6.

013 - Electromagnetics and Applications Fall 2005

Lecture 8 - Transverse Electromagnetic Waves
Prof. Markus Zahn October 4, 2005

I. Maxwell’s Equations for Linear Media

¯
�×E¯ = −µ ∂ H
∂t
¯
�×H¯ = J¯ + � ∂ E
∂t
¯ = ρf /�
�·E
�·H¯ =0

II. Poynting’s Theorem

A. Power Flow, Electromagnetic Energy

¯×H ¯ =H ¯ · �×E ¯ −E ¯· �×H ¯
� � � � � �
�· E
∂ H¯ �
∂ E¯�
= −µH ¯· −E ¯ · J¯ + �
∂t ∂t
µ∂ � ∂ ¯ · J¯
|H̄ |2 − |Ē |2 − E
� � � �
=−
2�∂t 2 ∂t �
¯×H ¯ + ∂ 1 �|Ē |2 + 1 µ|H̄ |2 = −E ¯ · J¯
� �
�· E
∂t 2 2
� �
¯ ¯ ¯×H ¯ · dS¯
� �
� · E × H dV = E
V S
� � � � �
¯ ¯ d 1 ¯2 1 ¯ 2 ¯ · J¯ dV
E × H · d¯a+ �|E | + µ|H| dV = − E
S dt V 2 2 V

S¯ = E
¯×H ¯ Poynting Vector (watts / m2 )
W = V 12 �|Ē |2 + 12 µ|H̄ |2 dV
� � �
Electromagnetic Stored Energy
¯ · J¯ dV Power dissipated if J¯ · E
¯>0
�
Pd = EV
e.g., J¯ = σE
¯ ⇒ J¯ · E
¯ = σ|Ē |2
Power source if J¯ · E
¯<0
¯ ¯ dā = S¯ · dā
� �
Pout = SE×H · S
Pout + dWdt = −Pd
we = 21 �|Ē |2 Electric energy density in Joules/m3
wm = 12 µ|H̄ |2 Magnetic energy density in Joules/m3

B. Power in Electric Circuits

Outside circuit elements

¯ · d¯l ≈ 0, ¯=0⇒E ¯ = −�Φ (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
�
E
C �×E �
k vk = 0
¯ = J¯ ⇒ � · J¯ = 0, ¯ ¯
�
�×H S J · dS = 0 (Kirchoff’s
� current law
k ik = 0

�
Pin = − ¯×H
E ¯ ·
dS¯

S
�
¯×H
¯ dV
� �
=− �· E
V

¯×H ¯ =H ¯ ·� ¯�−0 E ¯· �×H ¯ = −E ¯ · J¯ = �Φ · J¯

� � � �
�· E �� ×� E
�0
� · J¯Φ = Φ� · J¯ + J¯ · (�Φ)
� �
��
¯×H ¯ = J¯ · (�Φ) = � · ΦJ¯
� � � �
�· E
� � �
¯×H ¯ dV = − � · J¯Φ dV = − J¯Φ · dS¯
� � � �
Pin = − �· E
V V S

On S, Φ = voltages on each wire, J¯ �

is non-zero only on wires.
¯ · dS¯ = − N vk J¯ · dS¯ = N
� � �
Pin = − S JΦ k=1 k=1 vk ik
S
� �� �
−ik

C. Complex Poynting’s Theorem (Sinusoidal Steady State, ejωt )

ˆ (r̄)ejωt = 1 Ē
� � � �
Ē(r̄, t) = Re Ē ˆ (r̄)ejωt + Eˆ¯ ∗ (r̄)e−jωt
2
� � 1� �
ˆ (r̄)ejωt =
H̄ (r̄, t) = Re H̄ ˆ¯ (r̄)ejωt + H
H ˆ¯ ∗ (r̄)e−jωt
2� �� �
The real part of a complex number is
one-half of the sum of the number and its
complex conjugate

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 Maxwell’s Equations in Sinusoidal Steady State

�×Eˆ¯ (r̄) = −jωµH ˆ¯ (r̄)

ˆ¯ (r̄) = J¯(r̄) + jω�Ē
�×H ˆ (r̄)
ˆ¯ (r̄) = ρ̂ (r̄)/�
�·E f

ˆ
¯ (r̄) = 0
�·H

S̄(r̄, t) = Ē(r̄, t) × H̄ (r̄, t)

1�ˆ ¯ (r̄)ejωt + Ē ˆ ∗ (r̄)e−jωt × H

� �
ˆ¯ (r̄)ejωt + H ˆ¯ ∗ (r̄)e−jωt
�

= E
4
1�ˆ ¯ (r̄) × H ˆ
¯ (r̄)e2jωt + E ˆ¯ ∗ (r̄) × H ˆ¯ (r̄) + Ēˆ (r̄) × H̄ ˆ ∗ (r̄) + E
ˆ¯ ∗ (r̄) × H
ˆ¯ ∗ (r̄)e−2jωt
�
= E
4

� � 1 � ˆ∗ ˆ¯ ˆ¯ (r̄) × H ˆ¯ ∗ (r̄)

¯ =
S E¯ (r̄) × H(r̄) +E
4
1 �
ˆ
¯ (r̄) × H ¯ ∗ (r̄) = 1 Re E
ˆ
� �
ˆ¯ ∗ (r̄) × Hˆ¯ (r̄)
�

= Re E
2 2
(A complex number plus its complex conjugate is twice the real part of that number.)

1ˆ
Sˆ¯ = ˆ (r̄)∗

Ē (r̄) × H̄
� � 2
ˆ
¯ 1 ¯ˆ ˆ
¯ ∗ 1 � ¯ˆ ∗ ¯ˆ (r̄) − E
¯ˆ (r̄) · � × H ˆ ∗ (r̄)
¯

�
� · S = � · E (r̄) × H (r̄) = H (r̄) · � × E
2 2
1 � ˆ¯ ∗ � ¯ˆ
�
¯ˆ
� ��
= H (r̄) −jωµH(r̄) − E(r̄) · J¯ˆ∗ (r̄) − jω�E ¯ˆ ∗ (r̄)
2
1� ˆ¯ (r̄)|2 + jω�|E ˆ¯ (r̄)|2 − 1 Ē
�
ˆ (r̄) · Jˆ¯∗ (r̄)
= −jωµ|H
2 2

1 ˆ¯ 1 ˆ¯
�wm � = µ|H (r̄)|2 , �we � = �|E (r̄)|2
4 4
1ˆ
P̂d = Ē (r̄) · J¯ˆ∗ (r̄)
2
� · S¯ˆ + 2jω [�wm � − �we �] = −P̂d

III. Transverse Electromagnetic Waves (ρf = 0, J¯ = 0)

A. Wave equation
¯
∂H
¯ = −µ
�×E
∂t
¯
∂E
¯ =�
�×H
∂t
¯=0
� · E
�·H ¯ =0

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 � ¯�
�
¯
� ∂ � ¯
� ∂ ∂E
� × � × E = −µ � × H = −µ �
∂t ∂t ∂t
� � 2 ¯
¯ =� � ¯� 0− �2 E
¯ = −�µ ∂ E
� �
�× �×E �� ·E
�
∂t2

Wave equation
1 ∂2E¯
¯=
�2 E
c2 ∂t2
where c = √1 is the speed of the electromagnetic wave.
�µ
10−9
In free space µ = µ0 = 4π × 10−7 henries/m and � = �0 ≈ 36π farads/m, which leads to
c0 = √�10 µ0 ≈ 3 × 108 m/s.
Similarly
2 ¯
� �
¯ =� � ¯� 0− �2 H ¯ = −�µ ∂ H
¯ =� ∂ �×E
� � � �
�× �×H ��·H
�
2 ∂t ∂t
¯
∂2H
¯ = 1
�2 H ,c = √
1
2
c ∂t 2 �µ

B. Plane waves

Ex- = Re[Ex-(z)exp (j ωt)] Kx = Re[K0 exp (jω t)]

ε, µ ε, µ

Ex+ = Re[Ex+ (z)exp (jω t)]

Hy- = Re[Hy-(z)exp (jω t)] Hy+ = Re[Hy+ (z)exp (jω t)]

y z

� �
Ex (z, t) = Re Êx (z)ejωt
d2 Êx ω2
= − Êx
dz 2 c2
d2 Êx
+ k 2 Êx = 0
dz 2

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where we have
ω2
k2 = = ω 2 �µ
c2
2π
k= is the wavenumber, λ is the wavelength
λ
ω
k = ± ⇒ ω = kc
c
2π
ω = 2πf = c ⇒ fλ = c
λ

Êx = A1 ejkz + A2 e−jkz

� �
Ex = Re A1 ej(ωt+kz) + A2 ej(ωt−kz)
� �� � � �� �
traveling wave traveling wave
in the −z direction in the +z direction

For the wave in the −z direction we have:

ωt + kz = constant
ωdt + kdz = 0
dz ω
= − = −c
dt k
For the wave in the +z direction we have:

ωt − kz = constant
ωdt − kdz = 0
dz ω
= = +c
dt k
�
Êx+ e−jkz z>0
Êx (z) =
Êx− e+jkz z<0

¯
�×E ¯ = −µ ∂H ⇒ dÊx = −jωµĤy ⇒ Ĥy = − 1 dÊx
∂t dz jωµ dz
¯
�×H ¯ = � ∂E ⇒ dĤy = −jω�Êx
∂t dz
�
k
Êx+ e−jkz z>0
Ĥy = ωµ k +jkz
− ωµ Êx− e z<0
√ �
ω �µ
�
k � � µ
= = ,η = is the wave impedance
ωµ ωµ
� µ �
� Eˆ
x+ −jkz
η e z>0
Ĥy = Êx− +jkz
− η e z<0

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 Now we look at the boundary conditions:

Ex (z = 0+ , t) = Ex (z = 0− , t) ⇒ Êx+ = Êx−
−Êx− − Eˆx+
Hy (z = 0− , t) − Hy (z = 0+ , t) = Kx (z = 0, t) ⇒ ˆ0
=K
η
ηK̂0
Êx+ = Êx− = −
2

�
− ηK̂
2 e
0 −jkz
z>0
Êx (z) = ˆ 0 jkz
− ηK
2 e z<0
�
− K̂20 e−jkz z>0
Ĥy (z) = K̂0 jkz
2 e z<0
� ηK 2
8 īz z>0
0
1 ¯ˆ ˆ∗ =
Ŝ = E × H̄ ηK 2 (K̂0 real)
2 − 8 0 īz z<0

�
ηK0
ˆx (z)ejωt = − 2 cos(ωt − kz) z > 0
� �
Ex (z, t) = Re E
− ηK 0
2 cos(ωt + kz) z < 0
�
�
jωt
� − K20 cos(ωt − kz) z > 0
Hy (z, t) = Re Ĥy (z)e =
+ K20 cos(ωt + kz) z < 0
� ηK 2
2
4 cos (ωt − kz) z>0
0
Sz = Ex Hy = ηK02
2
− 4 cos (ωt + kz) z < 0
� ηK 2
8
0
z>0
�Sz � = ηK02
− 8 z<0

C. Normal Incidence Onto a Perfect Conductor

� �
Incident Fields: Ēi (z, t) = Re Êi ej(ωt−kz) īx
� �
Êi j(ωt−kz)
H̄i (z, t) = Re e īy
η
� �
Reflected Fields: Ēr (z, t) = Re Êr ej(ωt+kz) īx
� �
Êr j(ωt+kz)
H̄r (z, t) = Re − e īy
η
�
√ µ
k = ω �µ, η =
�
The boundary conditions require that

Ex (z = 0, t) = Ex,i (z = 0, t) + Ex,r (z = 0, t) = 0
Êi + Êr = 0 ⇒ Êr = −Êi

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For Êi = Ei real we have:
� � � �
Ex (z, t) = Ex,i (z, t) + Ex,r (z, t) = Re Êi e−jkz − e+jkz ejωt
= 2Ei sin(kz) sin(ωt)
� �
Êi � −jkz �
Hy (z, t) = Hy,i (z, t) + Hy,r (z, t) = Re e + e+jkz ejωt
η
2Ei
= cos(kz) cos(ωt)
η
2Ei
Kz (z = 0, t) = Hy (z = 0, t) = cos(ωt)
η

Radiation pressure in free space (µ = µ0 , � = �0 )

Forcez �� 1¯ ¯ = 1 µ0 Kx Hy |z=0 īz = 1 µ0 Hy2 (z = 0)īz

= K × µ0 H
Area z=0 2 2 2
�
2µ0 Ei2
= cos2 (ωt)īz
η02
2µ0 2
= E cos2 (ωt)īz
µ0 /�0 i
= 2�0 Ei2 cos2 (ωt)īz

IV. Normal Incidence Onto a Dielectric

 � � √
Ēi (z, t) = Re Êi ej(ωt−k1 z) īx , k1 = ω �1 µ1
� �
Êi j(ωt−k1 z) �
H̄i (z, t) = Re e īy , η1 = µ1 /�1
η1
� �
Ēr (z, t) = Re Êr ej(ωt+k1 z) īx
� �
−E ˆr
j(ωt+k1 z)
H̄r (z, t) = Re e īy
η1
� � √
Ēt (z, t) = Re Êt ej(ωt−k2 z) īx , k2 = ω �2 µ2
� �
Êt j(ωt−k2 z) �
H̄t (z, t) = Re e īy , η2 = µ2 /�2
η2

Ex (z = 0− ) = Ex (z = 0+ ) ⇒ Êi + Êr = Êt

Êi − Êr Êt

Hy (z = 0− ) = Hy (z = 0+ ) ⇒ =
η1 η2

Êr η2 − η1
R≡ = is the Reflection coefficient
Êi η1 + η2
Êt 2η2
T ≡ = is the Transmission coefficient
Êi η1 + η2
1+R=T

1 � �
�Sz,i � = Re Êx (z)Ĥy∗ (z)
2
1 �� �� ��
= Re Êi e−jk1 z + Êr ejk1 z Êi∗ e+jk1 z − Êr∗ e−jk1 z
2η1
1 � �
= |Êi |2 − |Êr |2
2η1
1 � �
+ Re Êr Êi∗ e2jk1 z − Êr∗ Êi e−2jk1 z
2η1 � �� �
pure imaginary
1 � �
= |Êi |2 − |Êr |2
2η1
|Êi |2 �
1 − R2
�
=
2η1

1 ˆi |2 T 2
|E ˆi |2 (1 − R2 )

|E
�Sz,t � = |Êt |2 = = = �Sz,i �
2η2 2η2 2η1

V. Lossy Dielectrics - J¯ = σE
¯
Ampere’s Law: � × H ¯ + � ∂ E¯
¯ = J¯ + � ∂ E¯ = σE
∂t ∂t

For ejωt fields � �

ˆ
¯ ˆ
¯ σ ˆ¯

� × H = (jω� + σ)E = jω� 1 + E

jω�

9
 � �

σ
Define complex permittivity by �ˆ = � 1 + jω� . Then complex amplitude solutions are the
same as real amplitude solutions if we replace � by �ˆ:

√ � �
k = ω �ˆµ, η = µ�ˆ = “ µ ”
σ
� 1+ jω�
� � �
σ
k = ω �µ 1 + jω�

σ
A. Low loss limit: ω� �1

√
�
σ
k = ω �µ 1 +
jω�
� �
√ 1 σ
≈ ω �µ 1 +
2 jω�
�
√ jσ µ
≈ ω �µ −
2 �
√ ση
≈ ω �µ − j
√
2
−jkz −jω �µz −j(−j ση )z
e =e e 2
√ ση
= e−jω �µz
e�−��2 �z
slow exponential decay

σ
B. Large loss limit: ω� �1

√
�
σ
k = ω �µ 1 +
jω�
�
� σ �
≈ ω ��µ −j
ω�� � �� �
1−j
√
2
�
ωµσ
≈ (1 − j)
2
�
1−j 2
≈ δ≡ is the skin depth
δ ωµσ
e−jkz = e−j(1−j)z/δ = e−jz/δ �e−z/δ
�� �
fast exponential
decay

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