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DESIGN OF UNIT SIZES OF A WATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR GUWAHATI

METROPOLITAN CITY School of Water Resources Engineering

Thesis · June 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30794.41927

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DESIGN OF UNIT SIZES OF A WATER TREATMENT
PLANT FOR GUWAHATI METROPOLITAN CITY
A thesis submitted towards partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING
in
Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering

Submitted by
JAYDEB DEY
Exam Roll No: M4WRE19002

Under the guidance of

Prof. (Dr.) ASIS MAZUMDAR
Director
&
Dr. SUBHASISH DAS
Assistant Professor

School of Water Resources Engineering

M.E. (Water Resources & Hydraulic Engineering)
Course affiliated to
Faculty Council of Engineering & Technology

Jadavpur University
Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India

2019
ii
 Declaration of Originality and Compliance of Academic Ethics

I hereby declare that this thesis contains literature survey and original
research work by the undersigned candidate, as part of my Master of
Engineering in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering in the
Faculty Council of Interdisciplinary Studies, Law & Management,
Jadavpur University during academic session 2018-19.

All information in this document have been obtained and presented

in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct.

I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have

fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not
original to this work.

Name : Jaydeb Dey

Exam Roll Number : M4WRE19002

Thesis Title : Design of Unit Sizes of a Water Treatment

Plant for Guwahati Metropolitan City.

Signature with Date :

iii
iv
M.E. (Water Resources & Hydraulic Engg.) course affiliated to
Faculty Council of Engineering & Technology
Jadavpur University
Kolkata, India

Certificate of Recommendation

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Design of Unit Sizes of a Water
Treatment Plant for Guwahati Metropolitan City” is a Bonafide work carried
out by Mr. Jaydeb Dey under our supervision and guidance for partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the Post Graduate Degree of Master of
Engineering in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering during the
academic session 2018-19.

THESIS ADVISOR& DIRECTOR

Prof. (Dr.) Asis Mazumdar
School of Water Resources Engineering
Jadavpur University

THESIS ADVISOR
Dr. Subhasish Das
Assistant Professor
School of Water Resources Engineering
Jadavpur University

DEAN
Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies, Law & Management
Jadavpur University

v
vi
M.E. (Water Resources & Hydraulic Egg.) course affiliated to
Faculty Council of Engineering & Technology
Jadavpur University
Kolkata, India

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL **

This foregoing thesis is hereby approved as a credible study of an

engineering subject carried out and presented in a manner satisfactorily
to warranty its acceptance as a prerequisite to the degree for which it has
been submitted. It is understood that by this approval the undersigned
do not endorse or approve any statement made or opinion expressed or
conclusion drawn therein but approve the thesis only for purpose for
which it has been submitted.

Committee of

Final Examination

for the evaluation

of the thesis

** Only in case the thesis is approved.

vii
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
_____________________________________________________
I express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof. (Dr.) Asis
Mazumdar Director and Dr. Subhasish Das, Assistant Professor of
School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University, under whose
supervision and guidance this work has been carried out. It would have
been impossible to carry out this thesis work with confidence without their
wholehearted involvement, advice, support and constant encouragement
throughout. They have not only helped me in carrying out my thesis but
also have given valuable advice to proceed further in my life.

I would also express my sincere thanks to Mr. Debnarayan Indu

,Managing Director of DIA Consultants & Engineers (P) Ltd. for his
constant guidance and support and also for providing me the
secondary data for my work.

I would also express my sincere thanks to Mr. Hassanur Jaman, Research

Scholar; Mr. Asim Kuila, Research Scholar; and Mrs. Bernadette John,
Research scholar of School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur
University for their unconditional support and affection during my work.
Also, thanks to my classmate Mr. Buddhadev Nandi and Mr. Prasun
Das for their help.

Thanks, are also due to all staff of School of Water Resources Engineering
and the Regional -cum-Facilitation Centre (RCFC), Eastern Region,
NMPB, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. Of India, Jadavpur University for
their help and support.

Date : 30May, 2019

Place : Jadavpur University Mr. Jaydeb Dey
(Exam Roll No:M4WRE19002)

ix
x
ABSTRACT

Guwahati is the largest city in Assam and in the North-eastern region of the Indian
subcontinent. The city has a well-developed connectivity with the rest of the country
and acts as the gateway to the entire North-eastern India region. Its population in
2001 was approximately 0.89 million which has increased by 25% to about 1.11
million in 2007. It is estimated to further rise to around 2.80 million in 2025, and to
3.23 million in 2040, which is twice and thrice of the current level respectively.

Guwahati is located in Seismic Zone V (As per IS -1893-2002). The City of

Guwahati has been divided into four distribution zones for water supply, namely (1)
South East, (2) South Central, (3) South West, all located south of the Brahmaputra
River and (4) North Guwahati on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra River.

This Guwahati Water Supply Project (GWSP) aims to construct water treatment,
conveyance and storage facilities in the South Central and Northern parts of the city
to activate a potable water supply system with 100% coverage of the citizens within
the above areas and thus leading to upgrading the citizen’s living standard.

Like all large cities even in Guwahati Metropolitan Area there is a problem of
space and due to which the site for the construction of WTP had been away from the
source of water, but not that far even. Additionally, the city has got undulating
topography along the bank of the river and also within the city. The site that was
made available for the water treatment plant is on the bank of the river. The area has
a steep slope, this slope being over steep presented a problem of dissipation of
energy as opposed to the advantage of a gentle slope which is helpful for the design
of WTP of this type. The metropolitan area of Guwahati has witnessed an increase in
area and as well as in population, the projected demand for water is about 255 MLD
in 2025, the current demand is 75% of the future demand. Availability of fund was
also a major issue in designing and construction of such plants, considering this
entire prospect the following decisions were taken.

01. Design of total plant 255 MLD

02. Construction would be at present 191 MLD.
03. Design and Construction would be modular so that an additional module
could be easily build and initially constructed.
04. Design Features
1. Considering the availability of space, it was decided to go for rectangular
flocculator and square type tube settler to economize on space.
2. The flocculated design was a combination of horizontal flow and vertical
flow, a large amount of potential energy that was lost from PST through
aerator to flocculator, so that the velocity at outlet of the flocculator
entering the tube settler was within acceptable range. This particular
feature of the design is not commonly use in the world.

xi
5. Optimum utilization of available space by adopting square and rectangular
flocculators.
6. The construction had been of three modules at the present to reduce the
capital cost.
The energy dissipation problem arising due to steep slope of the site had been
effectively utilized increasing and optimising the efficiency of plant and quality
of water.

xii
 CONTENT

Sl. Topics Page No.

No.

Declaration iii
Certificate of Recommendation v
Certificate of Approval vii
Acknowledgement ix
Abstract xi-xii

1 Chapter 1

1.1 General Requirements

1.1.1 Project Country- India 1
1.1.2 Project Background 1
1.1.2.1 Project Objectives 3
1.1.2.2 Project Components 3

1.2 Location of the Projects. 4

1.3 Scope of Work 5
1.3.1 General Scope of Work 5
1.4 Intake structures and raw water Pumping 5
station.

1.5 Water Treatment Plant including clear water 6

Pumping Station.
1.6 Raw water and clear water Transmission 7
Mains
1.6.1 Surge Analysis 7

2 Chapter 2
2.1 Literature Review 8-11

3 Chapter 3
3.1 Description of each Components 12-21
3.1.1 Pre Sedimentation Tank 12-16
3.1.2 Cascade Aerator 16-18
3.1.3 Distribution Chamber 18

xiii
 3.1.4 Flash Mixer 18-19
3.1.5 Flocculator 19-20
3.1.6 Tube Settler 20
3.1.7 Rapid Gravity Filter 21

4 Chapter 4
4.1 Unit Size Calculation 22-39
4.1.1 Pre Sedimentation Tank 24-26
4.1.2 Cascade Aerator 26-27
4.1.3 Distribution System 28
4.1.4 Flash Mixer 28-29
4.1.5 Flocculator 30-31
4.1.6 Tube Settler 31-33
4.1.7 Rapid Gravity Filter 34-39

5 Chapter 5
5.1 Mass Balance 40-61
5.1.1 Annual Maximum Turbidity 400 NTU 42-46
5.1.2 Annual Maximum Turbidity 400 NTU 47-51
5.1.3 Annual Maximum Turbidity 400 NTU 52-56
5.1.4 Mass Balance Summery 57-61

6 Chapter 6
6.1 Head Loss Calculation 62-76

7 Chapter 7
7.1 Conclusions 77
7.2 Reference 78-79

Annexure 1
Plant layout
Annexure 2
Process and Instrumentation Diagram
Annexure 3
Hydraulics Flow Diagram of WTP
Annexure 4
Typical Detail of Flocculator & Tube Settler

Annexure 5
Typical Detail of Rapid Gravity Filter

xiv
 Chapter 1

1.1 General Requirements

1.1.1 Project Country – India

India is located in the South Asia region bordering the Arabian Sea and the
Bay of Bengal. The area of the country is about 3,287,590 sq. km. It has a
coast line of about 7,000 km in length. The terrain consists of the upland
plain (Deccan Plateau) in the south, a flat to rolling plain along the Ganges
to the east, deserts in the west, and the Himalayan Mountains to the north.
The climate varies from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the
north. India is the second largest country in the world in terms of
population, second only to China. It is estimated that the population of the
country is about 1,050 million. The population density average
approximately 320 persons per sq. km.
The principle languages in India are Hindi (official), English (official),
Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri,
Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Kannada,
Assamese, Sanskrit, Sindhi (all recognized by the Constitution) and there
are 1,652 dialects. English is well understood by the educated classes of
India. India is a secular country and all religions find sanctuary here.
India is well connected to the world by approximately 335 airports with
major International Airports at New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.
The major ports and harbors in India are at Chennai, Cochin, Kandola,
Kolkata, Mumbai and Vishakhapatnam. The internal transport in the
country is through one of the largest rail networks in the world consisting of
approximately 63,700 km of railway track (13,800 km electrified). The road
network is of 3,320,000 km out of which 1,517,000 km are paved (as of 1996).

1.1.2 Project Background

Guwahati is the largest city in Assam and in the North-eastern region of

India. The city has a well-developed connectivity with the rest of the
country and acts as the gateway to the entire North-eastern Indian region.
Its population in 2001 was approximately 0.89 million and it has increased
by 25% to about 1.11 million in 2007. It is estimated to further increase to
around 2.80 million in 2025, and to 3.23 million in 2040, which are twice and
 Chapter 2

2.1 Literature Review

Zhu and Simpson (1996) showed that how an expert system based on a combination
of forward chaining backward chaining and meta rules has been developed for
water treatment plant operations. The expert system was developed by
interviewing a number of operators and chemists. Decision tree and fault trees were
used to speed up the development of the expert system. The combination strategy
of using both backward and forward chaining within the expert’s system allows the
number of questions asked to an operator to be minimized to prevent the asking of
redundant question.

Yan et al. (2002) described that Natural organic matter (NOM) is a heterogeneous
mixture of complex organic matter and occurs ubiquitously in source water. NOM has
a strong implication with water supply. It may not only negatively affect the
performance of water treatment processes, but also react with disinfectants such
as chlorine to form a variety of harmful disinfection by-products. In addition, NOM
may promote undesired microbial growth in water distribution systems. Thus, control
and removal of NOM is of particular importance for the water treatment industry.
Enhanced coagulation is recommended as an effective method to improve removal of
NOM.

Kumar et al. (2003) described that the effect of 20 kHz ultrasound on the viability of
Cryptosporidium oocysts was investigated. More than 90% of the dispersed
Cryptosporidium oocysts could be deactivated in about 1.5 min of continuous
sonication. In order to apply this technique to large quantities of contaminated
water, quantitative filtration and re dispersion of Cryptosporidium oocysts were
investigated and found to be easily achievable. The estimated cost of sonication
showed that the ultrasound treatment of Cryptosporidium oocysts contaminated
water could be a very effective means of "deactivating" Cryptosporidium oocysts.

Gone et al. (2009) evaluate the use of fluorophores A, C and T fluorescence

intensities to access the coagulation efficiency for removing dissolved organic
carbon (DOC) in the raw water from Agbo reservoir in Ivory Coast. A coagulation–
flocculation was conducted with aluminium sulphate as coagulant and DOC
residual and fluorescence intensities were acquired. The consistency of fluorescence
data was evaluated to ensure that no inner-effect, quenching or enhanced intensities
affect the data. Fluorescence-inferred DOC removal was then calculated in
percentage terms from the decrease in organic matter fluorescence intensity for each
peak between raw and clarified water and correlated with measured DOC removal.
The results indicate a high significant correlation between measured DOC removal
and fluorescence-inferred DOC removal calculated for peak A (R2 = 0.91), peak C
(R2 = 0.89), peak T (R2 = 0.92) indicating a strong linear relationship between DOC
removal and fluorescence intensities.

Henderson et al. (2009) evaluated A rapid, highly sensitive and selective detector is
urgently required to detect contamination events in recycled water systems. This
review concludes that the sensitive detection of contamination events in recycled
water systems may be achieved by monitoring Peak T and/or Peak C fluorescence.
However, in such systems, effluent is treated to a high standard resulting in much
lower DOM concentrations and the impact of these advanced treatment processes
on Peaks T and C fluorescence is largely unknown and requires investigation. This
review has highlighted that further work is also required to determine (a) the
stability and distinctiveness of recycled water fluorescence in relation to the
treatment processes utilised, (b) the impact of matrix effects, particularly the impact
of oxidation, (c) calibration issues for online monitoring, and (d) the advanced data
analytical techniques required.

Putraa and Tanakaa (2011) described that the usefulness of the combined electro
kinetic (EK) remediation with aluminium drinking water treatment residuals (Al-
WTRs) as an entrapping zone (EZ) for removal of lead ion from artificially
contaminated soil was demonstrated. Laboratory experiments were performed with
variable conditions including (i) type of Al-WTRs materials and the application of
Al-WTRs as an EZ system during the EK processing, (ii) pH and (iii) position of EZ
in the soil cell. The potential of aluminium leach ability from Al-WTRs as the result
of EK process was also discussed. The results show that the lead ions in the
contaminated soil were transferred into the EZ by EK process and immobilized by
adsorption sites on polymeric aluminium residual in the Al-WTRs. These residual
compounds contained lead, which were not dissolved by diluted organic acid (0.1
M acetate buffer), were retained in the EZ and accumulated there. After 72 h of the
electro kinetic process, the total amount of lead in the EZ was much higher than the
initial lead concentration in the contaminated soil.

Baghoth et al. (2011) described that Natural organic matter (NOM) in water samples
from a drinking water treatment train was characterized using fluorescence
excitation emission matrices (F-EEMs) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). A
seven component PARAFAC model was developed and validated using 147 F-
EEMs of water samples from two full-scale water treatment plants. It was found
that the fluorescent components have spectral features similar to those previously
extracted from F-EEMs of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from diverse aquatic
environments.
Xing et al. (2012) described that in order to understand and improve drinking water
treatment process operations Resin fractionation is the most widely used technique
to isolate NOM based on its hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, these can be used
to determine the treatability of NOM, however, it is also recognized as a time
consuming technique. This paper describes the use of reverse phase high
performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) as a rapid assessment of the
hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of NOM. The reduction of total RPHPLC peak area
correlated well with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV absorbance at 254 nm
(UV254) removal efficiency.

Matilainen et al. (2011) An overview on Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all
surface, ground and soil waters. During recent decades, reports worldwide show a
continuing increase in the colour and NOM of the surface water, which has an
adverse effect on drinking water purification. Methods used in the characterisation
of NOM include resin adsorption, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The
amount of NOM in water has been predicted with parameters including UV–Vis,
total organic carbon (TOC), and specific UV-absorbance (SUVA). Recently, methods
by which NOM structures can be more precisely determined have been developed;
pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC–MS), multidimensional
NMR techniques, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
(FTICR-MS). The present review focuses on the methods used for characterisation
and quantification of NOM in relation to drinking water treatment.

Zhouet et al. (2012) described that drinking water treatment sludge, characterized as
accumulated suspended solids and organic and inorganic matter, is produced in
large quantities during the coagulation process. Reused sludge at low temperatures
is an alternative method to enhance traditional coagulation efficiency. In the present
study, the recycling mass of mixed sludge and properties of raw water (such as pH
and turbidity) were systematically investigated to optimize coagulation efficiency.
They determined that the appropriate dosage of mixed sludge was 60 mL/L,
effective initial turbidity ranges were below 45.0 NTU, and optimal pH for DOMs
and turbidity removal was 6.5–7.0 and 8.0, respectively.

Zhouet et al. (2013) evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of the dissolved

organic matter (DOM) in simulated raw water, corresponding filter backwash water
(FBWW) and treated water at three recycling ratios of 2, 5, and 8%, including
control without FBWW using bulk properties, in addition to advanced
characterization by molecular weight distribution (MWD), hydrophobicity, and
fluorescence. The DOM characteristics of raw water and FBWW were primarily
identified and compared, and it was found that DOM in FBWW was roughly
hydrophilic as compared with raw water, and the FBWW was more refractory due
to a substantial increment of low-MW (< 3 KDa). Additionally, humic-like
fluorophore (Peak A) and protein-like fluorophore (Peak T1), with maxima at the
Ex/Em wavelengths of 245.0–265.0 nm/400.0–435.0 nm, 280.0–305.0 nm/305.0–
345.0 nm, respectively, were the two main components in raw water and FBWW.
Recycling trial results indicated that DOM removal efficiencies were improved with
comparison to control.

Jubooriet et al. (2015) described that there is a limited work on the use of pulsed
ultrasound for water disinfection particularly the case of natural water. Hence,
pulsed ultrasound disinfection of natural water was thoroughly investigated in this
study along with continuous ultrasound as a standard for comparison. Total
coliform measurements were applied to evaluate treatment efficiency.

Das (2015) assessed the power consumption in different units within treatment
plant, energy audit. Etc.in connection to operation and maintenance of JHJP water
treatment plant. The prime objective of this work was a depth study of the various
units of Jai Hind Jal Prakalpa with a view to had an idea about the weakness and
inadequacies from which this new plant was suffering at the initial stage. To
accomplish this assignment certain fields were chosen like energy audit, turbidity,
alum dosing, estimation of production cost of water and hydraulic design
calculation. Details study of hydraulic design calculation, detail study of alum
dosing and corresponding turbidity of raw water, study of percentage removal of
turbidity at different units of treatment plant, percentage of water losses up to
treatment process completion.

Yu and Graham (2016) in his paper describes some results of mini-pilot-scale tests
concerning the performance of potassium manganite (K2MnO4) as a pre-treatment
chemical prior to ultra-filtration. Manganite is an intermediate in the commercial
preparation of permanganate and in aqueous reactions MnO42- can act as both an
oxidant and a coagulant/adsorbent arising from the formation of insoluble MnO2.
In addition, the combination of ferrous sulphate and manganite (Fe/Mn), offers a
potentially cheaper and effective combination of pre-oxidant and coagulant
compared to the chemicals used currently in water treatment (e.g. ozone, chlorine,
ferric sulphate). Fe/Mn pre-treatment reduced the amounts of both types of fouling
material within the cake layer and membrane pores in comparison to conventional
pre-treatment with ferrous sulphate, most likely through the formation of solid-
phase Fe (III) and MnO2 and by MnO42- oxidation, thereby leading to a substantial
increase in membrane run time.
 Chapter 8
8.1 References

Boccelli, D.L,Small, M.J. and Diwekar , U.M. (2007). Drinking Water treatment
Plant Design Incorporating Variability and Univertainty. Journal of
Environmental Engineering, Vol. 133, Issue 3, pp. 303-312.

Chang, E.,Chiang, P., Huang, S., and Lin, Y.(2007). Development and
implementation of performance evaluation system for a water treatment
plant: Case study of Taipei Water Treatment Plant, Practice Periodical of
Hazardous, Toxis, and Radioactive Water Management, Vol. 11, Issue 1, Page 36-
47.

Das, S.,Roy, P.K. and Mazumdar, A. (2008). Analysis of pipe flow and head loss
of a modelled network based on EPANET in a water treatment plant at
Raipur, West Bengal. Journal of the Institution of Public Health Engineers, India,
Vol. 2008-09, No. 3, pp. 21-28.

Das, S., Nayek, M., Das S., Dutta, P. And Mazumdar, A. (2014). Impact on Water
Quality in Piyali River, Sundarbans, India due to Saline Water Instruction.
Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp.1010-1019.

Das, S., (2015). Guidelines for Operation and maintenance and quality assurance
of Jai Hind Jal Prakalpa. M.E Thesis. School of water Resources Engineering,
Jadavpur University, Kolkata: India.

Gupta, A.K. and Srivastava R.K. (2006). Uncertainty Analysis of Conventional

Water Treatment Plant Design for Suspended Solid removal, Journal of
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Jain, A.K. (1995). Fluid Mechanics including Hydraulic Mechanics., 8th edition.
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Lee, G. (2000). Upgrading of Conventional Surface Water Treatment Plant

Utilizing Ultra Filtration Membrane Technology Preceded by Ballasted
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Environmental Engineering Organization, Ministry of Urban Development,
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McNeill, L. And Edwards, M. (2003). Degradation of Drinking Water Treatment

Plant Infrastructure from Enhanced Coagulation. Journal of Infrastructure
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 Mukherjee, B., Das, S. And Mazumdar, A. (2015). Transient Analysis of a pipeline
Network for Drinking purpose in Assam, India. Journal of the Institution of
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Ogedengbe, O. (1984). Alkalinity Consumption during Water Coagulation.

Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 110, No.1. pp. 290-295.

Qaiser, S., Hasimi, I. and Nasir, H. (2014). Chlorination at treatment plant and
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Satchell T.T. (2006). Up gradation a small waste water treatment plant for the 21st
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Wu, M. And Chu, W. (1991). System Analysis of water Treatment Plant in

Taiwan. Journal of water Resources Planning and Management, Vol. 117, No. 5.
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Zhu, X.X and Simpson, A.R. (1996). Expert System for Water Treatment Plant
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