Bulk Density and Voids in Aggregate (Highlight)

Concrete Laboratory Dr.
ODAY ALI AZEZ
Test no (6)
Bulk Density and Voids in Aggregate
Scope
This test method covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate in
a compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids between particles in aggregates. This
test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 125 mm in nominal maximum size.
Standard
ASTM C 29/C 29M - 97. Iraqi standard 31
Terminology
Bulk density (kg/m3): the mass of a unit volume of bulk aggregate material, in which the
volume includes the volume of the individual particles and the volume of the voids between
the particles.
Unit weight: weight (mass) per unit volume.
Voids, in unit volume of aggregate: the space between particles in an aggregate mass not
occupied by solid mineral matter.
Note: Voids within particles, either permeable or impermeable, are not included in voids as determined by this
test method.
Significance and Use

 This test method is often used to determine bulk density values that are necessary
for use for many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures. However,
the relationship between degree of compaction of aggregates in a hauling unit (i.e.
truck) or stockpile and that achieved in this test method is unknown.
Apparatus
 Balance.
1
Concrete Laboratory Dr. ODAY ALI AZEZ
 Tamping Rod: A round, straight steel rod, (16 mm) in diameter and approximately
(600 mm) in length, having a rounded tamping end, the diameter is (16 mm).
 A cylindrical metal measure with handles. It shall be watertight, with the top and
bottom true and even, and sufficiently rigid to retain its form under rough usage. The
interior wall of the measure shall be a smooth and continuous surface. The capacity
of the measure shall conform to the limits in Table 1 for the aggregate size to be
tested.
 Shovel or Scoop.
 Calibration Equipment: a piece of plate glass.
2
Test Sample
The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to 200 % of the quantity required to
fill the measure. Dry the aggregate sample to essentially constant mass, preferably in an
oven at 110 ± 5°C.
Calibration of Measure
 Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a piece of plate glass
in such a way as to eliminate bubbles and excess water.
 Determine the mass of the water in the measure.
 Measure the temperature of the water and determine its density from Table 3,
interpolating if necessary.
 Calculate the volume (m3), V, of the measure by dividing the mass of the water required
to fill the measure by its density.
Rodding Procedure
1. Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the fingers.
2. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed over
the surface.
3. Fill the measure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above.
3
4. Finally, fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in the manner previously
mentioned. Level the surface of the aggregate.
5. In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strike the bottom of the measure
forcibly. In rodding the second and third layers, use vigorous effort, but not more
force than to cause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer of aggregate.
6. Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure
alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg.
Shoveling Procedure
1. Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop, discharging the

aggregate from a height not to exceed 50 mm above the top of the measure. Exercise
care to prevent, so far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes of which the
sample is composed. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers.
2. Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure
alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.05 kg.
Calculation
 Bulk Density: Calculate the bulk density for the rodding or shoveling procedure as
follows:
M = (G - T) / V
where:
M = bulk density of the aggregate, kg/m3,
G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, kg,
T = mass of the measure, kg, and
4
V = volume of the measure, m3
The bulk density determined by this test method is for aggregate in an oven-dry condition.
If the bulk density in terms of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) condition is desired, use the
exact procedure in this test method, and then calculate the SSD bulk density using the
following formula:
Mssd = M[1+(A/100)]
where:
MSSD = bulk density in SSD condition, kg/m3, and
A = % absorption.
 Void Content: Calculate the void content in the aggregate using the bulk density
determined by either the rodding, or shoveling procedure, as follows:
% Voids = 100 [ (S × W) - M] / (S × W)
where:
M = bulk density of the aggregate, kg/m3,
S = bulk specific gravity (dry basis), and
W = density of water, 998 kg/m3.

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Concrete Laboratory Dr.

ODAY ALI AZEZ

Unit weight: weight (mass) per unit volume.

Significance and Use

 Calibration Equipment: a piece of plate glass.

1. Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop, discharging the

M = bulk density of the aggregate, kg/m3,

G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, kg,

T = mass of the measure, kg, and

V = volume of the measure, m3

MSSD = bulk density in SSD condition, kg/m3, and

M = bulk density of the aggregate, kg/m3,

S = bulk specific gravity (dry basis), and

W = density of water, 998 kg/m3.

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