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    Research Procedure: Dr. Khalid Manzoor Butt

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    Nabiha Fatima
    The document outlines the basic steps of a research procedure, which include selecting a topic, reviewing existing research, developing a hypothesis, determining an appropriate methodology, collecting data, analyzing results, and presenting findings. It then discusses factors to consider in choosing a research topic, such as ensuring the topic is novel, of interest to the researcher, relevant, feasible, researchable, and ethical. The next sections provide guidance on reviewing literature, writing the literature review, focusing the research problem, defining key terms, and identifying variables.

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    Research Procedure: Dr. Khalid Manzoor Butt

    Uploaded by

    Nabiha Fatima
    117 views28 pages
    The document outlines the basic steps of a research procedure, which include selecting a topic, reviewing existing research, developing a hypothesis, determining an appropriate methodology, collecting data, analyzing results, and presenting findings. It then discusses factors to consider in choosing a research topic, such as ensuring the topic is novel, of interest to the researcher, relevant, feasible, researchable, and ethical. The next sections provide guidance on reviewing literature, writing the literature review, focusing the research problem, defining key terms, and identifying variables.

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    Research Procedure

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    The document outlines the basic steps of a research procedure, which include selecting a topic, reviewing existing research, developing a hypothesis, determining an appropriate methodology, collecting data, analyzing results, and presenting findings. It then discusses factors to consider in choosing a research topic, such as ensuring the topic is novel, of interest to the researcher, relevant, feasible, researchable, and ethical. The next sections provide guidance on reviewing literature, writing the literature review, focusing the research problem, defining key terms, and identifying variables.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    117 views28 pages

    Research Procedure: Dr. Khalid Manzoor Butt

    Uploaded by

    Nabiha Fatima
    The document outlines the basic steps of a research procedure, which include selecting a topic, reviewing existing research, developing a hypothesis, determining an appropriate methodology, collecting data, analyzing results, and presenting findings. It then discusses factors to consider in choosing a research topic, such as ensuring the topic is novel, of interest to the researcher, relevant, feasible, researchable, and ethical. The next sections provide guidance on reviewing literature, writing the literature review, focusing the research problem, defining key terms, and identifying variables.

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    of 28

    RESEARCH PROCEDURE

    Dr. Khalid Manzoor Butt


    RESEARCH PROCEDURE
     7 Basic Steps:
     Select a topic

     Review existing research and theory that are relevant

     Develop a hypothesis or research question

     Determine the appropriate methodology/research design

     Collect relevant data

     Analyze and interpret the results

     Present the results in an appropriate form

    Research is basically scientific.


    Purpose: to provide an objective, unbiased evaluation of data.
    FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE CHOICE OF A
    RESEARCH TOPIC
     Novel
    When considering a research topic, the research has to focus
    on one which has not been investigated before. In the event
    that the problem has been studied before, he has to inject
    originality in it by coming up with another research design,
    using a different data-gathering tool or a different scheme for
    analyzing the research data.
     Interest of researcher

    The research needs to consider his interest in the choice of a


    research problem. If a researcher is not interested in the topic,
    it will be difficult on his part to put his heart and soul in it.
    FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE CHOICE OF A
    RESEARCH PROBLEM

     Relevant
     
     The results of the study on a given problem should be of
    practical value to the researcher and the significant
    others in the field.
     This means that once the study had been completed, its
    findings, its conclusions and recommendations can be
    used in improving practices or solving an identified
    difficulty.
     Will the results add knowledge to information already
    available in the field?
    FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE CHOICE OF A
    RESEARCH PROBLEM

     Feasible
     
     This means that a problem that an investigator is going to work on
    can be completed without undue amount of time, money or effort.
    Feasibility of research also means that the researcher has the
    necessary competence or expertise to conduct the study on the
    chosen problem.

     Is the topic too broad? (e.g. the effects of TV violence on children)


     Can the problem really be investigated? (e.g. availability of
    information)
     What costs and time are involved in the analysis?
    FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE CHOICE OF A
    RESEARCH PROBLEM

     Researchable
     Data can be collected to answer the problem posed by the
    researcher.
     Can the data be analyzed? (Can the data be measured?)

     Ethical
     
     A Problem is said to be ethical when it does not involve
    physical or psychological harm or damage to human beings or
    organizations. In other words, a study on a particular topic
    should not put people or institutions in a bad light.
    REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
     The review of literature involves the critiquing or looking over
    what other researchers have done in relation to the topic to be
    studied.

     Purpose:

     The review of literature can broaden the researcher’s


    knowledge base in research area;
     It is means of ensuring originality in the conduct of one’s
    research;
     It is a way of ensuring clarity and focus on one’s study;

     It can also provide the researcher insights on the weaknesses


    and strengths of previous studies;
    REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

     It can provide findings and conclusions of past studies,


    which a researcher can use in relating to his own study.

     It can help the researcher in formulating the theoretical and


    conceptual framework for his research problem.

     If it was done on social aspect one could go for economic


    aspect.
    GUIDELINE IN DOING THE REVIEW
     Search for existing literature in the Library and on the web;
     Prepare a working bibliography. Record all vital details
    concerning the books or research you are including in your
    bibliography
     
     Write in 3x5 index cards; group together references from

     Books

     Journals and periodicals

     Unpublished material 

     Examine each material, then decide which ones will actually


    be included in your review
    CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REVIEW
     The text of the review should be brief and to the point.

     To ensure brevity and conciseness, you have to summarize or


    paraphrase important points. Avoid direct quotations of the
    author’s ideas or the results of the studies you are reviewing.
     Have a plan on how you are to present the review.

     
     Prepare an outline before finally writing the review. This will
    ensure coherence and unity of ideas presented. The problem
    you are going to work on can serve as your outline for
    discussion of related literature and studies that are relevant to
    your proposed research.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REVIEW
     Emphasize relatedness

     Keep the reader aware of the manner in which the literature


    you are discussing is related to your problem.
     Try to point out what that relationship is.

     Review the literature, don’t reproduce it

     Refrain from copying verbatim what authors and researchers


    say. Critically review and discuss the literature in relation to
    your research work.
    WRITING THE REVIEW
     Approaches to presenting the review:
     Chronological

    Literature and studies are presented according to the year they


    were written. Sample outline

     A. Introduction
     B. Recent literature & studies
     C. Least recent literature & studies
     D. Synthesis of the review
    WRITING THE REVIEW

     Thematic

     Literature and studies with the same findings are grouped together
    (Social aspects Economic aspects Political aspects Moral aspects
    Psychological aspects Geographic aspects grouped together).

     Sample outline:
     A. Introduction

     B. Literature & studies on Variable 1

     C. Literature & Studies on variable 2

     D. Synthesis of the review


    WRITING THE REVIEW

     Country of origin

     Literature and studies are categorized based on the


    country / continent where they came from.

    Sample outline:

     A. Introduction
     B. Foreign literature & Studies
     c. Local literature & studies
     D. Synthesis of the review
    WRITING THE REVIEW

     Some notes:
     It is in the introduction where you make your readers aware
    of your approach in presenting the related literature;

     It is the synthesis where you specify the uniqueness of your


    study vis-à-vis the literature you had just discussed in the
    review.
    ASSIGNMENT:
     After approval of topic.
     Start Researching for and writing your review of related
    Literature.

     Timetable:

     July 11-13 Consultation of research topic


     July 27Submission of Review of Related list oral reports
    on methodology beings
     Aug 3& 10 Continuation of oral reports
     Aug 24Submission of problem statement and delimitation

     Sept 7 Submission of proposed theory and methodology

     Sept 28 Submission of 1st draft of completed proposal


    FOCUSING ON THE RESEARCH
    PROBLEM

     The problem is the heart of any research project. Without


    a focused problem, there is no research.

     In order to be able to identify a research problem, a


    researcher needs to know what the available sources.

     A research problem is usually posed as a question,


    preferably a direct and simple one.
    FOCUSING ON THE RESEARCH
    PROBLEM

     Types of Research Problems:


     Descriptive research-ask “ what is” and suggests a
    survey research design;

    Some examples:
     What is the status of democracy in Pakistan?

     What is the status of Center-provinces relations in


    Pakistan?
     What is the level of ethical awareness of Politicians?
    FOCUSING ON THE RESEARCH
    PROBLEM
     Relationship research- (cause and effect relation) asks what
    the relationship between two or more variables is and
    implies a correlation design.

     Some examples:
     Does a commitment to ethics among politicians depend on
    their education?
     How does the relationship between the government and
    media affect the democracy in Pakistan?
    FOCUSING ON THE RESEARCH
    PROBLEM

     Difference research- asks what is the difference between two


    or more groups/ approaches;
     
     Some examples:
     Is there a significant difference in politics of the politicians
    hailed from GCU and PU?
     What are the significant differences in politics between the
    politicians of Sindh and Punjab?
     How do male and female politicians compare in their conduct
    in politics?
    FOCUSING ON THE RESEARCH
    PROBLEM
     There are generally two ways of stating a research Problem:
     Declarative or descriptive –usually used in stating the main
    problem/general objective
     In question form-usually used in stating the sub-problems/
    specific objectives

     Sub- Problems/ specific objectives simply breakdown the main


    problem into small units. It should be:
     Each sub-problem should be a completely researchable unit;

     Interpretation of data must be apparent with each sub-problem;

     The sub-problems must add up to the totality of the main


    problem.
    DEFINING KEY TERMS
     In any study, you need to define the key terms or concepts in
    the statement of the problem to avoid confusion or
    ambiguity. e.g. This research shall attempt to probe the
    relationship between the political culture and democracy.

     a. Political Culture
     b. Democracy

     c. Good or bad impacts


    DEFINING KEY TERMS
     Two types of definitions:
     Conceptual definition- definition of a term as given by
    authoritative sources (e.g. Webster’s dictionary; a well-
    Known research study; textbook, etc.)
     Operational definition researcher’s own definition, based
    on how it will be used in the study

     This requires the researcher to specify actions or operations


    necessary to identify and measure the term
     Political Culture-Democracy
    IDENTIFYING VARIABLES

     To ensure the objectivity in the study of an identified


    problem, the researcher has to be clear as to what variables
    are to be examined or investigated.

     A variable is a property or characteristic that takes on


    different values.

     It is a symbol to which numbers or values can be attached or


    assigned.
    IDENTIFYING VARIABLES
     Types of variables:
     Independent variables the cause supposed to be responsible
    for the bringing about change in a phenomenon or situation.

     Dependent variables the outcome of change brought about


    change in independent variable

     Intervening variable a variable whose existence is inferred


    but cannot be manipulated or controlled

     Moderator variable a variable that may or may not be


    controlled but has an effect on the research situation /
    phenomenon.
    IDENTIFYING VARIABLES

     For example:
     Does a commitment to ethics among politicians depend
    on their education?

    1. Independent variable: education attainment of


    politicians.
    2. Dependent variables: ethical behavior, knowledge of
    code of Ethics
    3. Intervening variable: environment of politics
    4. Moderator variables: civil status, age, years of work
    experience
    DELIMITING RESEARCH

     One way of making a study on problem more focused is by


    delimiting it.

     Delimiting research is giving full disclosure of what the


    researcher intends to do or does not intend to do.

     When a researcher in able to set the scope and delimitation of


    his study, he can make his research manageable. At the same
    time, this can direct him to the choice of research method to
    employ.
    DELIMITING RESEARCH
     Points for delimiting study:

    1. Purpose of study
    2. Time coverage of investigation
    3. Geographical coverage of inquiry
    4. Variables to be studied
    5. Specific indicators of variables
    6. Types and size of respondents of the study
    7. Data collections tools

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