Data Visualization using Python

August 17, 2021

1 Introduction
Data Visualisation refers to the graphical or visual representation of information and data us-
ing visual elements like charts, graphs, maps, etc.

1.0.1 MATPLOTLIB LIBRARY

It is a 2D plotting Library which produces publication quality figures. PyPlot is a module Of mat-
plotlib library containing collection of methods which allow users to create 2D plots and graphs
easily and interactively.
[1]: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt #Import Statement

1.0.2 PLOT
A Plot is graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a graph showing the relation-
ship between two or more variables. Lets look at an example
[3]: #Step 1: Import the Module
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

#Step 2: Create the Lists

x = [0,1,2,3,4,5]
y = [0,2,4,6,8,10]

#Step 3: Not Required

#Step 4: Plotting the Graph --- For Line graph, the method we use is known as␣
,→plot()

plt.plot(x,y)

#Step 5: Detailing the Plot

#---------------------------
#Detail 1: Name of X Axis --> xlabel()
plt.xlabel('X Axis')
#Detail 2: Name of Y Axis --> ylabel()
plt.ylabel("Y Axis")
#Detail 3: Name of the Graph --> title()
plt.title('First Line Graph')

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#Step 6: Saving a Graph/Plot
plt.savefig('Line1.png') # png, jpeg, pdf, svg

#Step 7: Display the Plot.

plt.show()

1.0.3 TYPES OF VISUALIZATION

• LINE GRAPH
• BAR GRAPH
• HISTOGRAM
• PIE CHART (Not In Syllabus)
• SCATTER PLOT (Not in Syllabus)
• FREQUENCY POLYGON (Not in Syllabus)
• BOX PLOT ETC. (Not in Syllabus)

1.1 TIP: General Steps to be followed for Plotting any Graph

1. Import the necessary modules ( Ex. matplotlib.pyplot and numpy)
2. Create the Arrays/Lists to be plotted into a graph
3. Plot the Graph using the proper lists and mention the details (Ex. color, width, align, legend
etc.)

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 4. Provide the necessary Details for the Graph (Ex. Title, XLabel, YLabel, XTicks, YTicks, Show
Legend, etc)
5. [Optional - When Required] Save the Plot
6. Display the Plot

1.1.1 Line Graph

It is used to visualise data which has some kind of sequence. Example: How is Distance changing
with time Example: How many animals in forest residing against temperature of place.
SYNTAX: plt.plot(data_x, data_y)
[49]: #Step 1: Import the Modules
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

#Step 2: Create the Lists/Arrays

d = [0,5,2,7,3,4,5,2]
t = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7]

#Step 3: Plot the Graph

plt.plot(t,d, linestyle = '-',marker = 'o')

#Step 4: Provide the Details

plt.title("Distance vs Time")
plt.xlabel("Time")
plt.ylabel("Distance")

#Step 5: Save the Plot

plt.savefig("speed.png")

#Step 6: Display the Plot

plt.show()

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[59]: #Step 1: Import the Modules
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

#Step 2: Create the Arrays

year = ['2017 - 18','2018 - 19','2019 - 20','2020 - 21']
kvp = [83.4,89.7,88.7,91.2]
jnv = [87.3,88.3,82.5,90.2]
hcs = [90.2,89.0,83.7,93.5]

#Step 3: Plot The Graphs

plt.plot(year, kvp, marker = 'o', label = 'KVP')
plt.plot(year, jnv, marker = '*', label = 'JNV')
plt.plot(year, hcs, marker = '^', label = 'HCS')

#Step 4: Provide the Details

plt.title("Result Analysis")
plt.xlabel("Year")
plt.ylabel("Percentage")
plt.legend()

#Step 5: Save the Graph.

plt.savefig('Result.png')

#Step 6: Display the Graph

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 plt.show()

1.2 Bar Graph

[2]: #Step 1: Import the Module

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

#Step 2: Create the Arrays

players = ['Dhoni','Virat','Shikhar','Rishabh']
runs = [76,102,48,27]

#Step 3: Plot the Graph

plt.bar(players,runs)

#Step 4:
plt.title("Player Runs")
plt.xlabel('Players')
plt.ylabel('Runs')

#Step 5

plt.show()

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 #Assignment: Create the following Bar Graph
[2]: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

seasons = ['Summer','Monsoon','Autumn','Winter','Spring']
ice_cream = [100,80,70,45,85]

plt.bar(seasons,ice_cream, linewidth = 2, edgecolor = 'black')

plt.title('Ice-Cream Per Season')

plt.xlabel('Seasons')
plt.ylabel('Litres of Ice-cream')

plt.show()

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[1]: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

plt.bar?

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[1;31mDocstring:[0m
Make a bar plot.

The bars are positioned at *x* with the given *align*\ment. Their
dimensions are given by *height* and *width*. The vertical baseline
is *bottom* (default 0).

Many parameters can take either a single value applying to all bars
or a sequence of values, one for each bar.

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Parameters
----------
x : float or array-like
The x coordinates of the bars. See also *align* for the
alignment of the bars to the coordinates.

height : float or array-like

The height(s) of the bars.

width : float or array-like, default: 0.8

The width(s) of the bars.

bottom : float or array-like, default: 0

The y coordinate(s) of the bars bases.

align : {'center', 'edge'}, default: 'center'

Alignment of the bars to the *x* coordinates:

- 'center': Center the base on the *x* positions.

- 'edge': Align the left edges of the bars with the *x* positions.

To align the bars on the right edge pass a negative *width* and
``align='edge'``.

Returns
-------
`.BarContainer`
Container with all the bars and optionally errorbars.

Other Parameters
----------------
color : color or list of color, optional
The colors of the bar faces.

edgecolor : color or list of color, optional

The colors of the bar edges.

linewidth : float or array-like, optional

Width of the bar edge(s). If 0, don't draw edges.

tick_label : str or list of str, optional

The tick labels of the bars.
Default: None (Use default numeric labels.)

xerr, yerr : float or array-like of shape(N,) or shape(2, N), optional

If not *None*, add horizontal / vertical errorbars to the bar tips.
The values are +/- sizes relative to the data:

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 - scalar: symmetric +/- values for all bars
- shape(N,): symmetric +/- values for each bar
- shape(2, N): Separate - and + values for each bar. First row
contains the lower errors, the second row contains the upper
errors.
- *None*: No errorbar. (Default)

See :doc:`/gallery/statistics/errorbar_features`
for an example on the usage of ``xerr`` and ``yerr``.

ecolor : color or list of color, default: 'black'

The line color of the errorbars.

capsize : float, default: :rc:`errorbar.capsize`

The length of the error bar caps in points.

error_kw : dict, optional

Dictionary of kwargs to be passed to the `~.Axes.errorbar`
method. Values of *ecolor* or *capsize* defined here take
precedence over the independent kwargs.

log : bool, default: False

If *True*, set the y-axis to be log scale.

**kwargs : `.Rectangle` properties

Properties:
agg_filter: a filter function, which takes a (m, n, 3) float array and a dpi value, and ret
alpha: scalar or None
animated: bool
antialiased or aa: unknown
capstyle: `.CapStyle` or {'butt', 'projecting', 'round'}
clip_box: `.Bbox`
clip_on: bool
clip_path: Patch or (Path, Transform) or None
color: color
contains: unknown
edgecolor or ec: color or None or 'auto'
facecolor or fc: color or None
figure: `.Figure`
fill: bool
gid: str
hatch: {'/', '\\', '|', '-', '+', 'x', 'o', 'O', '.', '*'}
in_layout: bool
joinstyle: `.JoinStyle` or {'miter', 'round', 'bevel'}
label: object
linestyle or ls: {'-', '--', '-.', ':', '', (offset, on-off-seq), ...}

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 linewidth or lw: float or None
path_effects: `.AbstractPathEffect`
picker: None or bool or float or callable
rasterized: bool
sketch_params: (scale: float, length: float, randomness: float)
snap: bool or None
transform: `.Transform`
url: str
visible: bool
zorder: float

See Also
--------
barh : Plot a horizontal bar plot.

Notes
-----
Stacked bars can be achieved by passing individual *bottom* values per
bar. See :doc:`/gallery/lines_bars_and_markers/bar_stacked`.

.. note::
In addition to the above described arguments, this function can take
a *data* keyword argument. If such a *data* argument is given,
every other argument can also be string ``s``, which is
interpreted as ``data[s]`` (unless this raises an exception).

Objects passed as **data** must support item access (``data[s]``) and

membership test (``s in data``).
[1;31mFile:[0m c:\users\asus\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\matplotlib\pyplot.py
[1;31mType:[0m function

[17]: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

month = ['Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun']
Year2021 = [10,12,15,25,30,32]
Year2020 = [18,10,20,25,35,40]
plt.bar(month,Year2020, width = -0.4, align = 'edge', label = '2020') #Negetive␣
,→width shifts the graph to the left

plt.bar(month,Year2021, width = 0.4, align = 'edge', label = '2021') #Positive␣

,→width shifts the graph to the right

plt.title("Electricity Comparison 2020 vs 2021")

plt.xlabel("Month")
plt.ylabel("Units")
plt.legend()

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 plt.show()

1.3 HISTOGRAM
This graph is usually used to display the frequency of each item in the data. What is required for
such a representation is buckets/bins of the range (10-20,20-30,30-40. . . ) Bins can be mentioned in
either of two ways - A list [10,20,30,40,50,. . . ] - An integer depicting the no of bins required. The Bins
will then be generated by equally distributing the total range of the frequency data.
By Default the Bin has a integer value of 10. #### There are 2 techniques for getting Data for
Histogram. 1. Use the actual Frequency data as a list/array of values and use that to plot the
histogram. 2. Separate the Data and the Frequency of Occurance into 2 Lists and use both to plot
the histogram. Both techniques can be used depending on the requirement of the question.

SYNTAX

• When actual frequency data is used:- SYNTAX: plt.hist(data,bins)

• When Data and Frequency of Occurance are in different variables:- SYNTAX:
plt.hist(data,bins,weight)

Histogram with Actual Data and Integer Bins

[4]: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

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 data = np.array([24,23,24,23,21,25,24,21,11,16,15,30,
31,34,35,35,34,31,32,35,13,21,34,21,
31,25,34,26,12,15,14,23,38,40,14,22,
27,39,24,29,29,27,24,34,35,27,32,39,34,34])
plt.hist(data, bins = 5, edgecolor = 'black')

plt.show()

Histogram with actual data and bins as list

[10]: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

data = np.array([24,23,24,23,21,25,24,21,11,16,15,30,
31,34,35,35,34,31,32,35,13,21,34,21,
31,25,34,26,12,15,14,23,38,40,14,22,
27,39,24,29,29,27,24,34,35,27,32,39,34,34])
plt.hist(data, bins = [10,15,20,25,30,35,40],edgecolor = 'black')

plt.show()

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 Histogram with Frequency Groups and Bins as Lists
[9]: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

mark_group=[15,25,35,45] # Class Marks - (lower point + upper point) /2

Frequency = [5,10,20,5]

plt.hist(mark_group, bins = [10,20,30,40,50], weights = Frequency,edgecolor=␣

,→'black')

plt.show()

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[11]: # Age 16, 17, 18, 19
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

Age = [16,17,18,19]
Freq = [3, 18, 10, 4]

plt.hist(Age, bins = [15,16,17,18,19,20], weights = Freq, edgecolor = 'black')

plt.title('Age Frequency')
plt.xlabel('Age group')
plt.ylabel('No of Students')
plt.show()

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1.3.1 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Plot a line graph to display growth in population in the past 7 decades. Use the following
Table Data for this purpose:-

Census Year Population

1951 361,088,000
1961 439,235,000
1971 548,160,000
1981 683,329,000
1991 846,387,888
2001 1,028,737,436
2011 1,210,726,932

2. Plot a line graph to show Sin Curve. (HOTS) Hint: Numpy has a function, numpy.sin() to find
the sin values.

3. Plot a line graph to show Cos Curve. (HOTS) Hint: Numpy has a function, numpy.cos() to find
the cos values.

4. Plot a Bar Graph to show the number of boys in each class 6- 12. Data should be imagined
by student.

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5. Plot a Bar Graph for Marks scored in different subjects. Data should be imagined.

6. Plot a Histogram to find the number of employees coming to office between 7am to 12noon.
Use bins as 1 hr gaps.

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