MINI PROJECT PART-B

ON
USE OF PLASTIC WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE
BATHELOR’S DEGREE (B.E.) IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING,
Submitted by

RUTWIK TUKARAM KARMORE

SWAPNIL BABULAL KOLI
PRANAY SADANAND KONKAR
SHIVAM DURYODHAN LUBAL

Guide : Prof. TRUPTI NARKHEDE

 Conferred by
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MGM’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
KAMOTHE, NAVI MUMBAI- 410 209
(2021-2022)
 CERTIFICATE
(MINI PROJECT PART-B)

This is to certify that the Mini project titled “USE OF

PLASTIC WASTE INCONSTRUCTION OF ROADS.” duly
submitted by the following students
RUTWIK TUKARAM KARMORE
SWAPNIL BABULAL KOLI
PRANAY SADANAND KONKAR
SHIVAM DURYODHAN LUBAL
has been completed under my supervision in a satisfactory
manner in a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering, Semester IV - (Part-B)
to be conferred by the UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI. In my opinion,
the work embodied in this report is comprehensive and fit for
evaluation.
Prof. TRUPTI NARKHEDE
(Guide)
Prof. P.J. SALUNKE. Dr. Mrs. GEETA LATHKAR
HOD ( Civil ). Principal
Abstract:-
The aim of this project is to replace cement with
Plastic waste in paver block and to reduce the
cost of paver Block when compared to that of
convention concrete paver Blocks. At present
nearly 56 lakhs tones of plastic waste is
Produced in India per year. The degradation rate
of plastic Waste is also a very slow process.
Hence the project is helpful in Reducing plastic
waste in a useful way. In this project we have
Used plastic waste in different proportions with
quarry dust,Coarse aggregate and ceramic
waste. The paverblocks were Prepared and
tested and the results were discussed
. INTRODUCTION
Before the invention of plastic, the only
substances that could be molded were clays
(pottery) and glass. Hardened clay and glass
were used for storage, but they were heavy and
brittle. Some natural substances, like tree gums
and rubber, were sticky and moldable.
Plastic waste used in this work was brought from
the Surrounding areas. Currently about 56 lakh
tonnes of plastic Waste dumped in India in a
year. The dumped waste pollutes The
surrounding environment. As the result it affects
both Human beings and animals in direct and
indirect ways. HenceIt necessary to dispose the
plastic waste properly as per the Regulations
provided by our government. The replacement
of Plastic waste for cement provides potential
environmental as Well as economic benefits.
OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT:-
1.Cement is replaced with plastic.
2.Decrease the cost of paver block.
3.Decrease setting time of paving block.
4.Curing is not important.
5.Made block light in weight.
6.Made block is water resistant.
7.Strength comparison between plastic used
paving blocks Vs normal paving Block.
8.Cost comparison between plastic used
paving blocks Vs normal paving Block.
9.To safe guard to the environment by utilizing
waste property.
10.To provide an economical construction
material.
REQUIREMENT :-
TYPES OF PAVER BLOCK :-
Concrete Paving Block
Concrete blocks are mass manufactured to
standard sizes. Hence, they can be easily
interchanged. A typical concrete block has
two surfaces – one is smooth, and the other
is a rough surface.The concrete paving
blocks are most suitable for heavy-duty
applications, able to support substantial
loads and resist shearing and braking
forces.The concrete blocks come in various
colors. The colors typically come from
metallic oxides. However, there is a
possibility of these colors to fade away.
Hence one needs to be very careful while
choosing the color of the block.
CONCRETE PAVING BLOCK
2.Clay Paving Blocks
Clay paving blocks are also called bricks or
cobbles. These blocks are generally available
as typical, rectangular brick-shaped.
Although custom shapes can be made for
specific projects.Unlike the concrete paving
blocks, either side of clay paving blocks can
be used. So both sides are interchangeable.
Clay blocks are available in natural color
only; hence the possibility of color fading is
not there in these blocks. These blocks are
mostly used for walls or pillars.
TYPES OF WASTE PLASTIC:-
1.PETE or PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate
2.Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET)
3. Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Polyvinyl Chloride (P or PVC)
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Miscellaneous Plastics
LITERATURE SURVEY

Plastic pollution is the accumulation of

plasticobjects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles,
bags and in the Earth’s environment that
adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, and
humans.[1][2] Plastics that act as pollutants are
categorized into micro-, meso-, or macro debris,
based on size.[3]Plastics are inexpensive and
durable making them very adaptable for
different uses; as a result levels human produce
a lot of plastic.[4]However, the chemical
structure of most plastics renders them resistant
to many natural processes of degradation and as
a result they are slow to degrade.[5] Together,
these two factors allow large volumes of plastic
to enter the environment as mismanaged waste
and for it to persist in the ecosystem.
INDUSTRIAL SURVEY

According to the reports for year 2017-18,

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has
estimated that India generates approximately
9.4 Million tonnes per annum plastic waste,
(which amounts to 26,000 tonnes of waste per
day), and out of this approximately 5.6 Million
tonnes per annum plastic waste is recycled (i.e.
15,600 tonnes of waste per day) and 3.8 Million
tonnes per annum plastic waste is left
uncollected or littered (9,400 tonnes of waste
per day)6
Out of the 60% of recycled plastic7
• 70% is recycled at registered facilities
• 20% is recycled by Unorganized Sector
• 10% of the plastic is recycled at home
.Obstruction by most waste polluter

The ten corporations that produce the most

plastic on the planet, The Coca-Cola Company,
Colgate-Palmolive, Danone, Mars, Incorporated,
Mondelēz International, Nestlé, PepsiCo,
Perfetti Van Melle, Procter & Gamble, and
Unilever, formed a well-financed network that
has sabotaged for decades government and
community efforts to address the plastic
pollution crisis, according to a detailed
investigative report by the Changing Markets
Foundation. The investigation documents how
these companies delay and derail legislation so
that they can continue to inundate consumers
with disposable plastic packaging.
2.Gjenge Makers Ltd.

One of them is Gjenge Makers Ltd, a

sustainable, alternative, affordable building
products manufacturing company that
transforms plastic waste into durable building
materials. These include paving blocks, paving
tiles, and manhole coversGjenge Makers
produces between 1,000 to 1,500 paving bricks
every day in different sizes and colors. The bricks
are usually made using high-density
polyethylene, used in milk and shampoo bottles;
low-density polyethylene, often used for bags
for cereals or sandwiches; and polypropylene,
used for ropes, flip-top lids, and buckets. Matee
said her company had already recycled 20 tons
of plastic waste since its opening
METHODOLOGY :-
PROCESS OF MAKING PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK
1.SELECT THE RIGHT PLASTIC
It is very important to select the right plastics.
This process uses LDPE. Examples include food
wrap film, food bags, water and ice bags, storage
bags, agricultural Film and stretch wrap
2.MELT
Light a small fire under the metal drum And
gently heat it. Add the plastic waste. As it warms
up it will reduce in size. Light the plastic at the
top using a small Flame to help it melt down.
3.MIX
Keep mixing thoroughly until all the plastic has
melted and there is a consistent black Liquid.
Sometimes LDPE lumps can remain even at very
high temperatures. Stirring and Heating must
continue until all lumps are removed and a
homogenous paste is obtained, since They affect
the strength of the material. This can take up to
20 minutes.
4.MOULD
Prepare the mould by making sure it is very
clean, with no pieces of plastic on it from
Previous mouldings, and well oiled.
5.SET
Allow the hot mixture in the mould to set for a
few minutes, repeatedly shaking the mould to
loosen the edges (a rocking motion works well).
Keep trying to lift the mould. When the mixture
has hardened enough that the slab will not
collapse, remove the mould and leave. It should
harden in around 2 hours. Experiment with
different amounts of sand and LDPE – the
different amounts can be used for different
purposes – slabs, tiles or bricks.
6.MARKET

Tiles made in this way are as strong as concrete

paving tiles. If you can have your Product tested
and certified as an approved construction
product, you will be able to market it To local
building companies as well as directly to
customers
TEST.

Compressive test:-

This is done to know the compressive strength

of the bricks and paver Blocks. This is also called
crushing strength of bricks and paver blocks.
Generally five Specimens of bricks are taken to
laboratory for testing and tested one by one. In
this test a Brick and paver block specimen is put
on crushing machine and applied pressure till it
breaks. The ultimate pressure at which brick is
crushed is taken into account. All five brick
Specimens are tested one by one and average
result is taken as brick’s compressive /crushing
Strength. The plastic sand bricks and paver
blocks of different ratios are tested one by one
And in this the high compression is found and
comparison made between the fly ash and
Normal bricks.

WATER ABSORPTION TEST

In this the bricks first weighted in dry condition and
they are immersed in water for 24 hours. After that
they are taken out from water and they are wipe out
with cloth. Then the difference between the dry and
wet bricks percentage are calculated.
EFFLORESCENCE TEST

The presence of alkalis in bricks is harmful and they

form a grey or white layer on brick surface by
absorbing moisture. To find out the presence of
alkalis in bricks this test is performed. In this test a
brick is immersed in fresh water for 24 hours and
then it's taken out from water and allowed to dry in
shade. The plastic sand brick has low alkali content
and so a little white patch is formed over the surface
FIRE RESISTANT TEST
The Plastic is highly susceptible to fire but in case of
Plastic sand bricks/Paver blocks the presence of sand
imparts insulation. There is no change in the
structural properties of block of bricks up to 180oC
above which visible cracks are seen and the
blocks/bricks deteriorate with increase in
temperature.

HARDNESS TEST
In this test a scratch is made on brick surface with
steel rod (any hard Material can be used) which was
difficult to imply the bricks or blocks were hard. This
shows the brick possess high quality.
DETAILED DESIGN

Dimensions of plastic paver block.

Shape = square (zigzag)
Material = plastic
Length =225mm
Width =100mm
Thickness = 75mm
Price = 45₹
Clear description of method.
First of all It is important to only select the correct
type of plastic. Them adding plastic gently all the
side of the melted plastic until it melt down to about
black liquid. Adding plastic until you have around a
20cm depth of melted plastic.Keep mixing
thoroughly until all the plastic Sometimes LDPE
lumps can remain even at very high temperatures.
Stirring and heating must continue until all lumps are
removed and a homogenous paste is obtained, since
they affect the strength of the material. Prepare the
mould by making sure it is very clean, with no pieces
of plastic on it from previous mouldings, and well
oiled. Press and work the mixture into the mould so
there are no air gaps. Allow the hot mixture in the
mould to set for a few minutes, repeatedly shaking
the mould to loosen the edges (a rocking motion
works well). , remove the mould and leave. It should
harden in around 2 hours.Tiles made in this way are
as strong as concrete paving tiles.

Material precautions

Red oxide
➢Label precautions: Avoid contact with eyes, skin
and clothing. Wash thoroughly after handling.
➢Avoid breathing dust. Keep container
closedSafety equipment
suppliers/manufacturers can provide
recommendations on the most protective
glove/clothing material for your operationDo not
breath dust or fumes.
➢Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at
machinery and at places where dust can be
generated.
➢Do not create a dust cloud by using a brush or
compressed air. Do not use tobacco or food in
work area
Cement
➢alkali-resistant gloves
➢suitable eye protection where mixing, pouring,
or other activities may endanger eyes coveralls
with long sleeves and full-length trousers
➢Using a taut string line set at the finished height
of your paving level to act as your guide, make
sure the edging stones you're using will sit at the
level they need to be.

River sand
➢The sand selected for each of these purposes
must be carefully chosen to meet these specific
needs.
➢Although it’s not as naturally course as concrete
sand, it still offers interlocking properties The
sand is coated with a water-activated polymer.
➢When selecting the type of sand to use for your
bedding layer, you should look for a material that
is somewhat sharp, course, granular and
features grains of sand in similar sizes.
➢Wear safety glasses or goggles. Material is stable
under normal conditions. Avoid generation of
dusts.
• Precautions for use of concrete
compressive testing machine:

❖ The operation should be carefully checked

and carefully operated according to the steps
before starting and operation, and illegal
operation is strictly prohibited.
❖ When operating, it is strictly forbidden to
exceed the marking line on the vertical column
(50mm).
❖ It is strictly forbidden to start the motor at
high pressure to avoid damaging the electrical
appliances.
❖ Always check whether the hydraulic oil of
the tank is sufficient, and the oil standard shall
prevail.
❖ Replace the hydraulic oil and clean the tank
every half year when using frequently.
Summary
Paver block made using plastic waste, quarry dust,
coarse aggregate and ceramic waste have shown
better result. It also shows good heat resistance.
compared to the concrete paver block it can be
used in gardens, pedestrian path and cycle way etc.
The need for the construction sector to be sustained
by innovative technology targeted at conserving the
natural resources and protecting the environment
cannot be overemphasized. The use of plastic wastes
as additives in the production of pavement blocks
has both engineering and environmental
implications. The use of paver blocks produced from
plastic wastes is becoming more popular, finding
applications in parking areas, compounds, open
spaces, streets, and in minor and major roads. The
way and manner plastic wastes generated are
managed in developing countries is worrisome and
disturbing, due to their non-biodegradable nature.
The research is aimed at using plastic wastes as
binding groundmass in place of cement in the
production of pavement blocks. This will go a long
way in solving part of our environmental and
ecological problems resulting from indiscriminate
dumping of plastic wastes. Plastic wastes (LDPE type)
were melted at temperatures between 180˚C-250˚C
in a closed system and mixed in different proportions
(70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) with granite-dust, sand and
clay to produce sample paver blocks. The same mold
was also used to produce cement paver blocks.
These blocks were subjected to flexural,
compressive-strength, water-absorption, oven and
acid tests. The results of these tests revealed that
paver blocks produced from plastic additives show
more tensile strength, better water absorption,
more resistant to corrosion and good heat absorber
compared to the blocks produced from cement.
Plastic paver blocks also showed abysmally low
water absorption than the cement blocks. The
application of plastic waste in the production of
paver block is an innovative way of disposing plastic
waste littered all over the place, thereby cleaning the
environment. The cost of plastic waste paver block
when compared with concrete paver block is
stronger, tougher, economical and more resistant to
heat and corrosion. The study has clearly established
that plastic paver blocks are better alternative to
normal cement paver blocks.

Case study of plastic

 ❖ Case Study: Sikkim: First State to Ban Plastics
Bottles & Disposable FoamProductsSikkim,
which is often applauded for being one of the
cleanest states in India has now taken one more
step to reduce its carbon footprint. In two recent
notifications issued by the state’s home
department, the Sikkim
government has decided to manage its waste in a
more efficient and eco-friendly manner by banning
the use of plastic water bottles in all Government
meetings and programmes. Further, it has banned
the use of disposable foam products across the
entire state. A huge quantity of municipal waste is
created in the form of disposable products which are
environmentally hazardous, and claim a lot of space
in landfills. It was found that a lot of disposable foam
containers were being used not just in bazaar areas
at food stalls, but also in rural pockets. Owing to this,
there is now a state-wide ban on the use and sale of
cups, plates, spoons, containers, and other foam
items. It is also stated that rampant use of packaged
drinking water in departmental meetings and
programmes has led to the piling up of disposable
plastic bottles that add an unnecessary burden on
dump yards. Therefore, in order to reduce creation
of garbage in the form of used drinking water plastic
bottles it is notified that the packaged drinking water
bottles may not be used during any government
meetings or functions. The alternative proposed is to
switch to filtered water, water from large reusable
dispensers or reusable water bottles at such
government functions and meetings.The
government has been initiating various measures to
manage the waste and maintain a clean
environment. Sikkim was also the first state in the
country to ban the use of plastic bags in 1998.

❖ Case Study: Maharashtra- Ban on Plastics

Maharashtra will be the 18th state in India to ban
single-use disposable plastic. Maharashtra has
banned disposable products manufactured from
plastic and thermocol (polystyrene). Maharashtra
plastic ban carries penalties starting at Rs. 5,000 and
goes up to Rs 25,000 and 3 months of imprisonment.
The government has played a major role by bringing
in the law, mechanism of imposing it, the fines and
the paraphernalia that goes with the
implementation. Now, flower vendors are sending
flowers to people’s home in cloth bags. Vegetables
are being sold in cloth bags. Women in self-help
groups are looking at making jute or cotton bags as a
major source of income. Medicines are coming in
small paper pouches. Tea and coffee stalls, college
canteens and restaurants are doing away with
plastics. Also, the corporates like Starbucks, Coca
Cola and Bisleri have risen to the occasion and taken
up responsibility of collecting waste plastics from
Mumbai and recycle it or up-recycle it to different
use. People participation can be seen as NGOs,
schools, celebrities, industrialists have begun
campaigns to beat plastic pollution.
Conclusion

The Plastic sand bricks possess more advantages

which include Cost efficiency, Removal of waste
products thus abolishing the land requirement
problem for
dumping plastic, Reduction in the emission of
greenhouse gases by the conversion of flue gases
into synthetic oil etc. This method is suitable for the
countries which has the difficult to dispose /recycle
the plastic waste. The natural resources consumed
for the manufacturing of
Plastic sand bricks and Paver blocks are very much
less when compared to its counterparts. The
manufacturing cost could be reduced further by
replacing the river sand with fly ash/quarry dust or
other waste products. Owing to the numerous
advantages further research would improve the
quality and durability of plastic sand bricks and paver
blocks.