Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 109 views

    EME - Lever

    Uploaded by

    Chaitanya Yenge
    1. A lever is a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum, allowing a small force applied at one end to lift a larger load at the other end. 2. The ratio of the load lifted to the effort applied is called the mechanical advantage, which depends on the relative distances of the load and effort from the fulcrum. 3. Levers can have the fulcrum in the middle (type 1), load in the middle (type 2), or effort in the middle (type 3), determining if the mechanical advantage is greater than or less than one.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    EME - Lever

    Uploaded by

    Chaitanya Yenge
    109 views12 pages
    1. A lever is a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum, allowing a small force applied at one end to lift a larger load at the other end. 2. The ratio of the load lifted to the effort applied is called the mechanical advantage, which depends on the relative distances of the load and effort from the fulcrum. 3. Levers can have the fulcrum in the middle (type 1), load in the middle (type 2), or effort in the middle (type 3), determining if the mechanical advantage is greater than or less than one.

    Original Description:

    #eme #MSBTE #22473

    Original Title

    22473 EME__Lever

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. A lever is a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum, allowing a small force applied at one end to lift a larger load at the other end. 2. The ratio of the load lifted to the effort applied is called the mechanical advantage, which depends on the relative distances of the load and effort from the fulcrum. 3. Levers can have the fulcrum in the middle (type 1), load in the middle (type 2), or effort in the middle (type 3), determining if the mechanical advantage is greater than or less than one.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    109 views12 pages

    EME - Lever

    Uploaded by

    Chaitanya Yenge
    1. A lever is a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum, allowing a small force applied at one end to lift a larger load at the other end. 2. The ratio of the load lifted to the effort applied is called the mechanical advantage, which depends on the relative distances of the load and effort from the fulcrum. 3. Levers can have the fulcrum in the middle (type 1), load in the middle (type 2), or effort in the middle (type 3), determining if the mechanical advantage is greater than or less than one.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 12

    LEVERS

     A lever is a rigid rod or bar capable of turning about a fixed point called
    fulcrum. It is used as a machine to lift a load by the application of a small
    effort.
     The ratio of load lifted to the effort applied is called mechanical advantage.
     The perpendicular distance between the load point and fulcrum (l1) is
    known as load arm and the perpendicular distance between the effort point
    and fulcrum (l2) is called effort arm. According to the principle of moments,

    The ratio of the effort arm to the load arm i.e. l2 / l1 is called leverage.
     In the first type of levers, the fulcrum is in between the load
    and effort. In this case, the effort arm is greater than load arm,
    therefore mechanical advantage obtained is more than one.
    Such type of levers are commonly found in bell cranked levers
    used in railway signaling arrangement, rocker arm in internal
    combustion engines, handle of a hand pump, hand wheel of a
    punching press, beam of a balance, foot lever etc.
     In the second type of levers, the load is in between
    the fulcrum and effort. In this case, the effort arm
    is more than load arm, therefore the mechanical
    advantage is more than one. The application of such
    type of levers is found in levers of loaded safety valves.
     In the third type of levers, the effort is in between the fulcrum
    and load. Since the effort arm, in this case, is less than the
    load arm, therefore the mechanical advantage is less that one.
    The use of such type of levers is not recommended in
    engineering practice. However a pair of tongs, the treadle of a
    sewing machine etc. are examples of this type of lever.
    The load W and the effort P may be applied to the lever in three different ways

    the mechanical advantage is less that one


    mechanical advantage obtained is more
    than one.

    the mechanical advantage is more than one


    1. The diameter of the shaft ( d ) is obtained by
     A hand lever with suitable dimensions considering the shaft under pure torsion. We
    and proportions is shown in Fig. know that twisting moment on the shaft,
     Let
     P = Force applied at the handle,
     L = Effective length of the lever,
     σt = Permissible tensile stress, and From this relation, the diameter of the shaft (
     τ = Permissible shear stress. d ) may be obtained.
     2. The diameter of the boss (d2) is 5. The key for the shaft is designed as
    taken as 1.6 d and thickness of the usual for transmitting a torque of P ×
    boss (t2) as 0.3 d. L.
     3. The length of the boss (l2) may Let, w = Width of the key
    be taken from d to 1.25 d. t = Thickness of the key
    lb = Length of the key / Length
    4. The diameter of the shaft at the of the boss.
    centre of the bearing (d1) is For rectangular key ,
    obtained by considering the shaft w= d/4
    in combined bending and twisting.
    t = 2w/3
    We know that bending moment on
    For square key,
    the shaft,
    M=P×l w =t= d/4
    and twisting moment, T = P × L 5. The Cross section of Lever near
    the boss
    M = P × (L-d2/2)
    Z=1/6*t*B2
    b=2t or 3t
     First of all, let us find the effort (P) required to raise the load (W ). Taking
    moments about the fulcrum F, we have
    W x l p= P x lw
    Reaction at the fulcrum pin at F,

    1. Design for fulcrum pin


    Let dp= Diameter of the fulcrum pin, and
    lp = Length of the fulcrum pin.
    Considering the fulcrum pin in bearing. We know that load on the fulcrum pin
    (RF),
    RF = dp x lp x Pb Assume=lp=1.25 dp
    Calculate dp
     Let us now check for the shear stress induced in the fulcrum pin. Since the pin
    is in double shear, therefore load on the fulcrum pin (RF),
     Rf

     A brass bush of 3 mm thickness is pressed into the boss of fulcrum as a bearing


    so that the renewal become simple when wear occurs.
     ∴ Diameter of hole in the lever di = dp + 2 × 3
     and diameter of boss at fulcrum do= 2 dp
    4. Design of lever
    It is assumed that the lever extends upto the centre of the fulcrum from the point of
    application of the load. This assumption is commonly made and results in a slightly
    stronger section. Considering the weakest section of failure at Y-Y.
    Let t = Thickness of the lever at Y-Y, and b = Width or depth of the lever at Y-Y.
    Taking distance from the centre of the fulcrum to Y-Y therefore maximum bending
    moment at Y-Y,
    Let t = Thickness of the lever at Y-Y, and b = Width or depth of the lever at Y-Y.
    Taking distance from the centre of the fulcrum to Y-Y therefore maximum bending
    moment at Y-Y,
    = W x( lw – Db/2)

    We know that the bending stress (σb),

    For more detail contact us

    You might also like