Coffee: Origin in Kaffa

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COFFEE

Origin in Kaffa
Numerous tales tell the story of the
discovery of the very first coffee bean and it's
very uniquely invigorating effect. According
to a story written down in 1671, coffee was
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from
first discovered by the 9th- century Ethiopian
roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries
goat-herder Kaldi
from certain flowering plants in the Coffee
While roaming the countryside of the genus. From the coffee fruit, the seeds are
Ethiopian kingdom Kaffa with his goats, he separated to produce a stable, raw product:
noticed, that his goats started behaving unroasted green coffee. The seeds are then
erratically when eating the fruits of a mid- roasted, a process which transforms them
sized, dark green shrubbery with yellow and into a consumable product: roasted coffee,
red berries. which is ground into fine particles that are
typically steeped in hot water before being
filtered out, producing a cup of coffee.
Following his curiosity, he took some of
those stimulating “magic berries” with him
to the next monastery to have its effects
explained to him by the chaplain. Declaring
it a devilish temptation, the chaplain
furiously tossed the berries into the fire.
Shortly after, the unique and aromatic smell
of roasted coffee rose from the fire, beguiling
the monks. They quickly saved the beans
from the fire and, sooner or later, brewed the
very first coffee.
History

An alternative tale tells the story of the


prophet Mohammed. One day he was
overwhelmed by sleep while giving prayer.
Quickly, Archangel

Gabriel descended from the sky, bringing


some fresh coffee to Mohammed, so he
could continue with his prayers. The very The earliest credible evidence of
same day, Mohammed threw 40 men out of coffeedrinking or knowledge of the coffee
their saddles and slept with 40 women! tree appears in the middle of the 15th century

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in the accounts of Ahmed al-Ghaffar in ★ Brazil grows the most coffee in the
Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee world.
seeds were first roasted and brewed in a Today, Brazil produces about third of the
similar way to how it is prepared now. world's supply, according to the International
Coffee was used by Sufi circles to stay Coffee Organization, about twice
awake for their religious rituals.

Uses of Coffee Surprising facts about coffee


There are both hot and cold methods
of extracting flavour and aroma from ground Back in 1511, leaders in Mecca
coffee, and the caffeine content varies with believed it stimulated radical thinking and
the variety of bean and method of brewing. outlawed the drink. Some 16th-century
Generally speaking, one serving (five fluid Italian clergymen also tried to ban coffee
ounces) of Arabica instant coffee contains because they believed it to be "satanic."
about 70 mg of caffeine, while a serving of However, Pope Clement VII loved coffee so
brewed Robusta may contain 200 mg much that he lifted the ban and had coffee
baptized in 1600.

★ The largest cup of coffee ever filled a 9-


foot tall cup.

As of 2016, at least 34% of global coffee The 3,487-gallon serving earned a Guiness
production was compliant with voluntary World Record in 2012.
sustainability standards such as Fairtrade, ★ The Boston Tea Party helped
UTZ, and 4C (The Common Code for the popularize coffee in America.
Coffee Community)
★ And you can eat coffee cherries as a In the lead up to the Revolutionary War, it
became patriotic to sip java in lieu tea, of
food
PBS reveals. The Civil War also made the
Early on, people mixed coffee berries with drink more pervasive because it helped
fat to create an energy-rich snack ball, energize tired troops.
according to PBS. They would also ferment
the pulp to make a wine-like drink

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even exacerbated panic attacks . If you are
sensitive to caffeine and tend to become
overstimulated, you may want to avoid
coffee altogether. Another unwanted side
effect is that it can disrupt sleep.Many
Americans claim they can't function without
their morning cup of coffee—and we get it,
the caffeinated beverage gives us the get-up-
and-go we all crave in the morning.

HARMNESS OF COFFEE

Coffee containing caffeine can cause


insomnia, nervousness and restlessness,
stomach upset, nausea and vomiting,
increased heart and breathing rate, and other
side effects. Caffeinated coffee is
POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth

Consuming too much caffeine can lead to


jitteriness, anxiety, heart palpitations and

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RED WOOD

Redwood is a premium building (Cupressaceae), the tallest of all living trees.


wood. It has a cchemicllinside the pores They are endemic to the fog belt of the
that makes it weather-, insect- and rot- coastal range from southwestern Oregon to
resistant. Redwood will last far longer than central California, U.S., at elevations up to
any other type of wood when exposed to the 1,000 metres (3,300 feet) above sea level.
elements. The coast redwood is so named to
distinguish it from the giant sequoia, or
Redwood is the single best decking material Sierra redwood (Sequoiadendron
available. The long, straight boards line-up giganteum), the largest trees by bulk, and
without any deviations with few defects. the Japanese redwood, or Japanese cedar
The natural strength and stability of (Cryptomeria japonica).
redwood make it a favorite for any kind of
deck, and the deep red color and beauty
make it unrivaled. Redwood decking
commands a premium price. But even if it
does cost more than other decking materials
such as fir or even composite decking,
redwood will last a lifetime and add class
and resale value to any home or busine
he coast redwood tree takes 400 to 500
years to reach maturity, and some trees are
known to be more than 1,500 years old.
They often exceed 90 metres (300 feet) in
height, and one has reached 112.1 metres
(367.8 feet). Their trunks reach typical
Some of the best looking and most durable diameters of 3 to 6 metres (10 to 20 feet) or
patio furniture is made from redwood. The more, measured above the swollen bases.
tight, straight grain make it perfect for The leaves on the main shoots are spirally
Adirondack-style chairs, picnic table legs arranged, scalelike, and closely appressed
and tops, or any other comfort or functional to the branches; those of the lateral shoots
furniture. The natural beauty of redwood are spreading, needlelike, and arranged in
also lends itself to cushions on chairs and two rows. As the tree ages, the lower limbs
couches. When the right fabric is chosen, fall away, leaving a clear, columnar trunk.
redwood furniture will rival any When a tree is cut or damaged from wind or
contemporary styling. Large Western-style fire, sprouts arise from the sapwood below
beds look great made from redwood. These the injured surface. Natural reproduction
are perfect for cabins or lodges, and the occurs through seed production, although
pleasant odor of redwood is relaxing.coast only a small percentage of the seeds
redwood, (Sequoia supervises), also called germinate unless exposed to fire. The coast
California redwood, coniferous evergreen redwood’s insect-, fungus-, and fire-
timber tree of the cypress family resistant bark is reddish brown, fibrous, and

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deeply furrowed and may be as thick as 30 throughout California. Burls cut from the
cm (12 inches) or more on an old tree. The trunk are made into bowls, trays, turned
base of the tree forms massive buttresses, articles, and veneer.
and hemispheric burls may occur on the
trunk. Beautiful and resistant to decay and insects,
coast redwood has long been a popular
building material. During the California
Gold Rush, which started in 1849, hundreds
of thousands of people came to the state,
and redwoods were logged extensively to
satisfy the explosive demand for lumber.
Only 5 percent of the original old-growth
Trees produce oxygen, provide habitats for
coast redwood forest remains.
insects, and one held the apple that met Sir
Isaac Newton. Besides holding swings that Today, nearly all harvested redwood comes
test our own theories of gravity, what else from young trees, and is often used for
do you know about these "gentle decks, fences, and forests buy these
giants"?Coast redwoods are exceptionally redwood products with a clear conscience?
fire-adapted. In August 2020, stands of the The answer is a qualified “yes.” Save the
trees were burned in various wildfires in Redwoods League is opposed to cutting
northern and central California, including a down ancient redwoods. But we support
famous grove of old-growth trees in Big selective harvesting on previously cut-over
Basin State Park. Although some lands. In fact, such harvesting can prevent
individuals were lost, most were expected forest conversion to non-forest uses and
to survive, owing to their ability to lessen the impacts of climate change—if
withstand fire. it’s done in a way that protects the
ecosystem.

Uses

Coast redwood is one of the most valuable


timber species in the lumber industry, and
the trees are extensively logged. The
lightweight wood is valued for its beauty The three redwood subfamily genera are
and resistance to decay, and coast redwood Sequoia from coastal California and
timber is used in carpentry and general Oregon, Sequoiadendron from California's
construction, as well as for furniture, Sierra Nevada, and Metasequoia in China.
shingles, fence posts, and paneling. It was The redwood species contains the largest
used extensively for railroad ties and tallest trees in the world. These trees

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can live for thousands of years. Threats For thousands of years the people of the
include logging, fire suppression,climate area managed to live in harmony with these
change, illegal marijuana cultivation, and ancient trees, understanding the importance
burl poaching. of their unique forest ecosystem. And then
the gold rush happened. With the arrival of
Only two of the genera, Sequoia and hundreds of thousands of gold-seekers
Sequoiadendron, are known for massive starting in 1849, the redwoods were
trees. Trees of Metasequoia, from the single doomed. Logged into near oblivion to keep
living species Metasequoia up with the demand for lumber, today, only
glyptostroboides, are much smaller 5 percent of the original old-growth coast
redwood forest remains, fewer than
100,000 acres dotted along the coast.

Attaining soaring heights of more than 300


feet, they are so tall that their tops are out of
sight. The tallest one of all is a towering
beauty by the name of Hyperion;
discovered in 2006, this giant stands at
The two California redwood species, since
380.1 feet in height. Other notable
the early 19th century, and the Chinese
specimens include Helios at 374.3 feet
redwood species since 1948, have been
(114.1 meters), Icarus at 371.2 feet (113.1
cultivated horticulturally far beyond their
meters), and Daedalus at 363.4 feet (110.8
native habitats. They are found in botanical
meters). Because people are jerks, the trees’
gardens, public parks, and private
locations are kept secret to protect them
landscapes in many similar climates
from vandalism.
worldwide. Plantings outside their native
ranges particularly are found in California, In the temperate area where coast redwoods
the coastal Northwestern and the Eastern live, rain provides water during the winter;
United States, areas of China, Ireland,[17] but in the summer, the trees rely on coastal
Germany, the United Kingdom, Australia fog for moisture. The fog condenses on the
and near Rotorua New Zealand.[18] They needles and forms into droplets, which is
are also used in educational projects then absorbed by the trees and shed to the
recreating the look of the megaflora of the ground where it waters the forest
Pleistocene landscape. understory. Fog accounts for around 40
percent of the redwoods' moisture intake.
Before the 1850s, coast redwoods (Sequoia
sempervirens) luxuriated amongst some 2
million acres of California’s coast,
stretching from south of Big Sur to just over
the Oregon border. One of three members
of the Sequoioideae subfamily of cypress
trees, the coast redwoods and their cousins,
the giant sequoias (Sequoiadendron
giganteum), hold the records for tallest and
largest trees in the world, respectively.

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History Of Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat is an architectural rule of the Khmer Rouge. Angkor Wat
masterpiece and the largest religious sustained
monument in the world – covering an area
four times the size of Vatican City. It was Minimal damage – however there are still
built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II bullet holes on its outer walls due to the
in the first half of the 12th century, around battles of the Khmer Rouge regime.
the year 1110-1150, making Angkor Wat
almost 900 years old.

The temple complex, built in the capital of


the Khmer Empire, took approximately 30
years to build. It was originally dedicated
to the Hindu god Vishnu before becoming
a Buddhist temple by the end of the 12th
century. Cambodia gained independence from
France in 1953 and has controlled Angkor
Wat ever since.

In 1992 the temple complex was named a


UNESCO World Heritage site, and is now
a highly popular tourist attraction in
One of the first Western visitors to the Cambodia - welcoming 2 million visitors
temple was Antonio de Madalena, a every year. The most popular time to visit
Portuguese friar who visited in 1586. Ankgor Wat is in the early hours of the
Angkor Wat was then effectively morning; to witness a beautiful sunrise
rediscovered by the French explorer Henri over the magical temple.
Mouhot in the 1840s. Mouhot described
ANGKOR WAT LOCATES
Angkor Wat as “grander than anything left
to us by Greece or Rome” and spread the The city of Angkor, home to Angkor Wat,
word about this incredible monument to was the capital of the Khmer Empire and
the western world. thrived between the 9th and 15th centuries.
The French, who ruled Cambodia for Angkor itself stretched over 400km² and is
much of the 20th century, restored the site now home to the magnificent remains of a
in the early 1900s for tourism purposes. variety of temples including Angkor Wat,
However, this work was then disrupted by Angkor Thom,
the Cambodian Civil War and during the

9
Bayon Temple and Ta Prohm – made Angkor Wat is said to represent Mount
famous by Lara Croft in Tomb Raider! We Meru, the home of the gods, according to
now know that Angkor Wat was the centre both Hindu and Buddhist faiths. The five
of a city as large as Berlin – it was the towers represent the five peaks of Mount
heart of the largest empire of its time. Meru, whilst the walls signify the
surrounding mountain ranges and the moat
Today, Angkor Wat lies just 5.5km north represents the sea.
of the modern town of Siem Reap. Siem
Reap is full of lively bars, serene hotels EXPLORE ANGKOR WAT
and colourful markets – it’s the perfect
gateway to exploring the ancient world of Visiting Cambodia’s Temples of Angkor is
Angkor. definitely top of many people’s bucket
lists. Angkor Wat is an awe-inspiring
temple, famous for its enormous size and
incredible detail.

ANGKOR WAT’S DESIGN

Angkor Wat, the heart and soul of


Cambodia, translates to “City of Temples” Join us on an adventure of a lifetime as we
in the Khmer language. explore Angkor Wat. We have two
fantastic charity challenges, which both
finish outside the incredible UNESCO
Angkor Wat, protected by a 15-foot high World Heritage Site.
wall and wide moat, covers an area of 200
acres. During its height of popularity,
Angkor Wat included a city, temple and
the emperor’s palace. However, it was
only the temple and walls that were built
out of sandstone, not wood, and therefore
the only structures still remaining today.

Take on a 5 days trekking challenge


through Cambodia on our Trek to Angkor
Wat; witness amazing views and the
remains of an ancient civilization as we

10
ascend Kulen Mountain and then continue
on to the world-famous Angkor Wat!

Or if cycling is more your thing, then join


us on our Vietnam to Cambodia Cycle
challenge; combining two exciting Asian
countries in one incredible challenge.
We’ll cycle 370km from Ho Chi Minh
City to Angkor Wat!

Angkor Wat is the prime example of the


classical style of Khmer architecture—the
Angkor Wat style—to which it has given
its name. By the 12th century Khmer
architects had become skilled and
confident in the use of sandstone (rather
than brick or laterite) as the main building
material. Most of the visible areas are of
sandstone blocks, while laterite was used
for the outer wall and for hidden structural
parts. The binding agent used to join the
blocks is yet to be identified, although
natural resins or slaked lime has been
suggested.

11
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S. P. BALASUBRAHMANYAM
Sripathi Panditaradhyula Typhoid and joined as an associate member
Balasubrahmanyam. (4 June 1946 – 25 the Institution of Engineers, Chennai.
September 2020), also known as SPB or
Balu, was an Indian playback singer, Balasubrahmanyam continued to pursue
television presenter, music director, actor music during his engineering studies and
and film producer who worked won awards at singing competitions. In
predominantly in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, 1964, he won the first prize in a music
Hindi and Malayalam films.He is widely competition for amateur singers organized
considered one of the greatest Indian by the Madras-based Telugu Cultural
singers of all time Organization. He was the leader of a light
music troupe composed of Anirutta (on the
EARLY LIFE harmonium), Ilaiyaraaja (on guitar and later
on harmonium), Baskar (on percussion) and
Balasubrahmanyam was born in Nellore, Gangai Amaran (on guitar). He was
Madras Presidency (present-day Andhra selected as the best singer in a singing
Pradesh) into a Telugu Brahmin family. His competition which was judged by S. P.
father, S. P. Sambamurthy, was a Harikatha Kodandapani and Ghantasala Often visiting
artist who also acted in plays. His mother music composers seeking opportunities, his
was Sakunthalamma, who died on 4 first audition song was "Nilave Ennidam
February 2019. He had two brothers and Nerungadhe". It was rendered by veteran
five sisters, including singer S. P. Sailaja. playback singer P. B. Srinivas, who used to
His son S. P. Charan is also a popular South write and give him multi-lingual verses in
Indian singer, actor and producer. Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam,
Sanskrit, English and Urdu.

Balasubrahmanyam developed an interest


in music at an early age, studied musical
Balasubrahmanyam made his debut as a
notations and learned music. He enrolled at
playback singer on 15 December 1966 with
the JNTU College of Engineering
Sri Sri Sri Maryada Ramanna, a Telugu
Anantapur with the intention of becoming
film scored by his mentor, S. P.
an engineer. He discontinued his studies
Kodandapani. The first non-Telugu song
early due to
that he recorded just eight days after his
debut Telugu song was in Kannada in 1966
for the film Nakkare Ade Swarga, starring
Kannada comedy stalwart T. R.
Narasimharaju. He recorded his first Tamil

13
song "Athaanodu Ippadi Irundhu Eththanai and Best Supporting Actor categories. He
Naalaachu", a duet with L. R. Eswari under has also won four Tamil Nadu State Film
the musical direction of M. S. Viswanathan Awards and three Karnataka State Film
for the film Hotel Ramba, which was never Awards.The first of his National Awards
released. Other early songs he sang were came for his work in the 1979 musical film,
duets with P. Susheela, "Iyarkai Ennum Sankarabharanam. Two years later he
Ilaya Kanni" entered the Hindi film industry through Ek
Duuje Ke Liye (1981), winning the award
In the 1969 film Shanti Nilayam, starring for the second time. He also received a
Gemini Ganesh, and "Aayiram Nilavae Filmfare nomination for Best Male
Vaa" for M. G. Ramachandran in Playback Singer for the film. In the
Adimaippenn. His first song with S. Janaki subsequent years, he won the National Film
was "Pournami Nilavil Pani Vizhum Iravil" Awards for Saagara Sangamam (1983) and
in Kannippenn. He was then introduced to Rudraveena (1988)—both Telugu films. In
the Malayalam film industry by G. 1989, he received his first Filmfare Award
Devarajan in the film Kadalppalam. for Maine Pyar Kiya. He won the first of his
four South Filmfare Awards for Subha
Sankalpam, a film that he produced. His
first Filmfare Award in the playback
singing category came for Sri Ramadasu
(2006), followed by Mozhi (2007) and
Aaptha Rakshaka (2010). Other honors for
List of awards and nominations received his singing career included Lata
by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam Mangeshkar Award, Sangeetha Ganga
Award, and Film Fans' Association Award.
In addition, he was also honored with
Padma Shri (2001) and Padma Bhushan
(2011), Padma vibhushan (2021), the fourth,
third and second highest civilian honors by
the Government of India. Alongside his
singing career, Balasubrahmanyam worked
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam was an Indian
as an actor, music composer, voice actor,
playback singer, who was well known for
and film producer
his work in South Indian films. Having
made his playback singing debut in 1966
through the Telugu film Sri Sri Sri Maryada
Ramanna, he sang over 40,000 songs in
multiple languages of India. He is the
recipient of six National Film Awards, six
Filmfare Awards South, and one Filmfare The Padma Shri award-winning musician is
Award. Balasubrahmanyam was also a survived by his wife Savitri
recipient of 25 Nandi Awards—Best Male Balasubrahmanyam and his children SP
Playback Singer, Best Music Director, Best Charan and Pallavi Balasubrahmanyam.
Male Dubbing Artist, Special Jury Award,

14
Previously, SP Balasubrahmanyam had This, despite the fact that SPB was
won six national awards never formally trained in classical
music. Sagara Sangamam and
Rudraveena were two other music-
based films which would have been
poorer if not for SPB’s powerful
renditions.

SP Balasubrahmanyam recorded over


40,000 songs in 16 languages in a career
spanning 54 years. That’s an average of
close to 741 songs a year, two songs per day
for every day of the year. A mind-boggling
number for any artist, however prolific. But But it wasn’t only Carnatic music for which
anyone who has followed SPB’s career he was known. The astonishingly versatile
wouldn’t be surprised by these numbers. singer could sing anything and everything,
After all, the singer once recorded a from romantic duets to soulful melodies
whopping 21 Kannada songs for composer and energetic, jolly songs. He would also
Upendra Kumar in a mere 12 hours! He has introduce variations and playful
also recorded 19 songs in Tamil and 16 exclamations in his songs that made them
songs in Hindi in a day. unique and a signature SPB song.

DEATH OF SPB

Popular playback singer SP


Balasubrahmanyam passed away at the age
of 74 after his health deteriorated yesterday
evening. SP Balasubrahmanyam was
admitted to a private hospital in Chennai
last August due to the corona infection, and
under the observation of doctors for more
than a month. But his condition got worsed
last night, and he passed away today
1. SPB would also go on to sing for afternoon at 1:04 PM. Now, hospital
another KV Mahadevan film, management has issued a statement
Sankarabharanam, in 1980, which regarding the death of singer SPB.
would win him his first National
Award. The Telugu film was a
delight for music lovers and brought
back Carnatic music into
mainstream cinema in a big way.

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THE CUPID 💘

ROMAN GOD

Symbol – bow and arrow.

Mount -- Dolphin.

Parents – Mars and Venus


In Roman mythology, Cupid is the son of
Children – Voluptas
Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. And
he is known as the god of affection. Legend Consort – psyche
has it that Cupid shoots magical gold-tipped
arrows at gods and humans alike. By Hinduism -- kamadeva
piercing their heart with an arrow, he causes Greek equivalent -- Eros
individuals to fall deeply in love.Cupid the
winged baby that carries a golden bow and
arrows is one of the most famous symbols
ORIGINS AND BIRTH
of Valentine’s Day. His image, or
sometimes one of a heart pierced by one of
his arrows, is used to symbolize love.

ABOUT CUPID

God of desire, erotic love, attraction, and


affection
The Romans reinterpreted myths and
Eros bow Musei Capitolini concepts pertaining to the Greek Eros for
Classical statue of Cupid with his Bow. Cupid in their own literature and art, and
medieval and Renaissance mythographers
conflate the two freely. In the Greek
tradition, Eros had a dual, contradictory
genealogy. He was among the primordial

17
gods who came into existence asexually;
after his generation, deities were begotten
through male-female unions. In Hesiod’s
Theogony, only Chaos and Gaia (Earth) are
older. Before the existence of gender
dichotomy, Eros functioned by causing
entities to separate from themselves that
which they already contained.

In Latin literature, Cupid is usually treated


as the son of Venus without reference to a
father. Seneca says that Vulcan, as the
husband of Venus, is the father of Cupid.
Cicero, however, says that there were three
Cupids, as well as three Venuses: the first
Cupid was the son of Mercury and Diana,
the second of Mercury and the second
Venus, and the third of Mars and the third
At the same time, the Eros who was Venus. This last Cupid was the equivalent
pictured as a boy or slim youth was Antrous "Counter-Love," one of the erots,
regarded as the child of a divine couple, the the gods who embody aspects of love The
identity of whom varied by source. The multiple Cupids frolicking in art are the
influential Renaissance mythographer decorative manifestation of these
Natale Conti began his chapter on proliferating loves and desires. During the
Cupid/Eros by declaring that the Greeks English Renaissance, Christopher Marlowe
themselves were unsure about his parentage: wrote of "ten thousand Cupids"; in Ben
Heaven and Earth, Ares and Aphrodite Jonson's wedding masque , "a thousand
Night and Ether or Strife and Zephyr The several-coloured loves ... hop about the
Greek travel writer Pausanias, he notes, nuptial room".
contradicts himself by saying at one point
that Eros welcomed Aphrodite into the
world, and at another that Eros was the son In the later classical tradition, Cupid is most
of Aphrodite and the youngest of the gods. often regarded as the son of Venus and
Mars, whose love affair represented an
allegory of Love and War. The duality
between the primordial and the sexually
conceived Eros accommodated
philosophical concepts of Heavenly and
Earthly Love even in the Christian era.

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MODERN-DAY CUPID

During the 14th to 17th centuries, painters


created many works of art that showed
Cupid as a baby angel. This same version
began to appear on Valentine’s Day cards
during the late 1800s. Ever since, the image
of Cupid as a flying infant who inspires Greek mythology predates Roman
love has stuck in people's minds. And it’s mythology which emerged in the
the version of Cupid that we are most Hellenistic period (323 B.C.E – 31 B.C.E.).
familiar with to this day. When Roman mythology was created, it
took the stories from Greek mythology and
reimagined them, Cupid included!

While the stories told in the two


mythologies are largely similar, the names
of the gods and goddesses are almost
always changed. Cupid is no exception.

Cupid Greek name

Cupid is known for being the god of erotic


love and desire. The name “Cupid” is
actually the Roman version of his name.
Cupid’s Greek name is “Eros”. He also
appears in Latin poetry as “Amor”.
Keep reading for a deep dive into who
Cupid is, what his different depictions
symbolize, and how he evolved to become
the Valentine’s Day Cupid we all know and
love today.

WHO IS CUPID GREEK


MYTHOLOGY AND ROMAN
MYTHOLOGY?

Cupid dates all the way back to Greek


and Roman mythology. While it is hard to
find the exact date that Greek mythology
began, it was depicted in art during the

Geometric Period (900 B.C.E. – 700


B.C.E.).

19
VALENTINE’S DAY CUPID Her cards also prominently featured Cupid,
HISTORY depicted as a chubby infant. When her
business boomed, the images of a cherub-
like Cupid became his main depiction. The
earliest images of Eros in art didn’t feature
his bow and arrow. However, from the
Hellenistic period onwards

When we think of Cupid today, images of a


SYMBOLIC MEANING OF CUPID
winged baby wielding arrows of love come
DEPICTIONS
to mind. This modern Valentine’s Day
Cupid is inspired by his mythological The various ways Cupid has been
depiction. portrayed over time all affect the way we
think of our modern Valentine’s Day Cupid.
When Cupid first appeared in Greek
If we examine the various depictions of
mythology as Eros, he was depicted as a
Cupid we can focus the changes between
handsome youth. The earliest works of art
them.
indicated that Eros was tall, slender and
winged.

By the time the Hellenistic period came


around, Roman art portrayed Cupid as a
what is classified as a putto. Putti are
chubby male children who are normally
winged and naked. They represent pure
love.

The childlike depiction of Cupid is most


similar to the Valentine’s Day Cupid we are
accustomed to seeing today. Cupid’s Is Cupid a demon?
appearance was solidified as a chubby Surprisingly, yes, Cupid is a demon in some
winged baby when the first commercial belief systems. Once the Roman Empire
Valentine’s Day cards came into existence. converted to Christianity they changed the
In the 19th century, Esther A. Howland perception of the Greek and Roman deities
began popularizing commercial
Valentine’s Day cards in the United States.
Her cards were three dimensional and
featured layers of lace, satin and ribbons.

20
Cupid began to be referred to as a demon of
fornication. That meaning hasn’t stood the
test of time though. Now Cupid is widely
regarded as a Greek/Roman god, and not a
demon.

CONCLUSION

Cupid, a figure seemingly


synonymous with love and Valentine’s Day
actually has a fascinating history that
connects all the way back to ancient Greek
mythology.

Each of those changes can be interpreted


favorably or unfavorably depending on a
person’s perspective, as each element of
change in Cupid’s portrayal has both a
positive and a negative connotation.

He is inextricably linked to our


contemporary Valentine’s Day celebrations.

21
22
HAIRSTYLE

A hairstyle, hairdo, haircut or coiffure early 17th century, male hairstyles grew
refers to the styling of hair, usually on the longer, with waves or curls being
human scalp. Sometimes, this could also considered desirable.
mean an editing of facial or body hair. The
fashioning of hair can be considered an
aspect of personal grooming, fashion, and
cosmetics, although practical, cultural, and
popular considerations also influence some
hairstyles

The male wig was pioneered by King Louis


XIII of France (1601–1643) in 1624.
Mullets or periwigs for men were
introduced into the English-speaking world
with other French styles in 1660. Late 17th
century wigs were very long and wavy, but
became shorter in the mid-18th century, by
which time they were normally white. Short
hair for fashionable men was a product of
the Neoclassical movement. In the early
The oldest known depiction of hair styling 19th century the male beard, and also
is hair braiding which dates back about moustaches and sideburns, made a strong
30,000 years. In history, women's hair was reappearance.
often elaborately and carefully dressed in
special ways, though it was also often kept
covered outside the home, especially for
married women. From the time of the
Roman Empire until the Middle Ages, most
women grew their hair as long as it would
naturally grow. Between the late 15th From the 16th to the 19th century,
century and the 16th century, a very high European women's hair became more
hairline on the forehead was considered visible while their hair coverings grew
attractive. Around the same time period, smaller. In the middle of the 18th century
European men often wore their hair the pouf style developed. During the First
cropped no longer than shoulder-length. In World War, women around the world
the started to shift to shorter hairstyles that
were easier to manage. In the early 1950s

23
women's hair was generally curled and was felt to be symbolic of propriety:
worn in a variety of styles and lengths. In loosening one's hair was considered
the 1960s, many women began to wear their immodest and sexual, and sometimes was
hair in short modern cuts such as the pixie felt to have supernatural connotations. Red
cut, while in the 1970s, hair tended to be hair was popular, particularly in England
longer and looser. In both the 1960s and during the reign of the red-haired Elizabeth
1970s many men and women wore their I, and women and aristocratic men used
hair very long and straight. In the 1980s, borax, saltpeter, saffron and sulfur powder
women pulled back their hair with to dye their hair red, making themselves
scrunchies. During the 1980s, punk nauseated and giving themselves headaches
hairstyles were adopted by many people. and nosebleeds .During this period in Spain
and Latin cultures, women wore lace
Prehistory and history mantillas, often worn over a high comb, and
Some people may cover their hair in Buenos Aires, there developed a fashion
totally or partially for cultural or religious for extremely large tortoise-shell hair
reasons. Notable examples of head combs called peinetón, which could
covering include women in Islam who wear measure up to three feet in height and width,
the hijab, married women in Haredi and which are said by historians to have
Judaism who wear the sheitel or tichel, reflected the growing influence of France,
married Himba men who cover their hair rather than Spain, upon Argentinians.
except when in mourning, Tuareg men who
wear a veil, and baptized men and women
in Sikhism who wear the dastar.

In the middle of the 18th century the pouf


style developed, with women creating
Female styles
volume in the hair at the front of the head,
usually with a pad underneath to lift it
higher, and ornamented the back with
From the 16th to the 19th century, seashells, pearls or gemstones. In 1750,
European women's hair became more women began dressing their hair with
visible while their hair coverings grew perfumed pomade and powdering it white.
smaller, with both becoming more Just before World War I, some women
elaborate, and with hairstyles beginning to began wearing silk turbans over their hair
include ornamentation such as flowers,
ostrich plumes, ropes of pearls, jewels,
ribbons and small crafted objects such as
replicas of ships and windmills. Bound hair

24
Haircuts in space before shampooing to remove tangles. To
clean the wig, the wig should be dipped into
Haircuts also occur in the International a container with water and mild shampoo,
Space Station. During the various then dipped in clear water and moved up
expeditions astronauts use hair clippers and down to remove excess water. The wig
attached to vacuum devices for grooming must then be air dried naturally into its own
their colleagues so that the cut hair will not hairstyle. Proper maintenance can make a
drift inside the weightless environment of human hair wig last for many years.
the space station and become a nuisance to
the astronauts or a hazard to the sensitive
equipment installations inside the station.

Haircutting in space was also used for


charitable purposes in the case of astronaut
Sunita Williams who obtained such a
haircut by fellow astronaut Joan
Higginbotham inside the International Hairs are one of the most important parts of
Space Station. Sunita's ponytail was a human body which to an extent reflects
brought back to earth with the STS-116 the personality of the individual. However,
crew and was donated to Locks of Love. most people tend to neglect their hair and
instead concentrate on their face and
physique. They feel that any hairstyle is
fine as long as it does not make them look
terrible. They might be right that most
hairstyles might work out for them. But
they do not realize that they are missing out
the opportunity to enhance their beauty and
personality by not selecting the appropriate
Wigs hairstyle
Care of human or other natural hair wigs is
similar to care of a normal head of hair in
that the wig can be brushed, styled, and kept
clean using haircare products. Synthetic
wigs are usually made from a fine fiber that
mimics human hair. This fiber can be made
in almost any color and hairstyle, and is
often glossier than human hair. However,
this fiber is sensitive to heat and cannot be
styled with flat irons or curling irons. There
is a newer synthetic fiber that can take heat
up to a certain temperature.Human hair
wigs can be styled with heat, and they must
be brushed only when dry. Synthetic and
human hair wigs should be brushed dry

25
26
RAJA RAVIVARMAN
Him to paint with watercolours. Three
years later Varma began to study oil
painting with Theodore Jensen, a banish-
born British artist.

Varma was the first Indian to use Western


techniques of perspective and composition
and to adapt them to Indian subjects, styles,
and themes. He won the Governor’s Gold
Medal in 1873 for the painting Nair Lady
Adorning Her Hair. He became a much-
sought-after artist among both the Indian
nobility and the Europeans in India, who
commissioned him to paint their portraits.

Though his portraits brought him fame,


Ravi Varma, in full Raja Ravi
Varma increasingly painted subjects in
Varma, (born April 29, 1848, Kilimanoor
Indian mythology. His representations of
Palace, near Trivandrum, Travancore
Hindu gods and goddesses and characters in
princely state, British India [now
the epics and the Puranas reflected his
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India—died
absorption in Indian culture. His paintings,
October 2, 1906, Kilimanoor Palace),
including Harischandra in Distress, Jatayu
Indian painter best known for uniting Hindu
Vadha, and Shri Rama Vanquishing the Sea,
mythological subject matter with European
captured dramatic moments from Indian
realist historicist painting style. He was one
mythology. His depictions of Indian
of the first Indian artists to use oil paints and
women drew such appreciation that a
to master the art of lithographic
beautiful woman would often be described
reproduction of his work. In addition to
as looking “as if she had stepped out of a
incidents in Hindu mythology, Varma
Varma canvas.”
painted many portraits of both Indians and
British in India. Varma adapted Western realism to pioneer
a new movement in Indian art. In 1894 he
Varma was born into an aristocratic family
set up a lithographic press in order to mass-
in Travancore state. He showed an interest
produce copies of his paintings as
in drawing from an early age, and his uncle
oleographs, enabling ordinary people to
Raja Raja Varma, noticing his passion for
afford them. That innovation resulted in the
drawing on the palace walls, gave him his
tremendous popularity of his images, which
first rudimentary lessons in painting. When
became an integral part of popular Indian
Varma was 14, Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal,
culture thereafter.
ruler of Travancore at the time, became a
patron of his artistic career. Soon the royal Varma was criticized severely by later
painter Rama Swamy Naidu started artists who saw the content of his work as
teaching only superficially Indian because, despite

27
depicting mythological Indian themes, it
imitated Western styles of painting. That
view was instrumental in the formation of
the Bengal School of Art (or Bengal school),
whose members explored ancient Indian
artistic traditions with a modernist
sensibility.

Despite the dismissal of Varma’s work by


some as “calendar art,” interest in his work
has remained constant. In 1997, for
example, The Begum’s Bath sold for a
record price for an Indian artist. Works such
as The Maharashtrian Lady, Shakuntala,
The Milkmaid, Expectation, and Pleasing
exhibit Varma’s characteristic sense of
beauty and grace. In 1866, at the age of 18, Varma was
married to 12-year-old Bhageerthi Bayi
PERSONAL LIFE OF RAJA (known formally as Pooruruttati Nal
RAVIVARMAN Bhageerathi Bayi Thampuratty) of the royal
Ravi Varma was the son of Ezhumavil house of Mavelikkara, another major fief of
Neelakanthan Bhattatiripad and Travancore kingdom.
Umayamba Thampurratti. His mother Uma
Ambabayi Thampuratty (or Umayamba
Bayi Thampuratty) belonged to the baronial
family which ruled the Kilimanoor feudal
estate within the kingdom of Travancore.
She was a poet and writer of some talent,
and her work Parvati Swayamvaram was
published by Varma after her death. Ravi
Varma's father was a scholar of Sanskrit
and Ayurveda and hailed from the
Ernakulam district in Kerala. Ravi Varma
had two siblings, a sister named Mangala
Bayi and a brother named Raja Varma
(born 1860). The last-named was also a
painter and worked closely with Ravi
Notably, the house of Mavellikara was a
Varma all his life.
branch of the Royal House of Travancore.
Bhageerthi was the youngest of three sisters,
and both of her elder sisters had been
adopted into the royal family of Travancore
in 1857 in order to carry on the lineage.
They were known as the Senior and Junior

28
Rani of Attingal, and in their progeny was ART CAREER
vested the succession to the throne of
Travancore. Therefore, Ravi Varma's
connection to the royal family became very
close due to his marriage with Bhageerthi.
His children (because they belonged to their
mother's family) would be royal by birth.
The marriage, which was arranged by the
parents in the proper Indian manner, was
harmonious and successful. The couple Varma was patronised by Ayilyam
were blessed with five children, two sons, Thirunal, the next Maharaja of Travancore
and three daughters. Their elder son, Kerala and began formal training thereafter. He
Varma (b.1876) was of an excessively learned the basics of painting in Madurai.
spiritual temperament. He never married Later, he was trained in water painting by
and eventually renounced the world, Rama Swami Naidu and rather reluctantly
leaving home for good in 1912. The in oil painting by (Dutch or Danish)
younger son, Rama Varma (born 1879), portraitist Theodore Jenson. The British
inherited his father's artistic talent and administrator Edgar Thurston was
studied at the JJ School of Arts, Mumbai. significant in promoting the careers of
He was married to Gowri Kunjamma, sister Varma and his brother.[9] Varma received
of Dewan PGN Unnithan, and became the widespread acclaim after he won an award
father of seven children. for an exhibition of his paintings at Vienna
in 1873. Varma's paintings were also sent to
the World's Columbian Exposition held in
Chicago in 1893 and he was awarded three
gold medals.[10] He travelled throughout
India in search of subjects. He often
modelled Hindu Goddesses on Indian
women, whom he considered beautiful.
Ravi Varma is particularly noted for his
paintings depicting episodes from the story
of Dushyanta and Shakuntala, and Nala and
Damayanti, from the Mahabharata. Ravi
Varma's representation of mythological
characters has become a part of the Indian
In this way, the entire present (existing)
royal family of Travancore is descended imagination of the epics. He is often
criticized for being too showy and
from Raja Ravi Varma. Well known among
sentimental in his style but his work
his royal descendants are the writers
remains very popular in India. Many of his
Aswathi Thirunal Gowri Lakshmi Bayi and
Shreekumar Varma, the artist Rukmini fabulous paintings are housed at Laxmi
Vilas Palace, Vadodara.
Varma and the classical musician Aswathi
Thirunal Rama Varma.

29
The gypsies[attribution needed]

A Lady Playing Swarbat

Lady Giving Alms at the Temple

Lord Rama Conquers Varuna

Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala

Nair Woman

The studio used by Varma during his stay Romancing Couple


at the Laxmi Vilas Palace Draupadi Dreading to Meet Kichaka

Shantanu and Matsyagandha


LIST OF MAJOR WORKS Shakuntala Composing a Love Letter to
The following is a list of the prominent King Dushyanta
works of Ravi Varma. On the anniversary Girl in Sage Kanwa's Hermitage (Rishi-
of what would be his 150th birthday, Kanya)
Google Arts and Culture released over 300
of his works online for everyone to view. Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi of
Travancore
Mohini playing with a ball
Sri Shanmukha Subramania Swami
Yashoda and Krishna
Woman holding a fan
Village Belle
3D painting of the Mysore king on a horse
Lady Lost in Thought

Damayanti Talking to a Swan


RAJA RAVIVARMA ARTS
The Orchestra

Arjuna and Subhadra

The heartbroken

Swarbat Player

Shakuntala

Lord Krishna as Ambassador

Jatayu, a bird devotee of Lord Rama is .


mauled by Ravana (Sri Shanmukha Subramania Swami)
Victory of Indrajit

30
.
.
(Lord Ganesha with Siddhi and Buddhi)
(Jatayu fights Ravana)

.
.
(Family of Shiva)
(Maharaj Shivaji)

(Goddess Saraswati) (lady in Moonlight)

31
32
STORY OF SCOUT MOVEMENT

into what was to become one of the largest


voluntary youth movements in the world.

There are more than 50 million


Scouts, young people and adults, male and
female, in over 200 countries and territories.
Some 500 million people have been Scouts,
including prominent people in every field.
Early Beginnings All this began with 20
boys and an experimental camp in 1907. It
Expansion of the Movement:

was held during the first nine days of


August in 1907 at Brownsea Island, near
Poole in Dorset, England.

The camp was a great success and proved


to its organiser, Robert Baden-Powell, that The success of "Scouting for Boys"
his training and methods appealed to young produced a Movement that quickly –
people and really worked. In January 1908, automatically it seemed – adopted the name
Baden-Powell published the first edition of of The Boy Scouts. By 1909 "Scouting for
"Scouting for Boys". It was an immediate Boys" had been translated into five
success and has since sold over 100 million languages, and a Scout rally in London
copies, making it one of the best selling attracted more than 11,000 Scouts. As a
books of all time. Baden-Powell had only result of Baden-Powell taking a holiday in
intended to provide a method of training South America, Chile was one of the first
boys, something that existing youth countries outside Britain to begin Scouting.
organisations such as the Boys' Brigade and
YMCA could adopt. To his surprise,
youngsters started to organise themselves

33
In 1910 he visited Canada and the United called “International Scout Conference”)
States where it had already started. The was held with 33 National Scout
coming of World War I in 1914 could have Organizations represented. The Boy Scouts
brought about the collapse of the International Bureau, later to become the
Movement, but the training provided World Scout Bureau, was founded in
through the patrol system proved its worth. London in 1920. In 1922 the first World
Patrol leaders took over when adult leaders Scout Committee was elected at the 2nd
volunteered for active service. Scouts International Conference in Paris, where 31
contributed to the war effort in England in National Scout Organizations were
many ways; most notable perhaps were the represented. World membership was just
over 1 million.

The Early Scout Programme

Scouting began as a programme for


boys 11 to 18 years of age. Yet almost
immediately others also wanted to
participate. The Girl Guides programme
was started in 1910 by Baden-Powell who
Sea Scouts who took the place of regular designated his sister Agnes to manage it. In
coast-guardsmen, freeing them for service. 1915 Robert Baden-Powell became
The first World Scout Jamboree took place Chairman of the Girl Guides Association,
in 1920 with 8,000 participants, and proved and his wife Olave, whom he married in
that young people from different nations 1912, became the new Chief Guide in 1918.
could come together to share common A Wolf Cub section was formed for
interests and ideals. younger boys. It used Rudyard Kipling's
"Jungle Book", to provide an imaginative
symbolic framework for activities. For
Since that first World Jamboree at Olympia older boys, a Rover Scout branch was
in London, there have been 21 others at formed.
different locations. During the Jamboree,
the first World Scout Conference (then
34
gradually evolved to be a youth programme
which was designed by Scout leaders in
each country to better meet the needs of
their communities. Scouts, particularly in
developing countries, became more
involved with issues such as child health,
low-cost housing, literacy, food production
and agriculture, job skills training, etc.
The World Wars Between the two world Drug abuse prevention, life skills training,
wars Scouting continued to flourish in all integration of the handicapped,
parts of the world - except in totalitarian environmental conservation and education,
countries where it was banned. Scouting is and peace education became issues of
voluntary and based on democratic concern to Scouts around the world.
principles. During World War II, Scouts
undertook many service tasks – messengers,
firewatchers, stretcher-bearers, salvage
collectors and so on. In occupied countries, Post Communistic Era:
Scouting continued in secret with Scouts By the 1990s Scouting had been reborn in
playing important roles in the resistance every country where it existed prior to
and underground movements. After the war World War II, and it started throughout the
ended, it was found that the numbers of newly independent countries of the
Scouts in some occupied countries had, in Commonwealth of Independent States
fact, increased. (formerly the USSR).

100 years and beyond:

In 2007 the Movement celebrated its


centenary - 100 years of Scouting. What
started as a small camp on Brownsea Island
is today a growing Movement with
members in nearly every country in the
world. Through its unique combination of
adventure, education and fun, Scouting
manages to continuously renew and adapt
itself to a changing world and the different
needs and interests of young people across
the globe. In doing so it continues to be an
inspiration for young people to become
active local and global citizens, helping
The '60s, '70s and '80s Many countries
them in creating a better world.
gained their independence during these
years. Scouting in developing countries

35
Scouting/ Guiding in India: voluntary, non-political, non-govermental
organization.

Scouting started in the year 1909. On 7th


November, 1950,the Boy Scout
Association in India and the Hindustan
Scout Association merged under the name
of The Bharat Scouts and Guides. The Girl
Guide Association formally joined The
Bharat Scouts and Guides on 15th August, WE ACHIEVE - YOUTH
1951. The Bharat Scouts and Guides is a EMPOWERMENT
registered society under Societies
Registration Act 1860. It is totally WE CREATE - ACTIVE CITIZENS
voulantary, non - political and secular
WE CULTIVATE - LIFE LONG
organization.
VALUES AND SKILLS

WE ENGAGE- IN PEACE
EDUCATION.

Four pillars of Scouting/Guiding:

 Charecter and intelligence



 Handicrafts and skills

What is Scouting

Scouting - The world's leading


educational youth movement. Scouting is
a education for life, a game, a plan, a fun
with purpose, a method, a science of outing,
a programme, a movement fir youth,
international movement, an adventure, an
opportunity for adults, open for all,

36
37
BIPIN RAWAT

FORMER CHIEF OF DEFENCE


STAFF OF THE INDIAN ARMED
Uttarkashi district and was the
FORCES
daughter of Kishan Singh Parmar, the ex-
General Bipin Rawat PVSM UYSM Member of the Legislative Assembly
AVSM YSM SM VSM ADC (16 March (MLA) from Uttarkashi.
1958 – 8 December 2021) was an Indian
military officer who was a four-star general Rawat attended Cambrian Hall School
of the Indian Army.He served as the first in Dehradun and St. Edward's School in
Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of the Indian Shimla.He then joined the National
Armed Forces from January 2020 until his Defence Academy, Khadakwasla and the
death in a helicopter crash in December Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, from
2021. Prior to taking over as the CDS, he where he graduated first in the order of
served as the 57th Chairman of the Chiefs merit and was awarded the 'Sword of
of Staff Committee (Chairman COSC) of Honour'.
the Indian Armed Forces as well as 26th
Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) of the
Indian army

MILITARY CAREER

He has spent 10 years in


counterinsurgency operations and has
served in various majors to current
CDSs.While in the post of major, CDS
Bipin Rawat commanded a company in Uri,
Jammu, and Kashmir. He commanded his
EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION battalion along the LAC at Kibithu as a
colonel.
Bipin Rawat was born in Pauri town of
Pauri Garhwal district, present-day After being promoted to the rank of
Uttarakhand state, on 16 March 1958. His brigadier, he commanded Sector 5 of the
family had been serving in the Indian Army Rashtriya Rifles in Sopore and the
for multiple generations. His father multinational brigade during a Chapter VII
Lakshman Singh Rawat (1930–2015) was mission in the Democratic Republic of the
from Sainj village of the Pauri Garhwal Congo (MONUSCO).Where he was twice
district; commissioned into 11 Gorkha awarded the mention commendation of the
Rifles in 1951, he retired as Deputy Chief force commander.
of the Army Staff in 1988 as a Lieutenant
Bipin Rawat assumed the role of
General. His mother was from the
commanding general of the 19th Infantry

38
Division in Uri when he was promoted to foreign territory when he sent troops of a
the rank of major general. para-commando battalion to attack Naga
rebels inside Myanmar after an ambush on
As a lieutenant general, he commands the Indian troops. In the same year, he survived
III corps, based in Dimapur before taking a helicopter crash in the north-eastern state
command of the southern army in Pune. of Nagaland. IN 2016, he took over as
After being promoted to the rank of Army India's 27th Indian army chief, superseding
Commander, he assumed the post of two officers who were senior to him.
Commander General (GOCinC) of
FUNCTION OF CDS
Southern Command. Soon after, he was
promoted to the post of Deputy Chief of The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)
Staff of the Army. administers the operations of the three
forces-- the Indian Army, the Indian Air
Was appointed 27th Chief of Staff of the Force, and the Indian Navy. The Chief of
Army by the Government of India on Defence Staff also plays the role of military
December 17, 2016, and took office on advisor on important defence and strategic
December 31, 2016. issues for the Prime Minister and Minister
He was also the 57th and final Chairman of of Defence of India.09-Dec-2021
the Heads of State Committee -Major of the
STRUGGLE FACED BY SOLIDER
Indian Army. Appointed first CDS on
December 30, 2019, and took office on Problems with Military Practices and
January 1, 2020. Culture Were the Most Pressing. When
asked which problem domains were the
most pressing for them, soldiers most
frequently reported Military Practices and
Culture, followed by Work/Life Balance,
Soldier's Own Well-Being, Health Care
System Problems, and Relationship
Bipin received a monthly salary of $3,400, Problems.
₹260,000 Indian rupees.
AWARDS RECEIVED BY BIPIN
He was a decorated officer who often RAWAT
commanded units in restive regions in the
country.In the 1980s, as an army colonel, He was awarded for his gallantry and
Gen Rawat commanded his battalion along distinguished service with the UYSM,
the Line of Actual Control in the north- AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM, COAS over the
eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh during a span of his 38 years of service. He was also
military stand-off with China. a part of the United Nations Peacekeeping
Force, and was twice awarded the Force
Commander’s Commendation while
serving with the United Nations. He was
In 2015, when he was in charge of the 3
also awarded the Sword of Honor from
Corps, Gen Rawat initiated India's first
IMA, Dehradun.
officially declared surgical strikes on

39
cargo and equipment inside its cargo cabin
or on an external sling. The helicopter is
capable of dropping tactical air assault
forces and reconnaissance teams.

FAMILY OF BIPIN RAWAT

General Bipin Rawat and Madhulika


Rawat are survived by two daughters
named Kritika Rawat and Tarini Rawat.
Bipin Rawat's father Laxman Singh Rawat After the death of Bipin Rawat, suspicion
served the Indian Army and rose to the rank rises on helicopter crash Tributes have
of Lieutenant-General. poured in from around the world for India's
top military commander, who died in a
helicopter crash on Wednesday.

Chief of Defence Staff Gen Bipin Rawat,


his wife and 11 others died after the Mi-
17V5 helicopter crashed in the southern
DEATH OF BIPIN RAWAT state of Tamil Nadu. An inquiry has been
ordered to ascertain the cause of the crash.
The death of CDS General Bipin Rawat
and others in a helicopter crash in Tamil India's defence minister Rajnath Singh paid
Nadu on Wednesday shines the spotlight on homage to the victims on Thursday in
the Russian-made Mi-17 helicopters, which parliament.
has a history of accidents in India.

Madhulika Rawat, and 11 other persons


who were on board IAF’s Mi-17V5
chopper died after it crashed near Tamil
Nadu’s Coonoor on Wednesday. The
Indian Air Force (IAF), in a tweet,
confirmed the death of CDS Rawat.

The death of CDS Bipin Rawat and others


on Wednesday shines the spotlight on the
Russian-made Mi-17 helicopters, which
have a history of accidents in India.

The Mi-17V5 is a modern transport


helicopter used by the Indian Air Force.
The chopper is designed to carry personnel,

40
41
ORGAN TRAFFICKING
the most prominent organs that are traded
The Unseen Form of Human
TraffickingOrgan trafficking, a lucrative
global illicit trade, is often a lesser
discussed form of human trafficking among
anti-human trafficking stakeholders due to
its intricate and often stealth nature.
Trafficking sex and/or labor are the more
commonly thought of forms of human
trafficking among public policy leaders and
Illicitly are kidneys, with the World Health
general awareness campaigns. However,
Organization (WHO) estimating that
organ trafficking holds a critical place with
10,000 kidneys are traded on the black
transnational organized crime groups due to
market worldwide annually, or more than
high demand and relatively low rates of law
one every hour.
enforcement.

Once obtained, trafficked organs can be


This form of illicit trade also leaveia pivotal
transplanted to recipients in the most
role in unmasking organ traders by way of
reputable of hospitals in major cities
the financial trail they leave behind.
throughout the world but makeshift
When describing organ trafficking, operating rooms in houses have often been
there is often confusion as to how this crime
the clandestine locations for such
can happen. Global Financial Integrity
(GFI) estimates that 10 percent of all organ transplants.
transplants including lungs, heart and liver,
are done via trafficked organs.1 However,
On their own, these numbers can be stark; kidney is 4 years with some waiting as long
however, when compared to average wait as 7 years.3 In the U.S., the average wait time
times for organs in developed countries, one for a kidney is
can start to better understand the demand 3.6 years according to the
being diverted to black markets. In Canada, it National Kidney Foundation.4 in the U.K.,
is estimated that the average wait time for a wait times average 2 to 3 years but could be

42
Longer. Hiding in Plain Sight Traffickers "Trafficking in persons' shall mean the
orchestrate the recruitment of the donor often recruitment, transportation, transfer,
from a place of vulnerability, and victims are harboring or receipt of persons, by means of
not necessarily properly screened for their the threat or use of force or other forms of
qualifications to be a healthy donor. coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception,
Desperate patients in need of an organ may of the abuse of power or of a position of
fall prey to a trafficker who could be posing vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
as a "reputable" representative of an altruistic payments or benefits to achieve the consent
organ matching of a person having control over another
Organization, trafficking, creating a multi- person, for the purpose of exploitation.
level equation of exploitation. The term
"transplant tourism" is often utilized in
describing this crime, as defined by the travel
for transplantation that involves organ
trafficking and/or transplant commercialism
or if the resources (organs, professionals and
transplant centers) devoted to providing
transplants to patients from outside a country
undermine the country's ability to provide
transplant services for its own population.
In most countries, the buying and selling
of organs is illegal (e.g., Iran is the only
country in the world where buying and
selling an organ is legal but this exception
only applies to its citizens). Conversely, there
are few laws that restrict an individual from
leaving one's country to obtain an organ from
someone
EXPANDING THE HUMAN
How does organ trafficking fit within the
broader definition of human trafficking? As
stated in the Palermo Protocol of 2000, the
basis for most national laws on human
trafficking, organ trafficking is defined
within the broader definition as:

It is difficult to know exactly how much


transplant tourism generates annually
worldwide but it is estimated that the illegal

43
organ trade conservatively generates Babson College, speaking on Project Organ
approximately $840 million to $1.7 billion and organ trafficking at an ACAMS Greater
annually, according to GFI Toronto Chapter event in March 2018, as part
Unfortunately, even with estimated flow of of the expanded Project Protect mandate,
funds crossing $1 billion annually, it is hosted by
difficult for both law enforcement agents and Greater Toronto Chapter President Stuart
Davis, chief AML officer at Bank of
anti-money
Montreal, and John Shoemaker officer at
Great -West Life of Manulife.
MONEY LAUNDERING
While it may be difficult for banks FINALLY RESEARCHERS
to detect financial transactions related to
organ trafficking, it is not impossible as there USA, cbain@babson.edu Joseph Mari,
are some indicators available. These red flags CAMS, senior manager of major
investigations, Bank of Montreal, Toronto,
could include the following indicators and
Canada, joseph.mari@bmo.com
may be innocuous on their own but when
combined, could present potentially
Advisor: Dr. Francis L. Delmonico,
suspicious behavior:
M.D., World Health Organization, advisory
organ donation and transplantation and
professor of surgery,
Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,
Francis_Delmomico@neds. Org
Christina Bain, director of the initiative on
human modern slavery, Babson
Wire transfers to entities in high-risk
College, Wellesley.
jurisdictions (See Figure A) with names that
include a variation of medical. For example,
"Medicus"
Methods of payment such as wires
payment, email money transfer, and bulk
cash withdrawal (See Figure B for estimated
organ pricing)
Payments between charities and medical
tourism sites
Trafficking or transplant tourism can be
further disseminated to international partners
by national Fills
Christina Bain, director of the initiative on
human trafficking and modern slavery at

44
45
SIDDHA

Siddha (Sanskrit: siddha; "perfectedone") is a subtle world (loka) where perfected beings (siddhas)
term that is used widely in Indian religions and take birth. They are endowed with the eight primary
culture. It means "one who is accomplished." It refers siddhi s at birth.In the Hindu philosophy (of Kashmir
to perfected masters who have achieved a high Shaivism), siddha refers to a siddha guru who can by
degree of physical as well as spiritual perfection or way of shaktipat initiate disciples into yoga. A
enlightenment. In Jainism, the term is used to refer to siddha, in Tamil siddhar or cithara (see cit), means
the liberated souls. Siddha may also refer to one who "one who is accomplished" and refers to perfected
has attained a siddhi, paranormal masters who, according to Hindu belief, have
capabilities.Siddhas may broadly refer to siddhars, transcended the ahamkara (ego or I- maker), have
naths, ascetics, sadhus, or yogis because they all subdued their minds to be subservient to their
practice sadhana. Awareness, and have transformed their bodies
(composed mainly of dense Rajotama gunas) into a
different kind of body dominated by sattva. This is
usually accomplished only by persistent meditation

Agastyar or Agasthya, is believed to be the founding Siddha medicine is one of the most ancient medical
father of Siddha Medicine. Eighteen Siddhars are systems of India. Siddha is the mother medicine of
considered to be pillars of Siddha Medicine.In Tamil ancient Tamils/Dravidians of peninsular South
Nadu, South India, a siddha (see siddhar) refers to a India. The word Siddha means established truth. The
being who has achieved a high degree of physical as persons who were associated with establishing such
well as spiritual perfection or enlightenment. The a Siddha school of thought were known as Siddhars.
ultimate demonstration of this is that siddhas They recorded their mystic findings in medicine,
allegedly attained physical immortality. Thus siddha, yoga, and astrology in Tamil. Fundamental
like siddhar, refers to a person who has realised the Principles of Siddha include theories of Five
goal of a type of sadhana and become a perfected Elements (Aimpootham), and Three Forces/Faults
being. In Tamil Nadu, South India, where the siddha (Mukkuttram). The Eight Methods of
tradition is still practiced, special individuals are Examination (Envakai Thervukal) is used to
recognized as and called siddhas (or siddhas or determine diagnosis, etiology, treatment and
cittars) who are on the path to that assumed prognosis. Siddha has safe herbal and herbo mineral
perfection after they have taken special secret treatment for psoriasis, eczema, alopecia, diabetic
Ramayana’s to perfect their bodies, in order to be ulcer, warts, vitiligo, pemphigus, pompholyx,
able to sustain prolonged meditation along with a leprosy, and many more very common and rare
form of pranayama which considerably reduces the diseases. Lifestyle modifications including diet are
number of breaths they take. Siddha were said to important.
have special powers including flight. These eight
powers are collectively known as attamasiddhigal
(ashtasiddhi). In Hindu cosmology, Siddhaloka is a
46
THE PHILOSOPHY OF SIDDHA MEDICINE
Practitioners of Siddha medicine are known as
siddhars (or siddhas). According to Tamil tradition,
there initially were 18 siddhars; these individuals
often are portrayed as having received their In Siddha medicine system, drugs were classified on
knowledge of the Siddha system indirectly from the the basis of five properties and it includes taste,
deity Shiva. Siddhars held that the object of their character, potency, class, action. Based on the mode
study was to preserve and prolong life. To do so, they of application, the Siddha medicine could be
believed, required humans to live according to the classified into two classes: internal medicine and
laws of nature. They led simple lives themselves and external medicineThe Tamil Nadu state runs a 5.5-
were unconcerned with caste, creed, colour, or year course in Siddha medicine (BSMS: Bachelor in
nationality. They contributed not only to a system of Siddha Medicine and Surgery). The Indian
medicine but also to the knowledge of eternity, Government also gives its focus on Siddha, by
alchemy, and Yogic living. Some believe that the starting up medical colleges and research centers like
siddhars travelled widely to other countries to National Institute of Siddha.[16] and Central Council
propagate their system of medicine and enrich the for Research in Siddha. [17] Commercially, Siddha
sciences. Siddhars possessed ashtama siddhi, the medicine is practiced by siddhars referred in Tamil
eight great supernatural powers. These powers may as vaithiyars.
have been attained at birth (because of one’s previous
karma), by chemical means, by the power of words, Since 2014, the Supreme Court of India and Indian
or through concentration. Meditation on the Medical Association have described Siddha
elements, beginning with the “gross” and ending with medicine as quackery, and there is no governmental
the “subtle,” enabled the siddhars to gain mastery recognition of siddhars as legitimate physicians.The
over the elements. Many of the ancient philosophical Indian Medical Association regards the Indian
tenets of the Siddha system continue to be relevant to institutions that train people in Siddha medicine, the
modem practitioners supposed degrees granted, and the graduates of those
programs as "fake". Since 1953, the Indian national
According to the Siddha system, there are five government has not recognized Siddha medicine or
elements that exist in nature: earth, water, fire, air, any alternative system of medicine as valid, and there
and ether, all of which form the original basis of all is no proposal to integrate Siddha medicine into
corporeal things. It is believed that there is an conventional medicine practiced in India
intimate connection between the macrocosm of the
external world and the microcosm of the corporeal
being. In the human body the element of earth is
present in the bone, flesh, nerves, skin, and hair; the
element of water is present in bile, blood, semen,
glandular secretions, and sweat; the element of fire is
present in hunger, thirst, sleep, beauty, and
indolence; the element of air is present in contraction,
expansion, and motion; and the element of ether is
present in the interstices of the stomach, heart, neck,

47
There may be as many as one million quack
"doctors", including siddhas, practicing medicine in One of the core benefits of siddha medicine and what
the rural regions of India, a condition not actively makes it stand apart from other medicine is that it
opposed by the Indian government out of concern for takes into account bio individuality and a patient’s
serving some health needs for the large rural entire bodymind-spirit connection. Rather than
Population. The Indian Medical Association treating symptoms with drugs and ignoring the
emphatically opposed this position in 2014. In 2018, underlying problems, Siddha medicine aims to look
licensed Indian physicians staged demonstrations at the root of disease and how it’s related to a
and accused the government of sanctioning quackery person’s thoughts, beliefs and lifestyle — in other
by proposing to allow rural quacks to practice some words, a person’s “vital energy. “Siddha system of
aspects of clinical medicine without having complete medicine is a lifestyle more than a branch of science.
medical training. According to the Siddha medicine Healthy living, appropriate eating, adequate sleep,
system, diet and lifestyle play a major role in health proper exercises are pillars of it. In fact it helps in
and in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha healing rather than prescription drugs, complicated
medicine is termed as path yam and apathiyam, surgeries or suffering through painful conditions.
which is essentially a rule based system with a list of
"do's and don'ts".

Generally Siddha treatment is very effective for


arthritis, joint diseases, skin diseases, Urinary Tract
Infections (UTI), renal stones, liver problems,
neurological disorders and hemiplegic conditions.
Siddha system also offers an effective treatment for
minor ailments including cold, cough and fever
Medicines prepared according to proper procedure
mentioned in the literatures do not produce any
adverse reaction

48
49
VERSION OF DRESSES

From the From the Indian sari to the


Vietnamese conical hat, the world is full of
different varieties of traditional dress. Some
colourful, some immersed in history and
specific to the country's culture and others
due to circumstance or status - they are
almost always eye-catching. Learning
about them gains you an insight into the
country they're part of, so we've rounded up
a few items to give you a lowdown on
traditional dress around the world.ye- KILTS, SCOTLAND
catching. Learning about them gains you an
insight into the country they're part of, so From Braveheart to Strictly Come Dancing,
we've rounded up a few items to give you a the kilt has been used to represent all things
lowdown on traditional dress around the Scottish, anachronistically so in the case of
world. Mel Gibson’s costume as William Wallace.
However, visit any Scottish Highland
Games, and you’ll see that kilt-wearing
traditions are alive and well, from the
THE SARI, INDIA
immaculately dressed competitive dancers
Ostensibly the simplest item of clothing to the pipe players in formal attire and, most
possible – a single length of fabric, up to impressively of all, the participants in the
nine metres long – the sari is also one of the "heavy events" – for you cannot toss a caber
world’s most versatile and stylish garments, properly unless wearing a kilt.
which can be draped in dozens of different
ways. The sari spans all of Indian society,
from simple cotton versions that are woven
in the street throughout the villages of India
to extremely glamorous contemporary
styles that grace the catwalk during India
Fashion Week.

TRACHT, SOUTHERN GERMANY


AND AUSTRIA

Tracht – that’s lederhosen for men and


dirndls for women – is the traditional dress
across southern Germany and Austria.

50
There are many variations on the basic collar being the pinnacle of Maasai
styles depending on the area and on fashion, craftsmanship.
from the pom-pom hats of the Black Forest
(bollenhut) to thoroughly modern versions:
there’s nothing quite like a tight pair of
leather shorts worn at a Pride festival to put
a contemporary twist on those Bavarian
lederhosen.

HERERO WOMEN, NAMIBIA

The traditional dress of the Herero women


in Namibia is an adaptation of Victorian
dress, as worn by the German colonists they
BALINESE TEMPLE DRESS, fought in a bloody conflict at the start of the
INDONESIA twentieth century, and now retained as a
proud part of Herero identity. The
Anyone visiting a Balinese temple in
silhouette is distinctive: a full, floor-length
Indonesia should at least wear two basic
skirt, fitted bodice with puffed sleeve, with
elements of Balinese traditional dress, a
a magnificent horn-shaped hat, the shape of
sash (selendang) and a sarong-style skirt
cattle horns, completing the look.
known as a kain. However, the full Balinese
outfit for women, which also includes the
kebaya blouse, is an elaborate ensemble
worn for temple festivals that shows off
Bali’s gorgeous textiles, such as ikat
weaving and batik, to the full.
SÁMI CLOTHING, LAPLAND

The northernmost reaches of Norway,


Sweden and Finland, and the Kola
peninsula of northwest Russia, are home to
the Sámi, who are among the oldest peoples
in Europe. There are variations in costume
throughout the region, though the main
MAASAI BEADWORK, KENYA
item is the kolt (or gákti in northern Sámi),
One of the smaller ethnic groups in Kenya, a tunic or dress. The simple bright colours
but one of the most recognisable, the of blue, red, yellow and green always
Maasai’s reputation worldwide belies its feature and reindeer skin and fur is used for
size, no small part thanks to their stunning belts, boots and gloves.
attire: brilliant red cloth, extraordinarily
intricate beadwork and – for young men –
long, ochre-dyed hair. The beadwork in
particular contains much meaning, a bride’s
51
GHO, BHUTAN

In Bhutan, a tiny Himalayan kingdom


tucked between China and India, it’s
COIFFE, BRITTANY, FRANCE
obligatory for everyone to wear the national
dress. For men this means the gho, a knee- A coiffe is an intricate lace headdress worn
length gown tied at the waist by a belt called as part of the folk costumes of Brittany,
a keram. For formal occasions a silk scarf, France, though now only seen for local
a kabney, is added to the ensemble, the festivals, or pardons. The most striking is
colour of which depends on the wearer’s the bigouden coiffe, from the area around
status. For the women, traditional dress is Pont L’Abbé, a starched lace cylinder that
typically an ankle-length dress called a kira, rises to up to an astonishing 30–40cm tall.
and the equivalent scarf is called a rachus.

CONICAL HATS, VIETNAM NAGALAND, NORTHERN INDIA

Vietnam is home to an extraordinary wealth Visit the northern Indian region of Bolivia
of clothing traditions, with the most for the Bolivia in December and you’ll
elaborate outfits found in the north, such as witness a sartorial treat. During the festival
red brocades of the Flower Hmong people each of the tribes of the Nagaland show
and the decorated headdresses of the Red their finery, each tribe having its own
Dao. However, the most recognisably magnificent style, and with a spectacular
Vietnamese item is the conical hat, or non range of headdresses on display,
la, an essential accessory throughout the incorporating feathers, cane, dyed goat fur
country. The version available Hué, non bai and boar tusks. The region is also known for
tho, has lines of poetry written into the brim, its crafts and weaving, including beautiful
only visible when you hold it up to the light. Naga shawls.

52
53
HANDLOOM

In the olden times, people actively Handloom sector recorded a figure of 7116
used charkha for spinning cotton to make it a million sq.
fabric. In each and every village of India,
aspirate weavers community was present
which produced Handwoven and Handspun
fabrics from small instruments like Charkhas.

As one of the oldest and largest cottage


industries of the country, India's heritage
handlooms represent the timeless traditions,
diverse cultures and unparalleled
August 7 was chosen as the National
craftsmanship that have stood the test of time.
Handloom Day to commemorate the
From fabrics and weaving techniques to
Swadeshi Movement which was launched on
embellishment styles and aesthetics, they are
this day in 1905 in Calcutta Town Hall to
praised globally for showcasing our country's
protest against the partition of Bengal by the
ingenuity and expertise. As guardians of the
British Government.
rich legacy, it is integral that we understand
its origins and evolution over the years.

HANDLOOM SARIS

Handloom saris are a traditional textile


art of Bangladesh and India. The production
.A 'handloom' is a loom that is used to weave
of handloom saris are important for economic
cloth without the use of any electricity. Hand
development in rural India.
weaving is done on pit looms or frame looms
generally located in weavers' homes.
Weaving is primarily the interlacing of two
sets of yarn – the warp (length) and the weft
(width).

This sector provides employment to


43.31 lakh persons engaged on about 23.77 Completion of a single sari takes two to three
lakh handlooms, of which 10% are from days of work. Several regions have their own
scheduled castes, 18% belong to the traditions of handloom saris. The most
scheduled tribes, and 45% belong to other traditional are made in West Bengal.
backward classes. Production in the

54
INDIAN HANDLOOM

The “India Handloom” brand would


be evolved based on high quality defect free,
socially and environmentally compliant
product for catering to the needs of the high-
end consumers looking for niche handmade
products. The scheme would initially be
made voluntary. SOME FACTS ABOUT INDIAN
HANDLOOMS

 The handloom industry is the


second largest employment sector
after agriculture in rural India.
 It has more than 4.3 million people
involved either directly or indirectly.
 There are about 2.4 million looms of
different kinds that power the
industry.
A handloom essentially means any other  Almost 15% of cloth production in
loom besides the powerloom. However, in the country comes from the handloom
2012 this definition was expanded to also industry.
incorporate the hybrid loom where at least  Hand woven cloths or fabrics from
one weaving process requires manual or India account for 95% of the world’s
human intervention. There are basically three production of hand woven fabric.
different kinds of looms that weavers use  The handloom industry also has a
manually. They are the pit looms, stand loom flourishing export market. The export
and frame loom. Yarn is the ‘thread’ that is of handloom products in 2019 was at
used to make the cloth or fabric. The dyeing a value of US $ 343.69 million.
of the yarn is an important activity before
actual weaving or looming. The texture of the
hand woven fabric varies from that of a mill
or machine made fabric.

 Kanjeevaram – Tamil Nadu

Originating in Kanchipuram in Tamil


Nadu the Kanjeevaram sarees are one of the
most popular handloom products. The sarees
can sometimes take up to 6 months to be
made and are usually worn on special
occasions, such as weddings. INDIAN HANDLOOM

55
The Handloom Export Promotion Council sections of the society, for whom this is the
(HEPC) is a statutory body constituted under primary and for some the only source of
the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, income. Handloom weaving is spread across
to promote the export of all handlooms’ many states in the country and is at a
products such as fabrics, home furnishings, considerable decline in some of them.
carpets and floor coverings. HEPC was
constituted in 1965 with 96 members and
currently has about 1,500 members.

ADVANTAGES OF HANDLOOM

The strength of handloom lies in ease of


introducing new designs, which cannot be
replicated by the Power loom sector. The
advantages of the sector include less capital
intensive, use of minimal power, eco-friendly
quality, flexibility of small production and
adaptability to market requirements.

Handloom weaving is largely decentralized


and the weavers are mainly from the weaker

56
57
LAB GROWN CHICKEN IN A WORLD FIRST
Josh Tetrick is trying to win over Tetrick, who started his career working for
consumers with his lab-grown chicken bite non-profit organizations in Sub-Saharan
following the world’s first approval of his Africa, wanted to fix what he saw as one of
company’s cultured chicken in Singapore at the world’s biggest problems: Food
the end of 2020. sustainability. And for him, the egg came
first.
“We have the freedom to sell across
Singapore, whether retail, food service,
hawkers, you name it,” Tetrick told CNBC
Make It.

Starting with an egg

Tetrick is the founder and CEO of Eat Just,


the Californian food start-up responsible
for bringing the world’s first lab-grown
chicken to tables.

“We decided the place that we’re going to


start is figuring out a way to make an egg, a
chicken egg, from a plant,” he said. “All I
knew at the time is there were 375,000
species of plants all over the world, and I
bet that one of them could scramble like an
egg.”

WINNING INVESTOR SUPPORT

Investors liked his vision. Shortly after he


Its landmark approval for human founded the company, billionaire tech
consumption may potentially disrupt investor Vinod Khosla and his business
industrial livestock farms. But when partner Samir Kaul were on board, and
Tetrick started out in 2011, that notion was invested $500,000 in the idea.
a pipe dream.

The idea was ... to start a food company that


takes the animal, the live animal, out of the “That was enough to get me off the couch,”
equation of the food system. said Tetric. “I started hiring food scientists
and biochemists and molecular biologists,
“I had less than $3,000 in my bank account, analytical chemists, chefs.”
and the idea was: We’re going to start a
food company that takes the animal, the live
animal, out of the equation of the food
system,” he said.
58
Cultured meat is created by extracting a
single cell from an animal, either through a
biopsy, a cell bank, a piece of meat or a
feather.CNBC

Years of experimentation later, the team The process takes around 14 days from start
struck on mung bean — a protein-rich to finish, and the end product is raw minced
legume commonly used in cuisines across meat.
Asia. And in 2018, Eat Just’s first product,
Just Egg, was born. Creating the cell-cultured meat product was
the easy part. The harder part was obtaining
To date, the company has sold the regulatory approvals, which took two years.
equivalent of 100 million eggs made from
plant at major retailers, such as Walmart, Toward the end of 2020, Singapore became
Whole Food Markets and Alibaba. the first country to approve Eat Just’s
flagship cultured chicken nuggets for sale
nationwide under the Good Meat brand.

The chicken nugget is now available at


Singapore restaurant 1880, retailing at
around $17 for a set meal. More restaurants
in the city-state are expected to come on
board in the coming months.

HOW TO CREATE CULTURED


MEAT

The process of creating cultured meat starts


Singapore takes the world’s first bite
with a cell. In this case, from a chicken.
Singapore is home to Eat Just’s Asia-
It can be taken either from a live bird
Pacific headquarters and its first factory in
through a biopsy, a fresh piece of meat, a
Asia. The company is also considering
cell bank or the root of a feather. That cell
making Singapore its global manufacturing
is then fed nutrients like those found in soy
headquarters for Good Meat.
and corn before being left to mature in a
large-scale steel vessel. While the island nation — which is slightly
smaller than New York City — may seem
an unlikely location for a global meat
production facility, Aileen Supriyadi,
senior research analyst at Euromonitor

59
International, said several factors are at
play.

Singapore being the hub in Asia actually


helps those companies be able to export ...
to other countries. Meantime, every year an estimated 50
billion chickens are slaughtered for food.
The wider agriculture industry is
responsible for 10%-12% of greenhouse
gas emissions — a major contributor to
climate change.

Singapore has the 30 by 30 initiative, so the


country wants to have 30% of the food to
be produced locally (by 2030),” she told
CNBC Make It. Not everyone is behind the cultured
meat craze, though. Some are still skeptical
of its nutritional value and suitability for
Singapore can also utilize the scientific human consumption, while its
knowledge, especially the stem cell environmental and social impact remains to
research. And Singapore being the hub in be seen.
Asia actually helps those companies be able
However, Tetrick claims the process is
to export and sell their products to other
cleaner and more ethical than traditional
countries as well.”
agriculture.
REVOLUTIONIZING ANIMAL
AGRICULTURE

The rise of food start-ups comes amid the


scrutiny on industrial farming over its
unethical practices and harmful effects on
the environment.

The livestock industry, which supports the


livelihoods of at least 1.3 billion people
worldwide, has been racing to keep up with
the demand for meat.

60
61
RARE BIRDS
Birds are some of the most beautiful were released on Lake Sofia in Madagascar,
animals in the world and also one of the and about a year later ducklings were
most vulnerable. These majestic creatures spotted. Although this is good news, fewer
are often indicator species and alert humans than a dozen of the released adult
of the changes in the environment. Madagascar Pochards live on the lake,
Unfortunately, human activity has severely while the others are unaccounted for. There
impacted the native habitat of countless are still numerous Madagascar Pochards in
birds around the world and many are on the captivity to help aid the continuing
brink of extinction. In fact, two of the rare conservation efforts.
birds on this list are extinct in the wild and
only captive individuals exist. The Madagascar Pochard mostly eats
aquatic insects, especially caddisflies and
SPIX’S MACAW dragonfly larvae.
The Spix’s Macaw, made famous by the
animated film Rio (2011), has been
declared extinct in the wild, but there are
several in captive breeding programs as
well as a few in private ownership. Before
it went extinct, the Spix’s Macaw inhabited
Pernambuco and Bahia, Brazil
GOLDEN PHEASANT
Among all the negative news coming out (CHRYSOLOPHUS PICTUS)
of 2020 is some good news; in early March,
conservationists announced that 52 Spix’s The real golden pheasants are native to the
Macaw parrots were getting ready to be Western forests of China. Named after their
reintroduced to the wild. Currently, there golden crests, we are wowed by the male’s
are about 180 healthy Spix’s Macaw parrots colorful body! They can grow up to 41
in the captive breeding program. inches long and the tail is 2/3 the length of
the entire body. Golden pheasants are really
hard to find and there is little known about
them as they are seldom seen in their
natural habitat.
There are only about 1000-2000 of these
beautiful birds left.

MADAGASCAR POCHARD
Of all the rare birds on this list, the
Madagascar Pochard, an extremely rare
diving duck, has made a great comeback in
the last few years due to successful
conservation efforts. Before its rediscovery
in the wild in 2006, the Madagascar
Pochard was considered long extinct. After
years of research and a successful breeding
program, a set of young adult Pochards

62
CEBU FLOWERPECKER (DICAEUM area and measures have been put in place to
QUADRICOLOR) encourage the birds to breed and nest.
Found only in the Cebu Islands in
the Philippines, these birds were thought to
be extinct due to the disappearance of their
habitat. But in 1992 they popped up again
in a small limestone forest in the Central
Cebu Protected Landscape.
Their name, Quadricolor, refers to the 4
colors of the male’s plumage: blue, red,
white and yellow. Cebu Flowerpeckers are
frugivorous which means they eat only fruit
and seeds. There are only 105 Cebu BAHAMA NUTHATCH
Flowerpeckers in the world. A great effort
is now made to conserve them The Bahama Nuthatch is currently the
rarest bird in the world as none have been
seen since 2018. That year, after an
exhaustive search, researchers were
delighted to find a pair of Bahama
Nuthatches together and a few more
individuals. Prior to this, no Bahama
Nuthatch had been seen since 2016 because
the frequent hurricanes in the Bahamas – as
well as invasive species and tourist
developments – have caused extreme
habitat loss. Unfortunately, after Hurricane
Dorian hit in 2019, much of the ornithology
community believe that the Bahama
Nuthatch is now extinct. A viable captive
breeding program for the Bahama Nuthatch
was never established and there are only
fewer than two dozen specimens in
museum collections around the world.

STRESEMANN’S BRISTLEFRONT
Stresemann’s Bristlefront is the second
rarest bird with only one known individual
observed in the wild in the last few years.
After a few years of searching, in 2018
researchers finally spotted a female, giving
them hope that maybe there were a handful
of Stresemann’s Bristle fronts left.Since the
Stresemann’s Bristlefront was first noted in
the 1830s, the bird has always been elusive
and only appeared after several decades.
The Stresemann’s Bristle front’s home, the
Mata do Passarinho Preserve, is a protected
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BEST ALTERNATIVES TO PLASTIC

STAINLESS STEEL of denaturing. Look for silicone products


without plastic fillers.
Tough and easy to clean, stainless steel
options for reusable food and beverage BEESWAX-COATED CLOTH
storage have multiplied in recent years.
You can replace single-use cups, kitchen Used primarily as a replacement for plastic
storage, lunch boxes, and more with this wrap and platic bags, beeswax-coated
durable metal. fabric is easy to use and easy to clean. It
also smells great.

NATURAL FIBER CLOTH


GLASS
Natural cloth can replace plastic bags.
While not biodegradable, glass is inert, Sustainable clothing made from organic
inexpensive and infinitely recyclable. And cotton, wool, hemp, or bamboo won’t shed
since many food items come packaged in plastic fibers when washed. Felted or
glass, upcycling glass jars into food storage recycled wool is a versatile, safe, and
is a no-cost way to give your food compostable material for children’s toys,
packaging new life. Jars from jam, honey, household containers, and more.
pickles, nut butters, and so much more can
be added to your no-waste toolkit for WOOD
shopping from the bulk bins. They can also A renewable resource, wood from
be repurposed to store leftovers and sustainably-managed forests can replace
homemade drinks, or decorated and turned plastic in household items like cleaning
into homemade gifts. brushes, kitchen utensils, and cutting
boards.

BAMBOO SALAD SERVERS

PLATINUM SILICONE

Made primarily of sand, food grade


BAMBOO
platinum silicone is flexible and durable.
It’s also heat tolerant, so you can boil, bake, This fast-growing renewable resource can
and cook in these products without danger replace plastic in items like tableware and

65
drinking straws. It is lightweight, durable, that these new, earthier plastics can replace
and compostable. the harmful ones in our food and around our
home. Unfortunately, most bioplastics
POTTERY AND OTHER CERAMICS don’t break down in home composts,
Around for millennia, pottery and other landfills, or loose in the environment.
fired ceramics offer a stable, waterproof Most require commercial composting
alternative that’s good for food storage and facilities, which aren’t always available to
tableware. Look for non-toxic glazes. the average consumer.
PAPER Bioplastics can also contaminate municipal
In days gone by, many things were recycling programs when people
packaged in plain paper. And while better unknowingly add them to their recycling.
than plastic, paper can’t be recycled Many bioplastics even contain significant
infinitely because every time it’s reused, amounts conventional plastic.
the fibres get shorter, limiting its use. Scientists and manufacturers generally
Luckily all paper except the glossy kind is describe bioplastics in the following ways:
safe to put in your home compost.
NON BIODEGRADABLE

. These bioplastics aren’t easily broken


CARDBOARD down by organisms. Like anything (even
Cardboard is fully compostable at home as conventional plastic), they will eventually
long as it’s not coated in, you guessed it, degrade after many years.
plastic. Many companies are now Partially bio-based, “durable” plastics that
packaging their products in plain cardboard are not compostable. Microorganisms’ can
to cut down on waste. You can also use break these down, but the process generally
cardboard boxes to replace storage takes longer than 3-6 months.
containers in your home.
Biodegradable, compostable plastics that
Keep in mind that anything you buy has an need commercial facilities to decompose.
environmental footprint. Though longer While some newer bioplastics carry the
lasting than plastic, things made from glass, claim that they will break down in a home
metal, and so on still take energy to make compost, these are not yet the norm.
and transport. For these swaps to make
sense, you need to use them over and over Made from a range of materials like
and over again. Buying well-made, durable cornstarch and sugar to mushrooms and
products will help ensure you get the most agricultural byproducts, bioplastics are the
use from whatever you choose. latest attempt to prolong our disposable
lifestyle.
ABOUT BIOPLASTICS
The solution, according to plastic pollution
Bioplastics are biodegradable or experts, is not to continue our reliance on
compostable plastics made from natural
substances instead of petrolem. The idea is

66
single-use products with different materials, As more of us demand non-plastic options
but to avoid single-use products altogether. from the companies we buy from, the

PLASTIC BAGS IN FIELD

amount of plastic being mindlessly


produced and tossed will finally begin to
NATURAL ALTERNATIVE decline. Start with some manageable first
PACKAGING steps that can cut down your plastic use
significantly.
Many companies are working on fully
compostable (in some cases edible!) Use plastic-free beverage containers. A
packaging. long-lasting water bottle means you never
need to buy a bottled drink or use a plastic
A combination of agricultural waste and straw. Bringing your own reusable cup to
mycelium (mushroom) root, this home your favorite coffee shop means you can
compostable product is “grown” on a skip the cup, lid and straw.
hemp-flour mixture, and then dried to halt
the growth process. It’s most commonly Ditch the plastic bags. A staggering trillion
used to replace Styrofoam packaging.
Seaweed-based packaging that comes in
edible and biodegradable grades.Pressed
hay is being used as egg cartons in Poland.

BANANA LEAVES

In Thailand, where the plastic problem is


reaching crisis proportions, one
supermarket has opted to go plastic-free in
favour of banana leaf-and-bamboo
packaging. And while banana leaves may
plastic bags are used every year. Bring your
only be practical where they’re readily
own shopping bag, and help show others we
available, this does reinforce the idea of
can buy produce without plastic with
using local, compostable materials.
reusable produce bags. Bring your own
BREAK THE PLASTIC HABIT containers when shopping the bulk bins so
you don’t need the plastic ones typically
There are many easy swaps we can all make provided (and unfortunately used by most
that will help begin to cut plastic pollution. shopper.

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PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography is the art, application, and photograph or create division. A carefully
practice of creating durable images by balanced image lends a sense of stability to a
recording light, either electronically by photograph. An unbalanced image creates
means of an image sensor, or chemically by disunity or unrest. Balance is sensual in that
means of a light-sensitive material such as it ‘feels’ wrong or right.
photographic film. Photography is a way of
making a picture using a camera. A person
who makes pictures using a camera is called
a photographer. A picture made using a
camera is called a photograph or photo.
Photography became popular in the middle
> RHYTHM
19th century with Daguerreotype.
In many ways, composition in music is
very similar to composition in photography.
The photographic concept of rhythm
borrows heavily from music theory. Just like
a musician reading the notes on a sheet of
music, subjects in a space regulate the way
we view a photograph. The rhythm dictates
the recurring or organized/disorganized
distribution of visual elements throughout an
PRINCIPALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY image. To introduce a sense of rhythm to
your photography, try visualizing musical
The seven principles of art and design in
notation. The spaces, correlations, and
photography; balance, rhythm, pattern,
differences between subjects in a photograph
emphasis, contrast, unity and movement,
like this one reflect notes on a sheet of music.
form the foundation of visual arts. Using the
seven principles allows you to take greater
control of your photographic practice. This
will lead to better photos and more
photographic opportunities.

The 7 principles of art and design are


balance, rhythm, pattern, emphasis, contrast,
unity and movement. Use the elements of art
and design - line, shape/form, space, value,
color and texture - to create a composition as
a whole.
> PATTERN
> BALANCE
The pattern makes sense of the visual world
Balance is used to illustrate the visual through regularity. From man-made objects
weight of an image. It can either unite a to organic material and abstraction. Elements

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of design can be organized in a predictable photograph with a number of subjects,
manner to form a pattern. Put simply, selective grouping guides the viewer’s eye to
patterns are repetitions of the elements of art particular focal points. The size of a subject
and design. These work in unison within a also dictates the way the viewer will ‘read’ a
single frame. The human eye is calibrated to photograph. A larger subject suggests a
seek out patterns. This can evoke surprising closeness to the surface of the photograph. It
emotional reactions from a viewer. Patterns commands greater attention than that of a
are an active principle of art and design, they smaller subject in the background.
lift an image off the page. Incorporating Incorporating size tells a story about the
pattern into your photography is as much physicality of the subjects in a photograph,
about exploring as it is about photographic adding depth and perspective.Colour is
technique. Try looking out for architectural another tool that can cultivate emphasis. A
and urban features or organic subjects like brightly colored subject within a dark scene
flowers. Once you start looking, you will be gives a sense of vibrancy and life to an
amazed by the abundance of patterns around image. It draws the viewer’s eye.
you.
Emphasis in a photograph. Special emphasis
involves the orientation of a subject within
the photographic frame. A lone subject
located in the center of an image will attract
attention. It is the most readily available
component of the photograph. For a
perspectives or over and underexposure
disrupt an image and can cause disunity.
Another aspect that underlies a unified
image is the clear idea of a photographic
outcome. A photographic outcome, or goal,
is the idealized mental image of a
photograph before it’s taken.
By pre-visualizing an outcome, a
> EMPHASIS photographer can develop a clearer idea of
Emphasis shapes the center of interest in an the purpose of a photograph. This, in turn,
image. Color, space, texture, and line work allows a photographer to take greater control
together to determine the focus of an image. of the image.
There are many ways to create

> UNITY
Unity describes the visual relationship
between elements in a photograph. It helps
create a cohesive images. Using similar
colors or tones, concepts or elements
cultivates a sense of unity .Disunity is the
opposite. Bad cropping, awkward

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> MOVEMENT IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOGRAPHY
The term ‘movement’ in photography often Essentially, the purpose of photography is
describes the relationship between the to communicate and document moments in
camera’s shutter speed and a subject. When time. When you take a photograph and share
it comes to art and design, movement refers it with others, you're showing a moment that
to the path the viewer’s eye takes while was frozen through a picture. This moment
reading a photograph. Movement is shaped can tell someone many things, from the
by the elements and principles of art and environment to what people are doing.
design. A photographer can take control of Photography is an excellent hobby because
the way a viewer absorbs a photograph. For it’s a lot of fun, and start at any age.
example, the use of line in photography Photography helps you connect with like-
creates ‘visual highways’ that guide a minded people. You can join photography
viewer’s eye. Jagged lines create excitement, groups and share your experiences, go out
shifting the viewer’s gaze from one point to and take photos together, challenge and learn
the next. Curved lines are more subtle. These from each other.
reduce the speed at which a photograph is
viewed. Understanding the nature and
psychology of human sight is an important
part of controlling movement. For example,
the human eye is more sensitive to certain
colors than others. Red is attention-grabbing.
Soft blues are gentler and more subtle.
Movement can be directed through the
selective use of colour and
Saturation. There are a lot of different ways
to guide the viewer’s eye through a
photograph. Movement studies the nature of
the eye as well as the psychology behind how
we absorb visual information.

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Photography
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