L96 Hardware Design

GNSS Module Series

Rev. L96_Hardware_Design_V1.3

Date: 2018-08-20

Status: Released

www.quectel.com
 GNSS Module Series
L96 Hardware Design

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About the Document

History

Revision Date Author Description

Brooke WANG/
1.0 2017-10-27 Initial
Kane ZHU
1. Enabled 3D_FIX, JAM_DET and GEO_FENCE
interfaces for the module, and updated Figure 2
(Pin Assignment) for the three pins.
2. Added the description of 3D_FIX, JAM_DET and
GEO_FENCE interfaces in Table 4 (Pin
1.1 2017-12-22 Brooke WANG
Description) and Chapter 3.8~3.10.
3. Updated the thickness of the module in Table 1
(Key Features) and Chapter 6 (Mechanical
Dimensions).
4. Updated the recommended footprint (Figure 22).
1. Added a note about I2C interface in Chapter 2.2
Brooke WANG/
1.2 2018-02-13 and 3.7.
Gene LI
2. Updated the block diagram in Chapter 2.3.
1. Updated the pin names of L96 module.
2. Updated the module state switch (Table 5).
3. Updated the average current consumption in GLP
mode and normal mode (Table 8).
4. Updated the RS-232 level shift circuit (Figure 11).
Brooke WANG/
1.3 2018-08-20 5. Updated the recommended antenna
Kane ZHU
specifications (Table 10).
6. Updated the current consumption (Table 13).
7. Updated the storage information (Chapter 7.1)
and the reflow soldering thermal profile and
related parameters (Chapter 7.2).

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Contents

About the Document ................................................................................................................................... 2

Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Table Index ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure Index ................................................................................................................................................. 6

1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1. General Description................................................................................................................... 7

2 Product Concept .................................................................................................................................. 9

2.1. General Description................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. Key Features ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.3. Block Diagram ......................................................................................................................... 11
2.4. Evaluation Board ..................................................................................................................... 12
2.5. Protocols Supported by the Module ........................................................................................ 12

3 Application Interfaces ....................................................................................................................... 13

3.1. Pin Assignment........................................................................................................................ 13
3.2. Pin Description ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.3. Power Supply .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.4. Operation Modes ..................................................................................................................... 17
3.4.1. Full on Mode................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.2. Standby Mode ................................................................................................................ 19
3.4.3. Backup Mode ................................................................................................................. 20
3.4.4. Periodic Mode ................................................................................................................ 21
3.4.5. AlwaysLocateTM Mode ................................................................................................... 23
3.4.6. GLP Mode ...................................................................................................................... 24
3.5. Reset ....................................................................................................................................... 26
3.6. UART Interface ........................................................................................................................ 27
3.7. I2C Interface ............................................................................................................................ 28
3.8. 3D_FIX Interface ..................................................................................................................... 29
3.9. JAM_IND Interface .................................................................................................................. 29
3.10. GEO_FENCE Interface ........................................................................................................... 30
3.11. EASY Autonomous AGPS Technology ................................................................................... 30
3.12. EPO Offline AGPS Technology ............................................................................................... 31
3.13. Multi-tone AIC .......................................................................................................................... 31
3.14. ANTON .................................................................................................................................... 31
3.15. LOCUS .................................................................................................................................... 32
3.16. PPS VS. NMEA ....................................................................................................................... 32

4 Antenna Interfaces............................................................................................................................. 34
4.1. Antenna Specifications ............................................................................................................ 34
4.2. Recommended Circuits for Antenna ....................................................................................... 34
4.2.1. Active Antenna Reference Designs ............................................................................... 35

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4.2.1.1. Reference Design of Active Antenna without ANTON ........................................... 35

4.2.1.2. Reference Design of Active Antenna with ANTON ................................................ 35
4.2.2. Passive Antenna Reference Designs ............................................................................ 36
4.2.2.1. Reference Design of Passive Antenna without External LNA ............................... 36
4.2.2.2. Reference Design of Passive Antenna with External LNA .................................... 37
4.2.3. Internal Antenna ............................................................................................................. 38
4.3. PCB Layout Suggestion .......................................................................................................... 39

5 Electrical, Reliability and Radio Characteristics ............................................................................ 40

5.1. Absolute Maximum Ratings .................................................................................................... 40
5.2. Operating Conditions .............................................................................................................. 41
5.3. Current Consumption .............................................................................................................. 41
5.4. Reliability Tests ........................................................................................................................ 42
5.5. ESD Protection ........................................................................................................................ 42

6 Mechanical Dimensions .................................................................................................................... 44

6.1. Top and Side Dimensions of the Module ................................................................................ 44
6.2. Bottom Dimensions and Recommended Footprint ................................................................. 45
6.3. Top and Bottom Views of the Module ..................................................................................... 46

7 Storage, Manufacturing and Packaging .......................................................................................... 47

7.1. Storage .................................................................................................................................... 47
7.2. Manufacturing and Soldering .................................................................................................. 47
7.3. Tape and Reel Packaging ....................................................................................................... 49

8 Appendix A References..................................................................................................................... 51

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Table Index

TABLE 1: KEY FEATURES ............................................................................................................................... 10

TABLE 2: SUPPORTED PROTOCOLS............................................................................................................. 12
TABLE 3: I/O PARAMETERS DEFINITION ....................................................................................................... 14
TABLE 4: PIN DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................... 14
TABLE 5: MODULE STATE SWITCH ................................................................................................................ 17
TABLE 6: DEFAULT CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................................ 18
TABLE 7: FORMAT OF THE PMTK COMMAND ENABLING PERIODIC MODE ............................................. 21
TABLE 8: AVERAGE CURRENT CONSUMPTION IN GLP MODE AND NORMAL MODE ............................. 25
TABLE 9: GEO_FENCE VOLTAGE LEVEL STATUS IN DIFFERENT URC REPORT MODES ....................... 30
TABLE 10: RECOMMENDED ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................... 34
TABLE 11: ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS .................................................................................................. 40
TABLE 12: POWER SUPPLY RATINGS ........................................................................................................... 41
TABLE 13: CURRENT CONSUMPTION ........................................................................................................... 41
TABLE 14: RELIABILITY TESTS....................................................................................................................... 42
TABLE 15: RECOMMENDED THERMAL PROFILE PARAMETERS ............................................................... 48
TABLE 16: REEL PACKAGING ......................................................................................................................... 50
TABLE 17: RELATED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................................ 51
TABLE 18: TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... 51

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Figure Index

FIGURE 1: BLOCK DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................................... 11

FIGURE 2: PIN ASSIGNMENT ......................................................................................................................... 13
FIGURE 3: INTERNAL POWER CONSTRUCTION.......................................................................................... 17
FIGURE 4: RTC SUPPLY FROM NON-CHARGEABLE BATTERY .................................................................. 20
FIGURE 5: REFERENCE CHARGING CIRCUIT FOR RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES ................................. 21
FIGURE 6: OPERATION MECHANISM OF PERIODIC MODE........................................................................ 23
FIGURE 7: POWER CONSUMPTION IN DIFFERENT SCENARIOS (ALWAYSLOCATETM MODE) ............... 24
FIGURE 8: REFERENCE OC CIRCUIT FOR MODULE RESET...................................................................... 26
FIGURE 9: MODULE RESET TIMING .............................................................................................................. 26
FIGURE 10: REFERENCE DESIGN FOR UART PORT ................................................................................... 27
FIGURE 11: RS-232 LEVEL SHIFT CIRCUIT ................................................................................................... 28
FIGURE 12: REFERENCE DESIGN FOR I2C INTERFACE ............................................................................ 29
FIGURE 13: PPS VS. NMEA TIMING ............................................................................................................... 32
FIGURE 14: REFERENCE DESIGN FOR ACTIVE ANTENNA WITHOUT ANTON ......................................... 35
FIGURE 15: REFERENCE DESIGN FOR ACTIVE ANTENNA WITH ANTON ................................................. 36
FIGURE 16: REFERENCE DESIGN FOR PASSIVE ANTENNA WITHOUT LNA ............................................ 37
FIGURE 17: REFERENCE DESIGN FOR PASSIVE ANTENNA WITH LNA .................................................... 37
FIGURE 18: REFERENCE DESIGN FOR INTERNAL ANTENNA ................................................................... 38
FIGURE 19: PCB LAYOUT................................................................................................................................ 39
FIGURE 20: TOP AND SIDE DIMENSIONS ..................................................................................................... 44
FIGURE 21: BOTTOM DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................................... 45
FIGURE 22: RECOMMENDED FOOTPRINT ................................................................................................... 45
FIGURE 23: TOP VIEW OF THE MODULE ...................................................................................................... 46
FIGURE 24: BOTTOM VIEW OF THE MODULE .............................................................................................. 46
FIGURE 25: RECOMMENDED REFLOW SOLDERING THERMAL PROFILE................................................ 48
FIGURE 26: TAPE AND REEL SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................................... 49

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1 Introduction
This document defines and specifies L96 GNSS module. It describes the hardware interfaces, external
application reference circuits, mechanical size and air interface of L96 module.

This document can help customers quickly understand the interface specifications, as well as electrical
and mechanical details of L96 module. Other documents such as L96 software application notes and user
guides are also provided. These documents ensure customers can use L96 module to design and set up
mobile applications quickly.

1.1. General Description

The following safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation, such as usage, service
or repair of any cellular terminal or mobile incorporating L96 module. Manufacturers of the cellular terminal
should send the following safety information to users and operating personnel, and incorporate these
guidelines into all manuals supplied with the product. If not so, Quectel assumes no liability for customers’
failure to comply with these precautions.

Full attention must be given to driving at all times in order to reduce the risk of an
accident. Using a mobile while driving (even with a handsfree kit) causes
distraction and can lead to an accident. Please comply with laws and regulations
restricting the use of wireless devices while driving.

Switch off the cellular terminal or mobile before boarding an aircraft. The operation
of wireless appliances in an aircraft is forbidden to prevent interference with
communication systems. If the device offers an Airplane Mode, then it should be
enabled prior to boarding an aircraft. Please consult the airline staff for more
restrictions on the use of wireless devices on boarding the aircraft.

Wireless devices may cause interference on sensitive medical equipment, so

please be aware of the restrictions on the use of wireless devices when in
hospitals, clinics or other healthcare facilities.

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Cellular terminals or mobiles operating over radio signals and cellular network
cannot be guaranteed to connect in all possible conditions (for example, with
unpaid bills or with an invalid (U)SIM card). When emergent help is needed in such
conditions, please remember using emergency call. In order to make or receive a
call, the cellular terminal or mobile must be switched on in a service area with
adequate cellular signal strength.

The cellular terminal or mobile contains a transmitter and receiver. When it is ON, it
receives and transmits radio frequency signals. RF interference can occur if it is
used close to TV set, radio, computer or other electric equipment.

In locations with potentially explosive atmospheres, obey all posted signs to turn
off wireless devices such as your phone or other cellular terminals. Areas with
potentially explosive atmospheres include fuelling areas, below decks on boats,
fuel or chemical transfer or storage facilities, areas where the air contains
chemicals or particles such as grain, dust or metal powders, etc.

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2 Product Concept

2.1. General Description

L96 is a single receiver module integrated with GPS, GLONASS, Galileo (RLM supported) and BeiDou
systems. It is able to achieve the industry’s highest level of sensitivity, accuracy and TTFF with the lowest
power consumption in a small-footprint lead-free package. The embedded flash memory provides a
capacity for storing user-specific configurations and allows for future updates.

The module supports multiple positioning and navigation systems including autonomous GPS, GLONASS,
Galileo, BeiDou, SBAS (including WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS and GAGAN), QZSS, DGPS, and AGPS.

Designed with several advanced power saving modes including periodic, AlwaysLocateTM, standby and
backup modes, L96 has excellent low-power consumption in different scenarios.

EASY technology as one kind of AGPS is a key feature of L96 module. Capable of collecting and
processing all internal aiding information like GPS time, ephemeris, last position, etc., the GNSS module
delivers a very short TTFF in either Hot or Warm start.

L96 module is an SMD type module with a compact 14.0mm × 9.6mm × 2.0mm form factor. It can be
embedded in customers’ applications through the 31-pin pads with 1.0mm pitch. It provides necessary
hardware interfaces for connection with the main PCB.

The module is fully compliant with EU RoHS directive.

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2.2. Key Features

Table 1: Key Features

Features Implementation

⚫ GPS L1 C/A (1575.42MHz)

⚫ GLONASS L1 C/A (1598.0625MHz~1605.375MHz)
Receiver Type1)
⚫ Galileo L1 C/A (1575.42MHz)
⚫ BeiDou B1 C/A (1561.098MHz)
⚫ GPS frequency: 1575.42MHz±1.023MHz
⚫ GLONASS frequency: 1602MHz±4MHz
Receiver Frequency
⚫ Galileo frequency: 1575.42MHz±2MHz
⚫ BeiDou frequency: 1561.098MHz±2MHz
⚫ Supply voltage: 2.8V~4.3V
Power Supply
⚫ Typical: 3.3V
⚫ Tracking: 22mA @-130dBm, VCC=3.3V
Power Consumption
⚫ Acquisition: 25mA @-130dBm, VCC=3.3V
(GPS+GLONASS)
⚫ Backup: 7uA @-130dBm, V_BCKP=3.3V
⚫ Acquisition: -148dBm
Sensitivity ⚫ Reacquisition: -160dBm
⚫ Tracking: -165dBm
⚫ Cold Start: <15s average @-130dBm
TTFF (EASY Enabled) ⚫ Warm Start: <5s average @-130dBm
⚫ Hot Start: 1s average @-130dBm
⚫ Cold Start (Autonomous): <35s average @-130dBm
TTFF (EASY Disabled) ⚫ Warm Start (Autonomous): <30s average @-130dBm
⚫ Hot Start (Autonomous): 1s average @-130dBm
Horizontal Position Accuracy
⚫ <2.5m CEP @-130dBm
(Autonomous)

Update Rate ⚫ 1Hz by default, maximally up to 10Hz

⚫ Typical accuracy: <10ns

Accuracy of 1PPS Signal
⚫ Time pulse width: 100ms

Velocity Accuracy ⚫ Without aid: 0.1m/s

Acceleration Accuracy ⚫ Without aid: 0.1m/s²

⚫ Maximum Altitude: 18000m

Dynamic Performance ⚫ Maximum Velocity: 515m/s
⚫ Acceleration: 4G
⚫ UART port: TXD1 and RXD1
UART Interface
⚫ Supports baud rate from 4800bps to 115200bps; 9600bps by

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default
⚫ UART port is used for NMEA output, PMTK/PQ command input
and firmware upgrade
⚫ Supports fast mode, with bit rate up to 400Kbps
⚫ Supports 7-bit address
I2C Interface2)
⚫ Outputs NMEA data by default when reading; it can also receive
PMTK/PQ commands via I2C bus
⚫ Normal operation temperature range: -40°C ~ +85°C
Temperature Range
⚫ Storage temperature range: -40°C ~ +90°C
⚫ Size: (14.0±0.15)mm × (9.6±0.15)mm × (2.0±0.20)mm
Physical Characteristics
⚫ Weight: Approx. 0.6g

NOTES
1)
1. The default GNSS configuration of L96 is GPS+GLONASS. For more details about the GNSS
configuration, please refer to document [2].
2. 2) I2C interface is supported only on firmware versions ended with “SC”. In other firmware versions,
I2C_SDA and I2C_SCL pins are used for RTCM data output. When I2C interface is supported, NEMA
data should be outputted via I2C interface rather than UART interface, otherwise there maybe NEMA
data loss.

2.3. Block Diagram

The following figure shows the block diagram of L96 module. It consists of a single chip GNSS IC which
includes RF/Baseband parts, an LNA, a SAW filter, a TCXO and a crystal oscillator.

Saw Active VCC

filter RF Front-End Interference
V_BCKP
RF_IN Cancellation PMU
Integrated LNA
FORCE_ON
Fractional-N ANTON
Syntheszer GNSS
Engine

TCXO I2C
UART
ROM Peripheral
RF_OUT LNA controller RESET
ARM7
EXTINT0
RAM
Processor TIMEPULSE
Saw
filter Flash
RTC

Internal Chip
Antenna
32.768K XTAL

Figure 1: Block Diagram

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2.4. Evaluation Board

In order to help customers to use L96 module on their applications, Quectel supplies the evaluation board
(EVB), Micro-USB cable, active antenna and other peripherals to test the module. For more details,
please refer to document [1].

2.5. Protocols Supported by the Module

Table 2: Supported Protocols

Protocol Type

NMEA ASCII, 0183, 4.10

PMTK MTK proprietary protocol

PQ Quectel proprietary protocol

NOTES

1. Please refer to document [2] for details of NMEA standard protocol and MTK proprietary protocol.
2. Please refer to document [6] for details of Quectel proprietary protocol.

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3 Application Interfaces
The module is equipped with a 31-pin SMT pad that connects to customers’ application platforms.
Sub-interfaces included in the pad are described in details in the following chapters.

3.1. Pin Assignment

31

30

29

28

1 NC 27 RXD1 26
ANTON
GND

TIMEPULSE

GND
FORCE_ON

2 3D_FIX TXD1 25

3 I2C_SDA GEO_FENCE 24

4 GND RESET 23

5 GND GND 22

6 I2C_SCL GND 21

7 EXTINT0
L96 20
JAM_IND

8 V_BCKP (Top View) GND 19

9 VCC GND 18

10 GND RF_IN 17

11 GND RF_OUT 16

12 GND GND 15

13 GND GND 14

Figure 2: Pin Assignment

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3.2. Pin Description

Table 3: I/O Parameters Definition

Type Description

IO Bidirectional

DI Digital input

DO Digital output

PI Power input

PO Power output

AI Analog input

AO Analog output

Table 4: Pin Description

Power Supply

Pin Name Pin No. I/O Description DC Characteristics Comment

Vmax=4.5V
Vmin=1.5V Supply power for RTC
Backup power
V_BCKP 8 PI Vnom=3.3V domain when VCC is
supply
IV_BCKP=7uA powered off.
@Backup mode
Vmax=4.3V
Main power Assure load current not
VCC 9 PI Vmin=2.8V
supply less than 150mA.
Vnom=3.3V

Reset

Pin Name Pin No. I/O Description DC Characteristics Comment

VILmin=-0.3V
Active low.
Reset the VILmax=0.7V
RESET 23 DI If unused, keep this pin
module VIHmin=2.1V
open or connected to VCC.
VIHmax=3.1V

UART Port

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Pin Name Pin No. I/O Description DC Characteristics Comment

VOLmax=0.42V
TXD1 25 DO Transmit data VOHmin=2.4V
UART port is used for
VOHnom=2.8V
NMEA output, PMTK/PQ
VILmin=-0.3V
command input and
VILmax=0.7V
RXD1 26 DI Receive data firmware upgrade.
VIHmin=2.1V
VIHmax=3.1V

RF Interface

Pin Name Pin No. I/O Description DC Characteristics Comment

RF_OUT 16 AO RF signal output 50Ω characteristic

impedance.
Refer to Chapter 4 for
RF_IN 17 AI RF signal input
details.

Other Interfaces

Pin
Pin Name I/O Description DC Characteristics Comment
No.
Used as external
LNA control pin
and active VOLmax=0.42V
If unused, keep this pin
ANTON 30 PO antenna power VOHmin=2.4V
open.
control pin in VOHnom=2.8V
power saving
mode.
VILmin=-0.3V It is pulled up internally.
Used to enter
VILmax=0.7V It is edge-triggered.
EXTINT0 7 DI into or exit from
VIHmin=2.1V If unused, keep this pin
standby mode.
VIHmax=3.1V open.
Synchronized at rising
VOLmax=0.42V edge, the pulse width is
One pulse per
TIMEPULSE 29 DO VOHmin=2.4V 100ms.
second
VOHnom=2.8V If unused, keep this pin
open.
Logic high of the
VILmin=-0.3V Keep this pin open or
pin will force the
FORCE_ VILmax=0.7V pulled low before entering
28 DI module to be
ON VIHmin=2.1V into backup mode.
woken up from
VIHmax=3.1V It belongs to RTC domain.
backup mode.

I2C_SDA 3 IO I2C serial data VILmin=-0.3V I2C interface outputs

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VILmax=0.7V NMEA data. It can also

VIHmin=2.1V receive PMTK/PQ
VIHmax= 3.1V commands via I2C bus.
I2C_SCL 6 IO I2C serial clock
VOLmax=0.42V
VOHmin=2.4V
VOHnom=2.8V
VOLmax=0.42V Active high.
3D_FIX 2 DO 3D fix indicator VOHmin=2.4V If unused, keep this pin
VOHnom=2.8V open.
Jamming VOLmax=0.42V
If unused, keep this pin
JAM_IND 20 DO detection VOHmin=2.4V
open.
indicator VOHnom=2.8V
Geo-fence VOLmax=0.42V
If unused, keep this pin
GEO_FENCE 24 DO boundary VOHmin=2.4V
open.
indicator VOHnom=2.8V
4,5,10
~15,
GND 18,19, Ground
21,22,
27,31

NC 1 Keep this pin open.

3.3. Power Supply

VCC pin supplies power for BB, RF, I/O and RTC domains. The load current of VCC pin varies according
to the VCC level, processor load and satellite acquisition. It is important to supply sufficient current and
make the power clean and stable. It is recommended for customers to choose an LDO with minimum
output current of 150mA as the power supply, and add a 10uF and a 100nF decoupling capacitor
combination as well as a TVS near the VCC pin.

The V_BCKP pin supplies power for RTC domain. A cell battery with the combination of a 4.7uF and a
100nF capacitor is recommended to be placed nearby V_BCKP pin. The voltage of RTC domain ranges
from 1.5V to 4.5V. In order to achieve better Time To First Fix (TTFF), RTC domain should be valid all the
time so as to supply power for SRAM memory which contains all the necessary GNSS information for
quick start-up and a small amount of user configuration variables.

The module’s internal power construction is shown as below.

VCC pin supplies power not only for PMU but also for RTC domain, while V_BCKP supplies power for
RTC domain only. The two diodes in the following figure construct an OR gate to supply power for RTC
domain. FORCE_ON pin belongs to RTC domain. The signal which is marked in red in the following figure

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can be used to control ON/OFF of the switch. The following operations will close or open the switch:

⚫ The switch will be closed by default when VCC is supplying power (VCC off on).
⚫ Based on the above step, FORCE_ON open or low and sending PMTK command can open the
switch (full on backup).
⚫ Based on the above step, FORCE_ON logic high can close the switch (backup full on).

PMU VCC
ARM V_BCKP

Logic
circuit
FORCE_ON
RTC
power RTC

Figure 3: Internal Power Construction

3.4. Operation Modes

The table below briefly illustrates the relationship among different operation modes of L96 module.

Table 5: Module State Switch

Next Mode
Current Mode
Always
Backup Standby Full on Periodic GLP
LocateTM
Refer to
Backup / N/A N/A N/A N/A
Chapter 3.4.3
Refer to
Standby N/A / N/A N/A N/A
Chapter 3.4.2
Refer to Refer to Refer to
Full on Chapter Chapter / PMTK225 PMTK225 Chapter
3.4.3 3.4.2 3.4.6
Refer to
GLP N/A N/A N/A N/A /
Chapter 3.4.6

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Refer to
Periodic N/A N/A / N/A N/A
Chapter 3.4.4
Refer to
AlwaysLocateTM N/A N/A N/A / N/A
Chapter 3.4.5

NOTE

Please refer to document [2] for more details of MTK proprietary protocol (PMTK commands).

3.4.1. Full on Mode

Full on mode includes tracking mode and acquisition mode. Acquisition mode is defined as the module
starts to search satellites, and to determine the visible satellites, coarse carrier frequency & code phase of
satellite signals. When the acquisition is completed, it switches to tracking mode automatically. Tracking
mode is defined as the module tracks satellites and demodulates the navigation data from specific
satellites.

Whether both VCC and V_BCKP pins are valid or only VCC is valid, the module will enter into full on
mode automatically and follow the default configuration as below. Please refer to Chapter 3.3 to have a
good comprehension of internal power construction. Customers also can use PMTK commands to
change the configuration to satisfy different requirements.

Table 6: Default Configuration

Item Configuration Comment

Baud Rate 9600bps

RMC, VTG, GGA, GSA, GSV

Protocol NMEA
and GLL

Update Rate 1Hz

SBAS Enable

AIC Enable

LOCUS Disable

EASY will be disabled

EASY Technology Enable automatically when the update
rate exceeds 1Hz.

GNSS GPS+GLONASS

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In full on mode, the power consumption will comply with the following regulation:

After the module is powered on, the average current will be decreased to the acquisition current listed in
Table 13 and this state is defined as acquisition state. The state will last for several minutes until it
switches to tracking state automatically. The current consumption in tracking state is less than that in
acquisition state and the value is also listed in Table 13.

The following PMTK commands can be used to switch among multiple positioning systems:

⚫ $PMTK353,0,1,0,0,0*2A: Search GLONASS satellites only

⚫ $PMTK353,1,0,0,0,0*2A: Search GPS satellites only
⚫ $PMTK353,1,1,0,0,0*2B: Search GPS and GLONASS satellites
⚫ $PMTK353,1,1,1,0,0*2A: Search GPS, GLONASS, Galileo satellites

NOTE

RMC, VTG, GGA, GSA, GSV and GLL refer to output types of NMEA, which stand for functions as: RMC
(Recommended Minimum Specific GNSS Data), VTG (Course over Ground and Ground Speed,
Horizontal Course and Horizontal Velocity), GGA (GPS Fix Data), GSA (GNSS DOP and Active
Satellites), GSV (GNSS Satellites in View), GLL (Geographic Position – Latitude/Longitude).

3.4.2. Standby Mode

Standby mode is a low-power consumption mode. In standby mode, the internal core and I/O power
domain are still active, but RF and TCXO are powered off, and the module stops satellites search and
navigation. UART is still accessible through executing PMTK commands or sending any other data, but
there are no NMEA messages output.

There are two ways to enter into and exit from standby mode.

⚫ Using EXTINT0 pin: EXTINT0 is pulled up internally by default. Pulling it low will make the module
enter into standby mode and then releasing it will make the module back to full on mode. Please note
that pulling EXTINT0 pin down to ground will cause extra current consumption which makes the
typical current consumption in standby mode reach up to about 600uA @VCC=3.3V.

⚫ Using PMTK command: Sending “$PMTK161,0*28” Command will make the module enter into
standby mode. Sending any data via UART will make the module exit from standby mode as UART is
still accessible in standby mode. When the module exits from standby mode, it will use all internal
aiding information like GPS time, ephemeris, last position, etc. to get the fastest possible TTFF in
either Hot or Warm start. The typical current consumption in standby mode is about 500uA
@VCC=3.3V.

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NOTE

Considering the EXTINT0 pin is edge-triggered, it is recommended to set the GPIO of customers’ MCU
which controls EXTINT0 as input before turning on the module, to prevent the module from entering into
the standby mode unexpectedly. After that, customers can reset the GPIO as output to control the
EXTINT0 pin. If the pin is unused, keep it open.

3.4.3. Backup Mode

Backup mode requires lower power consumption than standby mode. In this mode, the module stops
acquiring and tracking satellites. UART is not accessible. But the backed-up memory in RTC domain
which contains all the necessary GNSS information for quick start-up and a small amount of user
configuration variables is alive. Due to the backed-up memory, EASY technology is available. The current
consumption in this mode is about 7uA.

There are two ways to enter into backup mode and back to full on mode.

⚫ Send “$PMTK225,4*2F” Command (the signal marked red line opens the switch in Figure 3) to enter
into backup mode. The only way to wake up the module is pulling the FORCE_ON pin high (the
signal marked red line closes the switch in Figure 3).

⚫ Cutting off VCC and keeping V_BCKP powered will make the module enter into backup mode from
full on mode. As long as the VCC pin is powered, the module will enter into full on mode immediately.

NOTE

Keep FORCE_ON pin open or low before entering into backup mode. Or else, the backup mode will be
unavailable.

For a better understanding, please refer to Chapter 3.3 to see details about the internal power
construction. The V_BCKP pin can be directly provided by an external capacitor or battery (rechargeable
or non-chargeable). Please refer to the following figure for RTC backup reference design.

Module

V_BCKP RTC LDO

Non-chargeable
Backup Battery
4.7uF 100nF

Figure 4: RTC Supply from Non-chargeable Battery

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With a charging circuit, V_BCKP will support battery charging function. Please see the reference charging
circuit in the figure below.

Charging Circuit
1K
VCC
Module

V_BCKP RTC LDO

Chargeable
Backup Battery
4.7uF 100nF

Figure 5: Reference Charging Circuit for Rechargeable Batteries

The coin-type rechargeable capacitor from Seiko (http://www.sii.co.jp/en) can be used as an alternative to
the chargeable backup battery. And Schottky diode from ON Semiconductor (http://www.onsemi.com) is
recommended to be the choice of diode for its low voltage drop.

3.4.4. Periodic Mode

Periodic mode can control the full on mode and standby/backup mode periodically to reduce power
consumption. It contains periodic standby mode and periodic backup mode.

The format of the command, which enables the module to enter into periodic mode, is as following:

Table 7: Format of the PMTK Command Enabling Periodic Mode

Format:
$PMTK225,<Type>,<Run_time>,<Sleep_time>,<2nd_run_time>,<2nd_sleep_time>*<checksum><
CR><LF>

Parameter Format Description

Type=1: Periodic backup mode

Type Decimal
Type=2: Periodic standby mode

Run_time Decimal Run_time=Full on mode period (ms)

Sleep_time Decimal Sleep_time=Standby/Backup mode period (ms)

2nd_run_time=Full on mode period (ms) for extended

2nd_run_time Decimal acquisition in case module’s acquisition fails during the
Run_time

2nd_sleep_time Decimal 2nd_sleep_time=Standby/Backup mode period (ms) for

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extended sleep in case module’s acquisition fails during the

Run_time

Checksum Hexadecimal Hexadecimal checksum

Example
$PMTK225,2,3000,12000,18000,72000*15<CR><LF>
$PMTK225,1,3000,12000,18000,72000*16<CR><LF>

In periodic standby mode, sending “$PMTK225,0*2B” in any time will make the module enter into full on
mode.

In periodic backup mode, pulling the FORCE_ON high and sending “$PMTK225,0*2B” immediately will
make the module enter into full on mode.

While in periodic backup mode, sending “$PMTK225,0*2B” during the Run_time or 2nd_run_time will
also make the module enter into full on mode. But this is hard to operate and thus is not recommended.

NOTES

1. Considering the EXTINT0 pin is edge-triggered, it is recommended to set the GPIO of customers’
MCU which controls EXTINT0 as input before turning on the module, to prevent the module from
entering into the standby mode unexpectedly. After that, customer can reset the GPIO as output to
control the EXTINT0 pin. If the pin is unused, keep it open.
2. Keep FORCE_ON pin open or low before entering into periodic backup mode. Or else, the periodic
backup mode will be unavailable.

The following figure has shown the operation mechanism of periodic mode. When customers send PMTK
commands, the module will be in the full on mode first. Several minutes later, the module will enter into
the periodic mode according to the setting of parameters. When the module fails to fix the position during
Run_time, the module will switch to 2nd_run_time and 2nd_sleep_time automatically. As long as the
module fixes the position again successfully, the module will return to Run_time and Sleep_time.

Before entering into the periodic mode, please make sure the module is in tracking mode, otherwise the
module may have a risk of failure in satellite tracking. If the module is located in weak signal areas, it is
better to set a longer 2nd_run_time to ensure the success of reacquisition.

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Power

Full on Run time Run time Second run time Second run time Run time Run time

Sleep time Sleep time Second sleep time Second sleep time Sleep time Sleep time

Figure 6: Operation Mechanism of Periodic Mode

The average current consumption in periodic mode can be calculated based on the following formula:

I periodic= (I tracking*T1+Istandby/backup*T2) / (T1+T2) T1: Run time, T2: Sleep time

Example
PMTK225,2,3000,12000,18000,72000*15 for periodic mode with 3s in tracking mode and 12s in standby
mode based on GPS&GLONASS. The average current consumption is calculated below:
I periodic=(I tracking*T1+Istandby*T2 )/(T1+T2)=(22mA*3s + 0.5mA*12s)/(3s+12s)≈4.8(mA)

PMTK225,1,3000,12000,18000,72000*16 for periodic mode with 3s in tracking mode and 12s in backup
mode based on GPS&GLONASS. The average current consumption is calculated below:
I periodic=(I tracking*T1+Ibackup*T2 )/(T1+T2)=(22mA*3s + 0.007mA*12s)/(3s+12s)≈4.4(mA)

3.4.5. AlwaysLocateTM Mode

AlwaysLocateTM is an intelligent power saving mode. It contains AlwaysLocateTM backup mode and
AlwaysLocateTM standby mode.

AlwaysLocateTM standby mode allows the module to switch automatically between full on mode and
standby mode. According to the environmental and motion conditions, the module can adaptively adjust
the full on time and the standby time to achieve the balance between positioning accuracy and power
consumption. Sending “$PMTK225,8*23” Command and the module returning “$PMTK001,225,3*35”
means that the module has entered AlwaysLocateTM standby mode successfully, which greatly saves
power consumption. Sending “$PMTK225,0*2B” Command in any time will make the module back to full
on mode.

AlwaysLocateTM backup mode is similar to AlwaysLocateTM standby mode. The difference is that the
AlwaysLocateTM backup mode allows the module to switch automatically between full on mode and

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backup mode. Sending “$PMTK225,9*22” Command will make the module enter into AlwaysLocateTM
backup mode. Pulling FORCE_ON high and sending “$PMTK225,0*2B” Command immediately will make
the module back to full on mode.

The position accuracy in AlwaysLocateTM mode may degrade, especially in high speed movement. The
following figure illustrates the power consumption of module in different scenarios.

Figure 7: Power Consumption in Different Scenarios (AlwaysLocateTM Mode)

When located in outdoors and kept in static, the module which is equipped with an active antenna, has an
average current consumption of approx. 2.7mA in AlwaysLocateTM standby mode and 2.6mA in
AlwaysLocateTM backup mode based on GPS & GLONASS.

NOTES

1. Considering the EXTINT0 pin is edge-triggered, it is recommended to set the GPIO of customers’
MCU which controls EXTINT0 as input before turning on the module, to prevent the module from
entering into the standby mode unexpectedly. After that, customer can reset the GPIO as output to
control the EXTINT0. If the pin is unused, keep it open.
2. Keep FORCE_ON pin open or low before entering into AlwaysLocateTM backup mode. Or else, the
AlwaysLocateTM backup mode will be unavailable.

3.4.6. GLP Mode

GLP (GNSS low power) mode is an optimized solution for wearable fitness and tracking devices. It can
reduce power consumption by closing high accuracy positioning.

In GLP mode, the module can provide good positioning performance in walking and running scenarios,
and supports automatic dynamic duty operation switch for a balance on performance and power
consumption. It will come back to normal mode in harsh environments to keep good accuracy, thus
realizing maximum performance with the lowest power consumption.

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The average current consumption in GLP mode is down to 8.8mA in static scenario, which is only 40% of
that in normal mode. It may increase a little bit in dynamic scenario. The average current consumption in
different outdoor scenarios in GLP mode and normal mode is shown in the table below.

Table 8: Average Current Consumption in GLP Mode and Normal Mode

Scenario In GLP Mode (mA) In Normal Mode (mA)

Static 8.8 22

Walking 9.6 24

Running 11.6 29

Driving 12.8 32

Customers can use the following commands to make the module enter into or exit from the GLP mode:

⚫ $PQGLP,W,1,1*21: The command is used to set the module into GLP mode. When
“$PQGLP,W,OK*09” is returned, it means the module has entered into GLP mode successfully.

⚫ $PQGLP,W,0,1*20: The command is used to make the module exit from GLP mode. When
“$PQGLP,W,OK*09” is returned, it means the module has exited from GLP mode successfully.

NOTES

1. It is recommended to set all the necessary commands before the module enters into GLP mode. If
customers need to send commands, please exit from GLP mode first.
2. When the module enters into GLP mode, 1PPS function will be disabled.
3. When the GLP mode is enabled, the SBAS will be affected.
4. In high dynamic scenario, the module will slightly decrease positioning accuracy in GLP mode.
5. The modules will automatically return to the normal mode in complex environments to keep good
positioning accuracy.

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3.5. Reset

L96 module can be restarted by driving the RESET to a low level voltage for at least 10ms and then
releasing it. Please note that the resetting will possibly force the loss of volatile RAM data, while
non-volatile backup RAM content is not cleared so that fast TTFF is still possible. An OC driver circuit
shown as below is recommended to control the RESET.

RESET

4.7K

Input pulse
47K

Figure 8: Reference OC Circuit for Module Reset

The following figure shows the reset timing of L96 module.

> 2ms

VCC
Pulldown
> 10ms
VIH >2.1V

RESET

VIL<0.7V

UART Invalid Valid Invalid Valid

Figure 9: Module Reset Timing

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3.6. UART Interface

The module provides one universal asynchronous receiver & transmitter serial port. The module is
designed as DCE (Data Communication Equipment), following the traditional DCE-DTE (Data Terminal
Equipment) connection. The module and the client (DTE) are connected through the signal shown in the
following figure. It supports data baud rate from 4800bps to 115200bps, 9600bps by default.

UART port:

⚫ TXD1: Send data to the RXD signal line of DTE

⚫ RXD1: Receive data from the TXD signal line of DTE

Module (DCE) Customer (DTE)

UART port

TXD1 TXD

RXD1 RXD

GND GND

Figure 10: Reference Design for UART Port

This UART port has the following features:

⚫ UART port can be used for NMEA output, PMTK/PQ command input and firmware upgrade.
⚫ The default output NMEA type setting is RMC, VTG, GGA, GSA, GSV and GLL.
⚫ UART port supports the following data rates: 4800bps, 9600bps, 14400bps, 19200bps, 38400bps,
57600bps and 115200bps. The default setting is 9600bps, 8 bits, no parity bit, 1 stop bit.
⚫ Hardware flow control and synchronous operation are not supported.

The UART port does not support the RS-232 level but only CMOS level. If the module’s UART port is
connected to the UART port of a computer, it is necessary to add a level shift circuit between the module
and the computer. Please refer to the following figure.

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SP3238

28 27
C1+ V+ GND
25 C1- GND 2 GND
1 26
C2+ VCC 3.3V
3 4
C2- V- GND

24 10
T1IN T4OUT
23 6
TXD1 T2IN T2OUT
22 7
T3IN T3OUT
19 5
T4IN T1OUT
Module
17 12
T5IN T5OUT
16
/R1OUT
21 8 1
RXD1 R1OUT R1IN 6 2
20 R2OUT 9
R2IN 7 3
18 11 8
GND R3OUT R3IN 4
13 15 9 5
3.3V /ONLINE /STATUS
14 To PC Serial Port
/SHUTDOWN GND

Figure 11: RS-232 Level Shift Circuit

NOTE

GNSS modules output more data than single GPS systems. The default baud rate (9600bps) of L96 is
enough to transmit GNSS NMEA. If the baud rate has to be set to 4800bps, then it is recommended to
decrease NMEA output types so as to avoid possible data loss.

3.7. I2C Interface

L96 module provides one I2C interface. The interface outputs NMEA data by default when reading. It can
also receive PMTK/PQ commands via I2C bus.

The I2C interface has the following features:

⚫ Support fast mode, with bit rate up to 400kbps.

⚫ Support 7-bit address.
⚫ Work on slave mode.
⚫ Default I2C address values are Write: 0x20, Read: 0x21.

For more details, please refer to document [5].

The following circuit is an example of connection.

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L96 Module 2.8V Customer

(DTE)

4.7K 4.7K

I2C_SDA SDA

I2C_SCL SCL

GND GND

Figure 12: Reference Design for I2C Interface

NOTES

1. I2C_SDA/I2C_SCL should be externally pulled up to 2.8V.

2. The voltage threshold of I2C is 2.8V. If the system voltage is not consistent with it, a level shifter circuit
must be used.
3. I2C interface is supported only on firmware versions ended with “SC”. In other firmware versions,
I2C_SDA and I2C_SCL pins are used for RTCM data output. When I2C interface is supported, NEMA
data should be outputted via I2C interface rather than UART interface, otherwise there maybe NEMA
data loss.

3.8. 3D_FIX Interface

The 3D_FIX is assigned as a fix flag output. The pin will output a high voltage level to indicate successful
positioning.

3.9. JAM_IND Interface

L96 module provides a jamming detection indicator to detect whether there are any jammers that may
have impact on the module. If there is any jammer, the JAM_DET pin will output a low level; otherwise it
outputs a high voltage level.

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3.10. GEO_FENCE Interface

L96 module provides a GEO_FENCE interface to enable geo-fence boundary indication.

The module can be configured to report URCs to indicate entering or exiting the geo-fence. And the
following four URC report modes are supported:

⚫ 0: Do not report URC when entering or exiting the geo-fence (default setting)
⚫ 1: Report URC when entering the geo-fence
⚫ 2: Report URC when exiting the geo-fence
⚫ 3: Report URC when entering or exiting the geo-fence

By default, the mode is 0, in which case the module will not report any URC to indicate entering or exiting
the geo-fence, and GEO_FENCE interface always keeps high. In other modes, the voltage level status of
GEO_FENCE is illustrated in the table below. For more details, please refer to document [6].

Table 9: GEO_FENCE Voltage Level Status in Different URC Report Modes

URC Mode Voltage Level Status

0 HIGH

HIGH to LOW when entering the geo-fence, and then from LOW to HIGH when
1
the module exits the geo-fence again
HIGH to LOW when exiting the geo-fence, and then from LOW to HIGH when the
2
module enters the geo-fence again

3 HIGH

3.11. EASY Autonomous AGPS Technology

L96 supports EASY technology to supply aiding information like ephemeris, almanac, rough last position,
time and satellite status in order to improve the acquisition sensitivity and the TTFF of the module.

EASY technology works as embedded software which can accelerate TTFF by predicting satellite
navigation messages from received ephemerides. L96 will calculate and predict orbit information
automatically up to 3 days after first receiving the broadcast ephemeris, and save the predicted
information into the internal memory. When there is no adequate information received from satellites, the
module will use the information saved in the internal memory for positioning, thus the technology is helpful
for positioning and TTFF improvement.

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The EASY function can reduce TTFF to 5s in warm start. In this case, GNSS’s backup domain should be
valid. In order to gain enough broadcast ephemeris information from GNSS satellites; the module should
receive the information for at least 5 minutes in good signal conditions after it fixes the position.

EASY function is enabled by default. “$PMTK869,1,0*34” Command can be used to disable EASY
function. For more details, please refer to document [2].

3.12. EPO Offline AGPS Technology

L96 module features a function called EPO (Extended Prediction Orbit), a world leading technology that
supports 30-day orbit predictions. Occasional download from the EPO server is needed. For more details,
please refer to document [4].

3.13. Multi-tone AIC

L96 module supports a function called multi-tone AIC (Active Interference Cancellation) to decease
harmonic of RF noise from Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM and 3G.

The AIC function can detect 12 different single-tone interference signal and then track the phase and
frequency of these 12 interference signals to provide continuous cancellation. AIC function is enabled by
default. Enabling AIC function will increase current consumption by about 1mA @VCC=3.3V. The
following commands can be used to set AIC function.

Enable AIC function: “$PMTK 286,1*23”.

Disable AIC function: “$PMTK 286,0*22”.

3.14. ANTON

L96 module provides a pin called ANTON which is related to module operation modes. Its voltage level
will change in different module operation modes. When the module works in full on mode, this pin is in
high level. While working in standby mode, backup mode, AlwaysLocateTM mode, or during sleep time in
periodic mode, this pin is in low level. Based on this characteristic, the ANTON pin can be used to control
the power supply of active antenna or the enable pin of the external LNA to reduce power consumption.
Please refer to Chapter 3.2 for more electrical characteristics about this pin. There is an example of this
pin’s application described in Chapter 4.2.

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3.15. LOCUS

L96 module supports the embedded logger function called LOCUS. When enabled by “$PMTK185, 0*22”
Command, the function allows the module to log GNSS data to internal flash memory automatically
without the need to wake up the host, and thus, the module can enter into sleep mode to save power
consumption, and does not need to receive NMEA information all the time. L96 provides a log capacity of
more than 16 hours.

The detailed procedures of this function are illustrated below:

⚫ The module has fixed the position (only effective in 3D_fixed scenario).
⚫ Sending “$PMTK184,1*22” Command to erase internal flash.
⚫ Sending “$PMTK185,0*22” Command to start logging.
⚫ The module logs the basic information (UTC time, latitude, longitude and height) every 15s to internal
flash memory.
⚫ Stop logging the information by sending “$PMTK185,1*23” Command.
⚫ MCU can get the data via UART by sending “$PMTK622,1*29” Command to the module.

“$PMTK183*38” Command can be used to query the state of LOCUS.

The raw data which MCU gets has to be parsed via LOCUS parser code provided by Quectel. For more
details, please contact Quectel Technical Support Team.

3.16. PPS VS. NMEA

Pulse per Second (PPS) VS. NMEA can be used for time service. The latency range of the beginning of
UART Tx is between 465ms and 485ms, and after the rising edge of PPS.

UTC 12:00:00 UTC 12:00:01

PPS

465ms~485ms

UART

UTC 12:00:00 UTC 12:00:01

Figure 13: PPS VS. NMEA Timing

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The feature only supports 1Hz NMEA output and baud rate at 14400bps~115200bps. When the baud rate
is 9600bps, it only supports RMC NMEA sentence output. Because at low baud rates, the quantity of
NMEA sentences may be too large to be transmitted. Customers can enable this function by sending
“$PMTK255,1*2D”, and disable the function by sending “$PMTK255,0*2C”.

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4 Antenna Interfaces
L96 module supports GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BeiDou systems. The RF signal is obtained from the RF_IN
pin. The impedance of RF trace should be controlled as 50Ω, and the trace length should be kept as short
as possible.

4.1. Antenna Specifications

The L96 module can be connected to a dedicated GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BeiDou passive or active

antenna to receive GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BeiDou satellite signals. The recommended antenna
specifications are given in the following table.

Table 10: Recommended Antenna Specifications

Antenna Type Specification

Frequency range: 1559MHz~1609MHz

Polarization: RHCP or Linear
VSWR: <2 (Typ.)
GNSS Passive antenna gain: >0dBi
Active antenna noise figure: <1.5dB
Active antenna gain: >0dBi
Active antenna embedded LNA gain: <17dB

4.2. Recommended Circuits for Antenna

Both active and passive antennas can be used for L96 module.

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4.2.1. Active Antenna Reference Designs

4.2.1.1. Reference Design of Active Antenna without ANTON

The following figure is a typical reference design for active antenna without ANTON. In this mode, the
antenna is powered by the VCC_3V3.

Active Antenna
П Matching Circuit L96 Module

C1 R1
RF_IN
0R

C3 NM
100pF
C2 NM

R3
NM
L1 47nH

RF_OUT

R2 10R
VCC_3V3

Figure 14: Reference Design for Active Antenna without ANTON

C2, C3 and R1 are reserved matching circuits for antenna impedance modification. By default, R1 is 0Ω,
C1 is 100pF, while C2, C3 and R3 are not mounted.

L96 module needs 3.3V voltage which can be provided by an external LDO.

The inductor L1 is used to prevent the RF signal from leaking into the VCC_3V3 and route the bias supply
to the active antenna. The recommended value of L1 is no less than 47nH. R2 can protect the whole
circuit in case the active antenna is short-circuited to ground.

4.2.1.2. Reference Design of Active Antenna with ANTON

L96 module can also reduce power consumption by controlling the power supply of active antenna
through the pin of ANTON.

A reference circuit for active antenna with ANTON is given as below.

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Active Antenna
П Matching Circuit L96 Module
C1 R3 0R
RF_IN
R4

C2 NM

C3 NM
100pF
NM

RF_OUT
10R VCC_3V3
L1 47nH R1
R2
Q1 10K

Power Control Circuit Q2

ANTON

Figure 15: Reference Design for Active Antenna with ANTON

C2, C3 and R3 are reserved matching circuits for antenna impedance modification. By default, R3 is 0Ω,
C1 is 100pF, while C2, C3 and R4 are not mounted.

ANTON is an optional pin which can be used to control the power supply of the active antenna. When the
ANTON pin is pulled down, MOSFET Q1 and Q2 are in high impedance state and the power supply for
antenna is cut off. When ANTON is pulled high, it will make Q1 and Q2 in the on-state, and VCC_3V3 will
provide power supply for the active antenna. The high or low level of ANTON pin is determined by the
module’s state. Please refer to Chapter 3.14 for more details. If unused, please keep ANTON pin open.

To minimize the current consumption, the value of R2 should not be too small, and the recommended
value is 10KΩ.

4.2.2. Passive Antenna Reference Designs

4.2.2.1. Reference Design of Passive Antenna without External LNA

The following figure is a typical reference design for passive antenna without LNA.

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Passive Antenna
L96 Module

П Matching Circuit
C1 R1
RF_IN

C2 NM

C3 NM
100pF 0R
R2
NM

RF_OUT

Figure 16: Reference Design for Passive Antenna without LNA

C2, C3 and R1 are reserved matching circuits for antenna impedance modification. R1 is 0Ω, C1 is 100pF,
while C2, C3 and R2 are not mounted by default. Impedance of RF trace should be controlled as 50Ω and
the trace length should be kept as short as possible.

4.2.2.2. Reference Design of Passive Antenna with External LNA

In order to improve the receiver sensitivity and reduce the TTFF, an external LNA between the passive
antenna and the L96 module is recommended. A reference design is shown as below.

L96 Module
Passive Antenna
R4 NM
RF_OUT
П Matching Circuit C4 56pF
RF OUT RF_IN
C1 R1 ENABLE
RF IN VCC
C3 NM
C2 NM

100pF 0R
LNA R2
ANTON
VCC_3V3 100R
R3

100R

Figure 17: Reference Design for Passive Antenna with LNA

C2, C3 and R1 form a reserved matching circuit for passive antenna and LNA. R1 is 0Ω, C1 is 100pF,
while C2, C3 and R4 are not mounted by default. C3 is reserved for impedance matching between the
LNA and the L96 module and the default value of C4 capacitor is 56pF which can be further optimized

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according to the real conditions. ANTON is an optional pin which can be used to control the enable pin of
an external LNA.

NOTES

1. The selected LNA should support GPS/GLONASS/Galileo/BeiDou systems. LNA from Maxim
(http://para.maximintegrated.com) or from Infineon (http://www.infineon.com) is recommended to be
used here. For more details about the external LNA circuit design, please refer to document [3] or
contact Quectel Technical Support Team.
2. The power consumption of the module will be reduced by controlling LNA’s enable pin through the
ANTON pin of L96 module. If ANTON function is not used, please connect the enable pin of LNA to
VCC and keep LNA always on.

4.2.3. Internal Antenna

The following figure is a typical reference design for internal antenna.

Internal
Antenna

RF_OUT

R1
0R L96 Module

RF_IN

Figure 18: Reference Design for Internal Antenna

Matching circuits are not needed. Only R1 is needed and R1 is 0Ω. Also, the connection line between the
two pins should be as short as possible.

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4.3. PCB Layout Suggestion

L96 module is intended to be placed at the center of the top edge of the motherboard, and the distance
between the edge of the module and the nearest ground plane edge should be kept for at least 10mm.
The performance of the embedded antenna depends on the design of the ground plane on the
motherboard. The optimum size of the ground plane is 80mm × 40mm, but a larger or smaller ground
plane can also be used. The suggested minimum size of ground plane is 45mm × 20mm. Although the
suggested minimum width of ground plane is 45mm, to maximize performance, it is recommended to
extend the width as much as possible. Conversely, increasing the height of the ground plane to more than
20mm has no much effect on antenna performance.

A keepout area (4.8mm × 7.3mm) should be designed for the patch antenna of L96. Placement of any
component is not allowed under the keepout area.

Figure 19: PCB Layout

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5 Electrical, Reliability and Radio

Characteristics

5.1. Absolute Maximum Ratings

Absolute maximum rating for power supply and voltage on digital pins of the module are listed in following
table.

Table 11: Absolute Maximum Ratings

Parameter Min. Max. Unit

Power Supply Voltage (VCC) -0.3 4.5 V

Backup Battery Voltage (V_BCKP) -0.3 4.5 V

Input Voltage at Digital Pins -0.3 3.6 V

Input Power at RF_IN (PRF_IN) -154 15 dBm

NOTE

Stressing the module beyond the “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage. The
product is not protected against over-voltage or reversed voltage. Thus, it is necessary to utilize
appropriate protection diodes to keep voltage spikes within the parameters given in the table above.

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5.2. Operating Conditions

Table 12: Power Supply Ratings

Parameter Description Conditions Min. Type. Max. Unit

The actual input voltages

must stay between the
VCC Supply voltage 2.8 3.3 4.3 V
minimum and maximum
values.

IVCCP Peak supply current VCC=3.3V 150 mA

V_BCKP Backup voltage supply 1.5 3.3 4.5 V

Operating temperature
TOPR -40 25 85 °C
range in full on mode

NOTES

1. The figures in the table above can be used to determine the maximum current capability of power
supply.
2. Operation beyond the "Operating Conditions" is not recommended and extended exposure beyond
the "Operating Conditions" may affect the reliability of L96.

5.3. Current Consumption

The values of current consumption are shown in the following table.

Table 13: Current Consumption

Acquisition Tracking Standby Backup

Module Conditions
@3.3V @3.3V @3.3V @V_BCKP=3.3V

@-130dBm GPS 22mA 19mA

L96 0.45mA 7uA
@-130dBm GPS+GLONASS 25mA 22mA

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NOTE

The tracking current is tested in the following conditions:

⚫ In Cold Start, 10 minutes after First Fix.
⚫ In Hot Start, 15 seconds after First Fix.

5.4. Reliability Tests

Table 14: Reliability Tests

Test Item Conditions Standard

GB/T 2423.22-2002 Test Na

Thermal Shock -30°C+80°C, 144 cycles
IEC 68-2-14 Na

Damp Heat, Cyclic +55°C; >90% Rh 6 cycles for 144 hours IEC 68-2-30 Db Test

5Hz~20Hz, 0.96m2/s3;
2423.13-1997 Test Fdb
Vibration Shock 20Hz~500Hz, 0.96m2/s3-3dB/oct, 1 hour/axis;
IEC 68-2-36 Fdb Test
no function
GB/T 2423.1-2001 Ab
Heat Test +85°C, 2 hours, operational
IEC 68-2-1 Test
GB/T 2423.1-2001 Ab
Cold Test -40°C, 2 hours, operational
IEC 68-2-1 Test
GB/T 2423.2-2001 Bb
Heat Soak +90°C, 72 hours, non-operational
IEC 68-2-2 Test B
GB/T 2423.1-2001 A
Cold Soak -45°C, 72 hours, non-operational
IEC 68-2-1 Test

5.5. ESD Protection

L96 GNSS module is an ESD sensitive device. ESD protection precautions should be emphasized.
Proper ESD handling and packaging procedures must be applied throughout the processing, handling
and operation of any application that incorporates the module.

Please note the following measures are good for ESD protection when L96 module is handled.

⚫ The first contact point shall always be between the local GND and PCB GND when handling the PCB,
unless there is a galvanic coupling between the local GND and the PCB GND.
⚫ While mounting the module onto a motherboard, please make sure the GND is connected first, and

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then the RF_IN pad.

⚫ Do not contact any charged capacitors or materials which may easily generate or store charges
(such as patch antenna, coaxial cable, soldering iron, etc.) when handling the RF_IN pad.
⚫ To prevent electrostatic discharge from the RF input, please do not touch any exposed area of the
mounted patch antenna.
⚫ Make sure to use an ESD safe soldering iron (tip) when soldering the RF_IN pin.

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6 Mechanical Dimensions
This chapter describes the mechanical dimensions of the module. All dimensions are measured in
millimeter (mm). The tolerances for dimensions without tolerance values are ±0.05mm.

6.1. Top and Side Dimensions of the Module

Figure 20: Top and Side Dimensions

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6.2. Bottom Dimensions and Recommended Footprint

Figure 21: Bottom Dimensions

Figure 22: Recommended Footprint

NOTE

For easy maintenance of this module and accessing to these pads, please keep a distance of no less than
3mm between the module and other components in host board.

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6.3. Top and Bottom Views of the Module

Figure 23: Top View of the Module

Figure 24: Bottom View of the Module

NOTE

These are design effect drawings of L96 module. For authentic dimension and appearance, please refer
to the module that you receive from Quectel.

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7 Storage, Manufacturing and

Packaging

7.1. Storage

L96 is stored in a vacuum-sealed bag. It is rated at MSL 3, and its storage restrictions are shown as
below.

1. Shelf life in the vacuum-sealed bag: 12 months at <40ºC/90%RH.

2. After the vacuum-sealed bag is opened, devices that will be subjected to reflow soldering or other
high temperature processes must be:

⚫ Mounted within 168 hours at the factory environment of ≤30ºC/60%RH.

⚫ Stored at <10%RH.

3. Devices require baking before mounting, if any circumstance below occurs.

⚫ When the ambient temperature is 23ºC±5ºC and the humidity indication card shows the humidity
is >10% before opening the vacuum-sealed bag.
⚫ Device mounting cannot be finished within 168 hours at factory conditions of ≤30ºC/60%RH.

4. If baking is required, devices may be baked for 8 hours at 120ºC±5ºC.

NOTE

As the plastic package cannot be subjected to high temperature, it should be removed from devices
before high temperature (120ºC) baking. If shorter baking time is desired, please refer to
IPC/JEDECJ-STD-033 for baking procedure.

7.2. Manufacturing and Soldering

Push the squeegee to apply the solder paste on the surface of stencil, thus making the paste fill the
stencil openings and then penetrate to the PCB. The force on the squeegee should be adjusted properly

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so as to produce a clean stencil surface on a single pass. To ensure the module soldering quality, the
thickness of stencil for the module is recommended to be 0.13mm. For more details, please refer to
document [7].

It is suggested that the peak reflow temperature is 240ºC~245ºC, and the absolute maximum reflow
temperature is 245ºC. To avoid damage to the module caused by repeated heating, it is strongly
recommended that the module should be mounted after reflow soldering for the other side of PCB has
been completed. The recommended reflow soldering thermal profile (lead-free reflow soldering) and
related parameters are shown below.

Temp. (°C)
Reflow Zone
Max slope: Cooling down
2~3°C/sec C slope: 1~4°C/sec
245
240
220
B D
200
Soak Zone

150 A

100
Max slope: 1~3°C/sec

Figure 25: Recommended Reflow Soldering Thermal Profile

Table 15: Recommended Thermal Profile Parameters

Factor Recommendation

Soak Zone

Max slope 1 to 3°C/sec

Soak time (between A and B: 150°C and 200°C) 60 sec to 120 sec

Reflow Zone

Max slope 2 to 3°C/sec

Reflow time (D: over 220°C) 40 sec to 60 sec

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Max temperature 240°C ~ 245°C

Cooling down slope 1 to 4°C/sec

Reflow Cycle

Max reflow cycle 1

NOTES

1. During manufacturing and soldering, or any other processes that may contact the module directly,
NEVER wipe the module’s shielding can with organic solvents, such as acetone, ethyl alcohol,
isopropyl alcohol, trichloroethylene, etc. Otherwise, the shielding can may become rusted.
2. The shielding can for the module is made of Cupro-Nickel base material. It is tested that after 12
hours’ Neutral Salt Spray test, the laser engraved label information on the shielding can is still clearly
identifiable and the QR code is still readable, although white rust may be found.

7.3. Tape and Reel Packaging

Figure 26: Tape and Reel Specifications

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Table 16: Reel Packaging

Model Name MOQ for MP Minimum Package: 500pcs Minimum Package x 4 = 2000pcs

Size: 370mm × 350mm × 40mm Size: 380mm × 250mm × 365mm

L96 500pcs N.W: 0.24kg N.W: 0.95kg
G.W: 0.83kg G.W: (3.85±0.1)kg

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8 Appendix A References

Table 17: Related Documents

SN Document Name Remark

[1] Quectel_L96_EVB_User_Guide L96 EVB User Guide

[2] Quectel_L96_GNSS_Protocol_Specification L96 GNSS Protocol Specification

[3] Quectel_L96_Reference_Design L96 Reference Design

[4] Quectel_GNSS_EPO_Application_Note GNSS EPO Application Note

[5] Quectel_GNSS_I2C_Application_Note GNSS I2C Application Note

[6] Quectel_GNSS_SDK_Commands_Manual GNSS SDK Commands Manual

[7] Quectel_Module_Secondary_SMT_User_Guide Module Secondary SMT User Guide

Table 18: Terms and Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description

AGPS Assisted GPS

AIC Active Interference Cancellation

CEP Circular Error Probable

DGPS Differential GPS

EASY Embedded Assist System

EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility

EPO Extended Prediction Orbit

ESD Electrostatic Discharge

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GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System (the Russian GNSS)

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

GPS Global Positioning System

HDOP Horizontal Dilution of Precision

IC Integrated Circuit

I/O Input/Output

Kbps Kilo Bits Per Second

LNA Low Noise Amplifier

MSAS Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System

MOQ Minimum Order Quantity

NMEA National Marine Electronics Association

PDOP Position Dilution of Precision

PMTK MTK Proprietary Protocol

PPS Pulse Per Second

PQ Quectel Proprietary Protocol

PRN Pseudo Random Noise Code

QZSS Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

RHCP Right Hand Circular Polarization

RMC Recommended Minimum Specific GNSS Data

RTCM Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services

SAW Surface Acoustic Wave

SBAS Satellite-based Augmentation System

TTFF Time To First Fix

UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver & Transmitter

VDOP Vertical Dilution of Precision

Course over Ground and Ground Speed, Horizontal Course and Horizontal
VTG
Velocity

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WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System

Inom Nominal Current

Imax Maximum Load Current

Vmax Maximum Voltage Value

Vnom Nominal Voltage Value

Vmin Minimum Voltage Value

VIHmax Maximum Input High Level Voltage Value

VIHmin Minimum Input High Level Voltage Value

VILmax Maximum Input Low Level Voltage Value

VILmin Minimum Input Low Level Voltage Value

VImax Absolute Maximum Input Voltage Value

VImin Absolute Minimum Input Voltage Value

VOHmax Maximum Output High Level Voltage Value

VOHmin Minimum Output High Level Voltage Value

VOLmax Maximum Output Low Level Voltage Value

VOLmin Minimum Output Low Level Voltage Value

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