot he r opport u n it i es, if th ey piq ue yo u r i nte res t.
Factors essential for career chan ge in el ude: com m un ication skills; negotiati on ski li s; persa nal brandi ng
skill s; re silien ce buildin g skill s; co nf li ct manag ement skill s; em oti onal intelli ge nce ski li s; lea dershi p ski li s;
dec isi on makin g skill s; sel f-m anageme nt skill s; goal se ttin g; men t orshi p; an d net wo rki ng.
So me lesson s ll earn ed fr om my own j ourn ey so far are:

1. Ex plore yo ur opti ons, re search, and tal k t o people who are al ready i n rol es si mi lar to that w hic h yo u
are seeki ng.
2. Do a se lf-i nvento ry t o id ent ify w hat yo u al ready have and wh at yo u will nee d t o obtai n t o be quali f ied
for t he ro l e yo u are see kin g.
3- Change i s a sl ow process and it t akes tim e and co nsist ent effort.
4- Embrac e th e setbac ks and det ours, as oft en th ey can open new doo rs, wh i ch you n eve r antici pat ed.
5- Opp o rtu n ities are everyw h ere, netwo rk and make su re yo u r circle kn ows w hat yo u r goals are t o h el p
yo u ac hieve it.
Also, Brian Cicali highlights strategies that have helped him to make career changes, while applying his
decision-making ski lis, alongside emotional intelligence and self-management.
Changing career can be a difficult decision to make, yet it can provide i mme nse benefi ts. From m y expe rience,
making the decision to change career paths comes from having the emotional intelligence to r ecogni se
that one's interests have changed and perhaps a different career is better aligned w ith t hese ne w inter es t s.
He re, 1provide m y experience of changing m y career from pharmacist to m ed ical chem is t t o PK/P D modeler"
As my interests in various fields of pharmacy/ pharmaceutical science exp anded and
changed, 1 had to make important decisions about what 1was going tod o: kee p my
job/career path or take the risk and shift careers w ith my interests?
During my pharmacy schooling, it became apparent th at 1was more interested in t he
"bench-work" science than clinical pharmacy. 1 was lucky to volunteer in a medical
chemistry lab, and from that experience get a job within the pharmaceutical ind ustry
as a chemist. However, after two years, 1 recogni sed my interest in pharm aceu t ical
science was expanding to include computers. After six months of debating, 1choo se
to pu rsue graduate school for an MSc in computa ti onal scien ce to pursue m y i nt erests
in combining pharmacy research and computer programming. This was a dif fi cu lt
time. After all, 1 didn't want to be a computer scientist; 1 wanted to be a
pharmaceutical scientist who could apply computer science to my work. Bu t, havi ng
the self-management and emotional intelligence to understand it would be w o rt h it
in the end, 1persevered. After my M Se school ing, 1gota job as a PK researc h sc ienti st
incorporating PK/ PD principies to software development for enhancin g cli nical
pharmacy services . Whi le 1was very happy in th is position, m y experiences had ta ug ht Brian Cicali
meto keep an open mind. So, while attending the 2016 FIP World Congress in Buenos
Aires, 1 met someone who introduced the field of pharmacometrics an d systems
Pharmaceutical
pharmacology to me. After speaking with him and corresponding ove r a co u ple scientist
m onths, 1 decid ed that 1 was inter ested eno ug h in thi s exc iting new fi eld PK/ PD
modelin g t o change ca reer s again and pursue a Ph D.
By the third year of my PhD studies, 1had many new experiences, publicat ions, and op port un iti es under my
belt. 1high ly enjoy m y caree r in thi s r elatively new fi eld of pharmaceut ical sci en ces and owe it all to m y car eer
ch ange deci sion makin g based on my cha ng ing car eer inter es t s" life i s not a straight line. Being open to
career change allows us to pu rsue our career interests to the fullest.
What can you identify from Brian's case study that links to your experience
and how would you apply the ski lis he applied in making career changes?
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 psS
8 Conclusion
This FIP YPG Career Development Toolkit is a very important resource to guide early career pharmacists
and pharmaceutical scientists in making sound career decisions and navigating the ever-changing
landscape of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences.
Users of this toolkit will benefit from actively applying the tools and techniques shared within, at every
stage of their career journey.
For future leaders in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences there has never been a better time to prioritise
career development.
3. The role that excites me the most from the list identified in question 2 above is_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4 From the roles identified above, identify common themes/skills within these roles, such as leadership,
managing people, research, patient care, communication, sales, negotiations, non-traditional roles, etc. Tip: Pay
attention to your thoughts as yo u read the titles identified in question 2, and write down the words that
describe these roles .
s. Using the themes/skills yo u identified above, match these ski lis with the personal SWOT analysis yo u completed
in the other exercises in th is tool kit. Yo u wi 11 identify the skill s that yo u al ready have, and how they can hel p
you match for roles thatyou can take up right now.ldentify skills that require more time and experience to
develop and create a plan of how yo u will achieve these skills to help you reach to the role that excites you the
most.
You can revisit this listas many times as you need now and in the future and complete the exercise. Every plan
when divided into smaller goals can lead to action. Consistentefforts and persistence will help you along your
journey and ensure that you achieve your final goal. Along with completing this exercise, you are highly
encouraged to al so consider reading the book 'Getting unstuck: How dead ends beco me new paths', by Tim
Butler, to understand uncertainty and how you can embrace the feeling of being uncertain about your next
move to create the career of your dreams. llil.l
Appendix 2. Theoretical approach for self-reflection
He re we provide a guide to theoretical approaches to reflection.
9.1.3 Holland's theory

john Holland was a psychologist who identified six personality types- realistic, investigative, artistic, social,
enterprising and conventional- that could be u sed to support career development. He thought that by being
able to identifyyour personality type,you would be able to choose acareerthat suited yo u. However, his ideas
are also a useful way to identifywhich personalitytype you might be so thatyou can plan activities to develop
other aspects of yo u r personal ity- in creasi ng yo u r ski 11 set, attri bu tes and em pi oyab il ity.
Realistic types 1i k e hands·on work that can show real, Realistic 1 Practica!
tangible results. lnvestigative types prefer to work Straightforward
lnvestigative Logical
independently and salve complex problems Precise
creatively. Artistic types are visionaries and prefer to
Artistic 1 Creative
work on creating new and exciting things that lnnovative
challenge normal conventions. Social types prefer to
Social Understanding
work in groups and excel at working collaboratively
ldealistic
to ensure the welfare of others. Enterprising types
enjoy persuading and leading people to money, Enterprising 1 Persuasive
Energetic
power or status. Conventional types like
organisation, clear hierarchies anda reliable chain of Conventional Well-organ ised
Conventional
command.
Holland's s1x personallty types
By bei ng familiar with yo u r personal ity type yo u can choose a career that will enable yo u to excel. Most people
are not 100% one type and are usually a mix of one, two or even three types. The most successful people have
aspects of each personality type that they can tap into depending on the situation. For example, if you are a
pharmacist working in a retail setting you may be very enterprising, but you will also have to work
conventionally to create systems to work with others. You may also have to be social to be able to work
collaboratively with other businesses and think creatively to build up a customer base. Recognising your
personality type could be the first step of building a successful career. lf yo u would like to learn more about
Holland 's pe rson ality types visit: https://bmcm ed educ.bi omedcentral.com/track/pd f/Io.n86/1472-6q20-4·18
g.1.4 Iceberg model

This model uses an iceberg to explain competency. An iceberg has only one-ninth of its total volume above
water, with the rest remaining beneath the surface of the sea. Similarly, developing a competency has some
components which are visible, like knowledge and skills, but also components that are not visible, like
attitude, behaviour thinking styles and self-image.
•
•
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 p6s
how you work to convince other people. Finally, executing shows how the goal will be accomplished. Each
theme falls into one of these domains and is crucial in some way asto how yo u asan individual function.
The StrengthsFinder assessment is 177 questions long and should take approximately 35-45 minutes to
complete. Following the assessment, depending on which option you have chosen, you will receive a report
with either your top five strengths, ora list ranking all34 of the themes. This personalised report will include
information about each of your strengths in detail.
So far, this test has been taken by over 23 million people around the world. People of all sorts take the
StrengthsFi nde r assessmen t, i nc ludí ng to p executives, o rgan isation lead e rs, people o n various sorts of teams,
as well as individuals just starting their career who want to know more about their invisible traits. More
information about how to take the test can be found here: CliftonStrengths
For a pharmacist, this test is helpful on various levels. Some workplaces will offer this test to various teams so
that the team can optimise how they work together. This test is also useful to the pharmacist who wants to
understand in which areas they have natural talent. After yo u take the test, the generated report will explain
what your top five strengths mean and how they interact with each other, allowing you to understand more
aboutyour strengths and how you might be able to use them in your lives and in the workplace.
Top tip
Each of the themes {or strengths) has its place in the workforce. There are no "best strengths" meaning that
employers should not immediately favour an individual with one strength over another. Employers do,
however, analyse the mix of strengths on their teams to see how the team might function and interact.
9.1.6 Myers Briggs Test lndicator (MBTI)

An alternative personality test is the Myer Briggs Test lndicator developed by Katharine Cook Briggs and her
daughter Isabel Briggs Myers, based on Carl Gustav jung's theory of psychological types. lliz) The theory
classifies people based on their preferences of cognitive function and interaction with people and their
en vi ron m e nt.ffiru
The preferences are:

1. Extroversion (E) or lntroversion (1)
This depends on whether you prefer to focus on and gain energy from the outer world or your inner world.(S],)
You prefer extroversion if you are energised from being around people and being actively involved in different
activities. As such, careers that involve human interaction like pharmaceutical sales, community pharmacy,
hospital/el in i cal p harmacy, ed ucatorsjcou nsello rs, etc. te nd to be more enjoyable. Yo u p refer i ntroversio n i f
yo u are energised by dealing with ideas, thoughts, memories, etc. in your head and easily get exhausted from
social interaction. Careers relating to research, development, production, etc. tend to give more opportunities
to work in solitude.
2. Se nsi ng (S) or 1ntu ition (N)

This depends on whether you prefer to take information as it is or you prefer to interpret and add meaning.
You prefer sensing ifyou like to deal with what is real {whatyou can see, hear, touch, taste and smell) and facts
from the past and present. As such, careers in administration, regulatory and enforcement, IT engineering,
supply chain and logistics, etc. allow you to focus on practica! matters. You prefer intuition when you like to
imagine future possi bi 1itie s and explore new ideas. As suc h, careers that req u i re creativity 1i ke marketing,
analysts and consultancy allow yo u to put your imagination to work.
3. Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)

This depends on if you tend to make decisions based on logic and consistency or by following your heart and
emotions. You make decisions by thinking if yo u evaluate objective information befo re identifying the best
choice. Careers that involve dealing with facts and data like academia, lo gistics, analysts, regulatory and
administration are often ideal. You make decisions by feelin g, after you put the feelings and well·being of
others first. As such1 careers that involve caring for others like community pharmacyl clinical / hospital
pharmacyl public health advocacyl veterinary pharmacyl paediatrics and geriatrics are fulfilling.
4- Judging (J) or Perceiving (P)

Th is de pe nds on i f yo u prefer a more structured and plan n ed lifestyle ora m ore flexible and adaptable 1 ifestyle.
People who prefer judging feel most comfortable sticking toa plan and most times have a plan for everythíng.
Careers involving strategyl detail-oríentation and management like polícy, quality control and production
tend to be a good fit. People who prefer perceivíng like to go with the flow, rarely following their plans to the
lette r. Th ese peopl e enjoy careers in rol es that req u i re res o u rcefu 1n ess ande reativíty 1i k e w rití ng1 cons u ltancyl
etc. as well as high-stake settings like emergency pharmacyl disaster response) nuclear pharmacyl biochemical
research and humanitarian work in conflict affected and high-risk areas.
The different combinations of these preferences result in 16 personalitíesl shown in the table below:
Mye rs-Briggs personal ity types
INTJ ENTJ INTP ENTP
INFJ ENFJ INFP ENFP
ISFJ ESFJ ISTJ ESTJ
These 16 personalities have distinct behavioural patterns and certain strengths and weaknesses. lnformation
on your personality type is meant to lead to personal growth by enabling yo u to better understand yourself,
your style of communication 1 and your relationships. (S]) Understanding this can help you focus on areas for
development.
You can take the official MBTI instrument (www.myersbriggs.org) for afee. There are also a number of free)
reliable and validated alternatives like The NERIS Type Explorer (www.16personalities.com) and The
TypeFinder Personality Test (www.truity.com).
Top tip
There is no right or wrong; each preference has its strengths and weaknesses. No preference is absolute. Your
preferences may change over time as you grow and depending on your environment. People with the same
personality type can vary distinctly as some other factors like environment, experiences and goals influence
behaviour. There are many online free personality tests, however, most are not research-based and may not
be accurate, reliable or val id.
9.1.7 Gap or discrepancy analysis

The gap or discrepancy analysis approach involves comparing your performance against intended
com petencies. Th is can be completed i ndivid ually, by analysing diariesl journals1 or lag books to see if yo u can
identify any gaps in how you completed historical tasks. For good practice, you should do this regularly and
clase to the time yo u completed the task, so that yo u can sol ve any problems yo u identify.
This approach can also be completed wíth others through a peer review.lt involves two people assessing each
other's practice and giving feedback about possible education1 training or organisational strategies to
improve performance. These can be formal (with your manager) or informal (with a friend) and be with
someone more or less senior, or with someone at your leve l.
Gap analysis can al so be completed using observations . This usually requires an observer to formally assess
how you complete a task according to known criteria. The results are discussed, and learning needs are
identified . The observer can be a peer, a senior, or someone junior if the ratin gs are sufficiently objective or
overl ap with th e obse rv er's area of experti se (such as communi ca tion ski li s or manage ment).
Critica! incident reviews and significant event auditing are usually reserved for quality assurance. However, it
can also be used by individuals to reflect on strengths and weaknesses. The method involves individuals
identifying and recording, say, one incident each week in which they think theyshould have performed better,
analysing the incident by its setting, exactly what occurred, and the outcome and why it was ineffective.
While there are many ways to categorise personalities, it is i mportant to note that no model can provide a true
description of one's personalíty as this is more complex. Although a test might índícate a person willlikely
show a certain personality type, this does not define them as being only those traits and characteristics.
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists 1 p6g
Appendix 4. Reflection template (-ª--9_)
What kind of situation in your practice (from the past continuing professional develo pm ent cycle)
made yo u feel confident or competent?
What knowledge/skills contributed to the successes above?
What kind of limitation did you experience in your practice (from the pas t CPD cycle} and whic h needs
improvement?
What knowledge/skills would yo u want to develop to better manage similar situations in the future?
What areas of performance improvement does your supervisor or colleagues reco mm end?
What knowledge/skills, attitudes or values do yo u need to work on or acquire?

Appendix s. Planning template
What do yo u want to learn?
What will you doto learn it?
What resources or support will yo u need?
How will yo u know when yo u have finished?
When do you want to start and complete your learning?
Now review your plan:

Use the SMART q uestions below to check yo u r plan. lf yo u r plan does not include all the elements yo u
should think about revising it.
ls it specific?
ls it measurable?
ls it achievable?
ls it relevant?
ls it timely?
Appendix 6. Record of learning template
What did you do?
When did you do it?
What resources did you use?
What did you learn?
What was most positive thing about this experience?
Wh at was th e m os t negati ve thin g abo ut thi s ex peri ence?

Appendix 7. Evaluating learning template
What did you intend to learn from your continuous professional devel opmen t?
What did you learn?
How has your learning changed your practice?
How have your colleagues benefitted?
How well did this activity meetyour learning needs?

1 - not at all and 10- comp lete ly met
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
lf your learning needs were not met by this activity, check out the Reflect ion (3.1), Planning (3.2) and
Action (3.3) sections of t he career deve lopment too lki t to learn more about m eet ing yo ur deve lo pm ent
needs.
Appendix 8. Evaluating your cv
Read the list on the left-hand side and tick the box on the right-hand side i f th is i nfo rmati on is alread y
included in your CV.
Personal ínformation
Your full name
Your professional title
Contact details that are u p to date
Careerbackground
Job titles
Employer names
Dates
ls this presented ín reverse chronological arder?
Educatíon and academic qualification
Qualification (name)
lnstitution (name)
Date achi eved
Professional memberships and affiliations
Líst of specíal ski lis
Pu bli cati ons
List of oral presentations
List of posters
Líst of publications
Now count the number of ticks in the right-hand column and seo re y our CV in t he box. / 19
lf there are any empty boxes, update your CV to include the missing information .
To find out more about writing a good CV check out Section s.8: Personal b randing ski lis, of the toolkit.
Appendix g. Evaluating cover letter
Read the list on the left-hand side and tick the box on the right-hand side i f t h is i nfo rm ati o n is alread y
included in your cover letter.
Do es it in elude the information of the person receiving the letter?
Does it include the information of the person who wrote the letter in the header?
Does it explain what the letter is about?
Do es it refer to specific information relating to the content of the letter (e.g. a j ob specifi c or jo urnal
submission requirements)
Are there any spelling or grammatical mistakes?
Now count the number of ticks in the right-hand column and seo re yo u r cover lette r in t he /5
box.
lf there are any empty boxesJ update your cover letter to include the missing information.
To fi nd out m o re about w riti n g a good cover 1etter che e k out the Sectio n 5.8: Personal brandi ng ski lis of the
Career Development Toolkit.
Appendix 10. "What makes a good leader" evaluation template
Use this template to think aboutyour leader then tick the column that co rresponds w it h how ofte n t he
leader you are thinking of demonstrates the attribute.
Never Often Always

Attributes
(1) (2) (3)
Honest
Accountable
Good communicator
Responsible
Confident
Committed
Creative
Positive
Empathetic
Using the scores at the top of the columns, calculate the total. The best leaders usually achieve a score of
16 or more.
Now assess yourself using the same template.

lfyou seo re below 16 yo u should think about working on your leadership skills.
Appendix 11. Comprehensive assessment to develop leadership ski lis activity
Review the statements below and assign a score: Notat Rarely Sometí mes Often Ver y
all (2) (3) (4) often
(1) (5)
1 When assigning tasks, 1consider people's skills and
i nterests.
2 1doubt myself and my ability to succeed.
3 1expect nothing less than top-notch results from
people.
4 1expect my people to work harder than 1do.
5 W hen someone is u pset, 1try to understand how he or
she is feeling.
6 When ci rcu mstances change, 1can struggle to know
what todo.
7 1think that personal feelings shouldn't be allowed to
get in the way of performance and productivity.
8 1am highly motivated because 1know 1have what it
takes to be successfu l.
9 Time spent worrying about team morale is time that's
wasted.
10 1get upset and worried quite often in the workplace.
11 My actions show people what 1want from them.
12 W hen working with a tea m, 1encourage everyone to
work towards the same overall objectives.
13 1make exceptions to my rules and expectations . lt's
easier than being the enforcer all the ti me.
14 1enjoy plan ning for the fu tu re.
15 1feel threatened when someone criticises me.
16 1make ti meto learn what people need from me, so that
they can be successfu l.
17 1am optimistic about life, and 1can see beyond
temporary setbacks and problems.
18 1th in k that teams perform best when individ uals keep
doing the same tasks and perfecting them, instead of
learning new skills and challenging themselves.
Once completed, add u p your total and use the score i nterpretation tool to identify yo u r leadership ski lis
Score interpretation tool
18-34 You need to work hard on your leadership skills. The good news is that if you use more of these skills at
work, at home and in the community, you will be a real asset tothe people around you. You can do i t - and
now is a great time to start.
35-52 You are doing OK as a leader, but you have the potential todo much better. While you have built the
foundation of effective leadersh ip, this is your opportu nity to i mprove your skills, and beco me the best yo u
can be. Examine the are as where yo u lost points and determine what yo u can do to devel op ski lis in these
areas.
53-90 Excellent! You are well on your way to becoming a good leader. However, you can never be too good at
leadership or too experienced- so loo k at the areas where yo u did not score maximum points, and figure
out what you can doto improve your performance.
Source: www.mindtools.com
Career development toolkit for early career pharmacísts and pharmaceu tícal scíentíst s 1 P77
Appendix 12. Example of curriculum vitae
Name SURNAME
Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517
JP The Hague Netherlands
+31 (O) 703021970, f [email protected]
CAREER OBJECTIVE (Optiona l)

Here is a brief outline of my p rofessional backg round and career goals. 1 have a lot of expertise within this
sector. These are the qual ities/skills, 1 a m capable to contribute to this pos ition, which m ake me a suitable
candidate for the j ob.
WORKI RESEARCH EXPERIENCE

Quality Officer, Full-time, Example Pharma Company, Dec 2020 - Present
• Duty #1
• Accomplíshment #2
• Project #3
Research Assistant, Full-t ime, Example University, Lab of Prof. Example E, Dec 2016 - Dec 2020
• Duty #1
• Project #3
Community Pharmacist, 1nternship, Community Pharmacy of Example E, June 2012 - Dee 201 2
• Duty #1
• ProJect #3
EOUCATION
PhO in Pharmacy, 2020 - Example University. Dissertation: How to write an effective CV, Supervisor
Prof. Example E.
Grade: X
MSc in Clinical Pharmacy, June 2016 - Example University. Master Thesis: How to w rite a CV,
Supervisor Prof. Example E.
Grade: X
BSc in Pha rmacy, June 201 2 - Example University.
HONORS ANO AWAROS

High Profile Dissertation Fellowship 201 7
Exa m pie Study Abroad Grant, 201 6
LICENCES ANO CPO CERTIFICATES

lntroduct ion to W riting a CV, CV Monitoring Centre, 5th May 2020
Professionall mpact of good CV, Example Research Academy, 1st May 2019
PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS/AFFILIATIONS
Member of the Exam ple Pharmaceutícal Federation
FOREIGN LANGUAGES
English, C2 - Fluent
German, C1 - Advanced operational proficiency
Greek - Native
COMPUTER SKILLS
Microsoft Office f:Nord, PowerPoint, Exce l)
Graphics (Photoshop, lllustrator, G IM P)
ACTIVITIES ANO INTERESTS 1 VOLUNTEERING

1play competitive chess and basketball
1 volunteer at my loca l elderly care center
1 enjoy reading crime novels

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lnt ernat io na l
Pharmaceut i cal
Federat io n
Fédérat i on
lnt ernat io nale
Pharmaceut iq ue
Andries Bíckerweg s
2517 JP The Hague
The Netherla nds
T +31 (0)70 302 19 70

F +31 (0)70 302 19 99
[email protected]
www.fip.org 1 FIP YPG 1 December 2020

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Career development

toolkit for early career ~~ ~

Copyright 2020 lnternational Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)

lnternational Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)

Ayodeji Matuluko Sherly Meilianti

Emmanuel Oluwagbade Adam Pattison Rathbone

Design and layout:

Career Development Toolkit Young Pharmacists Group Project Team

Career Development Toolkit Working Group

Case study contributors

Graphic design support

Dr C~the ·in e DuggJ.n

Yo"' >a >acists Group

Career Paths and Opportunities

Career Development Cycle

Global Frameworks to Support Professional Development

Developing Transferable Ski lis

Activities to Develop Your Ski lis and Expertise

Strategies for Successful Career Changes!

1 Background and concept

1.1 Global strategy to invest in early-career pharmacists

Communication, dissemination, monitoring, evaluation, systematic planning and comprehensive

1.2 Career development toolkit

2 Career paths and opportunities in pharmacy and

Vital member of Delivering Constant

Emergency relief Healthcare Change leaders Preventive care

lnfluencers Many roles, one

Figure 1. 10 reasons to be a pharmaceutical professional

2.1 Career paths and opportunities in diverse settings

2.1.6 Clinical consulting pharmacy

2.2 Specialist areas of pharmacy

2.2.2 Health informatics and technology

2_2-4 General practice

2.2.5 Other opportunities

3 Career development cycle

"Reflection" includes thinking about your skills

• What reflection is and why it is important;

3.1.1 What is reflection and why is it important in career development?

Reflection is an aspect of experiential learning

3.1.2 How to reflect?

3.2.1 What is planning and why is it important in career development?

3.2.2 How to develop your career planning strategy

Reflect and do sorne research

Determine your target

3-2-3 SMART framework to help your career planning

Specific Make your goal as specific or

3.3.1 What is the action, and why do you do the action?

The action could also include working with a recognised

3.3.2 How to document your action

What resources did you

What was most positive What was the most

Figure g. Record of learning example

3-4.1 What is the evaluation process?

3-4.2 How todo your evaluation

• Were the addressed learning needs met?

3.4.3 Tools to support your evaluation

4 Global frameworks to support professional

Figure 10. Four focus areas of the GbCF (E )

4.2 Global Advanced Development Framework

5 Developing transferable skills