10th Biology Short Notes 2,4 Marks - English Medium

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STD X BIOLOGY NOTES 3. Mention the function of endosperm.
UNIT12 PLANT ANATOMY AND PLANT Endosperm provides food to the developing
PHYSIOLOGY embryo.
1. What is collateral vascular bundle? 4. Name the hormone responsible for the
Xylem lies towards the centre and phloem lies vigorous contractions of the uterine muscles.
towards the periphery.
2. Where does carbon that is used in
Oxytocin
5. What is the enzyme present in acrosome of
photosynthesis come from? sperm?
Carbon dioxide in the air Hyaluronidase
3. Which is the first step in both aerobic and 6. When is World Menstrual Hygiene Day
anaerobic pathway? observed?
Glycolysis May 28
4. Name the phenomenon by which CO2 is oxidized UNIT 18 GENETICS
to release ethyl alcohol? 1) What is a cross in which inheritance of two
pairs of contrasting characters are studied?
Anaerobic respiration or fermentation.
Dihybrid cross
UNIT 14 TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS AND 2) Name the conditions when both the alleles are
CIRCULATION IN ANIMALS identical?
1. Name two layered protective covering of human Homozygous conditions
heart.
in
3) A garden pea plant produces axial white
Pericardium
flowers. Another of the same species produced
s.
2. What is the shape of RBC in human blood?
Biconcave and disc - shaped terminal violet flowers. Identify the dominant
3. Why is the colour of the blood red?
Due to the presence of haemoglobin es
trait?
4. Which kind of cells are found in the lymph?
Axial violet is the dominant trait.
4) What is the name given to the segments of
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WBC DNA, Which are responsible for the
5. Name the heart valve associated with the major
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inheritance of a particular character?

arteries leaving the ventricles. Genes
Semilunar valves
5) Name the bond which binds the nucleotides in
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6. Mention the artery which supplies blood to the
heart muscle. a DNA.
Ans Phosphodiester bond
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Coronary arteries
UNIT 16 PLANT AND ANIMAL HORMONES UNIT 20 Breeding and biotechnology
1. Write the name of a synthetic auxin? 1. Give the name of wheat variety having higher
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2, 4 D dietary fibre and protein.

2. What is the hormone responsible for the Atlas 66
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secretion of milk in female after child birth? 2. Semi-dwarf varieties were introduced in rice.
Prolactin Name this dwarfing gene.
3. Name the hormones which regulates water and Dee – geo-woo – gen (DGWG)
mineral metabolism in man. 3. State the importance of biofertiliser.
Aldosterone
• They are eco friendly
4. Which hormone is secreted during emergency
• They do not cause pollution
situation in man?
• They are cheap
Adrenaline
5. Name the endocrine glands associated with UNIT 21 HEALTH AND DISEASE
1. What are psychotropic drugs ?
kidneys.
• Psychotropic drugs acts on the brain and
Adrenal gland.
alter the behaviour, consciousness, power of
UNIT 17 REPRODUCTION IN PLANT thinking and perception.
AND ANIMALS
1. If one pollen grain produces two male gametes,
• They are referred as mood altering drugs.
2.Mention diseases caused by tobacco smoke.
how many pollen grains are needed to fertilize
Lung cancer, hypoxia, heart disease and oral
10 ovules?
cancer
10 pollen grains are needed 3.What are the contributing factors for Obesity?
2. In which part of the flower germination of
pollen grains takes place? Ans: Stigma
genetic factors, physical inactivity, overeating
and endocrine factors.
Send Your Material &Question Answer Our Email ID [email protected]
4.What is metastasis? 5. What is photosynthesis and where in a cell does it
The cancer cells migrate to distant parts of the occur?
body and affect new tissues. This is called • Photosynthesis is a process by which green
metastasis. plants prepare their own food with the help of
LESSON 22 ENVIRONMENTAL CO2, water and Chlorophyll in the presence of
MANAGEMENT sunlight to form carbohydrate.
1. Why fossil fuels are to be conserved? • Photosynthesis occurs in CHLOROPLAST of
• The coal and petroleum reserves can get the cell.
exhausted rapidly.
6. What is respiratory quotient?
• The formation of these fossil fuels is a very
slow process Respiratory quotient is the ratio of volume of carbon
• It takes very long period of time for renewal. dioxide liberated and the volume of oxygen consumed
2. How are e-wastes generated? during respiration. It is expressed as
Electronic devices: Computers, laptops, mobile RQ= Volume of CO2 liberated
phones, televisions, toys, sport equipments. Volume of O2 consumed
Household electrical appliances: Refrigerators, 7. Why should the light dependent reaction occur
washing machine.
Accessories: Printing cartridges, batteries and
before the light independent reaction?
• Light dependent reaction takes place in the
chargers.
presence of light in thylakoid membranes
in
(grana) of the chloroplasts.
FOUR MARKS
• During this process Photosynthetic pigments
s.
PLANT ANATOMY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
1. Give an account on vascular bundle of dicot
absorb the light energy and convert it into
stem.
•
Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral,
es chemical energy ATP and NADPH2.
• Light independent reaction takes place in the
absence of light In the stroma of chloroplast.
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endarch and open.
• They are arranged in the form of a ring around • During this reaction CO2 is reduced into
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the pith. carbohydrates with the help of light generated

ATP and NADPH2.
2. Write a short note on mesophyll.
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• Thus light dependent reaction occurs before
The tissue present between the upper and lower
epidermis is called mesophyll. the light independent reaction.
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It is differentiated into 8. Write the reaction for photosynthesis?

Palisade parenchyma and Spongy parenchyma.
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a) Palisade parenchyma:
• It is found just below the upper epidermis.
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• The cells are elongated.

• These cells have more number of chloroplasts.
TRANSPORTATION IN
CIRCULATION IN ANIMALS
PLANTS AND
• The cells do not have intercellular space. 1. What causes the opening and closing of guard
• They take part in photosynthesis. cells of stomata during transpiration?
• Stomata are open in the day and closed at
b) Spongy parenchyma: night.
• It is found below the palisade parenchyma • The opening and closing of the stomata is due
tissue. to the change in turgidity of the guard cells.
• Cells are almost spherical or oval and are • When water enters into the guard cells, they
irregularly arranged. become turgid and the stoma open.
• When the guard cells lose water, it becomes
• Cells have intercellular spaces.
flaccid and the stoma closes.
• It helps in gaseous exchange 3. Trace the pathway followed by water molecules
4. Name the three basic tissues system in flowering from the time it enters a plant root to the time it
plants. escapes into the atmosphere from a leaf.
i. Dermal or Epidermal tissue system. • Root hairs absorb water and minerals by
ii. Ground tissue system diffusion.
iii. Vascular tissue system.
• Root hairs are thin walled, slender extension 9. Who discovered Rh factor? Why was it named
of epidermal cell that increase the surface so?
area of absorption. • Rh factor was discovered by Landsteiner and
• Once the water enters the root hairs, the Wiener in 1940.
concentration of water molecules in the root • It is named ‘Rh’ because it was first discovered is
hair cells become more than the cortex. Rhesus monkey.
• Thus water from the root hair moves to the 11. Why is the Sinoatrial node called the pacemaker
cortical cells by osmosis and then reaches of heart?
the xylem. Sino-atrial node acts as the pacemaker of the
• From there the water is transported to the heart because it is capable of initiating impulse which
stem and leaves. can stimulate the heart muscles to contract.
PLANT AND ANIMAL HORMONES
1. What are synthetic auxins? Give examples.
https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www Artifically synthesized auxins that have properties
like auxins are called as synthetic auxins.
Example: 2 4 D
4. What will you do to prevent leaf fall and fruit
drop in plants? Support your answer with reason.
• Spraying with auxins can help to prevent leaf fall
https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www and fruit drop in a plant.
in
• This is because auxins prevent the formation of a
abscission layer which is formed before separation
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https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www of plant parts.
5. What are chemical messengers?
4. What would happen to the leaves of a plant that
transpires more water than its absorption in the
roots?
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• Hormones produced by endocrine glands are
called chemical messengers.
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The cells lose their shape and turgidity. • They diffuse into the blood stream and are carried
to distant parts of the body.
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5.Describe the structure and working of human • They act on specific organs called target organs.
heart. 6. Write the differences between endocrine and
STRUCTURE OT THE HEART exocrine gland?
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• Human heart is a muscular pumping organ that Exocrine gland Endocrine gland
pumps out the blood into the blood vessels. Exocrine glands have Endocrine glands do not
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• Human heart is four chambered. duct to carry their have duct.

• Upper thin walled chamber- auricle. secretions Their secretions are carried
•
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Lower thick walled chamber- ventricle. by the blood stream.

•
Tricuspid valve (right side), bicuspid valve (left They secrete enzymes. They secrete hormones.
side), semilunar valve - regulate flow of blood in Eg. Salivary gland Eg. Thyroid gland
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single direction.
• The heart is enclosed by pericardium.
8. What are the hormones secreted by posterior
lobe of the pituitary gland? Mention the tissues on
WORKING OF HEART
• When the auricles are full they contract. which they exert their effect.
• This leads to opening of tricuspid and bicuspid Ans The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
are
valves.
• Blood from right and left auricles is pushed into a. Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone
right and left ventricles respectively b. Oxytocin
• Following this the valves are closed the ventricles Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone:
contract. • In kidney tubules it increases reabsorption of
• The deoxygenated blood from right ventricle water.
enters the pulmonary artery and reaches the lungs. • It reduces loss of water through urine and hence
• Oxygenated blood from left ventricle enters the the name antidiuretic hormone.
aorta. Oxytocin:
• Aorta supply blood to all parts of the body. • It helps in the contraction of the smooth muscles
of uterus at the time of child birth
8. What is the importance of valves in the heart?
• Regulate the flow of blood in a single • It help in milk ejection from the mammary gland
direction. after child birth.
• ii.Prevent back flow of blood.
9. Why are thyroid hormones referred as The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the
personality hormone? stigma of same flower or another flower borne on the
Thyroid hormone is essential for normal physical, same plant is known as self-pollination. e.g. Hibiscus.
mental and personality development.
Advantages of self-pollination
So it is referred as personality hormone.
10. Which hormone requires iodine for its • Self-pollination is possible in bisexual flowers.
formation? What will happen if intake of iodine in • Flowers do not depend on agents for pollination.
our diet is low? • There is no wastage of pollen grains.
• Thyroxine secreted by the thyroid gland requires
iodine for its formation.
Disadvantages of self-pollination
• The seeds are less in numbers.
• If the intake of iodine in our diet is low, the
• The endosperm is minute. Therefore, the seeds
thyroid gland will not be able to secrete sufficient
quantity of thyroxine. produce weak plants.
• This is called hypothyroidism. • New varieties of plants cannot be produced
• The following diseases are caused due to
hypothyroidism. Cross pollination
A)simple goitre b) cretinism c) myxodema Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the
REPRODUCTION IN PLAANTS AND ANIMALS
anthers of a flower to the stigma of a flower on another
plant of the same species e.g. apples, grapes, plum, etc.
4. Define triple fusion.
Advantages of cross pollination
The second male gamete of the pollen grain fuses with
in
the diploid secondary nucleus to form triploid • The seeds produced as a result of cross pollination,
develop and germinate properly and grow into
s.
endosperm nucleus.
This is called triple fusion. better plants, i.e. cross pollination leads to the
6. Name the secondary sex organs in male.
Vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate es
production of new varieties.
• More viable seeds are produced.
gland and penis.
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8. How can menstrual hygiene be maintained Disadvantages of cross-pollination
during menstrual days? • Pollination may fail due to distance barrier.
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• Sanitary pads should be changed regularly, to • More wastage of pollen grains

avoid infections due to microbes from vagina and
• It may introduce some unwanted characters
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sweat from genitals.
• Use of warm water to clean genitals helps to get • Flowers depend on the external agencies for
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rid of menstrual cramps pollination

• Wearing loose clothing rather than tight fitting
12. Why are the human testes located outside the
clothes will ensure the airflow around the genitals abdominal cavity? Name the pouch in which they
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and prevent sweating are present.

10. Identify the parts A, B, C and D
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A- Exine 1. The testes are present inside a pouch called scrotal

B- intine
C – Generative cell
sac.
2. Testes are located outside the abdominal cavity
D – Vegetative nucleus because sperms develop at a temperature, several
11. Write the events involved in the sexual
degrees cooler than normal internal body
temperature.
reproduction of a flowering plant.
Pollination and fertilization
13. Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is also
a. Discuss the first event and write the types.
called the secretory phase. Give reason.
The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a
• During the luteal phase, hormone progesterone is
flower is called as pollination.
Types of Pollination
secreted by the corpus luteum, which develops
from the ruptured Graffian follicles.
1. Self-pollination • Its level increases.
2. Cross pollination • If menstrual bleeding occurs the level will
b. Mention the advantages and the disadvantages of decrease.
that event. • Hence the luteal phase of menstrual cycle is also
Self pollination called secretory phase.
Self-pollination is also known as autogamy.
GENETICS • Nitrogenous bases in the centre are linked by
1) Why did Mendel select pea plant for his sugar-phosphate units which form the
experiments? backbone of the DNA.
•
• It is naturally self-pollinating. Pairing between the nitrogenous bases is very
specific and is always between purine and
• It is very easy to raise pure breeding
pyrimidine linked by hydrogen bonds.
individuals.
• Adenine (A) links Thymine (T) with two
• It is easy to cross pollinate. hydrogen bonds (A = T) .
• It has deeply defined contrasting characters.
•
• The flowers are bisexual.
Cytosine (C) links Guanine (G) with three
hydrogen bonds( C ≡ G).This is called
2) What do you understand by the term complementary base pairing.
phenotype and genotype?] • Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous
External expression of a particular trait is known bases make the DNA molecule stable.
as phenotype. • Each turn of the double helix is 34 A° (3.4
Genotype is the genetic expression of an organism. nm).
• There are ten base pairs in a complete turn.
3) What are allosomes?
• The nucleotides in a helix are joined together
Allosomes are chromosomes which are by phosphodiester bonds
responsible for determining the sex of an
individual. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE
in
4) What are Okazaki fragments? 1. The degenerated wing of a kiwi is an
• During DNA replication one of the strand of acquired character. Why is it an acquired
s.
DNA is discontinuous.
• These short segments of DNA are called
character?
• The characters developed by the animals
Okazaki fragments. es
• It is also called as lagging strand.
during their life time, in response to the
environmental changes are called acquired
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• It is joined by DNA ligase. characters.
5) A pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with pure • According to Lamarck, the acquired characters
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dwarf plant (tt), what would be the F1 and F2 are transmitted to the offspring by the process
generations? Explain. of inheritance.
• Lamarck’s use and disuse theory states that if
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F1: here all the plants were tall.
F 2: Tall homozygous – TT(pure) - 1
an organ is used constantly, the organ
develops well and gets strengthened.
Tall heterozygous – Tt
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-2
• When an organ is not used for a long time, it
Dwarf homozygous - tt (pure) -1 gradually degenerates.
GENOTYPIC RATIO - 1:2:1
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• The degenerated wing of Kiwi is an example

6) Explain the structure of a chromosome.
for organ of disuse.
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3. Define Ethno botany and write its

• The chromosomes are thin, long and thread like importance.
structures.
• It consists of two identical strands called sister
Ethno botany is the study of a region’s plants and
their practical uses through the traditional
chromatids. knowledge of the local culture of people.
• They are held together by the centromere.
Importance of Ethno botany
• Each chromatid is made up of spirally coiled
thin structure called chromonema. • It provides traditional uses of plant.
• The chromonema has number of bead-like
• It gives information about certain unknown
structures along its length called chromomeres. and known useful plants.
7) Label the parts of the DNA in the diagram • The ethno medicinal data will serve as a useful
given below. Explain the structure source of information for the chemists,
briefly.(diagram: pg no: 267) pharmacologists and practitioners of herbal
medicine.
• DNA molecule consists of two polynucleotide
• Tribal communities utilize ethno medicinal
chains.
plant parts like bark, stem, roots, leaves,
• These chains form a double helix structure
with two strands
flower bud, flowers, fruits, seeds, oils, resins,
dyes, gum for the treatment of diseases like
• The two strands run anti-parallel to one
diarrhoea, fever, headache, diabetes, jaundice,
another.
https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://wwwsnakebites, leprosy, etc.
BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY • DNA fingerprinting technique is widely used
1. Discuss the method of breeding for disease in forensic applications like crime
resistance. investigation.
•
*Plant diseases are caused by pathogens like It is used to identify the culprit.
virus,bacteria,fungi • It is also used for paternity testing in case of
disputes.
*This affect the crop yield.
• It also helps in the study of genetic diversity of
*Disease resistant crops can be cultivated by
hybridization,selection,pokyploidy population, evolution and speciation.
breeding,mutation breeding.
7. Differentiate between out breeding and
*Table Reference pg 287 table 20.1(Text book)
inbreeding.
https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www Out breeding Inbreeding
It is the breeding of Inbreeding refers to the
unrelated animals. mating of closely related
https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www animals within the same
breed for about 4-6
generations.
https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www The hybrids are It helps to accumulate
stronger and superior genes and
vigorous than their eliminate undesirable
https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www.kalviexpress.in/https://www parents. genes.
in
s.
HEALTH AND DISEASES
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1. What are the various routes by which transmission
of human immuno deficiency virus takes place ?
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HIV is transmitted generally by
• Sexual contact with infected person
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2. Name three improved characteristics of wheat

that helped India to achieve high productivity. • Use of contaminated needles or syringes
especially in case of intravenous drug abusers
• By transfusion of contaminated / infected
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S.NO Varieties of Characteristics
blood or blood products
wheat
• From infected mother to her child through
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1 Himgiri Disease resistant variety –

resistant to disease like leaf placenta.
and stipe rust, hill bunt
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2 Atlas 66 Protein rich wheat variety 2. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell ?
3 Sonalika, High yielding semi dwarf
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kalyan, sona wheat variety

3. Name two maize hybrids rich in amino acid
lysine .
Shakti, rathna, protina
4. Distinguish between
Somatic gene Germ line gene therapy
therapy
Somatic gene therapy is
Germ line gene therapy
3. Why is a dietary restriction recommended for an
obese individual ?
the replacement of replacement of • Low calorie,
defective
somatic cells.
gene in
defective gene in germ
cell (egg and sperm).
• normal protein,
• vitamins and mineral,
somatic cells only
The gene can be carried
• restricted carbohydrate and fat,
beneficial to the patient
to the next generation
• high fiber diet can prevent overweight.
but not carried to thebut till date only
next generation. somatic gene therapy • Calorie restriction for weight reduction is safe
has been targeted. and most effective.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
5. State the applications of DNA fingerprinting
technique. 1. What is the importance of rainwater harvesting?
The main purpose of rainwater harvesting is to make
the rainwater percolate under the ground to recharge
‘groundwater level’.
Rainwater harvesting helps to
• Overcome rapid depletion of ground water levels.
• To meet the increased demand of water.
• Reduces flood and soil erosion
• Water stored in ground is not contaminated by
human and animal wastes and hence can be used
for drinking purpose.
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inheritance of a particular character?

2, 4 D dietary fibre and protein.

the pith. carbohydrates with the help of light generated

It is differentiated into 8. Write the reaction for photosynthesis?

• The cells are elongated.

• Human heart is four chambered. duct to carry their have duct.

Lower thick walled chamber- ventricle. by the blood stream.

• Sanitary pads should be changed regularly, to • More wastage of pollen grains

rid of menstrual cramps pollination

and prevent sweating are present.

A- Exine 1. The testes are present inside a pouch called scrotal

• The degenerated wing of Kiwi is an example

3. Define Ethno botany and write its

2. Name three improved characteristics of wheat

1 Himgiri Disease resistant variety –

kalyan, sona wheat variety

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