Coffee: Origin in Kaffa
Coffee: Origin in Kaffa
Coffee: Origin in Kaffa
Origin in Kaffa
Numerous tales tell the story of the
discovery of the very first coffee bean and it's
very uniquely invigorating effect. According
to a story written down in 1671, coffee was
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from
first discovered by the 9th- century Ethiopian
roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries
goat-herder Kaldi
from certain flowering plants in the Coffee
While roaming the countryside of the genus. From the coffee fruit, the seeds are
Ethiopian kingdom Kaffa with his goats, he separated to produce a stable, raw product:
noticed, that his goats started behaving unroasted green coffee. The seeds are then
erratically when eating the fruits of a mid- roasted, a process which transforms them
sized, dark green shrubbery with yellow and into a consumable product: roasted coffee,
red berries. which is ground into fine particles that are
typically steeped in hot water before being
filtered out, producing a cup of coffee.
Following his curiosity, he took some of
those stimulating “magic berries” with him
to the next monastery to have its effects
explained to him by the chaplain. Declaring
it a devilish temptation, the chaplain
furiously tossed the berries into the fire.
Shortly after, the unique and aromatic smell
of roasted coffee rose from the fire, beguiling
the monks. They quickly saved the beans
from the fire and, sooner or later, brewed the
very first coffee.
History
1
in the accounts of Ahmed al-Ghaffar in ★ Brazil grows the most coffee in the
Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee world.
seeds were first roasted and brewed in a Today, Brazil produces about third of the
similar way to how it is prepared now. world's supply, according to the International
Coffee was used by Sufi circles to stay Coffee Organization, about twice
awake for their religious rituals.
As of 2016, at least 34% of global coffee The 3,487-gallon serving earned a Guiness
production was compliant with voluntary World Record in 2012.
sustainability standards such as Fairtrade, ★ The Boston Tea Party helped
UTZ, and 4C (The Common Code for the popularize coffee in America.
Coffee Community)
★ And you can eat coffee cherries as a In the lead up to the Revolutionary War, it
became patriotic to sip java in lieu tea, of
food
PBS reveals. The Civil War also made the
Early on, people mixed coffee berries with drink more pervasive because it helped
fat to create an energy-rich snack ball, energize tired troops.
according to PBS. They would also ferment
the pulp to make a wine-like drink
2
even exacerbated panic attacks . If you are
sensitive to caffeine and tend to become
overstimulated, you may want to avoid
coffee altogether. Another unwanted side
effect is that it can disrupt sleep.Many
Americans claim they can't function without
their morning cup of coffee—and we get it,
the caffeinated beverage gives us the get-up-
and-go we all crave in the morning.
HARMNESS OF COFFEE
3
4
RED WOOD
5
deeply furrowed and may be as thick as 30 throughout California. Burls cut from the
cm (12 inches) or more on an old tree. The trunk are made into bowls, trays, turned
base of the tree forms massive buttresses, articles, and veneer.
and hemispheric burls may occur on the
trunk. Beautiful and resistant to decay and insects,
coast redwood has long been a popular
building material. During the California
Gold Rush, which started in 1849, hundreds
of thousands of people came to the state,
and redwoods were logged extensively to
satisfy the explosive demand for lumber.
Only 5 percent of the original old-growth
Trees produce oxygen, provide habitats for
coast redwood forest remains.
insects, and one held the apple that met Sir
Isaac Newton. Besides holding swings that Today, nearly all harvested redwood comes
test our own theories of gravity, what else from young trees, and is often used for
do you know about these "gentle decks, fences, and forests buy these
giants"?Coast redwoods are exceptionally redwood products with a clear conscience?
fire-adapted. In August 2020, stands of the The answer is a qualified “yes.” Save the
trees were burned in various wildfires in Redwoods League is opposed to cutting
northern and central California, including a down ancient redwoods. But we support
famous grove of old-growth trees in Big selective harvesting on previously cut-over
Basin State Park. Although some lands. In fact, such harvesting can prevent
individuals were lost, most were expected forest conversion to non-forest uses and
to survive, owing to their ability to lessen the impacts of climate change—if
withstand fire. it’s done in a way that protects the
ecosystem.
Uses
6
can live for thousands of years. Threats For thousands of years the people of the
include logging, fire suppression,climate area managed to live in harmony with these
change, illegal marijuana cultivation, and ancient trees, understanding the importance
burl poaching. of their unique forest ecosystem. And then
the gold rush happened. With the arrival of
Only two of the genera, Sequoia and hundreds of thousands of gold-seekers
Sequoiadendron, are known for massive starting in 1849, the redwoods were
trees. Trees of Metasequoia, from the single doomed. Logged into near oblivion to keep
living species Metasequoia up with the demand for lumber, today, only
glyptostroboides, are much smaller 5 percent of the original old-growth coast
redwood forest remains, fewer than
100,000 acres dotted along the coast.
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8
History Of Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat is an architectural rule of the Khmer Rouge. Angkor Wat
masterpiece and the largest religious sustained
monument in the world – covering an area
four times the size of Vatican City. It was Minimal damage – however there are still
built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II bullet holes on its outer walls due to the
in the first half of the 12th century, around battles of the Khmer Rouge regime.
the year 1110-1150, making Angkor Wat
almost 900 years old.
9
Bayon Temple and Ta Prohm – made Angkor Wat is said to represent Mount
famous by Lara Croft in Tomb Raider! We Meru, the home of the gods, according to
now know that Angkor Wat was the centre both Hindu and Buddhist faiths. The five
of a city as large as Berlin – it was the towers represent the five peaks of Mount
heart of the largest empire of its time. Meru, whilst the walls signify the
surrounding mountain ranges and the moat
Today, Angkor Wat lies just 5.5km north represents the sea.
of the modern town of Siem Reap. Siem
Reap is full of lively bars, serene hotels EXPLORE ANGKOR WAT
and colourful markets – it’s the perfect
gateway to exploring the ancient world of Visiting Cambodia’s Temples of Angkor is
Angkor. definitely top of many people’s bucket
lists. Angkor Wat is an awe-inspiring
temple, famous for its enormous size and
incredible detail.
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ascend Kulen Mountain and then continue
on to the world-famous Angkor Wat!
11
12
S. P. BALASUBRAHMANYAM
Sripathi Panditaradhyula Typhoid and joined as an associate member
Balasubrahmanyam. (4 June 1946 – 25 the Institution of Engineers, Chennai.
September 2020), also known as SPB or
Balu, was an Indian playback singer, Balasubrahmanyam continued to pursue
television presenter, music director, actor music during his engineering studies and
and film producer who worked won awards at singing competitions. In
predominantly in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, 1964, he won the first prize in a music
Hindi and Malayalam films.He is widely competition for amateur singers organized
considered one of the greatest Indian by the Madras-based Telugu Cultural
singers of all time Organization. He was the leader of a light
music troupe composed of Anirutta (on the
EARLY LIFE harmonium), Ilaiyaraaja (on guitar and later
on harmonium), Baskar (on percussion) and
Balasubrahmanyam was born in Nellore, Gangai Amaran (on guitar). He was
Madras Presidency (present-day Andhra selected as the best singer in a singing
Pradesh) into a Telugu Brahmin family. His competition which was judged by S. P.
father, S. P. Sambamurthy, was a Harikatha Kodandapani and Ghantasala Often visiting
artist who also acted in plays. His mother music composers seeking opportunities, his
was Sakunthalamma, who died on 4 first audition song was "Nilave Ennidam
February 2019. He had two brothers and Nerungadhe". It was rendered by veteran
five sisters, including singer S. P. Sailaja. playback singer P. B. Srinivas, who used to
His son S. P. Charan is also a popular South write and give him multi-lingual verses in
Indian singer, actor and producer. Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam,
Sanskrit, English and Urdu.
13
song "Athaanodu Ippadi Irundhu Eththanai and Best Supporting Actor categories. He
Naalaachu", a duet with L. R. Eswari under has also won four Tamil Nadu State Film
the musical direction of M. S. Viswanathan Awards and three Karnataka State Film
for the film Hotel Ramba, which was never Awards.The first of his National Awards
released. Other early songs he sang were came for his work in the 1979 musical film,
duets with P. Susheela, "Iyarkai Ennum Sankarabharanam. Two years later he
Ilaya Kanni" entered the Hindi film industry through Ek
Duuje Ke Liye (1981), winning the award
In the 1969 film Shanti Nilayam, starring for the second time. He also received a
Gemini Ganesh, and "Aayiram Nilavae Filmfare nomination for Best Male
Vaa" for M. G. Ramachandran in Playback Singer for the film. In the
Adimaippenn. His first song with S. Janaki subsequent years, he won the National Film
was "Pournami Nilavil Pani Vizhum Iravil" Awards for Saagara Sangamam (1983) and
in Kannippenn. He was then introduced to Rudraveena (1988)—both Telugu films. In
the Malayalam film industry by G. 1989, he received his first Filmfare Award
Devarajan in the film Kadalppalam. for Maine Pyar Kiya. He won the first of his
four South Filmfare Awards for Subha
Sankalpam, a film that he produced. His
first Filmfare Award in the playback
singing category came for Sri Ramadasu
(2006), followed by Mozhi (2007) and
Aaptha Rakshaka (2010). Other honors for
List of awards and nominations received his singing career included Lata
by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam Mangeshkar Award, Sangeetha Ganga
Award, and Film Fans' Association Award.
In addition, he was also honored with
Padma Shri (2001) and Padma Bhushan
(2011), Padma vibhushan (2021), the fourth,
third and second highest civilian honors by
the Government of India. Alongside his
singing career, Balasubrahmanyam worked
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam was an Indian
as an actor, music composer, voice actor,
playback singer, who was well known for
and film producer
his work in South Indian films. Having
made his playback singing debut in 1966
through the Telugu film Sri Sri Sri Maryada
Ramanna, he sang over 40,000 songs in
multiple languages of India. He is the
recipient of six National Film Awards, six
Filmfare Awards South, and one Filmfare The Padma Shri award-winning musician is
Award. Balasubrahmanyam was also a survived by his wife Savitri
recipient of 25 Nandi Awards—Best Male Balasubrahmanyam and his children SP
Playback Singer, Best Music Director, Best Charan and Pallavi Balasubrahmanyam.
Male Dubbing Artist, Special Jury Award,
14
Previously, SP Balasubrahmanyam had This, despite the fact that SPB was
won six national awards never formally trained in classical
music. Sagara Sangamam and
Rudraveena were two other music-
based films which would have been
poorer if not for SPB’s powerful
renditions.
DEATH OF SPB
15
16
THE CUPID 💘
ROMAN GOD
Mount -- Dolphin.
ABOUT CUPID
17
gods who came into existence asexually;
after his generation, deities were begotten
through male-female unions. In Hesiod’s
Theogony, only Chaos and Gaia (Earth) are
older. Before the existence of gender
dichotomy, Eros functioned by causing
entities to separate from themselves that
which they already contained.
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MODERN-DAY CUPID
19
VALENTINE’S DAY CUPID Her cards also prominently featured Cupid,
HISTORY depicted as a chubby infant. When her
business boomed, the images of a cherub-
like Cupid became his main depiction. The
earliest images of Eros in art didn’t feature
his bow and arrow. However, from the
Hellenistic period onwards
20
Cupid began to be referred to as a demon of
fornication. That meaning hasn’t stood the
test of time though. Now Cupid is widely
regarded as a Greek/Roman god, and not a
demon.
CONCLUSION
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22
HAIRSTYLE
A hairstyle, hairdo, haircut or coiffure early 17th century, male hairstyles grew
refers to the styling of hair, usually on the longer, with waves or curls being
human scalp. Sometimes, this could also considered desirable.
mean an editing of facial or body hair. The
fashioning of hair can be considered an
aspect of personal grooming, fashion, and
cosmetics, although practical, cultural, and
popular considerations also influence some
hairstyles
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women's hair was generally curled and was felt to be symbolic of propriety:
worn in a variety of styles and lengths. In loosening one's hair was considered
the 1960s, many women began to wear their immodest and sexual, and sometimes was
hair in short modern cuts such as the pixie felt to have supernatural connotations. Red
cut, while in the 1970s, hair tended to be hair was popular, particularly in England
longer and looser. In both the 1960s and during the reign of the red-haired Elizabeth
1970s many men and women wore their I, and women and aristocratic men used
hair very long and straight. In the 1980s, borax, saltpeter, saffron and sulfur powder
women pulled back their hair with to dye their hair red, making themselves
scrunchies. During the 1980s, punk nauseated and giving themselves headaches
hairstyles were adopted by many people. and nosebleeds .During this period in Spain
and Latin cultures, women wore lace
Prehistory and history mantillas, often worn over a high comb, and
Some people may cover their hair in Buenos Aires, there developed a fashion
totally or partially for cultural or religious for extremely large tortoise-shell hair
reasons. Notable examples of head combs called peinetón, which could
covering include women in Islam who wear measure up to three feet in height and width,
the hijab, married women in Haredi and which are said by historians to have
Judaism who wear the sheitel or tichel, reflected the growing influence of France,
married Himba men who cover their hair rather than Spain, upon Argentinians.
except when in mourning, Tuareg men who
wear a veil, and baptized men and women
in Sikhism who wear the dastar.
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Haircuts in space before shampooing to remove tangles. To
clean the wig, the wig should be dipped into
Haircuts also occur in the International a container with water and mild shampoo,
Space Station. During the various then dipped in clear water and moved up
expeditions astronauts use hair clippers and down to remove excess water. The wig
attached to vacuum devices for grooming must then be air dried naturally into its own
their colleagues so that the cut hair will not hairstyle. Proper maintenance can make a
drift inside the weightless environment of human hair wig last for many years.
the space station and become a nuisance to
the astronauts or a hazard to the sensitive
equipment installations inside the station.
25
26
RAJA RAVIVARMAN
Him to paint with watercolours. Three
years later Varma began to study oil
painting with Theodore Jensen, a banish-
born British artist.
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depicting mythological Indian themes, it
imitated Western styles of painting. That
view was instrumental in the formation of
the Bengal School of Art (or Bengal school),
whose members explored ancient Indian
artistic traditions with a modernist
sensibility.
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Rani of Attingal, and in their progeny was ART CAREER
vested the succession to the throne of
Travancore. Therefore, Ravi Varma's
connection to the royal family became very
close due to his marriage with Bhageerthi.
His children (because they belonged to their
mother's family) would be royal by birth.
The marriage, which was arranged by the
parents in the proper Indian manner, was
harmonious and successful. The couple Varma was patronised by Ayilyam
were blessed with five children, two sons, Thirunal, the next Maharaja of Travancore
and three daughters. Their elder son, Kerala and began formal training thereafter. He
Varma (b.1876) was of an excessively learned the basics of painting in Madurai.
spiritual temperament. He never married Later, he was trained in water painting by
and eventually renounced the world, Rama Swami Naidu and rather reluctantly
leaving home for good in 1912. The in oil painting by (Dutch or Danish)
younger son, Rama Varma (born 1879), portraitist Theodore Jenson. The British
inherited his father's artistic talent and administrator Edgar Thurston was
studied at the JJ School of Arts, Mumbai. significant in promoting the careers of
He was married to Gowri Kunjamma, sister Varma and his brother.[9] Varma received
of Dewan PGN Unnithan, and became the widespread acclaim after he won an award
father of seven children. for an exhibition of his paintings at Vienna
in 1873. Varma's paintings were also sent to
the World's Columbian Exposition held in
Chicago in 1893 and he was awarded three
gold medals.[10] He travelled throughout
India in search of subjects. He often
modelled Hindu Goddesses on Indian
women, whom he considered beautiful.
Ravi Varma is particularly noted for his
paintings depicting episodes from the story
of Dushyanta and Shakuntala, and Nala and
Damayanti, from the Mahabharata. Ravi
Varma's representation of mythological
characters has become a part of the Indian
In this way, the entire present (existing)
royal family of Travancore is descended imagination of the epics. He is often
criticized for being too showy and
from Raja Ravi Varma. Well known among
sentimental in his style but his work
his royal descendants are the writers
remains very popular in India. Many of his
Aswathi Thirunal Gowri Lakshmi Bayi and
Shreekumar Varma, the artist Rukmini fabulous paintings are housed at Laxmi
Vilas Palace, Vadodara.
Varma and the classical musician Aswathi
Thirunal Rama Varma.
29
The gypsies[attribution needed]
Nair Woman
The heartbroken
Swarbat Player
Shakuntala
30
.
.
(Lord Ganesha with Siddhi and Buddhi)
(Jatayu fights Ravana)
.
.
(Family of Shiva)
(Maharaj Shivaji)
31
32
STORY OF SCOUT MOVEMENT
33
In 1910 he visited Canada and the United called “International Scout Conference”)
States where it had already started. The was held with 33 National Scout
coming of World War I in 1914 could have Organizations represented. The Boy Scouts
brought about the collapse of the International Bureau, later to become the
Movement, but the training provided World Scout Bureau, was founded in
through the patrol system proved its worth. London in 1920. In 1922 the first World
Patrol leaders took over when adult leaders Scout Committee was elected at the 2nd
volunteered for active service. Scouts International Conference in Paris, where 31
contributed to the war effort in England in National Scout Organizations were
many ways; most notable perhaps were the represented. World membership was just
over 1 million.
35
Scouting/ Guiding in India: voluntary, non-political, non-govermental
organization.
WE ENGAGE- IN PEACE
EDUCATION.
What is Scouting
36
37
BIPIN RAWAT
MILITARY CAREER
38
Division in Uri when he was promoted to foreign territory when he sent troops of a
the rank of major general. para-commando battalion to attack Naga
rebels inside Myanmar after an ambush on
As a lieutenant general, he commands the Indian troops. In the same year, he survived
III corps, based in Dimapur before taking a helicopter crash in the north-eastern state
command of the southern army in Pune. of Nagaland. IN 2016, he took over as
After being promoted to the rank of Army India's 27th Indian army chief, superseding
Commander, he assumed the post of two officers who were senior to him.
Commander General (GOCinC) of
FUNCTION OF CDS
Southern Command. Soon after, he was
promoted to the post of Deputy Chief of The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)
Staff of the Army. administers the operations of the three
forces-- the Indian Army, the Indian Air
Was appointed 27th Chief of Staff of the Force, and the Indian Navy. The Chief of
Army by the Government of India on Defence Staff also plays the role of military
December 17, 2016, and took office on advisor on important defence and strategic
December 31, 2016. issues for the Prime Minister and Minister
He was also the 57th and final Chairman of of Defence of India.09-Dec-2021
the Heads of State Committee -Major of the
STRUGGLE FACED BY SOLIDER
Indian Army. Appointed first CDS on
December 30, 2019, and took office on Problems with Military Practices and
January 1, 2020. Culture Were the Most Pressing. When
asked which problem domains were the
most pressing for them, soldiers most
frequently reported Military Practices and
Culture, followed by Work/Life Balance,
Soldier's Own Well-Being, Health Care
System Problems, and Relationship
Bipin received a monthly salary of $3,400, Problems.
₹260,000 Indian rupees.
AWARDS RECEIVED BY BIPIN
He was a decorated officer who often RAWAT
commanded units in restive regions in the
country.In the 1980s, as an army colonel, He was awarded for his gallantry and
Gen Rawat commanded his battalion along distinguished service with the UYSM,
the Line of Actual Control in the north- AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM, COAS over the
eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh during a span of his 38 years of service. He was also
military stand-off with China. a part of the United Nations Peacekeeping
Force, and was twice awarded the Force
Commander’s Commendation while
serving with the United Nations. He was
In 2015, when he was in charge of the 3
also awarded the Sword of Honor from
Corps, Gen Rawat initiated India's first
IMA, Dehradun.
officially declared surgical strikes on
39
cargo and equipment inside its cargo cabin
or on an external sling. The helicopter is
capable of dropping tactical air assault
forces and reconnaissance teams.
40
41
ORGAN TRAFFICKING
the most prominent organs that are traded
The Unseen Form of Human
TraffickingOrgan trafficking, a lucrative
global illicit trade, is often a lesser
discussed form of human trafficking among
anti-human trafficking stakeholders due to
its intricate and often stealth nature.
Trafficking sex and/or labor are the more
commonly thought of forms of human
trafficking among public policy leaders and
Illicitly are kidneys, with the World Health
general awareness campaigns. However,
Organization (WHO) estimating that
organ trafficking holds a critical place with
10,000 kidneys are traded on the black
transnational organized crime groups due to
market worldwide annually, or more than
high demand and relatively low rates of law
one every hour.
enforcement.
42
Longer. Hiding in Plain Sight Traffickers "Trafficking in persons' shall mean the
orchestrate the recruitment of the donor often recruitment, transportation, transfer,
from a place of vulnerability, and victims are harboring or receipt of persons, by means of
not necessarily properly screened for their the threat or use of force or other forms of
qualifications to be a healthy donor. coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception,
Desperate patients in need of an organ may of the abuse of power or of a position of
fall prey to a trafficker who could be posing vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
as a "reputable" representative of an altruistic payments or benefits to achieve the consent
organ matching of a person having control over another
Organization, trafficking, creating a multi- person, for the purpose of exploitation.
level equation of exploitation. The term
"transplant tourism" is often utilized in
describing this crime, as defined by the travel
for transplantation that involves organ
trafficking and/or transplant commercialism
or if the resources (organs, professionals and
transplant centers) devoted to providing
transplants to patients from outside a country
undermine the country's ability to provide
transplant services for its own population.
In most countries, the buying and selling
of organs is illegal (e.g., Iran is the only
country in the world where buying and
selling an organ is legal but this exception
only applies to its citizens). Conversely, there
are few laws that restrict an individual from
leaving one's country to obtain an organ from
someone
EXPANDING THE HUMAN
How does organ trafficking fit within the
broader definition of human trafficking? As
stated in the Palermo Protocol of 2000, the
basis for most national laws on human
trafficking, organ trafficking is defined
within the broader definition as:
43
organ trade conservatively generates Babson College, speaking on Project Organ
approximately $840 million to $1.7 billion and organ trafficking at an ACAMS Greater
annually, according to GFI Toronto Chapter event in March 2018, as part
Unfortunately, even with estimated flow of of the expanded Project Protect mandate,
funds crossing $1 billion annually, it is hosted by
difficult for both law enforcement agents and Greater Toronto Chapter President Stuart
Davis, chief AML officer at Bank of
anti-money
Montreal, and John Shoemaker officer at
Great -West Life of Manulife.
MONEY LAUNDERING
While it may be difficult for banks FINALLY RESEARCHERS
to detect financial transactions related to
organ trafficking, it is not impossible as there USA, cbain@babson.edu Joseph Mari,
are some indicators available. These red flags CAMS, senior manager of major
investigations, Bank of Montreal, Toronto,
could include the following indicators and
Canada, joseph.mari@bmo.com
may be innocuous on their own but when
combined, could present potentially
Advisor: Dr. Francis L. Delmonico,
suspicious behavior:
M.D., World Health Organization, advisory
organ donation and transplantation and
professor of surgery,
Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,
Francis_Delmomico@neds. Org
Christina Bain, director of the initiative on
human modern slavery, Babson
Wire transfers to entities in high-risk
College, Wellesley.
jurisdictions (See Figure A) with names that
include a variation of medical. For example,
"Medicus"
Methods of payment such as wires
payment, email money transfer, and bulk
cash withdrawal (See Figure B for estimated
organ pricing)
Payments between charities and medical
tourism sites
Trafficking or transplant tourism can be
further disseminated to international partners
by national Fills
Christina Bain, director of the initiative on
human trafficking and modern slavery at
44
45
SIDDHA
Siddha (Sanskrit: siddha; "perfectedone") is a subtle world (loka) where perfected beings (siddhas)
term that is used widely in Indian religions and take birth. They are endowed with the eight primary
culture. It means "one who is accomplished." It refers siddhi s at birth.In the Hindu philosophy (of Kashmir
to perfected masters who have achieved a high Shaivism), siddha refers to a siddha guru who can by
degree of physical as well as spiritual perfection or way of shaktipat initiate disciples into yoga. A
enlightenment. In Jainism, the term is used to refer to siddha, in Tamil siddhar or cithara (see cit), means
the liberated souls. Siddha may also refer to one who "one who is accomplished" and refers to perfected
has attained a siddhi, paranormal masters who, according to Hindu belief, have
capabilities.Siddhas may broadly refer to siddhars, transcended the ahamkara (ego or I- maker), have
naths, ascetics, sadhus, or yogis because they all subdued their minds to be subservient to their
practice sadhana. Awareness, and have transformed their bodies
(composed mainly of dense Rajotama gunas) into a
different kind of body dominated by sattva. This is
usually accomplished only by persistent meditation
Agastyar or Agasthya, is believed to be the founding Siddha medicine is one of the most ancient medical
father of Siddha Medicine. Eighteen Siddhars are systems of India. Siddha is the mother medicine of
considered to be pillars of Siddha Medicine.In Tamil ancient Tamils/Dravidians of peninsular South
Nadu, South India, a siddha (see siddhar) refers to a India. The word Siddha means established truth. The
being who has achieved a high degree of physical as persons who were associated with establishing such
well as spiritual perfection or enlightenment. The a Siddha school of thought were known as Siddhars.
ultimate demonstration of this is that siddhas They recorded their mystic findings in medicine,
allegedly attained physical immortality. Thus siddha, yoga, and astrology in Tamil. Fundamental
like siddhar, refers to a person who has realised the Principles of Siddha include theories of Five
goal of a type of sadhana and become a perfected Elements (Aimpootham), and Three Forces/Faults
being. In Tamil Nadu, South India, where the siddha (Mukkuttram). The Eight Methods of
tradition is still practiced, special individuals are Examination (Envakai Thervukal) is used to
recognized as and called siddhas (or siddhas or determine diagnosis, etiology, treatment and
cittars) who are on the path to that assumed prognosis. Siddha has safe herbal and herbo mineral
perfection after they have taken special secret treatment for psoriasis, eczema, alopecia, diabetic
Ramayana’s to perfect their bodies, in order to be ulcer, warts, vitiligo, pemphigus, pompholyx,
able to sustain prolonged meditation along with a leprosy, and many more very common and rare
form of pranayama which considerably reduces the diseases. Lifestyle modifications including diet are
number of breaths they take. Siddha were said to important.
have special powers including flight. These eight
powers are collectively known as attamasiddhigal
(ashtasiddhi). In Hindu cosmology, Siddhaloka is a
46
THE PHILOSOPHY OF SIDDHA MEDICINE
Practitioners of Siddha medicine are known as
siddhars (or siddhas). According to Tamil tradition,
there initially were 18 siddhars; these individuals
often are portrayed as having received their In Siddha medicine system, drugs were classified on
knowledge of the Siddha system indirectly from the the basis of five properties and it includes taste,
deity Shiva. Siddhars held that the object of their character, potency, class, action. Based on the mode
study was to preserve and prolong life. To do so, they of application, the Siddha medicine could be
believed, required humans to live according to the classified into two classes: internal medicine and
laws of nature. They led simple lives themselves and external medicineThe Tamil Nadu state runs a 5.5-
were unconcerned with caste, creed, colour, or year course in Siddha medicine (BSMS: Bachelor in
nationality. They contributed not only to a system of Siddha Medicine and Surgery). The Indian
medicine but also to the knowledge of eternity, Government also gives its focus on Siddha, by
alchemy, and Yogic living. Some believe that the starting up medical colleges and research centers like
siddhars travelled widely to other countries to National Institute of Siddha.[16] and Central Council
propagate their system of medicine and enrich the for Research in Siddha. [17] Commercially, Siddha
sciences. Siddhars possessed ashtama siddhi, the medicine is practiced by siddhars referred in Tamil
eight great supernatural powers. These powers may as vaithiyars.
have been attained at birth (because of one’s previous
karma), by chemical means, by the power of words, Since 2014, the Supreme Court of India and Indian
or through concentration. Meditation on the Medical Association have described Siddha
elements, beginning with the “gross” and ending with medicine as quackery, and there is no governmental
the “subtle,” enabled the siddhars to gain mastery recognition of siddhars as legitimate physicians.The
over the elements. Many of the ancient philosophical Indian Medical Association regards the Indian
tenets of the Siddha system continue to be relevant to institutions that train people in Siddha medicine, the
modem practitioners supposed degrees granted, and the graduates of those
programs as "fake". Since 1953, the Indian national
According to the Siddha system, there are five government has not recognized Siddha medicine or
elements that exist in nature: earth, water, fire, air, any alternative system of medicine as valid, and there
and ether, all of which form the original basis of all is no proposal to integrate Siddha medicine into
corporeal things. It is believed that there is an conventional medicine practiced in India
intimate connection between the macrocosm of the
external world and the microcosm of the corporeal
being. In the human body the element of earth is
present in the bone, flesh, nerves, skin, and hair; the
element of water is present in bile, blood, semen,
glandular secretions, and sweat; the element of fire is
present in hunger, thirst, sleep, beauty, and
indolence; the element of air is present in contraction,
expansion, and motion; and the element of ether is
present in the interstices of the stomach, heart, neck,
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There may be as many as one million quack
"doctors", including siddhas, practicing medicine in One of the core benefits of siddha medicine and what
the rural regions of India, a condition not actively makes it stand apart from other medicine is that it
opposed by the Indian government out of concern for takes into account bio individuality and a patient’s
serving some health needs for the large rural entire bodymind-spirit connection. Rather than
Population. The Indian Medical Association treating symptoms with drugs and ignoring the
emphatically opposed this position in 2014. In 2018, underlying problems, Siddha medicine aims to look
licensed Indian physicians staged demonstrations at the root of disease and how it’s related to a
and accused the government of sanctioning quackery person’s thoughts, beliefs and lifestyle — in other
by proposing to allow rural quacks to practice some words, a person’s “vital energy. “Siddha system of
aspects of clinical medicine without having complete medicine is a lifestyle more than a branch of science.
medical training. According to the Siddha medicine Healthy living, appropriate eating, adequate sleep,
system, diet and lifestyle play a major role in health proper exercises are pillars of it. In fact it helps in
and in curing diseases. This concept of the Siddha healing rather than prescription drugs, complicated
medicine is termed as path yam and apathiyam, surgeries or suffering through painful conditions.
which is essentially a rule based system with a list of
"do's and don'ts".
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VERSION OF DRESSES
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There are many variations on the basic collar being the pinnacle of Maasai
styles depending on the area and on fashion, craftsmanship.
from the pom-pom hats of the Black Forest
(bollenhut) to thoroughly modern versions:
there’s nothing quite like a tight pair of
leather shorts worn at a Pride festival to put
a contemporary twist on those Bavarian
lederhosen.
Vietnam is home to an extraordinary wealth Visit the northern Indian region of Bolivia
of clothing traditions, with the most for the Bolivia in December and you’ll
elaborate outfits found in the north, such as witness a sartorial treat. During the festival
red brocades of the Flower Hmong people each of the tribes of the Nagaland show
and the decorated headdresses of the Red their finery, each tribe having its own
Dao. However, the most recognisably magnificent style, and with a spectacular
Vietnamese item is the conical hat, or non range of headdresses on display,
la, an essential accessory throughout the incorporating feathers, cane, dyed goat fur
country. The version available Hué, non bai and boar tusks. The region is also known for
tho, has lines of poetry written into the brim, its crafts and weaving, including beautiful
only visible when you hold it up to the light. Naga shawls.
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HANDLOOM
In the olden times, people actively Handloom sector recorded a figure of 7116
used charkha for spinning cotton to make it a million sq.
fabric. In each and every village of India,
aspirate weavers community was present
which produced Handwoven and Handspun
fabrics from small instruments like Charkhas.
HANDLOOM SARIS
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INDIAN HANDLOOM
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The Handloom Export Promotion Council sections of the society, for whom this is the
(HEPC) is a statutory body constituted under primary and for some the only source of
the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, income. Handloom weaving is spread across
to promote the export of all handlooms’ many states in the country and is at a
products such as fabrics, home furnishings, considerable decline in some of them.
carpets and floor coverings. HEPC was
constituted in 1965 with 96 members and
currently has about 1,500 members.
ADVANTAGES OF HANDLOOM
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LAB GROWN CHICKEN IN A WORLD FIRST
Josh Tetrick is trying to win over Tetrick, who started his career working for
consumers with his lab-grown chicken bite non-profit organizations in Sub-Saharan
following the world’s first approval of his Africa, wanted to fix what he saw as one of
company’s cultured chicken in Singapore at the world’s biggest problems: Food
the end of 2020. sustainability. And for him, the egg came
first.
“We have the freedom to sell across
Singapore, whether retail, food service,
hawkers, you name it,” Tetrick told CNBC
Make It.
Years of experimentation later, the team The process takes around 14 days from start
struck on mung bean — a protein-rich to finish, and the end product is raw minced
legume commonly used in cuisines across meat.
Asia. And in 2018, Eat Just’s first product,
Just Egg, was born. Creating the cell-cultured meat product was
the easy part. The harder part was obtaining
To date, the company has sold the regulatory approvals, which took two years.
equivalent of 100 million eggs made from
plant at major retailers, such as Walmart, Toward the end of 2020, Singapore became
Whole Food Markets and Alibaba. the first country to approve Eat Just’s
flagship cultured chicken nuggets for sale
nationwide under the Good Meat brand.
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International, said several factors are at
play.
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RARE BIRDS
Birds are some of the most beautiful were released on Lake Sofia in Madagascar,
animals in the world and also one of the and about a year later ducklings were
most vulnerable. These majestic creatures spotted. Although this is good news, fewer
are often indicator species and alert humans than a dozen of the released adult
of the changes in the environment. Madagascar Pochards live on the lake,
Unfortunately, human activity has severely while the others are unaccounted for. There
impacted the native habitat of countless are still numerous Madagascar Pochards in
birds around the world and many are on the captivity to help aid the continuing
brink of extinction. In fact, two of the rare conservation efforts.
birds on this list are extinct in the wild and
only captive individuals exist. The Madagascar Pochard mostly eats
aquatic insects, especially caddisflies and
SPIX’S MACAW dragonfly larvae.
The Spix’s Macaw, made famous by the
animated film Rio (2011), has been
declared extinct in the wild, but there are
several in captive breeding programs as
well as a few in private ownership. Before
it went extinct, the Spix’s Macaw inhabited
Pernambuco and Bahia, Brazil
GOLDEN PHEASANT
Among all the negative news coming out (CHRYSOLOPHUS PICTUS)
of 2020 is some good news; in early March,
conservationists announced that 52 Spix’s The real golden pheasants are native to the
Macaw parrots were getting ready to be Western forests of China. Named after their
reintroduced to the wild. Currently, there golden crests, we are wowed by the male’s
are about 180 healthy Spix’s Macaw parrots colorful body! They can grow up to 41
in the captive breeding program. inches long and the tail is 2/3 the length of
the entire body. Golden pheasants are really
hard to find and there is little known about
them as they are seldom seen in their
natural habitat.
There are only about 1000-2000 of these
beautiful birds left.
MADAGASCAR POCHARD
Of all the rare birds on this list, the
Madagascar Pochard, an extremely rare
diving duck, has made a great comeback in
the last few years due to successful
conservation efforts. Before its rediscovery
in the wild in 2006, the Madagascar
Pochard was considered long extinct. After
years of research and a successful breeding
program, a set of young adult Pochards
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CEBU FLOWERPECKER (DICAEUM area and measures have been put in place to
QUADRICOLOR) encourage the birds to breed and nest.
Found only in the Cebu Islands in
the Philippines, these birds were thought to
be extinct due to the disappearance of their
habitat. But in 1992 they popped up again
in a small limestone forest in the Central
Cebu Protected Landscape.
Their name, Quadricolor, refers to the 4
colors of the male’s plumage: blue, red,
white and yellow. Cebu Flowerpeckers are
frugivorous which means they eat only fruit
and seeds. There are only 105 Cebu BAHAMA NUTHATCH
Flowerpeckers in the world. A great effort
is now made to conserve them The Bahama Nuthatch is currently the
rarest bird in the world as none have been
seen since 2018. That year, after an
exhaustive search, researchers were
delighted to find a pair of Bahama
Nuthatches together and a few more
individuals. Prior to this, no Bahama
Nuthatch had been seen since 2016 because
the frequent hurricanes in the Bahamas – as
well as invasive species and tourist
developments – have caused extreme
habitat loss. Unfortunately, after Hurricane
Dorian hit in 2019, much of the ornithology
community believe that the Bahama
Nuthatch is now extinct. A viable captive
breeding program for the Bahama Nuthatch
was never established and there are only
fewer than two dozen specimens in
museum collections around the world.
STRESEMANN’S BRISTLEFRONT
Stresemann’s Bristlefront is the second
rarest bird with only one known individual
observed in the wild in the last few years.
After a few years of searching, in 2018
researchers finally spotted a female, giving
them hope that maybe there were a handful
of Stresemann’s Bristle fronts left.Since the
Stresemann’s Bristlefront was first noted in
the 1830s, the bird has always been elusive
and only appeared after several decades.
The Stresemann’s Bristle front’s home, the
Mata do Passarinho Preserve, is a protected
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BEST ALTERNATIVES TO PLASTIC
PLATINUM SILICONE
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drinking straws. It is lightweight, durable, that these new, earthier plastics can replace
and compostable. the harmful ones in our food and around our
home. Unfortunately, most bioplastics
POTTERY AND OTHER CERAMICS don’t break down in home composts,
Around for millennia, pottery and other landfills, or loose in the environment.
fired ceramics offer a stable, waterproof Most require commercial composting
alternative that’s good for food storage and facilities, which aren’t always available to
tableware. Look for non-toxic glazes. the average consumer.
PAPER Bioplastics can also contaminate municipal
In days gone by, many things were recycling programs when people
packaged in plain paper. And while better unknowingly add them to their recycling.
than plastic, paper can’t be recycled Many bioplastics even contain significant
infinitely because every time it’s reused, amounts conventional plastic.
the fibres get shorter, limiting its use. Scientists and manufacturers generally
Luckily all paper except the glossy kind is describe bioplastics in the following ways:
safe to put in your home compost.
NON BIODEGRADABLE
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single-use products with different materials, As more of us demand non-plastic options
but to avoid single-use products altogether. from the companies we buy from, the
BANANA LEAVES
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PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography is the art, application, and photograph or create division. A carefully
practice of creating durable images by balanced image lends a sense of stability to a
recording light, either electronically by photograph. An unbalanced image creates
means of an image sensor, or chemically by disunity or unrest. Balance is sensual in that
means of a light-sensitive material such as it ‘feels’ wrong or right.
photographic film. Photography is a way of
making a picture using a camera. A person
who makes pictures using a camera is called
a photographer. A picture made using a
camera is called a photograph or photo.
Photography became popular in the middle
> RHYTHM
19th century with Daguerreotype.
In many ways, composition in music is
very similar to composition in photography.
The photographic concept of rhythm
borrows heavily from music theory. Just like
a musician reading the notes on a sheet of
music, subjects in a space regulate the way
we view a photograph. The rhythm dictates
the recurring or organized/disorganized
distribution of visual elements throughout an
PRINCIPALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY image. To introduce a sense of rhythm to
your photography, try visualizing musical
The seven principles of art and design in
notation. The spaces, correlations, and
photography; balance, rhythm, pattern,
differences between subjects in a photograph
emphasis, contrast, unity and movement,
like this one reflect notes on a sheet of music.
form the foundation of visual arts. Using the
seven principles allows you to take greater
control of your photographic practice. This
will lead to better photos and more
photographic opportunities.
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of design can be organized in a predictable photograph with a number of subjects,
manner to form a pattern. Put simply, selective grouping guides the viewer’s eye to
patterns are repetitions of the elements of art particular focal points. The size of a subject
and design. These work in unison within a also dictates the way the viewer will ‘read’ a
single frame. The human eye is calibrated to photograph. A larger subject suggests a
seek out patterns. This can evoke surprising closeness to the surface of the photograph. It
emotional reactions from a viewer. Patterns commands greater attention than that of a
are an active principle of art and design, they smaller subject in the background.
lift an image off the page. Incorporating Incorporating size tells a story about the
pattern into your photography is as much physicality of the subjects in a photograph,
about exploring as it is about photographic adding depth and perspective.Colour is
technique. Try looking out for architectural another tool that can cultivate emphasis. A
and urban features or organic subjects like brightly colored subject within a dark scene
flowers. Once you start looking, you will be gives a sense of vibrancy and life to an
amazed by the abundance of patterns around image. It draws the viewer’s eye.
you.
Emphasis in a photograph. Special emphasis
involves the orientation of a subject within
the photographic frame. A lone subject
located in the center of an image will attract
attention. It is the most readily available
component of the photograph. For a
perspectives or over and underexposure
disrupt an image and can cause disunity.
Another aspect that underlies a unified
image is the clear idea of a photographic
outcome. A photographic outcome, or goal,
is the idealized mental image of a
photograph before it’s taken.
By pre-visualizing an outcome, a
> EMPHASIS photographer can develop a clearer idea of
Emphasis shapes the center of interest in an the purpose of a photograph. This, in turn,
image. Color, space, texture, and line work allows a photographer to take greater control
together to determine the focus of an image. of the image.
There are many ways to create
> UNITY
Unity describes the visual relationship
between elements in a photograph. It helps
create a cohesive images. Using similar
colors or tones, concepts or elements
cultivates a sense of unity .Disunity is the
opposite. Bad cropping, awkward
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> MOVEMENT IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOGRAPHY
The term ‘movement’ in photography often Essentially, the purpose of photography is
describes the relationship between the to communicate and document moments in
camera’s shutter speed and a subject. When time. When you take a photograph and share
it comes to art and design, movement refers it with others, you're showing a moment that
to the path the viewer’s eye takes while was frozen through a picture. This moment
reading a photograph. Movement is shaped can tell someone many things, from the
by the elements and principles of art and environment to what people are doing.
design. A photographer can take control of Photography is an excellent hobby because
the way a viewer absorbs a photograph. For it’s a lot of fun, and start at any age.
example, the use of line in photography Photography helps you connect with like-
creates ‘visual highways’ that guide a minded people. You can join photography
viewer’s eye. Jagged lines create excitement, groups and share your experiences, go out
shifting the viewer’s gaze from one point to and take photos together, challenge and learn
the next. Curved lines are more subtle. These from each other.
reduce the speed at which a photograph is
viewed. Understanding the nature and
psychology of human sight is an important
part of controlling movement. For example,
the human eye is more sensitive to certain
colors than others. Red is attention-grabbing.
Soft blues are gentler and more subtle.
Movement can be directed through the
selective use of colour and
Saturation. There are a lot of different ways
to guide the viewer’s eye through a
photograph. Movement studies the nature of
the eye as well as the psychology behind how
we absorb visual information.
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Photography
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