UC6-Establishing Agronomic Crops

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector: AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY SECTOR
Qualification: AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC III
Unit of Competency: ESTABLISH AGRONOMIC CROPS
Module Title: ESTABLISHING AGRONOMIC CROPS
Technical Education and Skills Authority

MARCOS AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
Brgy. Lydia, Marcos, Ilocos Norte
Agricultural Crops Document No.
Date Developed:
Production NC III
July 2015 Issued by:
Date Revised: Page 1 of 132
Established Agronomic
July 06, 2020
Crops TESDA-MAIS
HOW TO USE THIS
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL (CBLM)
Welcome to the competency-based learning material for the
module: ESTABLISHING AGRONOMIC CROPS This module
contains training materials and activities for you to accomplish.
The unit of competency “ ESTABLISH AGRONOMIC CROPS ”,
contains the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
AGRCULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION LEVEL III (NC III).
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in
order to complete each learning outcomes of the module. In each
learning outcome, there are reference materials or instructional sheets
for further reading to help you better understand the required
activities. Follow the activities at your own pace and answer the self-
check at the end of each learning outcome. If you have questions,
please feel free to ask for the assistance of your trainer/facilitator.
RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING (RPL)
You may have some or most of the knowledge and skills
included in this learner’s guide because you have:
Been working in the same industry for some time.
Already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent
in a particular skill, you don’t have to do the same training again.
If you feel that you have some skills, talk to your trainer about
having them formally recognized. If you have a qualification or
certificate of competence from previous trainings, show them to your
trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to the
unit of competency, they may become part of the evidence you can
present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your
skills, discuss this with your trainer.
A Trainee Record Book (TRB) is given to you to record

important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that
will assist you in providing further details to your trainer/assessor.
A Record of Achievement/Progress Chart is also provided to your
trainer to complete/accomplish once you have completed the
module. This will show your own progress.
DIRECTION FOR USE OF THE CBLM

This module was prepared to help you achieve the required
competency: ESTABLISH AGRONOMIC CROPS . This will be the
Date Developed:
Production NC III
July 06, 2020
Crops TESDA-MAIS
source of information for you to acquire the knowledge and skills in
this particular module with minimum supervision or help from your
trainer. With the aid of this material, you will acquire the
competency independently and at your own pace.
Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize
the training of this unit. Read through the module carefully. It is
divided into sections which covers all the skills and knowledge you
need to successfully complete in this module.
Work through all the information and complete the activities in
each section. Do what is asked in the INSTRUCTIONAL SHEET (
TASK SHEET, OPERATION SHEET, JOB SHEET ) and complete the
SELF-CHECK. Suggested references are included to supplement the
materials provided in this module.
Most probably, your trainer will also be your supervisor or
manager. He is there to support you and show you the correct way
to do things. Ask for help.
Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need
to consider when you are completing activities and it is important
that you listen and take notes.
You will be given plenty of opportunities to ask questions and
practice on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during
regular work shifts. This way, you will improve both your speed and
memory and also your confidence
Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their
guidance.
Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test
your own progress.
When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform
the activities outlined in the module.
As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on
your progress. Your trainer gives feedback/pre-assessment reports
for this reason. When you have successfully completed each element
or learning outcome, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that
you are ready for assessment.
When you have completed this module (several modules) and feel
confident that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will
arrange an appointment to qualified trainer to assess/evaluate you.
The result of your assessment/evaluation will be recorded in your
COMPETENCY ACHIEVEMENT

Date Developed:
Production NC III
July 06, 2020
Crops TESDA-MAIS
AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC III
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
Prepare land for agricultural Preparing land for AGR611310

1.
crop production agricultural crop production
Implement post-harvest Implementing post-harvest AGR611311

2
program program
Implement plant nutrition Implementing plant nutrition AGR611312

3.
program program
4. Control weeds Controlling weeds AGR611313
Prepare and apply Preparing and apply AGR611314

5.
chemicals chemicals
Establish agronomic Establishing agronomic AGR611320

6.
crops crops
Undertake agronomic crop Undertaking agronomic crop AGR611321

7
maintenance activities maintenance activities
Undertake agronomic crop Undertaking agronomic crop AGR611322

8
harvesting activities harvesting activities
Save, prepare and store Saving, preparing and storing AGR611323

9
agricultural seed agricultural seed
Implement vertebrate pest Implementing vertebrate pest AGR611324

10
control program control program

Date Developed:
Production NC III
July 06, 2020
Crops TESDA-MAIS
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Machinery and equipment is selected and confirmed against the work plan
and prepared according to manufacturer’s specifications.
2. Equipment is securely attached and calibrated for operation in accordance
with manufacturer’s specifications and operating manual.
3. Existing and potential OHS hazards in the workplace are identified, risks
assessed and controlled in line with farm requirements and OHS procedures
4. Soil and weather conditions are monitored for optimal seeding conditions
according to farm work procedures.
5. Soil conservation and sustainable land management practices are
recognized and confirmed in accordance with farm requirements and
environmental concerns.
6. Seeding, fertilizer, and pest and weed control requirements are confirmed
against the work plan and prepared to manufacturers’ specifications using
safe handling procedures.
7. Contingency plans are prepared for unusual seasonal conditions and
pest/disease outbreaks according to farm work procedures.
8. Suitable personal protective clothing and equipment is selected, used and
maintained in accordance with OHS requirements.
9. Seeding and fertilizer applications are carried out in accordance with the
seeding/application rate and the work plan.
10. Pest and weed control treatment is coordinated with seeding and
fertilizer applications according to the work plan.
11. Environmental implications associated with sowing operations are
identified, assessed and controlled in line with farm requirements and
environmental regulations.
12. Seeding, machinery and equipment operation records are
maintained in accordance with farm requirements.
13. Machinery and equipment damage, malfunctions or irregular
performance are reported in line with farm requirements and operating
manual.
14. Machinery and equipment is cleaned, secured and stored in line
with manufacturers’ specifications and farm requirements
Date Developed: Document No.

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Glossary of terms
1. Alveolitis is a lung disorder resulting from repeated inhalation of

organic dust.
2. Machine a device attached to a machine or implement. 4 : the
Attachment physical connection by which one thing is attached to
another.
3. Calibration the action or process of calibrating an instrument or
experimental readings.
"the measuring devices require calibration"
4. Drawbar Solid coupling between a hauling vehicle and its hauled

load
5. Ergonomic any interaction with the made world that causes the user
hazard discomfort or strain
6. Fertilizer ratio his term refers to the ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus
(P), and potassium (K) in fertilizers. It is always expressed
as N-P-K.
7. Furrow furrow refers to a long narrow trench. These trenches can
be used in a variety of ways, from planting to irrigation
8. Implements is a tool that is used to perform a job. A plow is an
example of a farm implement.
9. Linear meter A standard unit of length, symbol m, equal to
one meter in length.
10. Machinery is any mechanical, electrical or electronic device designed
and used to perform some function and to produce a
certain effect or result
11. Photo period is defined as day length or ‘the period of daily
illumination received by an organism’
12. Podoconiosis also known as nonfilarial elephantiasis, is a disease of
the lymphatic vessels of the lower extremities that is
caused by chronic exposure to irritant soils.
13. Population is a measurement of population per unit area, or
density exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type
number density
14. Power Take Off Power take-off (PTO) is a device that transfers an engine's
(PTO) mechanical power to another piece of equipment.
15. Roll over is a system or structure intended to protect equipment
protection operators and motorists from injuries caused by vehicle
structure (ROPs) overturns or rollovers.
16. seeds seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer
covering.
17. Seed is the process of a fertilized plant ovary, or seed,
germination developing into a mature plant.
18. Soil fertility Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain

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agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat
and result in sustained and consistent yields of high
quality.
19. Soil ridging is the process of creating a ‘sand wall’ on which a farmer
will plant his trees. This concept will aid in the drainage
of a wetland as well as improve the depth of the usable
topsoil in an orchard with a shallow soil profile.
20. Sowing is the process of planting.
21. Tools is an object used to extend the ability of an individual to
modify features of the surrounding environment

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References:
 https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/alveolitis-extrinsic-
allergic/#:~:text=General%20Discussion,after%20exposure%20to%20the%20dus
t.
 https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/attachment#:~:text=3%20%3A%20a%20device%20attac
hed%20to,thing%20is%20attached%20to%20another
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbar_(haulage)#:~:text=A%20drawbar%20is%
20a%20solid,recreational%2C%20and%20with%20agricultural%20equipment.
 https://blog.sliceproducts.com/examples-of-ergonomic-hazards-in-the-
workplace#:~:text=An%20ergonomic%20hazard%20is%20any,%2C%20uncomfor
table%2C%20or%20awkward%20movements.
 https://davesgarden.com/guides/terms/go/610/#:~:text=Definition%20as%20w
ritten%20by%20paulgrow,%25%20phosphorus%2C%20and%206%25%20potass
ium
 https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/planting-in-
furrows.htm#:~:text=In%20gardening%2C%20a%20furrow%20refers,care%20an
d%20maintenance%20much%20easier.
 https://www.yourdictionary.com/implement#:~:text=A%20plow%20is%20a%20f
arm,example%20of%20a%20farm%20implement.
 https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linear_meter#:~:text=square%20meter,to%20one
%20meter%20in%20length.
 https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/industrial-machinery-and-equipment
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/photoperiod
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podoconiosis#:~:text=Podoconiosis%2C%20also%
20known%20as%20nonfilarial,chronic%20exposure%20to%20irritant%20soils.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density
 https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/power-take-off-
PTO#:~:text=Power%20take%2Doff%20(PTO)%20is%20a%20device%20that%20tr
ansfers,jackhammer%20using%20a%20tractor%20engine.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollover_protection_structure
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-seed-germination-definition-
process-steps-
factors.html#:~:text=In%20summary%2C%20seed%20germination%20is,seed%2
0to%20get%20more%20water.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility
 http://www.agrisoil.co.za/ridging/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowing#:~:text=Sowing%20is%20the%20process
%20of,described%20as%20a%20sowed%20area.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool

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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : ESTABLISH AGRONOMIC CROPS
UNIT CODE : AGR611320
MODULE TITLE : ESTABLISHING AGRONOMIC CROPS
MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This module covers the skills, knowledge, and

attitudes required for establishing agronomic crops.
It includes preparing machinery and equipment,
ploughing/ cultivating, seeding, applying any pre-
planting treatments, maintaining machinery and
equipment, relevant record keeping, and it requires
the application of skills and knowledge to use
specialized equipment to carry out seeding and
fertilizer operations appropriate to soil and weather
conditions. Equipment and machinery may be
animal-powered. In addition, it requires an
awareness of licensing requirements, safe workplace
and positive environmental practices associated with
seeding operations including sustainable land
management.
SUGGESTED DURATION : 52 hours
QUALIFICATION LEVEL : NC III
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees will be able to:
LO1. Prepare machinery and equipment for use
LO2. Prepare for agronomic crop establishment
LO3. Sow the crop
LO4. Complete seeding operations

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LEARNING OUTCOME # 1 PREPARE MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR
USE

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CONTENTS
 Selection and use of machinery and equipment
 Pre-operational and safety checks for seeding machinery and equipment
 Operating principles and operating methods for machinery and equipment
 Relevant provincial/municipal legislation, regulations and codes of practice
with regard to licensing requirements and the use and control of machinery
and equipment
 OHS hazards and risks and its control
 Machinery and equipment is selected and confirmed against the work plan
and prepared according to manufacturer’s specifications.
 Equipment is securely attached and calibrated for operation in accordance
with manufacturer’s specifications and operating manual.
 Existing and potential OHS hazards in the workplace are identified, risks
assessed and controlled in line with farm requirements and OHS
procedures
CONDITIONS:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
 Workplace where agronomic crops are to be established
 Workplace information relating to crop establishment
 Farm procedures relating to crop establishment
 Machinery and equipment (tractor, work animal, seeder, planter, digging
tools, light hoe, bolo, etc.)
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Direct observation
 Oral interview
 Portfolio assessment
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
PREPARE MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR USE
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Read info sheet 6.1.1 Crops  Read and understand the learnings
establishment Tools, Implement and in the module
machinery equipment  Perform all the activities
 Answer all the self checks
Answer self check 6.1.1 on Crops  Evaluates your answer using the

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establishment Tools, Implement and answer key
machinery equipment  Always ask the assistance of your
trainer if arises
Evaluates self checks using answer
key 6.1.1
2. Read info sheet 6.1.2 on attached
implement and adjust equipment
Answer self check 6.1.2 on

attached implement and adjust
equipment

key 6.1.2
Perform operational sheet 6.1.1 on

mount implement (Rotavator)
Evaluate performance using

performance criteria checklist 6.1.2
Read Info sheet 6.1 3 on Existing
potential workplace hazard
Answer self check 6.1.3 on Existing

potential workplace hazard

key 6.1.3
Information sheet 1.6.1
Crops establishment Tools, Implement and machinery equipment
Objectives: After the training the trainees will be able to:
 Identify the different equipment used in crop establishment

 Identify tools used in crop establishments

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Crops establishment is one of the initial stage in crop production and It requires
different tools equipment's and implements in order to properly prepare the land
for the crops.
Today as farming gets more mechanized it requires different machine to perform

different work from preparing the land to planting as well as performing
irrigation's despite of this ,tools and carabao,s are still being utilized to perform
certain task
List implement
Tractor mounted mould board

plough
Ploughs are used for primary
tillage operations. It cuts trash
and buries it completely. It is also
used for turning green manure
crop for decaying under the soil,
which adds humus to the soil.
Compost, farmyard manure or
lime when spread in the field, the
mould board plough is used for
turning and mixing these
materials in the soil.
Tractor mounted Disk Plough
Disc plough is used for primary
tillage and is especially useful in
hard and dry, trashy, stony or
stumpy land conditions and in soil
where scouring is a major
problem.
Tractor mounted disc harrow

The disc harrow is used for
primary and secondary tillage. It is
ideal for field disking, especially in
orchards, plantations and
vineyard. It is suitable for working
under trees close to bunds and
fence posts

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Spring tyne cultivator
Cultivators are used for seedbed
preparation both in dry and wet
soils. It is also used for
interculture purpose by adjusting
the tynes in wider row crops. It is
also used for puddling purposes.
Bar Point Cultivator

The cultivator is used for inter
cultivation in light and heavy soils
for loosening and aerating the soil,
preparing of seedbeds, and subsoil
cultivation. The duck foot shovel
version is ideal for shallow
cultivation and interculture
Duck foot cultivator

Used for primary tillage operation,
destruction of weeds and retention
of soil moisture.
Rotavator
It is suitable for preparing seedbed
in a single pass both in dry and
wetland conditions. It is also
suitable for incorporating straw
and green manure in the field.

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Tractor drawn leveller
Levelling of fields and pulling or
pushing loosened soil from one
place to other.
Tractor mounted subsoiler

It is used to break hardpan of the
soil, loosening of the soil and helps
the water to seep into the soil for
improving drainage. A mole ball
can be attached to create a small
tunnel in the soil, which serves as
drainage channel for water
Equipment's
Single-axle walking or
pedestrian tractors - used for
draft work such as pulling a plow
or harrow or a trailer
Double-axle pedestrian tractors -

One axle propel the machine from
the front while the rear axle serves
as a rotary tiller. Also equipped
for plowing. Ex. Yanmar, Iseki and
Kubota hand tractors

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Floating rotary tillers for
wetland tillage – can do tilling,
puddling and leveling where water
supply is plentiful (marshy areas).
Ex. SV-Agro turtle power- made in
Ilolilo, IRRI HT-1 Hydro-tiller, up
to 2 hectare/day and
Aqua-Bug hydro-tiller
Farm tractors
are the most commonly used
tractors in
dry or upland farming situations
and
for transportation. They range in
size
from 4‐ 150 kW and require 75%‐
80%
of the weight distributed over the
rear
axle to maximize traction. These
tractors are capable of delivering
45‐
Tractor Mounted puddlers

A 3 point linkage puddler is very
similar in design to a rotovator
except they are less robust and
have smaller rotating drums and
shoes

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Corn Seeder and Soybean Seeder
Machine 4-Row Corn Planter
Corn Seed Planter
Tractor drawn implement used to
plant direct seeded, corn and soy
bean
Seed cum fertilizer drill

Seed cum fertilizer drills are used
for sowing of wheat and other
cereal crops in already prepared
field.
Pneumatic commercial Planter

It is used to plant individual seeds
at the pre-determined seed/row
spacing.
Tractor Mounted Direct Seeder

It is an attachment to the
commercially available tractor
mounted cultivator for direct
sowing of paddy in dry land
conditions.

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Rice Direct seeder
Paddy Seeder is for sowing
germinated paddy seed directly in
wetland field. There is no need for
transplantation. It is a manually
pulled implement. It covers 8 rows
of 20cm row-to-row spacing at a
time. It is made up of plastic
materials
Mechanical Walk behind Rice

transplanter
It is used for transplanting of mat
type rice seedlings.
Mechanical rice transplanter

(Self Propelled)
It is used for transplanting of mat
type rice nursery in the puddle
field.
Knapsack sprayer
Knapsack sprayers are used for
spraying insecticides and
pesticides on small trees, shrubs
and row crops.

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Power sprayers
These sprayers are suitable for
spraying in orchards, tea and
coffee plantations, and field crops.
Tall trees up to a height of 15
meters can be sprayed with these
types of sprayers.
Tractor mounted sprayer
It is used for spraying in vegetable
gardens, flower crops, vineyards
and for tall field crops like
sugarcane, maize, cotton,
sorghum, etc.
Batery operated Knapsack

sprayer
It is suitable for spraying in crops
like paddy, cotton, groundnut,
pulses and vegetable. It saves 30
per cent labour and operating time
and 15 per cent on cost of
operation compared to manual
spraying. It also results in 27 per
cent increase in yield compared to
spraying by manual sprayer
Irrigation pump
It is used to draw water from
source for various crops,
Tools

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Animal drawn mould Plough
It is an animal drawn small size

mouldboard plough used for tillage
operations.
Primary and secondary tillage

operations.
Shovel use to tool for digging, lifting,

and moving bulk materials, such as
soil, coal, gravel, etc.
Light hoe is a tool for digging, lifting,

and moving bulk materials, such as
soil, coal, gravel,

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Spading fork digging fork or graip is
a gardening implement, with a
handle and several (usually four)
short, sturdy tines. It is used for
loosening, lifting and turning over
soil in gardening and farming.
Bolo use for the bolo is clearing

vegetation, whether for agriculture
or during trail blazing.

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Self check 6.1.1
Matching type. Match the definition left column to the implements and
equipment's in the right column Right the letter of you correct answer
1. Cut trash and burries soil and weeds A. Disk harrow

completely
2. Ideal in field disking, specially in B. Mould board plough
orchard and vineyard
3. Used in destruction of weeds and C. Knapsack Sprayer
retention of moisture
4. Suitable in incorporating straw and D. Rotavator
green manure
5.Used for draft work such as pulling E.Pneumatic planter
plow or trailer
5. Used for spraying insecticides and F.Single axle walking tractors
pesticides
6. Used to plant individual seeds at the G.Duck foot cultivator
predetermined seed/row spacing.
7. used for transplanting of mat type H. Mechanical rice transplanter
rice nursery in the puddle field.

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Answer key 6.1.1
1. B
2. A
3. G
4. D
5. F
6. C
7. E
8. H

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References:
 https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/mounted-mouldboard-plough-
11085962755.html
 https://www.wheeltractor.com/products/offer/drive-disc-plough-for-tractor.html
 https://www.agro-implements.com/mounted-offset-disc-harrow.html
 https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/spring-tine-cultivator-14385976162.html
 https://www.earthtools.com/implements-soilworking/toolbars-cultivators/
 https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/duck-foot-cultivator-10994683955.html
 https://veronica921229.en.ec21.com/Field_Killing_Rotavator_Farm_Rotavators--
10308031_10308058.html
 https://farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/UP/3u.htm
 https://in.all.biz/tractor-mounted-subsoiler-g198799
 https://www.google.com/search?q=corn+seed+planter+machine&tbm=isch&ved=2a
hUKEwiv5ovr6ZvqAhVlx4sBHRIsDbMQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=Corn+seed+planter&gs
 https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/seed-cum-fertilizer-drill-machine-
2333933688.html
 https://chinaplow.en.alibaba.com/product/60669110546-
222013968/Farm_equipments_corn_maize_planter_corn_seed_planter.html
 https://www.dreamstime.com/tractor-mounted-crop-seeder-planting-corn-seed-
field-image147761189
 https://www.riceseeder.com/rice-seeder.html
 https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1024893
 https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-to-offer-paddy-transplanters-on-subsidy-
soon
 https://www.amazon.in/Lotus-Knapsack-Sprayer-Capacity-
Gardening/dp/B01D3A40GI
 http://www.equiposramm.com/EN/honda5hpfps.html
 https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Tractor-mounted-boom-power-sprayer-
machine_60577353324.html

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 https://www.amazon.in/Neptune-Knapsack-Battery%C2%82-Operated-Sprayer-
Capacity/dp/B077S9BQKV
 https://jinpen.en.made-in-china.com/product/gjJnvcybZDhz/China-Diesel-Power-
Irrigation-Pump-Set-with-Coupling-for-Farm-Drainage-Mobile-Pump.html
 https://farmer.gov.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap1.pdf
 https://farmer.gov.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap2b.pdf
 https://farmer.gov.in/dacdivision/Machinery1/chap4.pdf
 https://www.lowes.com/pd/Blue-Hawk-Digging-shovel-20-in-Wood-Short-handle-
Digging-Shovel/3526180
 http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_tillage_tillageimplements.html
 https://www.fiskars.com/en-gb/gardening/products/planting-tools/light-hoe-
1019609#:~:text=2%20of%202-
,Light%20Hoe,of%20the%20lightweight%20aluminium%20body.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_fork
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_knife#/media/File:Mindanao_Bangsamoro_&_L
umad_Swords.jpg

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Attached and adjust equipment and implements
Learning Objectives: After the training the trainees will be able to learned
 Operational safety checks in connecting attachments

 Disconnect attachments
 Mounting general farm implements
 Mounting of pneumatic seeder
 Adjustment in pneumatic seeder
After identifying the different tools, implements and equipment s, this info sheet
will now teach how to attached and calibrate equipments.
In crop establishments where in mechanized farming is being utilized, we must

verse ourselves in proper attachment and calibration of equipment to avoid
accident during the process and avoid possible problems that may arise during
the activities, therefore prior to the start of the activities always read the module
for guidance and refer to the machines owners manual.
Operational safety checks in connecting attachments
1. Ensure the attachment is on flat/level ground.
2. Locate the joystick for operation of the hydraulics on the loader arms. Move
the joystick to test movement of loader arms and tilt operations.
3. Drive up to attachment slowly and lower arms down to same height and give a
slight crowd angle.
4. Lift/align loader arms on loader onto top securing lugs of attachment and lift
up and crowd back arms to allow attachment to enter bottom securing
position.
5. Lift loader to about 50 cm off ground apply hand brake, put tractor in neutral
and turn off. 6. Manually insert pins.
7. Dismount from tractor and ensure locking pins should slide down over bottom
bar.
How to Disconnects the attachments/implements ?
1. Ensure the attachment is on flat/level ground.
2. Apply the park brake.

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3. Dismount and manually unlock pins safety latch on attachment.
4. Remount back into cab.
5. Then with the Joy stick crowd the attachment forward and down which will
release the bucket/attachment.
6. Once detached back away from Attachment.
7. Once Detached apply park brake.
How to Mount General farm implement?
Mounting general farm implements
(1) Adjust the length of the right lift link to make the left and right lower links
equal in height.
(A) Lower link (B) Lift link
2) Align the center of the tractor with the center of the implement on the flat
ground.
(3) Fix the left lower link (A) on the implement, then fix the right lower link. If the
right lower link pinhole is out of position, turn the lift link (B) to bring the
hole in the position.

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(4) Fix the standard top link on the top link hinge using the ball socket lock pin.
Next, loosen the top link lock nut and turn the turnbuckle. Lock the
implement with the lock pin.
(5) Loosen the lock nut of the top link and turn the turnbuckle for adjustment.
Fix the implement in the top link mounting position with a pin.
(A) Top link
(B) Top link hinge
(C) Right lift link
6) Lower the implement on the ground. Adjust its posture with the top link
turnbuckle.
(7) To install an implement requiring the drive force, follow the instruction on the
nameplate mounted on the safety cover for the drive shaft.
(8) Lift the implement slightly and make sure it is level. If not, adjust the right
lift link.
(9) Lift the implement to a maximum height and rotate it with a hand. If it is
hard to rotate with a hand or if the rotation is not smooth, adjust the length
of the top link.

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How to Check chains and Adjust check chains?
1) For use of implements such as a plough, harrow and subsoil, adjust check
chains (A) so that an implement can move 5 - 6 cm to right and left. Prevent
an implement from swinging to hit against the wheels and tires.
2) For use of implements such as a rotary tiller and mower, adjust check chains
(A) so that an implement can move 1cm to right and left.
3) Dismantling is done in the reverse order as the fixing process.
IMPORTANT !!
 Remove the drawbar if the drawbar interferes with an implement.

 Fasten lower links to prevent from swinging to hit against wheels and tires
when driving the tractor without an implement.
Notes on using or service implement

WARNING !!
 When moving the tractor to mount an implement, never allow a person or

persons between the tractor and the implement.
 Mount or dismantle an implement on a flat ground using a safe method. Use
the lighting during night time works.

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 When a heavy implement is mounted on the tractor, apply a counterbalance
to maintain a balanced condition.
 Before leaving the tractor for mounting an implement, never fail to engage
the parking brake and stop the engine. Make sure the PTO shift lever is in N.
 For traction work, always use the draw bar. Do not attach to other parts of
the tractor.  Use a wider wheel span for a traction work or works on the
slope.
 Do not operate the low speed machines at a higher speed than the rated.
Maintain the rated PTO speed.
 When drawing a trailer, interlock the trailer brake with the tractor brake. Do
not change the shift on the slope.
 Mounting an implement machine results in a considerable overall length; be
careful not to hit farmers or constructions in the vicinity. Negligence of safety
precautions may cause serious injury or death.
WARNING Running the PTO speed below or above the rated operating speed of
the implement may cause damage to the tractor or the implement.
Note; Every farm equipment’s have their different methods of mounting and
dismounting the implements before perform such always read the User’s
manual. Ex. Hand tractors, mechanical seeders
Attaching pneumatic corn seeder
Video links on principles of pneumatic seed planter

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55g7fQOYMIY
Planter preparation
Note : in attaching implement always refer to the user manual
Use the following six steps to attach your planter to the tractor
1. Adjust the tractor drawbar so it is 13 to 17 inches above the ground.
Adjust the drawbar so that the hitch pin holes is directly below the center
line of the PTO shaft. Make sure the drawbar is in a stationary position.
2. Back the tractor and connect them with a hitc pin.make sure the hitch pin
is secured with a locking pin or cotter pin

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Planter attachment to the tractor, with the connecting pins
3. Connect the PTO drive shaft to the tractor. In addition to a standard 540
rpm
PTO, a 1000 rpm shaft is available.
CAUTION – Make sure that you connect the proper end of the PTO to the
tractor. An arrow on the PTO indicates the end of the constant velocity
(double clutch) that is attached to the tractor.
4. Connect the hydraulic hoses to tractor ports in a sequence which is both
familiar and comfortable to the operator.
Note.View the video in attaching hydraulic before continue the proces

Link in attaching Hydraulic hoses for tractor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjwKdisKB2Y
DANGER – Before applying pressure to the hydraulic system, make sure

all connections are tight and hoses and fittings have not been damaged.
Hydraulic fluid escaping under pressure can have sufficient force to
penetrate skin, causing injury or infection.
CAUTION – Always wipe hose ends to remove any dirt before connecting
couplers to tractor parts.
5. Raise the jack stand and remount horizontally on the storage bracket.
6. Lower the planter to the planting position and check that the planter is
level (front to back and side to side). If the hitch height is too high or too

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low, disconnect the planter and adjust the hitch clevis in an up or down
position as necessary.
Levelling the planter

For proper operation of the planter and row units, it is important that the unit
operate level.
Tire pressure
DANGER- Rim and tire servicing can be dangerous. Explosive separation of a
tire and rim parts can cause serious injury or death.
Tires have a tendency to explode

Proper tire pressure
Transport Ground Drive : 7.50" x 20" - 40 psi (2,7 bars)
Contact Drive : 4.10" x 6"- 50 psi (3,4 bars)
How to operate
The operating speed needs to be selected as a function of :
- The desired consistency in the row
- The ground conditions
- The density of the seed
Maintain based speed of

A base speed of 3 ½ to 4 ½ mph (5/7 km/h) assures good results for most seeds
in the majority of conditions. However when planting corn at lighter population
more than 6” (15 cm) between the seed, 5/6 mph (8/10 km/h) is quite possible.
For planting of high seed population such as peanuts, edible beans, and kidney
beans, best results can be obtained by not going faster than ¾ mph (4,5/6
km/h).

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MARKER SPEED ADJUSMENT
To adjust marker speed, loosen the jam nut and turn the control(s)
clockwise or IN to slow the travel speed and counter clockwise or OUT to
increase the travel speed. The flow controls determine the amount of oil flow
restriction through the valves, therefore determining travel speed of the markers.
MARKER ADJUSTMENT
Both the planter and marker assembly should be lowered to the ground
when measurements
are being taken. The measurement should be taken from the point where the
blade contacts the ground. Adjust right and left marker assemblies equally and
securely tighten clamping bolts. An example of marker length adjustment
follows:
Number of rows x Row spacing inches = Dimension between planter center

line and marker blade.
12 Rows x 30" Spacing = 360" Marker Dimension
The marker blade is installed so the concave side of the blade is outward to
throw dirt away from the grease seals. The spindle bracket is slotted so the hub

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and blade can be angled to throw more or less dirt. To adjust the hub and
spindle, loosen the 1/2" mounting hardware and move the bracket as required.
Tighten bolts to the specified torque.
Calibrating and adjusting seeding Speed

The standard rate drive uses a 28 tooth sprocket on each contact drive
tire. Using the 15 tooth half rate (2 to 1) drive sprocket in place of the 28 tooth
sprocket will reduce the planting and application rates by approximately 50%.
See “Half Rate (2 To 1) Drive”.
Replacing the 28 tooth drive sprockets, located at the contact drive wheel,
with the 15 tooth half rate (2 to 1) drive reduction sprocket will slow the planter
transmission speed and reduce planting rates by approximately 50%.
Video on pneumatic seed planter

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRl1zfcrrQo
Sowing distances with regards to based sprocket systems
Important
The above indicated spacing are theoretical and may vary from 5-10 %
depending on soil conditions.

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Population density charts indicate the approximate seed density ex. If the seed
spacing is 5 cm and the row spacing is 45 cm the approximate seeds used is
444,444

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Self checks 6.1.2
True or false. Write true if the answer is correct and writ false if the answer is in
corrects
1. In attaching implements the machine is in inclined position for better hitching

2. In fixing lower link on the implement, if the pin hole is out of position turn the
lift link to bring the hole in the position
3. Don’t remove the draw bar even if the draw bar interferes with an implement
4. When moving the tractor to mount an implement, allow a person or persons
between the tractor and the implement.
5. When a heavy implement is mounted on the tractor, apply a counterbalance to
maintain a balanced condition.

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Answer key 6.1.2
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True

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Operational sheet 6.1.1 on Mounting implement
Title: Mount implement ( rotavator)
Performance objective: Given the Farm equipment and

implement the trainees should be able to
properly attached the implement in 45
mins.
Equipment Farm tractor and Rotavator
Steps/Procedure:
Mounting general farm implements
a) Ensure the Tractor/attachment is on flat/level ground.

b) Apply the park brake.
c) Adjust the length of the right lift link to make the left and right
lower links equal in height.
d) Align the center of the tractor with the center of the implement on
the flat ground.
e) Fix the left lower link (A) on the implement, then fix the right lower
link. If the right lower link pinhole is out of position, turn the lift
link (B) to bring the hole in the position.
f) Fix the standard top link on the top link hinge using the ball socket
lock pin. Next, loosen the top link lock nut and turn the
turnbuckle. Lock the implement with the lock pin.
g) Loosen the lock nut of the top link and turn the turnbuckle for
adjustment. Fix the implement in the top link mounting position
with a pin.
h) Lower the implement on the ground.
i) To install an implement requiring the drive force, follow the
instruction on the nameplate mounted on the safety cover for the
drive shaft.
j) Lift the implement slightly and make sure it is level.
k) Lift the implement to a maximum height and rotate it with a hand.
Assessment Method: Actual demonstration

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Performance Criteria Checklist 6.1.1
Criteria Yes No
Did the trainee…
Did the trainee ensure the tractor/attachment is
on flat level ground
Apply brakes
Properly adjusted the different links of the tractor
Properly attached the implements with the tractor

without accidents

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Operational sheet 6.1.2 Mounting implement ( pneumatic seed planter)
Title: Mount implement ( pneumatic seed

planter)
Performance objective: Given the Farm equipment and

implement the trainees should be able
to properly attached the implement in
45 mins.
Equipment Farm tractor and pneumatic seed

planter
Steps and procedures

Use the following six steps to attach your planter to the tractor
1. Adjust the tractor drawbar s
2. Back the tractor and connect them with a hitch pin

3. Connect the PTO drive shaft to the tractor.
4. Connect the hydraulic hoses to tractor ports in a sequence which

is both familiar and comfortable to the operator.
5. Raise the jack stand and remount horizontally on the storage

bracket.
6. Lower the planter to the planting position and check that the
planter is level (front to back and side to side).
Methods of assessment Actual demonstration

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Criteria Yes No
Did the trainee…
Did the trainee ensure the tractor/attachment is
on flat level ground
Adjust the tractor draw bar in desire position
Attached the tractor with a hitch pin
Connect the PTO drive shaft to the tractor
Properly connect the hydraulic properly
Properly remount horizontally on the storage

bracket
Properly lower the planter in planting position

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References :
 https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/198509/Safe-
Operating-Procedures-13-Tractor-Attachments.pdf
 https://www.yanmar.com/media/en_vn/2016/operationmanual/manual_E
F494T_en.pdf
 Monosen, pneumatic planter Ng plus3, 12-Row 30" Pull type Planter

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Info sheet 6.1-3
Existing and potential Work place hazards
Learning objectives: After reading this info sheet he trainees will be able to
 Identify hazards in the work place
 Assessing hazard in the work place
 Eliminating hazards
After identify and preparing the machines to be used , we should identify the the
possible hazard and risk in performing activities, this ensure the safe operation
and safety of the operator and to reduce the case of accident in the work place.
Farming that uses wide varieties of machine,hazardous substance and

processes, this include cultivating and seeding equipment's
The Major risks in the safety of personnel includes traumatic injuries including,
but not limited to, cuts, burns, electrocution, fractures and amputations caused
by contact with cutters, gears, belts, shafts and other moving parts, burst
hydraulic hoses and contact with live electrical equipment.
Signs and symbols
Different agricultural hazards

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Farm Tractor hazards
Hazards includes
 Instability
 Roll over
 PTO Stub
 Slips
 Falls in climbing and or off tractors
 Noise that lead to hearing impairment
 Vibrations
Assessing risks
 Inventory of tractors fitness for work like Shields, PTO, ROPS, Seat belts
 Consider the slope of the area of operations like steepness
Hazards elimination
 Equip the vehicle with seat belts, PTO Shields, Mud guards
 Functioning brakes, lights, signal lights
 Read and understand the operational manual
 Provide ladder or handrails to the tractor
Other agricultural machines

This includes used for tilling the soil, sowing the seeds, applying agricultural
chemicals ploughs, cultivators and combines etc.
Hazards
 Rotating components
 Sharp cutting edges
 Rollers
 Crushing and entanglements
 Falls and Vibration
Assessing risks
 Evaluation of the states of the machines
 Informing the employee/worker on possible crush points
Hazards elimination
 Avoid use of any unsafe or faulty equipment
 Adequate information, instruction, and training for those using the
equipments
 Do not allow unauthorized person to used the machines
 Unskilled person should not be allowed to used the machines
 Use the machine as intended

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Ergonomics and the handling of materials
This includes labor intensive activities such as manual seeding, transplanting,
crop maintenance,
Hazards
 Work in hot or humid conditions
 Masculoskeletal injury
 Carrying heavy object for long period suffers
 Back injury, fatigue, heat stress
 Lower back impairment, or chronic back injury
Assessing risk
 Assess work site
 Design of equipment/work station
 Weight of product handled
 Postures during handling
 Physical characteristics (Body built)of workers engaged
Hazards elimination
 Equipment, tools, station design, and transport system and devices are
usable by both man and women
 Develop appropriate packaging
 Taking account to weight size gripping surface
 Provide information about force requirements, carrying, hand/wrist posture
 Design and produce with lesser vibration
Chemical hazards
 Inhalation
 Exposure to skin, mouth,eyes
 Ingestion
 Ammonia in fertilizer
 Water and soil contamination
 Cancer
Control strategies
 Proper labeling
 Read Chemical safety data sheet
 Only competent worker should perform the task/job
 Immediate clean up on contamination and spills
 Informing the workers the hazards in using chemicals
 Have a proper emergency response guide
 Use of PPE

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Dusts
this are generated in various grain and legumes production and frequently
generated during the process of seeding, harvesting, cleaning bagging,
transporting
Hazards
 Capable of penetrating inside the lungs and can cause breathing problems
 Pulmunary disease (Asthma,acute allergic alveolitis, dust toxic syndrome
 Cause podoconiosis due to tiny micro particles of silica from volcanic soil
 Causes fire in high level of organic dust
Risk assessment
 Provide data in safety standards with regards to the safety in dusty
workplace
 Provide relevant standards and carry out a risk assessment to determine the
measure required to eliminate the hazards to minimize workers exposure to
dust
Control strategies
 Maintain the dust level to below standards set by the authority
 Provide bio filtration
 Use PPE like masks
 Provide cabins in operating dusty works area
Ultraviolet light radiation
Hazards
 Damages skin and eyes
 Skin cancer
 Cataracts
 Pre-mature skin wrinkle
 Lesions
Assessment risks
 Consider the assessment in risk of skin and injury in the eye
 Consider the discomfort in working under the sun
 Quantify the uv exposure of workers in terms of level and duration
Control and strategies

 Use of effective sunscreen
 Trained to recognize uv burn injury
 Use sunglasses
 Comfortable PPE or cloth

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Self checks 6.1.3
Enumeration: enumerate the following: write the answer on clean sheet of paper
1. What are the hazards on tractor operations gave atleast 5

2. How to eliminate hazards on ploughs, cultivators
3. It indicates an eminently hazardous situation, which is not avoided
will result in death or serious injury
4. Indicates a potential hazardous situation exists, which if not avoided
may result in minor or moderate injury
5. What are the hazards in dusty environment

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Answer key 6.1.3
1.
 Instability
 Roll over
 PTO Stub
 Slips
 Falls in climbing and or off tractors
 Noise that lead to hearing impairment
 Vibrations
2.
 Avoid use of any unsafe or faulty equipment

 Adequate information, instruction, and training for those using the
equipments
 Do not allow unauthorized person to used the machines
 Unskilled person should not be allowed to used the machines
 Use the machine as intended
3. Danger
4. Caution
5.
 Capable of penatrating inside the lungs and can cause breathing problems
 Pulmunary disease (Asthma,acute allergic alveolitis, dust toxic syndrome
 Cause podoconiosis due to tiny micro particles of silica from volcanic soil
 Causes fire in high level of organic dust

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References.
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---
sector/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_161135.pdf

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LO2. PREPARE FOR AGRONOMIC CROP ESTABLISHMENT
 Soil and weather conditions are monitored for optimal seeding

conditions according to farm work procedures.
 Soil conservation and sustainable land management practices are
recognized and confirmed in accordance with farm requirements and
environmental concerns.
 Seeding, fertilizer, and pest and weed control requirements are
confirmed against the work plan and prepared to manufacturers’
specifications using safe handling procedures.
 Contingency plans are prepared for unusual seasonal conditions and
pest/disease outbreaks according to farm work procedures.
CONTENTS:
 Sustainable land management and soil conservation techniques/Land

preparation
 Crop types, preparation of seeds, seeding methods and application
techniques
 Fertilizer types, rates of application and crop nutrient
requirements/Integrated nutrient management
 Types of chemical pesticides and alternative pest control methods (non-
chemical)/Integrated Pest Management
 Calculation of pesticide requirements and application rates
 Effects of weather conditions on seeding and fertilizer application
 Contingency planning
 Relevant provincial/municipal legislation, regulations and codes of
practice with regard to workplace OHS and the use and control of
hazardous substances
CONDITIONS:

 Legislation, regulations, and codes of practice on OHS and hazardous
substances
METHODOLOGIES:
 Demonstration

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 Simulation
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Oral interview

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LEARNING OUTCOME 2
PREPARE FOR AGRONOMIC CROPS ESTABLISHMENT
1. Read Info sheet 6.2.1 on Optimal  Read and understand the leanings in the
seeding conditions module
 Perform all the activities
Answer self checks 6.2.1 on Optimal  Answer all the self checks
seeding conditions  Evaluates your answer using the answer
key
Evaluates self checks using answer  Always ask the assistance of your trainer
key 6.2.1 if arises
2. Read info sheet 6.2.2 on Soil

conservation
3. Answer self check 6.2.2 on Soil

conservation
Evaluates self checks using the

answer key 6.2.2
4. Read info sheet 6.2.3 on Guide on
seed, fertilizer, soil and
temperature/climatic requirement
Answer self check 6.2.3 on Guide on

seed, fertilizer, soil and
temperature/climatic requirement
Evaluates self checks using the

answer key 6.2.3

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Info sheet on 6.2.1
Optimal seeding conditions
Learning Objective: after the training the trainees will be able to learn
 what is seed germination and requirements of seeds to germinate,
 the optimal seeding conditions during seeding,
 effect of soil condition on plants stand, and germination problem due to
insect and diseases
Crop stand on Establishment for growers are important because it affects all
aspects of crop production (e.g., water, fertilizers, and pesticides), crop yield, and
quality. Non uniformity occurs for a variety of reasons, including poor seed
quality, planting equipment issues, poor soil conditions, and crop injury due to
weather and pests. But seed and soil quality are central to achieving healthy
stand establishment.
Seed germination
Requirements of germination
Moisture- Moisture is required for rehydration of the seed to levels that
can support greatly increased respiratory activity, the breakdown of complex
reserve materials such as starch, fats and oils, and proteins into simple, mobile,
and usable forms, and the synthesis of new materials for growth.
Oxygen- Oxygen is needed for a great increase in respiratory activity to
provide energy to drive the germination process.
Soil Temperature Soil temperature depends on solar radiation reaching

the soil surface, and then a soil’s thermal conductivity and heat capacity. 68°F is
the optimum temperature for the emergence of spring cereals, but their
germination may be initiated at soil temperatures as low as 39°F
Soil Condition and Seedbed Preparation Soil condition and seedbed

preparation are also important for stand establishment.
Seed bed Should be

 Weed free
 With adequate moisture
 With good aeration
 Well pulverized
Common plant stand problem due to poor soil

 Surface crusting
 Random soil clods

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 Variable seed furrow closure
 Soil texture
 Inadequate soil moisture
 Soil compaction
 Weeds
Common germination problem due to insect and disease includes

 Discoloration of seeds (Appearance of fungus) or diseases
 Damage cotyledon due to insect feeding
Soil Fertility Healthy, productive soil optimizes crop yield and quality. Although
a seed contains the necessary nutrients for initial seedling growth and
development, nutrient deficiencies and/or toxicities may affect plant stand
establishment and uniformity. Appropriate soil sampling and testing
methodology should be followed for each field prior to planting to ensure proper
soil fertility.
Weather conditions- Increment weather like heavy rainfall affects the seed
germination by
 Over saturation of water causes rotting of the seeds
 In furrows, excessive water drives the soil to bury the seeds deep thus it
harder for the seed to push out from the soil
 In seeding, just after the heavy rain makes the soil hard to cultivate

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The best weather in conducting seeding operation is on clear sky, with ample
moisture of the soil.

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Self check 6.2.1
Enumeration: enumerate the following, writ the correct answers on sheet of

paper
1. Enumerate the characteristic of seed bed for seeding

2. What are the common plant stand problem due to soil
3. Requirement’s for germination
4. Effect of heavy rainfall on seed germination

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Answer key 6.2.1
1.
 Weed free
 With adequate moisture
 With good aeration
 Well pulverized
2.
 Surface crusting
 Random soil clods
 Variable seed furrow closure
 Soil texture
 Inadequate soil moisture
 Soil compaction
 Weeds
3.
 Moisture
 Oxygen
 Soil temperature
4.
 Over saturation of water causes rotting of the seeds

 In furrows, excessive water drives the soil to bury the seeds deep thus it
harder for the seed to push out from the soil
 In seeding, just after the heavy rain makes the soil hard to cultivate

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Reference :
 https://www.extension.uidaho.edu/publishing/pdf/BUL/BUL951.pdf
 https://seednet.gov.in/CMS/QualityControl/Seed_Testing_Manual/CHAPTER-8.pdf
https://ir.library.msstate.edu/bitstream/handle/11668/14130/1990%261992-06-
DeloucheSeedGermination.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

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Info sheet on 6.2.2
Soil conservation
Learning objectives :
after the reading this module the trainees will be able to
 Define tillage
 Kinds of tillage
 Types of tillage
 Effect of tillage
Tillage is defined as the mechanical manipulation of the soil for the purpose of
crop production affecting significantly the soil characteristics such as soil water
conservation, soil temperature, infiltration and evapotranspiration processes.
Kinds of tillage
Primary tillage
Primary tillage is usually conducted after the last harvest, when the soil is
wet enough to allow plowing but also allows good traction. Some soil types can
be plowed dry. The objective of primary tillage is to attain a reasonable depth of
soft soil, incorporate crop residues, kill weeds, and to aerate the soil.
Secondary tillage
Tillage usually require less power, and this is done after primary tillage or
incorporating fertilizers improving the soil tilth or control weeds ex. Harrowing
Types of tillage
1. Intensive tillage
Intensive tillage leaves less than 15% crop residue cover.

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Intensive tillage often involves multiple operations with implements such as a
mold board, disk, and/or chisel plow. After this, a finisher with a harrow, rolling
basket, and cutter can be used to prepare the seed bed.
Intensive tillage machine
2. Conservation tillage
Conservation tillage leaves at least 30% of crop residue on the soil surface
This slows water movement, which reduces the amount of soil erosion.
Additionally, conservation tillage has been found to benefit predatory arthropods
that can enhance pest control. Conservation tillage also benefits farmers by
reducing fuel consumption and soil compaction. By reducing the number of
times the farmer travels over the field, farmers realize significant savings in fuel
and labor.
Types of conservation tillage
 No-till – Never use a plow, disk, etc. ever again. Aims for 100% ground
cover.
 Strip-Till – Narrow strips are tilled where seeds will be planted, leaving the
soil in between the rows untilled
 Mulch-till- in this system, crop residues are left on the surface, and
subsurface tillage leaves them relatively undisturbed.
 Rotational Tillage – Tilling the soil every two years or less often (every other
year, or every third year, etc.).
 Ridge-Till- Ridge-till, a tillage system involving scalping and planting on
ridges built during cultivation of the previous year's crop, usually involves
spring-planted row crops grown with a combination of herbicides and at least
one cultivation.

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3. Zone tillage
Zone tillage is a form of modified deep tillage in which only narrow strips
are tilled, leaving soil in between the rows untilled. This type of tillage agitates
the soil to help reduce soil compaction problems and to improve internal soil
drainage.]It is designed to only disrupt the soil in a narrow strip directly
below the crop row
Example of zone tillage
Contour farming
Contour cultivation (contour farming, contour plowing, or contour bunding) is a

sustainable way of farming where farmers plant crops across or perpendicular to
slopes to follow the contours of a slope of a field. This arrangement of plants
breaks up the flow of water and makes it harder for soil erosion to occur.
Example of contour farming

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Effect of tillage
Positive
Plowing:
 Loosens and aerates the top layer of soil or horizon A, which facilitates
planting the crop.
 Helps mix harvest residue, organic matter (humus), and nutrients evenly into
the soil.
 Mechanically destroys weeds
 Dries the soil before seeding (in wetter climates tillage aids in keeping the soil
drier).
Negative
 Dries the soil before seeding.

 Soil loses nutrients, like nitrogen and fertilizer, and its ability to store
water.
 Decreases the water infiltration rate of soil. (Results in more runoff and
erosion since the soil absorbs water more slowly than before)
 Tilling the soil results in dislodging the cohesiveness of the soil particles
thereby inducing erosion.
 Chemical runoff.
 Reduces organic matter in the soil.
 Reduces microbes, earthworms, ants, etc.
 Destroys soil aggregates.
 Compaction of the soil, also known as a tillage pan.
 Eutrophication (nutrient runoff into a body of water).
 Can attract slugs, cut worms, army worms, and harmful insects to the
leftover residues.
 Crop diseases can be harbored in surface residues.

Issued by:
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Self checks 6.2.2
True or false: Write true if the answer is true and false of the answer is false
1. Tillage is manipulating the crop for the purpose of crop production

2. Primary tillage is usually conducted after the last harvest
3. Intensive tillage leaves less than 15% residue cover
4. No till- in this system crop residues are left on the surface and
subsurface tillage leaves them relatively undisturbed
5. Contour cultivation (contour farming, contour plowing, or contour
bunding) is a sustainable way of farming where farmers plant crops
across or perpendicular to slopes to follow the contours of a slope of
a field.

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Answer key 6.2.2
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Reference:
 https://farmrevamp.wordpress.com/2015/08/13/intensive-tillage-machines/
 https://blogs.cornell.edu/agsci-interns/2013/06/25/zone-tillage-depth-study/
 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-contour-
farming.html#:~:text=Contour%20cultivation%20(contour%20farming%2C%20conto
ur,for%20soil%20erosion%20to%20occur.
 https://www.cropsreview.com/contour-farming.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage

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Info sheet on 6.2.3
Guide on seeding, fertilizer, soil and climatic requirements of crops
Learning objectives . After the reading this info sheet the trainees will be ale to
learn
 how to compute for population density
 Different spacing, rate of seeding population equivalents and seed
requirements
 Nutrient requirements and application method
 Soil and temperature or climatic requirements of different crops
In this topic w will discuss the different guides in seeding like how to take
population density it advantages, also the table of different crops and their
corresponding fertilizer, planting distance and their soil ad climatic requirements
Plant population density
In crop establishment knowing the desired population density of crops to be

planted is necessary and with the advantage of.
 Right amount of seed to be applied to avoid excess
 Reduce over population/under population of plant
 Proper spacing
 Better management of crops
Methods of estimation of population density

1. Hill planting method
Plants /Ha = 10,000 sq. m/ha x No. Of plants

per hill
( Dist. bet. Furrows in m) x (Dist. Bet hills in m)
Corn spaced at 75 cm between rows and 50 cm betweenhills and maintained at

2 plants/hill
= 10,000 x 2 = 53,300 plants /ha

.75x.5
2. Drill method of seeding
Plants /Ha = 10,000 x No. Of plants/

linear meter

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( Dist. bet. Furrows in m) x (Dist. Bet hills in m)
Mungbean drilled at 30 seeds/ linear meter and rows are spaced at 50 cm.
= 10,000 x 30 plants /linear meter = 600,000 plants /ha

1 m x.5 m
Table 1. Spacing rate of seeding, population equivalents and seed requirements

Seed
Number of Plant requirement
Row Hill
Crop plants/hill or population per ha(kg)
(cm) (cm)
linear meter (Thousand/ha)
Low land rice
Trans planted
Inbred 20 20 3 plants/hill 750 40
Hybrid 25 25 1-2 323 12
plants/hill
Direct seeding 25 25-30 1000-2000 60-80
plants/m
Corn 75 40-50 2 plants per 66 17

OPV hill
Hybrid 70 20 1 plant/hill 71 18
Mungbean 50 15-18 300-360 18

Wet season plants/m
Dry season 50 20-30 400-600 24
plants/m
Paddy 20 20 2plants/hill 500 32
cultivate
Peanut
Wet season 50 25 3 plant/hill 240 120
Dryseason 50 20 3 plant/hill 300 130
Paddy
cultivation 25 20 2 plants/hill 400 200
Soy beans
Wet season 60 18- 300-350 40
22/plants/m
Dry season 50 20-30
plants/m 300 55

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Paddy 20 20 2 plants/hill 400 70
cultivation
Sugar cane 75-100 30 1 plant/hil 33-45
cotton 20 100 3-6 plant/hill 3

9m 8m 1 plants /hill 139
Coconut
Tall TxT
Dwarf DxD 8m 7m 1 plants /hill 179
DxT 8.5 m 7m 167
Coffee 200 300 1 plants /hill 1,667

arabica
Rubosta 200 300 1 plants /hill 1,667
Table 2. Recommended fertilizer guide for different crops

.
Seaso NPK rate Method of Time of

Crop Soil
n (kg/ha) application application
Rice
A. Irrigated wet Clay to 60+30+30 1/2N and all of Before last
transplanted loam P and K basal harrowing
+1/2 N top 40-45 days after

dressing transplanting
Dry All soils 90-30-30
1/2N and all of Before last
P and K basal harrowing
+1/2 N top 40-45 days after

dressing transplanting
Rain fed
Transplante wet Clayey 60-30-0 1/2 N all of P Before last
d basal harrowing
+1/4 N 20-30 DAT
+1/4 N Panicle
initiation
Loamy 60-30-30 1/3 N and all Before last
of P and K harrowing
+ 1/3 N

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+1/3 N 20-30 DAT
Panicle
initiation
Upland rice Wet All soils 90-30-30 1/2 N and all Before last
of Pand K harrowing
+1/2 N
30-40 DAS
Corn Dry All soils 90-30-30 1/2 N all of P At seeding
and K basal
1/2 N Before hilling up
or 4-5 weeks
after
germination
Wet All soils 90-30-30 1/2 N all of P At seeding
and K basal
1/2 N Before hilling up
or 4-5 weeks
after
germination
Sugar Cane Wet All soils 170-120- 1/2 N and all P One month after
240 and K basal planting and
(Furrow first weeding
application,
covered with
soil) 3 months after
planting
+1/2 N at
Furrow
Grain Dry All soils Seed All NPK in seeding
legumes inoculatio Band
n
20-40-40
Cotton Dry All soils 50- 1/2 N all of P Transplanting
100+25+2 and K 35-40 days after
5 1/2 N emerging
Coconut All soils 92 grms N 49.5 Planting
grms P %.8
grms K
+2-5 kls
compost /tree
Coffee
Legend
DAT- Days after transplanting
DAS - days after seed germination

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Note: the NPK rate(kg/ha) may vary from location and affected by many factor
therefore necessary to perform soil analysis for more accurate fertilizer rate.
Table 3. Crop soil and temperature or climatic requirements
Crops Soil Temperature or climatic

requirement
Cotton cotton plant performs best Favourable weather conditions for
in deep, highly fertile, cotton production are when
sandy loam soils with summer temperatures do not drop
reasonably good drainage. below 25 °C.
Mung bean Suitable in areas where Drought tolerant and requires

corn and rice are warm climate during its growth
successfully grown
Soya bean Suitable in areas where Soy bean is photo period sensitive
corn and rice are crop soy bean production during
successfully grown dry season is successful only if soil
moisture is available and sufficient
Peanuts best soil suited to peanut In general, dry season crop
production is well-drained, (October-January) gives higher
light colored, loose,friable, yields and better quality beans
sandy than the rainy season crop.
loam that contains high
levels of calcium, a
moderate amount of
organic matter, and with
moderate
to slightly acidic pH
ranging from 5.8 to 6.5.

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Self check 6.2.3
Compute for the following
1. Compute for Population density of hybrid corn required in 2000 sq

meter
2. Compute for Population density of coconut tall required in 20,000 sq
meter

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Answer key 6.2.3
1. Corn 28, 572 seeds

2. Coconut 357 seedlings

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Reference
 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-
production/growth/planting#:~:text=Rice%20crops%20can%20be%20eith
er%20direct%20seeded%20or%20transplanted.&text=Direct%20seeding%2
0requires%2060%E2%88%9280,days%20of%20direct%20seeded%20crops
.
 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/pinoyrkb/QuickGuide/english/Regio
n%203/Nueva%20Ecija/Quick%20guide%20for%20fertilizing%20direct-
seeded%20rice%20during%20the%20dry%20season%20in%20Nueva%20E
cija.pdf
 https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/philippines/farming/hybrid-corn-
production-guide/
 https://www.bar.gov.ph/index.php/biofuels-home/bioethanol/sugarcane
 https://philcoffeeboard.com/7-steps-in-planting-coffee/
 http://pca.da.gov.ph/coconutrde/images/gen4.pdf
 https://businessdiary.com.ph/9181/mongo-mung-bean-production-
guide/
 http://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/MUNGBEAN.pdf
 The science and practice of crop production, Ricardo M. Lantican
 Theres money in mungbean production after rice cropping, improving soil
fertility and sustaining farmers productivity
 Hand book on soy bean production technology and product utilization,
department of agriculture RFO No. 02, Tuguegarao City

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L.O 3 SOW THE CROP
 Suitable personal protective clothing and equipment is selected, used

and maintained in accordance with OHS requirements.
 Seeding and fertilizer applications are carried out in accordance with
the seeding/application rate and the work plan.
 Pest and weed control treatment is coordinated with seeding and
fertilizer applications according to the work plan.
 Environmental implications associated with sowing operations are
identified, assessed and controlled in line with farm requirements and
environmental regulations.
CONTENTS:
 Seeding methods and application techniques

 Types of fertilizers and methods of application
 Pest and weed control treatments
 Environmental implications of seeding operations and fertilizer
application
 Selection, use and maintenance of personal protective equipment
CONDITIONS:

 Farm procedures on crop establishment
 Materials and supplies (seeds, planting materials, fertilizers, chemicals,
etc.)
 Tools, machinery, and equipment (tractor, seeder, planter, digging
METHODOLOGIES:
 Demonstration
 Simulation
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Oral interview

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LEARNING OUTCOME 3
SOW THE CROP
1. Read info sheet 6.3.1 on Selection  Read and understand the learnings
and maintenance of PPE in the module
Answer self check 6.3.1 on Selection  Answer all the self checks
and maintenance of PPE t  Evaluates your answer using the
answer key
Evaluates self checks using answer  Always ask the assistance of your
key 6.3.1 trainer if arises
3. Read info sheet 6.3.2 on Planting
crops
4. Answer self check 6.3.2 on

Planting crops

key 6.3.2
Perform task sheet 6.1.1 on conduct

seed germination

Perform job sheet 6.1.1 on conduct

wet bed seeding method

Read Info sheet 6.3.3 on

Environmental implication of crop
establishment

Environmental implication of crop
establishment

key 6.3.3

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Selection and maintenance of personal protective equipment
Learning objectives:
After the reading the trainee must be able to
1. Identify different PPE
2. Use them properly
In this topic we will be discussing about the different PPE or Personal

Protective Equipment use in establishing agronomic crops its different
functions and its proper use
PPE refers to any specialized equipment or clothing worn by farmers and
ranchers for protection against health and safety hazards. PPE is designed
to protect many parts of the body; eyes, head, face, hands, feet, ears, or
torso. PPE does not prevent accidents, but it does prevent or reduce injury
and even fatalities when used.
Definitions of equipment protection
Eye protection -
To provide protec tion during exposure to
hazards like flying particles, debries,
liquid chemicals,etc.
Respiratory protection -
To provide protection from inhalation hazards
such as vapors, mists, particulates, pesticides,
and gases

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Hearing protection -
To provide protection during exposure to high
pitch and loud noise levels.
Hand protection -
To provide protection during exposure to
potential hazards such as sharp objects,
abrasive surfaces, temperature extremes, and
chemical contact.
Head protection -
To provide protection to potential hazards such
as falling objects, striking against low-hanging
objects, electrical hazards, or chemical
application.
Foot protection -
To provide protection for situations with the
potential of injuries such as falling or rolling
objects, chemical or liquid exposures, piercing
objects, and where feet are exposed to electrical
hazards.

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Self check 6.3.1
True or false: Read Information sheet 6.3.1 and write T if the answer is true and
F if the answer is false write you answer in the space provided.
 PPE refers to any specialized equipment or clothing worn by farmers and
ranchers for protection against health and safety hazards.
 PPE is designed to protect many parts of the body; eyes, head, face, hands,
feet, ears, or torso.
 PPE does not prevent accidents, but it does not prevent or reduce injury
and even fatalities when used
 Eye and face protection provide protection during exposure to
hazards like flying particles, debris, liquid chemicals,etc.
 When selecting PPE choose good quality products which are CE marked in
accordance with the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations

Issued by:
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Answer key 6.3.1
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
References:
 https://www.ishn.com/articles/108854-gateway-safety-introduces-new-
hybrid-foam-lined-eye-protection-with-optifit-foam-technology
 https://agfax.com/2020/04/24/california-personal-protective-equipment-
in-short-supply-for-farm-work/
 https://www.hobbyfarms.com/earplugs-earmuffs-farmers-noise-hearing/
 https://www.hobbyfarms.com/farm-clothing-gear-farmers/
 https://www.mscdirect.com/basicsof/head-
protectionhttps://www.pinterest.com/pin/270145677633146563/

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Info sheet 6.3-2
Planting crops
Learning objectives :
After the training the trainees will be able to learn
 Germination test
 Methods of planting
 Plantation planting
 Selecting good quality seed and seedlings
 Planting guides
In this topic we will be discussing about the how crops are being planted but
prior to planting there are activities to be done like conducting germination tests
to learn the viability of seed, learn the different method of planting, conducing
seeding for direct seeding and for nursery seedlings as well as planting guides of
some agronomic crops
Germination Test
A germination test is often the only test a farmer can conduct on his seed before
planting. Monitoring the time taken to germinate will also give an indication of
vigor. This
procedure is very easy, inexpensive and portable.
Procedure
1. Place water absorbent material inside waterproof tray.
2. Take random sample from each seed lot and mix in a container.
3. Take at least three seed samples from the mixed grain.
4. Count out 100 seeds from each sample and place on absorbent paper inside
the tray.
5. Carefully saturate absorbent material.
6. Each day check that absorbent materials remain moist and record number of
germinated seeds. Do this for 7-10 days.
7. Compute germination test for five days and ten days
8. Rate of germination is an indicator of vigor. Rapid seed germination increases
the

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chance that seed will establish in the field.
Calculating germination rate

Germination rate is the average number of seeds that germinate over the
five‐ day and
10‐ day time period.
Germination (%) = Number seeds germinated / Number seeds on tray x100
Example If 86 seeds germinated in a tray of 100 seeds
Germination (%) = 86 x 100/100 = 86 %
“Good quality seed should have a 85‐ 90% germination in 10days”
Methods of Plantings
1. Directs seeding- this method is perform where in the seed is planted directly
to the soil
2. Transplanted Done for lowland rice, seeds are sown in specially prepared
seedbed or seed boxes
Direct seeding- this is planting seed directly to the soil .
Broadcasting
Broadcasting is the process of random
scattering of seed on the surface of
seedbeds. It can be done manually or
mechanically both. When broadcasting
is done manually, uniformity of seed
depends upon skill of the man. Soon
after broadcasting the seeds are
covered by planking or some other
devices. Usually higher seed rate is
obtained in this system. Mechanical
broadcasters are used for large-scale
work. This machine scatters the seeds
on the surface of the seedbed at
controlled rates.

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Dibbling
Dibbling is the process of placing
seeds in holes made in seedbed and
covering them. In this method, seeds
are placed in holes made at definite
depth at fixed spacing. The equipment
used for dibbling is called dibbler. It is
a conical instrument used to make
proper holes in the field. Small hand
dibblers are made with several conical
projections made in a frame. This is
very time consuming process, so it is
not suitable for small seeds. Mostly
vegetables are sown in this way.
Furrow seeding
This is a process of seeding where in
seed is planted in a furrow and
covered with a soil, crops like corn or
mungbean as well as peanut is plant
to this methods
Drilling
Drilling consists of dropping the seeds
in furrow lines in a continuous flow
and covering them with soil. Seed
metering may be done either manually
or mechanically. The number of rows
planted may be one or more. This
method is very helpful in achieving
proper depth, proper spacing and
proper amount of seed to be sown in
the field. Drilling can be done by (1)
Sowing behind the plough (2) Bullock
drawn seed drills (3) Tractor drawn
seed drills. l

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Direct seeding in a puddled field
This method is done by directly
planting the seeds in a puddle field
with a optimal water.
Transplanted- it is a method of planting seedlings where the seed is taken care

of in seedlings in nursery and upon reaching the desire age or growth it will be
planted in a well prepared field
1. Wet bed method -

 Procedure puddled a Plot 1-1.5 m wide and convenient length
 In puddling a plot, plow the soil then add water to facilitates easier breaking
and harrowing and level the area before plotting
 400 sqm and 40-50 kg of seeds is require for 1 ha
 Soil is fertilized with 4 kg of 14-14-14
 Broad cast the seeds uniformly 2
 apply 5-10 g 14-14-14 or 16-20-0/m2 if nutrient deficiency symptoms are
observed
 Seeds are pre germinated ( 24 hours of soaking and 24-28 hours of
incubation)
 Sow 1 kg per 10 sqm bed seedlings are irrigated and drained alternately
 The seedlings are ready for transplanting in 25-30 days
Wet bed method of seeding
2. Dapog method
 Pre germinate seeds are sown on cement or puddled soil covered with banana
leaves or plastic sheet

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 60 kg and 400 sqm is required for 1 ha
 Seedlings are ready in 20-32 days
Dapog method of seeding
3. Dry bed method

 This type of nursery is prepared dry and beds should be 50‐ 100 cm wide
and 5‐ 10 cm high. A layer of semi burnt paddy husk or sawdust can be
incorporated in the nursery bed to make pulling of seedlings easier.
 Broad cast the seeds
 water the seedbed periodically as seedlings emerge and grow. Regulate the
water supply, if necessary, to control the rate of seedling growth
 Pulling of the seedlings should be done between 15 ‐ 21 days after
establishment and transplanted as soon as possible. The nursery should be
kept moist at all times. A basal fertilizer mixture using either organic
fertilizers or N and P should be applied and incorporated before sowing.
Dry bed method of seeding
4. Mechanical transplanter seedlings
Seedling used in mechanical transplanter can be planted in a seedling trays

and can be planted in a field
How to prepare seedlings for mechanical transplanting

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Mechanical transplanters have built-in trays or seedling boxes.
Grow seedlings on a thin layer of soil in 30 cm x 60 cm trays per seedling box. In

some instances, seedlings are grown on larger areas and then cut into
rectangular strips (mats of seedlings) that fit into the planting trays of the
transplanter.
The rice field must be well prepared for machine transplanting.
 Raise seedlings in special mat nurseries or in seedling trays. Use 18−25 kg of

good seed per 100 m2 of nursery for each ha. Seedlings will be ready for
transplanting in 15−21 days after seeding (DAS).
 Ensure that fields are well puddled and leveled.
 Drain fields and allow mud to settle for 1−2 days after the final puddling.
 The subsurface soil layers need to be hard enough to support the
transplanting machine.
The soil is ready when a small “V” mark made in the puddled soil with a stick
holds its shape. At this moisture level, the soil can hold the seedlings
upright.
Soil should not be so dry that it sticks to and interferes with planting parts
or wheels of the transplanter.
 Load the seedling mats on the machine and transplant the seedlings at the
selected machine setting.
Procedure in Pre‐ germinating seed

Pre‐ germinating the seed increases the rate and percentage of seedlings
established. Pre‐ germinating, or soaking of seeds, reduces the time required for
seeds to uptake sufficient moisture to initiate the germination process. Seeds are
normally pre‐ germinated for direct seeding into wet puddled seedbeds or
standing water.
Procedure
1. Submerge the bag of seed in water for 24 hours or until small shoots appear
at end of seed. In some cases this may take 36 hours.

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2. Dry the seed in bag for 24 hours.
3. When drying seed make sure it is kept in the shade and air is allowed to
circulate around bags. If bag temperatures exceed 42 degrees Celsius, then
some seed will be damaged.
4. Broadcast the seed before roots exceed 5 mm in length.
5. When calculating the planting rate, make allowance for expansion in seed
volume.
Depending on variety, the seed may increase by 10 to 30 percent of its original

weight.
Orchard planting pattern

square,
square planting, one plant or a group of plants
in a common hill occupies the corners of a
square which has 4 sides of equal lengths
Rectangular,
Rectangular arrangement is similar to a square
pattern except that a rectangle has two sets of
opposite sides having different lengths. A
rectangular planting with 10 m x 12 m will
mean that two adjacent rows will be 12 meters
apart and plants within each row will be spaced
10 m apart
Quincunx or diagonal
pattern of arranging row-planted crops is a
modified form of the square pattern. It consists
of a square that is formed by 4 closest plants
with an additional plant at the center of these 4
plants.

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Triangular
pattern of planting arrangement is based on an
equilateral triangle, a triangle with three equal
sides, that is formed by connecting 3 closest
plants with an imaginary line.
Selecting good quality seeds for planting
Prior to seed planting we should select good quality seeds for planting to ensure
good quality seedlings
Tips in selecting good quality seeds:

1. Use certified seeds, they have fewer weeds seeds and free from other varieties
2. Seeds should be uniform in size
3. Free from seed borne pests and diseases
4. Have atleast 85 % viability
5. No damage and discoloration
Selecting good quality seedlings

Good quality seedlings are:
1. Uniform in size
2. Uniform in growth
3. With strong stem not lanky
4. Leaves are green not yellowish
5. Free of damage by insects or diseases
6. Have a good and well developed root system
7. Free of weeds and other impurities
Seeding and fertilizer application
Rice planting
Note. Directs seeding uses about 60-80 kg of seed per ha, while transplanting
require 40 kg /ha at 2 plants per hill
Transplanted rice
Pulling of seedling is done at 18-21 days , plant about 1-2 seedlings every
hill with a depth of 2-3 cm. there should be adequate water during planting
season at around 2-3 cm.

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During wet season transplant rice at about 20x20 cm distance and 20x15
cm during dry season
Using mechanical rice transplanter

Mechanical rice transplanter decreases time and labor requirements than
manual transplanting. One person is required to plant 1 ha.
It uses seeds that are raise using seedling tray , it uses 18-25 kg of good
seed per 100 m2 and transplanting is preforme in 15-20 days after seeding
Snail problems is critical at 10 days after transplanting
Direct seeding- Direct seeding is planting of rice in puddled and an

puddled soil that properly prepared
Methods of direct seeding
Broad casting –usually practiced for in dry soil surface and incorporates the
seed. This can be perform in rain fed and deep water ecosystem
Broad casting-
1. Make shallow furrows by passing a furrower along the prepared field
2. After broad casting, cover the seeds using a spike tooth harrow
3. Or in a well prepare soil scattered the seeds properly and uniformly
Drilling- .
Seeds are place by machine into both dry and moist soil and then irrigated
Level seedbed is necessary to ensure that seeds are not planted at depths
greater than 10-15 mm.
In this technique, fertilizers can be applied at the same time as the seed.
Manual weeding also is easier in machine-drilled crops than in broadcast.
Dibbling- is usually practiced along mountain slopes or where plowing and

harrowing are difficult.
1. Use a long wood or bamboo pole with a metal scoop attached at the end for
digging holes
2. Drop the seeds into the holes and cover them with soil
Wet direct seeding
Broadcasting- pre germinated seeds ( soaks seeds for 24 hrs, then incubate for
48 hours) to recently drained well puddled seedbeds or into shallow standing
water
- If water in the field is muddy, allow 1-2 days for it to dry before
broadcasting
- If water is drained from the fields after broad casting, seed are re-
introduced 10-15 days after first seeding

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Drum seeding
Drum seeders are used for fast planting . it operates best on well-leveled,
smooth, and wet seedbed.
However , seeds may be clogged if the soil is sticky or if the machine is
poorly designed.
Prepare 80 kg of pre germinated seeds per ha.
Use of herbicides
For effective weed control, apply a pre- emergence herbicide, 1-3 DAS(days
after sowing) while post emergence should be aplplied at 15-25 DAS.
Snail management can be employ at first 21 days
Corn Planting
Land preparation
- Plow at depth of 15-20 cm when soil moisture is right
- Harrow twice with 2-3 passing to break the clods
- If discplow is used plow under corn stubbles at a 18-20 cm depth
- Planting spaced at 75 cm X 8 cm depth
Planting
- Irrigate the soil soil prior to planting
- Plant 1-2 seeds per hill at spaced of 25 cc at 3-5 cm deep
- Apply fertilizer(14-14-14) for basal

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-
Thin seedlings to one per hill about 7-10 days after emergence to minimize
overcrowding and competetion
Using of transplanter
When available, use mechanical planters for more depth of planting and
consequent germination
Mungbean
Land Preparation
Prepare the land thoroughly so that mungbean seeds can germinate
uniformly, establish rapidly, and compete well with weeds. For the uplands,
prepare the soil thoroughly by plowing alternated with harrowing at weekly
interval. For post-rice culture, zero or minimum tillage can be practiced
Seed inoculation Application of rhizobium bacteria inoculum to the seeds

before seed sowing before sowing for every 10 kgs. Of seeds will be mixed with
100 grms of inoculant
Procedure:
- Place the seeds in a basin
- Sprinkle adequate amount of water to moisten the seed coat pour the
inoculant and mix thoroughly with the seeds
- Do not expose the inoculated seed to direct sunlight and broad cast the
inoculated seeds just after mixing
Planting
Drill the seeds along shallow furrows spaced 60 centimeters apart.
Twenty (20) kgs of seeds is enough to plant a hectare. At planting,
sufficient soil moisture is necessary so that the seeds can germinate
uniformly.
Make furrows add fertilizer as basal

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Zero tillage post-rice culture, flood the paddy 1-2 days before planting.
- Immidiately broadcast 30 kgs/ha of mungbean seeds
- If moisture is not enough after broad casting of seeds flush irrigation is
needed
Soy bean
Land preparation
Generally thorough land preparation is required to attain good tilth for

high seed germination, uniform emergence of seedlings, proper root
development, better water- retention and weed control.
Tillage Soil type Carabao- Tractor Slope
Practices drawn plow
Complete Clay 2-3x plowing 2 plowing flat
tillage 2 harrowing 1 harrowing
Sandy loam 1 plowing 1 plowing
1 harrowing 1 harrowing
Minimum Clay 1 plowing 1 plowing flat
tillage 1 harrowing 1 harrowing
Zero tillage Terrain
Planting as intercrop
Depending on planting distance, height and age of the main crops plant
soy bean at least 1-2 meter away from the base of the main crop
Prior to planting
Seed inoculation
- Do not expose the inoculated seed to direct sunlight and broad cast
the inoculated seeds just after mixin
Conventional production
 In absence of soil analysis use 2 bags of 14-14-14 as basal per ha.
 In organic production use 10 bags of organic fertilizer per ha. Before seed
sowing
 Seed sowing and seeding rate

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 Hill method Drop 2 seeds /hill at 10 cm along the furrows of 40-50 cm
distance
 Drill method drop seeds of about 15-20 seeds/linear meter
 It require 30-40 kg seeds/ha
Peanut production
Planting
Liming
Acidic soil with pH below 5.8 is not profitable for peanut production.
Apply lime
Into the soil 2 months before planting
In acidic soil apply lime in split doses for 3-4 years
Where lime is not needed, sidedress 200 to 300 kilograms per hectare of calcium
nitrate at the peak of flowering. Immediately cover the applied fertilizer by
hilling-up.
Do not apply lime together with fertilizers to avoid unfavorable chemical

reactions.
Land Preparation
Peanut requires a thoroughly prepared field to provide favorable conditions
for good crop establishment as well as conditions necessary for effective weed
control and proper pod development.
Plow and harrow the field 2 to 3 times at weekly interval to allow weed
seeds to germinate, and achieve good soil tilth. Set furrows 50-60 centimeters
apart to allow relative ease of weeding, cultivation and spraying without
disturbing the growing crop. If possible, rows should run from east to west
direction to allow better peanut crop light interception. Furrow when the
soil has the right moisture for planting or when soil does not stick to the plow
during the operation.
Seed Inoculation
- Do not expose the inoculated seed to direct sunlight and broad cast the
inoculated seeds just after mixing
- Do not mix inoculants with seeds that have been treated with pesticides.
Planting

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Sow peanut seeds using hill or drill method. In hill method, plant one seed
per hill at a distance of 5- 10centimeters during the dry season and 10-
15centimeters during the wet season.
With drill method, plant 18-20 seeds per linear meter during the dry
season and 10-15 seeds per linear meter during the wet season.
Distribute the seeds uniformly into the furrows. Approximately 120-150

kilograms unshelled peanut is required per hectare in both methods.
Cotton
Soil preparation
The purpose of primary cultivations is to aerate the seedbed, improve
saturation of irrigation and incorporate large quantities of plant residue into
the soil. The soil water status should be low for efficient and cost-effective
cultivation. Soil that is too wet or too dry when cultivation takes place may
result in breakdown of the soil structure.
Planting
Cotton should only be planted when the soil temperature is at least 18,3
°C.
Generally, seeds should be sown at a depth of 0,25 cm with 3 to 6 seeds
sown in each hole.
Soil ridging is recommended as it promotes drainage in wet conditions and

water conservation in dry conditions. Plant spacing depends on the variety;
however, generally 20 to 100 cm should be left between plants.
Precision planters which space seeds in groups of three to four at a desired

intra- row spacing are also available on the market.
For the development of strong, healthy seedlings, seeds should be planted

about 20 mm deep in clayey soil, or to a maximum depth of 30 mm in sandy
soil. Plant populations of approximately 70 000 plants per hectare under
irrigated conditions and 30 000 plants per hectare under dry land
conditions, are recommended.

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Self check 6.3.2
Matching type Match column A to Column B write the letter of your answer in a clean
paper
A B
1. This is used to test the viability of the a) Direct seeding
seeds
2. Method of planting where in the seed b) Square planting
is planted directly to the soil
3. method of planting seedlings where c) Have atleast 85 % viability

the seed is taken care of in seedlings
in nursery

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4. it increases the rate and percentage d) Germination test
of seedlings established.
5. one plant or a group of plants in a e) Uniform in growth

common hill occupies the corners of a
square which has 4 sides of equal
lengths
6. Good quality seeds f) Mechanical rice transplanter

7. Good quality seedlings g) Transplanted
8. decreases time and labor h) 20x20 cm
requirements
9. Planting space of corn i) 75 cm

10. Planting distance of rice Transplanted j) Pre germination of seeds
Answer key 6.3.2
1. D
2. A
3. G
4. J
5. B
6. C
7. E
8. F
9. I
10. H

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TESDA-MAIS
Task sheet 6.1.1 Conduct seed germination
Title: Conduct seed germination
Performance Objective: Given the different materials the trainee should

be able to conduct seed germination properly
20 mins.
Materials 300 seeds randomly selected, cloth 10x12

inches, string
Equipment

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Steps/Procedure:
Procedure
1. Place water absorbent material inside waterproof tray.
2. Take random sample from each seed lot and mix in a container.
3. Take at least three seed samples from the mixed grain.
4. Count out 100 seeds from each sample and place on absorbent paper
inside the tray.
5. Carefully saturate absorbent material.
6. Each day check that absorbent materials remain moist and record number
of germinated seeds.
7. Compute germination test for five days and ten days
Performance Criteria checklist 6.1.1
Criteria Yes No
Did the trainee…
Randomly selects seeds
Properly followed the procedure in making samples
Compute the correct germination rate of the seeds

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Job sheet 6.1.1 Conduct wet bed seeding method
Title: Conduct wet bed seeding method
Performance Objective: Given the different equipment materials and

tools the trainee should be able to prepare and
perform on how to conduct wet bed seeding 1
hours and 15 mins.
Materials Pre-germinated seeds, shovel, pail

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harrow, hand tractor
Equipment and
implements
Steps/Procedure:
Procedure pre-germinating seeds
1. Prepare all the materials

2. Submerge the bag of seed in water for 24 hours or until small shoots
appear at end of seed. In some cases this may take 36 hours.
3. Dry the seed in bag for 24 hours.
4. When drying seed make sure it is kept in the shade and air is allowed to
circulate
5. round bags. If bag temperatures exceed 42 degrees Celsius, then some
seed will be damaged.
6. Broadcast the seed before roots exceed 5 mm in length.
7. When calculating the planting rate, make allowance for expansion in seed
volume.
8. Depending on variety, the seed may increase by 10 to 30 percent of its
original weight.
Procedure in wet bed method
1. Make a Plot 1-1.5 m wide and convenient length

2. In puddling a plot, plow the soil then add water to facilitates easier
breaking and harrowing and level the area before plotting
3. Prepare the pre germinated seeds
4. Broad cast the seeds uniformly 2
5. Sow 1 kg per 10 sqm bed seedlings are irrigated and drained alternately
6. Repair the dikes
7. Clean all the material used
8.
Criteria Yes No
Did the trainee…
Properly prepare the materials
Follow the tips in selecting good quality seeds

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The handled properly the seeds for seeding
Seeds are not over and under germinated
Properly prepare the soil for seeding
Follow the proper seeding requirement
Repair the dikes
Clean all the materials used
Reference:
 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/decision-tools/rice-doctor/rice-doctor-fact-
sheets/item/direct-seeded-rice
 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/II.3_Direct_seeding.htm
 https://www.agriexpo.online/prod/shandong-tiansheng-machinery-co-ltd/product-
170229-69845.htm
 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=101087

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
 https://www.cropsreview.com/planting-patterns.html
 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-
production/growth/planting/transplanting#mechanical-transplanting
 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-
production/growth/planting#:~:text=Rice%20crops%20can%20be%20either%20dire
ct%20seeded%20or%20transplanted.&text=Direct%20seeding%20requires%2060%E
2%88%9280,days%20of%20direct%20seeded%20crops.
 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/pinoyrkb/QuickGuide/english/Region%203/N
ueva%20Ecija/Quick%20guide%20for%20fertilizing%20direct-
seeded%20rice%20during%20the%20dry%20season%20in%20Nueva%20Ecija.pdf
 https://www.pioneer.com/home/site/philippines/farming/hybrid-corn-production-
guide/
 https://www.bar.gov.ph/index.php/biofuels-home/bioethanol/sugarcane
 https://philcoffeeboard.com/7-steps-in-planting-coffee/
 http://pca.da.gov.ph/coconutrde/images/gen4.pdf
 https://businessdiary.com.ph/9181/mongo-mung-bean-production-guide/
 http://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/MUNGBEAN.pdf
 The science and practice of crop production, Ricardo M. Lantican
 Theres money in mungbean production after rice cropping, improving soil fertility
and sustaining farmers productivity
 Hand book on soy bean production technology and product utilization, department
of agriculture RFO No. 02, Tuguegarao City
Info sheet 6.3-3 on
Environmental implications of Crop establishment
Learning objective
After the training the trainees will be able to
 good implication of crop establishment
 Bad implication of crop establishment

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In this topic you will be able to learn the good and bad effect of crop
establishment
Good implications of crop establishment
Crop Stable retention
Retained stubble - Retained

stubble present from harvest to
sowing whether disturbed or
undisturbed. This definition
includes 'intact stubble' and stubble
which have been flail mulched,
slashed, harrow, crushed, rolled,
incorporated or otherwise
mechanically treated. This usually
includes stubble which has been
lightly grazed. The stubble is
present after sowing.
Benefits
Reducing erosion risk
Increasing soil Water content
Increasing soil carbon
Decomposing stable Support soil Direct drilled wheat into previous seasons
life, improve soil structure, water stubble at Trangie, NSW (Photo: Graham
infiltration and water holding Johnson, 2011).
capacity
Legumes provides nitrogen fertilizer
Provides mulch
Minimum Tillage
Minimum tillage as defined here is

generally a one-pass tillage
operation at sowing synchronous
with seed placement, typically
achieved using full cut-out points,
or full cut-out one-way or offset
discs to break up the entire soil
surface. It may include a shallow
cultivation between seasons to
control weeds when it may be
called reduced tillage.

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Contour farming
Contour farming, the practice

of tilling sloped land along lines of
consistent elevation in order to
conserve rainwater and to
reduce soil losses from
surface erosion
Bad implication of crop establishment
Over cultivation
over-cultivation is the excessive

use of farmland to the point where
productivity falls due to soil
exhaustion or land degradation

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Pesticide contamination
The extensive utilisation of

pesticides possibly enhances their
accumulation in the agricultural
fields and environmental
components, such as enlarged
farms, field sizes, loss of landscape
elements etc. Nevertheless, their
low biodegradability has classified
these chemical substances as a
persistent toxic element.
Furthermore, organo-chlorine
pesticides have caused multiple
problems of health hazards, such
as acute and chronic effects
including developmental effects and
neurological disruptors in humans
and animals. The biological stability
of pesticides and the higher content
of lipophilicity in food products
create a significant effect on the
physical condition of human beings
and animals.
Soil and water pollution
Soils polluted by waste lubricant

oils may affect the hydrosphere
compromising the quality of
drinking water resources and
threatening the aquatic ecosystems

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Self check 6.3.3 on environmental implications of crop establishment
Enumerate the fallowing write your answer in your answer sheet.
1. Enumerate the good implications of crop establishment

2. Enumerate the Bad implications of crop establishment
3. Advantage of crop stable retention

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TESDA-MAIS
Answer key 6.3.3
1.
 Crop Stable retention
 Minimum Tillage
 Contour farming
2.
 Over cultivation
 Pesticide contamination
 Soil and water pollution
4.
 Reducing erosion risk
 Increasing soil Water content
 Increasing soil carbon
 Decomposing stable Support soil life, improve soil structure, water

infiltration and water holding capacity
 Legumes provides nitrogen fertilizer
 Provides mulch

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
References :
 http://soilquality.org.au/factsheets/benefits-of-retaining-stubble-nsw
 https://grdc.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/202229/developments-in-
stubble-retention-in-cropping-systems-in-southern-australia-11dec2013-pdf.pdf.pdf
 http://soilquality.org.au/factsheets/benefits-of-retaining-stubble-nsw
 http://www.fao.org/3/y5146e08.htm
 http://www.fao.org/3/y5146e08.htm
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/contour-farming
 https://greentumble.com/what-is-over-
cultivation/#:~:text=As%20the%20term%20suggests%2C%20over,the%20total%20gl
obal%20land%20area.
 https://greentumble.com/what-is-over-
cultivation/#:~:text=As%20the%20term%20suggests%2C%20over,the%20total%20gl
obal%20land%20area.
 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-8669-
4_12#:~:text=Pesticide%20application%20is%20harmful%20in,area%2C%20it%20ca
uses%20water%20contamination.&text=Among%20all%20classes%20of%20pesticid
es,risk%20to%20non%2Dtarget%20organisms.
 https://www.hydroviv.com/blogs/water-smarts/pesticides
 https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/406598/

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LO4. COMPLETE SEEDING OPERATIONS
 Seeding, machinery and equipment operation records are maintained in

accordance with farm requirements.
 Machinery and equipment damage, malfunctions or irregular
performance are reported in line with farm requirements and operating
manual.
 Machinery and equipment is cleaned, secured and stored in line with
manufacturers’ specifications and farm requirements.
CONTENTS:
 Record keeping related to seeding, machinery and equipment operation

 Servicing and maintenance procedures for seeding machinery and
equipment
 Reporting of machinery damage, faults or malfunctions
 Procedures for cleaning, securing and storing machinery, equipment
and materials
CONDITIONS:

 Seeding machinery and equipment (tractor, seeder, planter, digging
 Machinery and equipment operating manuals
METHODOLOGIES:
 Demonstration
 Simulation
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Oral interview

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LEARNING OUTCOME 4
COMPLETE SEEDING OPERATIONS
1. Read info sheet 6.4.1 on Seeding  Read and understand the learnings
and machinery equipment records in the module
Answer self check 6.4.1 on Seeding  Answer all the self checks
and machinery equipment records  Evaluates your answer using the
answer key
 Always ask the assistance of your
Evaluates self checks using answer trainer if arises
key 6.4.1
2. Read info sheet 6.4.2 on
troubleshooting and reporting
damages

troubleshooting and reporting
damages

key 6.4.2
3. Read Info sheet 6.4.3 on Cleaning

and After work storage
4. Answer self check 6.4.3 on

Cleaning and After work storage

key 6.4.3
Perform task sheet 6.1.2 on

cleaning the equipment
Evaluates trainees performance

using Performance criteria checklist
6.1.2

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Seeding, machinery, equipment operation records
Learning objectives: after the training the trainees will be able to
 Learn the importance of records in farm especially in crop establishment

 Different sample records used in crop establishment
Accurate and up-to-date records are essential to successful farm management
A farm record is a document (in most cases a book) that is used to

keep account of different activities, events, materials etc. regarding the
farm operations.
Importance of farm records
 Provides valuable information on which methods work

 It helps in prediction of cost or inputs expenditures and others
 It serves in calculating exact amount of money spent during the operation
 This aids in better and proper budgeting
 Aid in determining the previous source of commodity or
Sample of Planting records
Date Crops Seaso Area No. of seeds, Amount of Remarks

n planted seedlings/bu fertilizer
Ha. ndle/kgs applied kls
planted
03/0 rice dry .5 8 kgs 4
9/20
In filling up the planting records

 Indicate the date the date
 Indicate what type of crops
 Indicate what season
 ( dry or wet season)
 Area planted
 Amount of seeds, seedlings/bundles planted

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 The amount of fertilizer used if ever
 And your remarks, if there are circumstances
Sample Gas/diesel consumption records

This records used to determine the amount of gas consumed in performing
activities
Date Equi Initia Final Area covered Operator Rema

pmen l gas gas rks
ts (liters (liter
) s)
03/0 Hand 4 2 .5 Juan Delacruz
9/20 tracto
r
In filling the records

 Indicate the dates of using the equipment
 Equipment used
 The initial gas is the gas before operation
 Final gas is the gas after operation
 Area covered
 Operator used the farm equipment
 And the remarks
Sample Labor/Manpower and equipment hired records

Date Crop Total number of Wages/ Snacks Total
planted/ manpower/hired person or and others
equipment equipment
hired
03/09/20 Rice 4 150 300 900
In filling the records

 Indicate the dates of hiring labor
 Crop planted
 Indicate Total number of man power / hired equipment
 Wages of person or equipment used or hired

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 Snacks or others used
 In getting the total cost multiply the number of manpower/ hired equipment
with wages/person or equipment hired then add cost of snacks
Sample purchased records
Dates Fertilizer/seeds Total number Price /bag/ Farm Total

and others of bottles/pack supply
purchased(bag)
3/09/20 14-14-14 2 900 Ex. Agri 1,800
farmsupply
In filling the document

 Indicates the date of purchased
 The type of commodity
 The total number of purchased
 Price of each commodity
 And farm supply where you buy the products
 In getting the total multiply the total number of purchased to the price per
commodity

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Self check 6.4.1 on seeding machinery and equipment s operation records
Enumeration:
Read the info sheet6.4.1 and Enumerate the fallowing write your answer in
your answer sheet
1. What are the importance of records

2. Different record used

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Answer key 6.4.1
1.
 Provides valuable information on which methods work
 It helps in prediction of cost or inputs expenditures and others
 It serves in calculating exact amount of money spent during the operation
 This aids in better and proper budgeting
2.
 Planting record
 Gas consumption record
 Labor/Manpower and equipment hired records
 Purchased records

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TESDA-MAIS
Reference:
https://www.legit.ng/1131221-types-farm-records-
uses.html#:~:text=A%20farm%20record%20is%20a,aspects%20of%20all%20far
m%20operations. https://www.southpointfinancial.com/the-importance-of-
keeping-farm-records-in-agricultural-production/

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TESDA-MAIS
Info sheet 6.4.2 on
Troubleshooting and reporting the damage
Learning objectives:
After treading this module the trainees will be able to
 Learn to troubleshoot equipment
 Problems and their solution
 Properly report the damage
In this topic you will learn the different problem encounter in farm
machine operation (farm Tractor) which might be encounter in farm operation
knowing the different problems and know how to solve reduces cost in repair.
You will also learn how to report in case and there are forms to accomplished.
Trouble shooting (farm Tractor)
Note. Always refer to the user manual when trouble shooting the equipment.
Note. Each equipment have their own troubleshooting guide, different farm
equipment have their own troubleshooting manual
Sample trouble shooting guide:

In case of abnormality of machine, stop the engine and locate a problem by referring to the
following table.
Engine troubleshoot
PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE RESPONSE
Won't start by main Shift lever in N? Set each shift levers in N.
switch Under this condition,
turn the main switch to
START.
Is battery liquid at Add the battery liquid to the
normal level? normal level. Charge
Battery nor discharged? the battery.
Check the battery Clean and fasten the
terminals for terminals. Apply grease
looseness or rust. coating to avoid rusting.
Main fuse blown Replace the fuse with new

one.
Switch trouble Have it repaired by the
service representative.
Starter trouble Have it repaired by the
Self-starter running No fuel Add the fuel and remove air.

Issued by:
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but the
engine fails to start
Air in the fuel Remove air from the fuel.
Fuel cock in the C Put the fuel cock in the 0
position position.
Engine overheating Lack of cooling water Add cooling water.
Loosened or damaged fan Adjust the tension of belt or

belt replace the belt with new one.
Clogged radiator fins Clean the radiator fins.

Running out of engine oil Add engine oil.
Overloaded Reduce the load.
Clutch break and related parts

Clutch not effective Is pedal play proper? Adjust the play of pedal.
Brake not effective or Is brake pedal play Adjust the play of brake
effective proper? pedal.
one sided
Brake pedal not Return spring is broken. Change the return spring.
returning
quickly or it creeks Lack of grease in sliding Remove rust and apply
mechanism grease.
Hydraulic system
Impossible to raise Hydraulic stop-slow turn Open the hydraulic stop-
the valve and slow slow turn
attachment return valves are close. valve and slow return valves.
implements
Lack of transmission oil Replenish oil to the normal
level.
Air is sucked through the Fasten the filter case and
suction pipe fittings.
Replace damaged pipes or O-
rings.
Clogged oil filter Clean or replace the oil filter.
Damaged hydraulic pump Have it repaired at your
service
representative.
Dusty control valve. O- Have it repaired at your
rings worn service

Issued by:
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representative.
Damaged cylinder Have it repaired at your
service
representative.
Impossible to lower Hydraulic stop-slow turn Open the hydraulic stop-slow
the valves are close turn valves.
attachment Dusty control valve. O - Have it repaired at your
implements rings worn service
representative.
service
representative.
Electrical problems
Headlight not lighting Bulb blown Replace the lamp.
Fuse blown Replace the fuse with new
one.
Disconnected wiring to Correct the wiring.
the socket
Poor contact Clean the terminals for
better contact.
Flasher lamp not Bulb blown Replace the lamp.

light Fuse blown Replace the flasher unit.
Poor contact of flasher Check connections of the
lines earth line and termination.
Machinery and equipment damage and malfunction reports forms

-This form should be accomplished if the equipment is damage and need for
replacement or repair.
WORK REQUEST
Unit No. Description:
Observation/s: Date Reported: May 16,2016

Reported by:
Activity: Date completed:
Signature:
Amir Antonio
Spared parts:

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
BREAKDOWN / REPAIR REPORT
Property ID Number
Property Name
Location
Findings: Recommendation:
Inspected by: Reported to:
Date: Date:
Subsequent Action Taken: Recommendation:
By: Reported to:
Date: Date:

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Self check 6.4.2
Enumeration: Enumerate the following write the answer in your answer

sheet.
Give what is possible cause and response to be done on this situation
1. What if the equipment Won't start by main switch

2. What should you do if engine overheats
3. What should you do If the attachment is impossibly to raise
4. What should you do if the attachment is impossible to lower

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Answer key 6.4.2
1.
Possible Cause Response
Shift lever in N? Set each shift levers in N.

Under this condition, turn
the main switch to START.
Is battery liquid at Add the battery liquid to the
normal level? Battery nor normal level. Charge
discharged?
the battery.
Check the battery Clean and fasten the
terminals for looseness or terminals. Apply grease
rust. coating to avoid rusting.
Main fuse blown Replace the fuse with new
one.
Switch trouble Have it repaired by the
Starter trouble Have it repaired by the
2.
Possible cause Response
Lack of cooling water Add cooling water.

Loosened or damaged fan Adjust the tension of belt or
belt replace the belt with new one.
Clogged radiator fins Clean the radiator fins.
Running out of engine oil Add engine oil.
Overloaded Reduce the load.
3.
POSSIBLE CAUSE RESPONSE
Hydraulic stop-slow turn Open the hydraulic stop-
valve and slow return slow turn valve and slow
valves are close. return valves.
Lack of transmission oil Replenish oil to the normal
level.
Air is sucked through the Fasten the filter case and
suction pipe fittings. Replace damaged
pipes or O-rings.
Clogged oil filter Clean or replace the oil filter.
Damaged hydraulic pump Have it repaired at your

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Dusty control valve. O- Have it repaired at your
rings worn service representative.
3.
Possible cause Response

Hydraulic stop-slow turn Open the hydraulic stop-slow
valves are close turn valves.
Dusty control valve. O - Have it repaired at your
rings worn service representative.

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Reference:
 https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1100190/Yanmar-
Ef494t.html?page=28#manual
 Yanmar, Operator Diesel Tractor EF494T
 TESDA Trainers Methodolgy 1, Maintain Training Facilities

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Info sheet 6.4.3 on
Cleaning and After work storage
Learning objectives
After the reading the info sheet the trainees will be able to learn
 Safety in equipment after work
 Steps and safety in cleaning equipment
 Things to do in long storage of equipment's
In this topic the trainees will be able to learn the safety in equipment cleaning
after works and if storing the machine for long time this is important particularly
to maintain the good condition of the machines
Note. This is post operational activities in a transplanter each machine

have their different cleaning and storing procedure please always refer to
it’s user manual before performing such activities
CAUTION
 Turn off the engine and apply the parking brake when you lift the planting
part or check and maintain the planting tines and rotor case. Set the
hydraulic stop lever to “Stop” and use the rack to support the planting part
so that it does not fall down.
 Clean the machine on an even and steady surface.
Cleaning the machine

 Wash the machine after operation. Clean the dirt drawn into the rotating
parts and dry the machine. Then, apply oil to the rotating and sliding parts,
and apply grease to the rusty parts.
IMPORTANT
 Do not let the engine or electrical devices (e.g. switches, sensors) get in touch
with water.
 After cleaning, all engine parts which need oiling should be oiled. If not, the
machine may not work correctly next time it is used.
 Clean the dirt and straws stuck in the rotating parts. If not, the grease seals
and bearings can be damaged.
 Clean the machine in a flat and even place.

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
General guidelines for using a power washer in your farm equipment…
1. Wash your equipment after each use
2. Removed all the dirts prior to washing/cleaning
3. Attach the water hose to your power washer. Check the fuel and oil levels.
Start the pressure washer.
4. Spray your equipment with water and detergent. Use low pressure since this
way the water and the detergent will not splash away.
5. Spray from a distance of 2-3 feet from the surface. To avoid streaking, start
from the lowest point on the machinery and work your way up towards the
highest point.
6. Apply enough detergent to dissolve the dirt at the surface
7. Allow 5-10 minutes for the detergent to start dissolving the debris you are
cleaning
8. Use high water pressure to remove the dirt from the surface.
9. Use plenty of water to flush away the dirt. This time start from the top and
work your way towards the bottom to avoid having the dirt run over the
clean areas. Use a wide spray angle (25 or 40 degrees).
10. Dry the machine properly
Storing
If the transplanter is not used for a long time, do an inspection and all
necessary adjustments, then store it according to the following method.
1. Store it in a place that is not exposed to direct sunlight, water or has poor
ventilation.
2. Fold the side bumper and use it as a support. Lower the planting part. Set
the hydraulic stop lever to “Stop”.

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
3. Set the planting lifting lever to “Middle”. Set the main shift lever to “Seedling
feed”. Then pull out the key from the key switch.
4. Remove the battery from the electric system and store it in a dark, well-
ventilated place. If the transplanter is stored with the battery installed, make
sure that the terminals of the battery are disconnected from the battery.
5. Completely fill the fuel tank with oil. Put the cock of the fuel strainer and the
water separator to C (Closed).
IMPORTANT
Fill the fuel tank, otherwise water drops will form and lead to rust. • If the
transplanter is stored for a long time, fill the fuel tank, and put the fuel cock to
“C” (closed).
6. Apply rust preventive oil, engine oil or lubricating oil on the outside parts
that rust easily
Note: for further information visit the the link in the reference

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Self check 6.4.3 on cleaning and after work storage
True or false
Write true if the answer is true and false if the answer is false
1. In cleaning the machine it is allowed to let the engine running.

2. In cleaning the machine it is necessary that it is in incline position.
3. Always wash the wires of the machine to clean the dirt
4. Always wash your equipment after each use.
5. In storing the machine remove the wire connecting to the battery.

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Answer key 6.4.3
1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Perform task sheet 6.4.1 on cleaning the equipment
Title: Clean the equipment (rice Tranplanter)
Performance Objective: Given the Farm equipment the trainee should

be able to clean properly the Rice transplanter
30 mins.
Equipment Rice transplanter, hose, detergent, pressure

washer
Steps and procedures

1. Wash your equipment after each use
2. Removed all the dirts prior to washing/cleaning
3. Attach the water hose to your power washer.
4. Spray your equipment with water and detergent.
5. Spray from a distance of 2-3 feet from the surface.
6. Apply enough detergent to dissolve the dirt at the surface
7. Allow 5-10 minutes for the detergent to start dissolving the debris
you are cleaning
8. Use high water pressure to remove the dirt from the surface.
9. Use plenty of water to flush away the dirt.
10. Dry the machine
Methods of assessment Actual demonstration

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Performance criteria checklist 6.4.1
Criteria Yes No
Did the trainee…
Clean the machine before washing
To know how to operate the pressure washer
Properly remove the dirt using pressure washer
Dry the machine properly

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS
Reference:
 https://www.yanmar.com/media/en_vn/2016/operationmanual/manual_V
P7D25_en.pdf
 https://pressuresprayinc.com/guidelines-for-cleaning-farm-equipment-with-
a-power-washer-and-our-most-popular-models-for-
farmers/#:~:text=Agricultural%20and%20farm%20machinery%20should,the
%20wellhead%20of%20a%20well.

Issued by:
TESDA-MAIS

UC6-Establishing Agronomic Crops

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector: AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY SECTOR

Qualification: AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC III

Unit of Competency: ESTABLISH AGRONOMIC CROPS

Module Title: ESTABLISHING AGRONOMIC CROPS

Technical Education and Skills Authority

A Trainee Record Book (TRB) is given to you to record

DIRECTION FOR USE OF THE CBLM

Agricultural Crops Document No.

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Prepare land for agricultural Preparing land for AGR611310

Implement post-harvest Implementing post-harvest AGR611311

Implement plant nutrition Implementing plant nutrition AGR611312

4. Control weeds Controlling weeds AGR611313

Prepare and apply Preparing and apply AGR611314

Establish agronomic Establishing agronomic AGR611320

Undertake agronomic crop Undertaking agronomic crop AGR611321

Undertake agronomic crop Undertaking agronomic crop AGR611322

Save, prepare and store Saving, preparing and storing AGR611323

Implement vertebrate pest Implementing vertebrate pest AGR611324

Agricultural Crops Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

1. Alveolitis is a lung disorder resulting from repeated inhalation of

4. Drawbar Solid coupling between a hauling vehicle and its hauled

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : ESTABLISH AGRONOMIC CROPS

UNIT CODE : AGR611320

MODULE TITLE : ESTABLISHING AGRONOMIC CROPS

MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This module covers the skills, knowledge, and

SUGGESTED DURATION : 52 hours

QUALIFICATION LEVEL : NC III

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

LO1. Prepare machinery and equipment for use

LO2. Prepare for agronomic crop establishment

LO3. Sow the crop

LO4. Complete seeding operations

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

Answer self check 6.1.2 on

Evaluates self checks using answer

Perform operational sheet 6.1.1 on

Evaluate performance using

Answer self check 6.1.3 on Existing

Evaluates self checks using answer

Information sheet 1.6.1

Crops establishment Tools, Implement and machinery equipment

Objectives: After the training the trainees will be able to:

 Identify the different equipment used in crop establishment

Date Developed: Document No.

Today as farming gets more mechanized it requires different machine to perform

Tractor mounted mould board

Tractor mounted disc harrow

Date Developed: Document No.

Bar Point Cultivator

Duck foot cultivator

Date Developed: Document No.