METRO MANILA COLLEGE

U-Site Brgy. Kaligayahan, Novaliches, Quezon City

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School (Grade 11)
S.Y. 2020 - 2021

MODULE 4
LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING LITERATURE

PREPARED BY:

Zoila D. Espiritu, L.P.T., M.A.Ed.

Stephanie P. Montero

Practical Research 1 – Qualitative Research

 • Select relevant literature
• Cite related literature using standard style
• Synthesize information from the relevant literature
• Write coherent review of literature
• follow ethical standards in writing related literature
• present example of written review of literature

This module introduces the students into rudiments of literature reviews as an important skill in
research, including proper citation and ethical principles. The module teaches students the techniques
in finding, reviewing, writing and referencing related literature. This module also gives them information
about paraphrasing or re-phrasing in writing and citing related literature in order to help them to
prevent plagiarism in practical research.

What is Literature?

A literature is any printed material used for research reference. Most common examples of
literature are journals, books, biographies, essays, official documents and reports, newspaper clippings
and feature articles, and concept papers among others. Liberally, other literature my also include
speeches, letters, presentation materials like for example Power point and PDF files.

For the sake of research integrity, the following reminders or criteria need to be considered in
selecting and citing proper literature.
1. Appropriateness of the literature – Is the literature proper or suitable for the research
topic or problem being addressed?
2. Reliability of the literature – Is the source of the literature credible and can be trusted?
3. Identifiability of the literature – Is the literature identifiable enough for proper citation?
4. Recency of the literature – Except for citing literature for classical theories and important
concepts, it is better to cite the most recent possible literature to be able to locate the
research in the latest trends in the field of discipline.

What is a Literature Review?

 It presents the information needed to support the study.

 It represents a synthesis and critical assessment related to a particular topic

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  It discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a
particular subject area within a certain time period.
 The literature and studies are both foreign and local which have significant bearings on the
study.
 It involves systematic process that requires careful reading.
 It attempts to determine what others have learned about the research problem.
 It should be presented in a topical form.
 It involves: organizing and synthesizing what is currently available, identifying strengths and
weaknesses in the literature, and raise new questions or address areas not yet covered.
Importance of Literature Review
 Helps the researcher and the reader clarifies the recent state of research, what has gone before
and what pieces are missing.
 It provides a framework of the current research.
 It might help understand the theory on which a particular research is based.

Related Studies
 They serve as the basis of the analysis of results because it allows the researcher to compare
and contrast his/ her findings with those of the past studies.
 They can be in the form of theses, dissertations, or journal articles.
 They are related to the present study when:
- they use the same variables and concepts and
- they have same subject/topic of the study.
 The following data should be included: name of author, and the date and setting as in when
and where the study was conducted, title, and the salient findings (conclusions and
recommendations).

Sources of Information
 Books
 Manuscripts
 Theses
 Periodicals
 Journals
 Magazines
 Newspaper articles
 Internet

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Guidelines in Citing Related Literature and Studies
A. Characteristics of the Materials Cited
1. The materials must be as recent as possible. This is important because of the rapid social,
political, scientific, and technological changes. Discoveries in historical and archaeological research
have also changed some historical facts. Researchers in education and psychology are also making
great strides. So, finding fifteen years ago may have little value today unless the study is a
comparative inquiry about the past and the present. Mathematical and statistical procedures,
however, are a little more stable.
2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible. Some materials are extremely one
sided, either politically or religiously biased. These should be avoided.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study. Only materials that have bearing on the problem
researched on should be cited.
4. Materials must not too be few but not too many. They must be sufficient enough to give the
researcher insight into his problem or to indicate the nature of the present investigation. The number
may also depend upon the availability of related materials. This is especially a problem with
pioneering studies. Naturally, there are few related materials or even none at all. Ordinarily, from
fifteen to twenty-five may do for a master’s thesis and from twenty and above for a doctoral
dissertation, depending upon their availability and depth and length of discussions. The numbers,
however, are only suggestive but not imperative. These are only the usual numbers observed in
theses and dissertations surveyed. For an undergraduate thesis about ten may do.

B. Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies

The following are the ways of citing related literature and studies:

1. Chronologically by Events
If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials according
to when they were published. This approach should only be followed if a clear path of research
building on previous research can be identified and that these trends follow a clear
chronological order of development. For example, a literature review that focuses on
continuing research about the emergence of German economic power after the fall of the
Soviet Union.

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 By Publication Date
Order your sources by publication date if the order demonstrates an important trend. For
instance, you could order a review of literature on environmental studies of brown fields if the
progression revealed, for example, a change in the soil collection practices of the researchers
who wrote and/or conducted the studies.
Thematically (“conceptual categories”)
Thematic reviews of literature are organized around a topic or issue, rather than the
progression of time. However, progression of time may still be an important factor in a thematic
review. For example, a review of the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics could
focus on the development of online political satire. While the study focuses on one topic, the
Internet’s impact on American presidential politics, it will still be organized chronologically
reflecting technological developments in media. The only difference here between a
"chronological" and a "thematic" approach is what is emphasized the most: the role of the
Internet in presidential politics. Note however that more authentic thematic reviews tend to
break away from chronological order. A review organized in this manner would shift between
time periods within each section according to the point made.

Methodologically
A methodological approach focuses on the methods utilized by the researcher. For the Internet
in American presidential politics project, one methodological approach would be to look at
cultural differences between the portrayal of American presidents on American, British, and
French websites. Or the review might focus on the fundraising impact of the Internet on a
particular political party. A methodological scope will influence either the types of documents in
the review or the way in which these documents are discussed.

(adapted from "The Literature Review" from Organizing Your Social Research Paper, University of
Southern California)

C. What to Cite
It should be emphasized that only the major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles, or
conclusions in related materials relevant to the problem under investigation should be discussed in
this chapter. Generally, such findings, ideas, generalizations, principles, or conclusions are
summarized, paraphrased, or synthesized.
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D. Quoting a Material
A material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so perfectly stated or it is controversial and it is
not too long. It is written single spaced with wider margins at the left and right sides of the paper but
without any quotation marks.

Example: Suppose the following is a quotation: Said Enriquez,

Praise is an important factor in children’s learning. It encourages them to study their lessons harder.
Praise, however, should be given appropriately.

American Psychological Association (APA) Format the 7th edition

1. The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.

o Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal
change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
o Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal
change. Simon & Schuster.
2. The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right
from the first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.
o (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)
o (Taylor et al., 2018)
3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in
the reference entry.
o Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., . . . Lee,
L. H. (2018).
o Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis,
F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter,
D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018).
4. DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary.

o doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
o https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
o
5. URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed.
The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author).
o Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th edition: The most notable changes [Blog
post]. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
o Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th edition: The most notable
changes. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the
reference, and the publisher is included.
o Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites [Kindle
version]. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
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 o Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and
satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
7. Clear guidelines are provided for including contributors other than authors and
editors. For example, when citing a podcast episode, the host of the episode should
be included; for a TV series episode, the writer and director of that episode are cited.
8. Dozens of examples are included for online source types such as podcast
episodes, social media posts, and YouTube videos. The use of emojis and hashtags
is also explained.

Inclusive and bias-free language

Writing inclusively and without bias is the new standard, and APA’s new publication manual
contains a separate chapter on this topic.

The guidelines provided by APA help authors reduce bias around topics such as gender, age,
disability, racial and ethnic identity, and sexual orientation, as well as being sensitive to labels and
describing individuals at the appropriate level of specificity. Some examples include:

9. The singular “they” or “their” is endorsed as a gender-neutral pronoun.

o A researcher’s career depends on how often he or she is cited.
o A researcher’s career depends on how often they are cited.
10. Instead of using adjectives as nouns to label groups of people, descriptive phrases
are preferred.
o The poor
o People living in poverty
11. Instead of broad categories, you should use exact age ranges that are more relevant
and specific.
o People over 65 years old
o People in the age range of 65 to 75 years old

What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarism is the act of passing off somebody else’s ideas, thoughts, pictures,
theories, words, or stories as your own. If a researcher plagiarizes the work of others, they are
bringing into question the integrity, ethics, and trustworthiness of the sum total of his or her
research. Plagiarism is both an illegal act and punishable, considered to be on the same level as
stealing from the author that which he or she originally created.

ETHICAL GUIDELINES

A researcher preparing a written manuscript should cite the original source if he or she:
• “Quotes another person’s actual words, either oral or written;
• Paraphrases another person’s words, either oral or written;
• Uses another person’s idea, opinion, or theory; or
• Borrows facts, statistics, or other illustrative material, unless the information is common
knowledge.

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 The rules of plagiarism typically apply to graphics, text, and other visuals from all
traditional forms of publication and include modern forms of publications as well, in particular
the World Wide Web. If a substantial amount of another person’s graphics or text will be lifted
from a web page, an author should ask permission to use the material from the original author
or website host. Most researchers certainly try not to plagiarize. However, it isn’t always easy
because people often consult a variety of sources of information for their research and end up
mixing it in with their own background knowledge.

To avoid unintentional or accidental plagiarizing of another person’s work, use the

following tips Northwestern University:

• Cite all ideas and information that is not your own and/or is not common knowledge,

• Always use quotation marks if you are using someone else’s words,

• At the beginning of a paraphrased section, show that what comes next is someone else’s
original idea (example: these bullet points start out by saying the information originated with
Northwestern University),

• At the end of a paraphrased section, place the proper citation.

Steps in Conducting a Literature Review

1. Identifying and limiting the research topic
2. Locating what is out there
3. Deciding what is critical
4. Deciding what is worthy
5. Sorting, selecting and organizing the information
6. Writing the review

Expressions that may help express related literature and studies

 In 2016 Cruz made a survey of the …
 Santos (2018) used …
 Sevilla (2016) suggested that…
 Perez and Cruz (2017) postulated that …
 Aguilar’s suggestion focused on …
 Adelante (2019) directed that …

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 Answer the following questions on a separate paper.
1. What types of material should be cited and why?
2. What is plagiarism? How is it done and how can it be avoided?
3. What is the importance of reviewed literature and studies?
4. Discuss the steps in conducting a literature review.

Directions: Arrange the following context considering APA referencing style.

A. APA – Referencing Style

2. Title: Science and Ethics 1. Title: The Invisible Web:

Author’s Name: Rollin, Kristina. E. Uncovering Information Sources
Year of Publications: 2006 Search Engines can’t see
Author’s Name: Sherman,
Jerimiah C. &Price, Richo G.
Year of Publications: 2011

4. Title: Assessment Methods

&Strategies in Research Design in 3. Title: Essentials of WISC. III and
Clinical Psychology WSPI. R
Author’s Name: Kazdin, Alayna E. Author’s Name: Kaufman, Ahri. S.
Year of Publications: 2003 & Litchenberg, Emperi O.
Year of Publications: 2000

B. Research for related literature of the topic that you want to work on as a research. Write one
literature and one study. Observe the correct citation format. Use separate sheet of paper for the
answer.

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 References

Amorando R.V & Talili I.N (2017) Qualitative Research A Practical Approach. Mutya Store Publications.

Baraceros E, L (2016) Practical Research 1 Rex Book Store, Inc.:

Matira M.D & Revuelto R.M (2016) Practical Research for the 21st Century Learners. St. Augustine Publications,

Serrano A, O.C. (2016) Practical Research 1 on Qualitative Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc.

Internet

http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/Research_Ethics.pdf
How to Conduct a Literature Review: Organizing/Writing. https://guides.lib.ua.edu/c.php

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