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MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS
(MECBANlCAL ENGINEERING)
~ MODERN APPROACH)
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A l~n boo" (0,.B.E.lB. Tech .tlla",nl.
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Tit_Indian UniveNilill. nal

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By G'
0.. V.P. Singh
AnlsLaAtf'ro~ U
M.ehAnicaltnclnftrioc ~rtmtlnt
Pw\,)ab 8ncifttehac COU,..p. Ch.",di,-.rh
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DHANPAT RAJ & CO. (P) LTD. lb.
(EDUCATIONAL &; TECBNlCAL PUBLISHERS)
1682, NAI SARAK, DELHI. 110006
OR
(Phone: 3265367,3250251)

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Chapt.er No. Subjeet Malter P~.No.
A wort 01this nature .. hile en taillo,. !ott 0{ pen-aJ eft"or1, ta~ 1. ~Ia 01Vibration 1-40
- be completed without the help or aome _.nal .....,..,... I ",ill he u Lo_",'
r.,I,n, 01\)' duty 0( an authorifl do) not acknowledg. WithmUtud. the I.S !GoI«yofYibno,"" 1
I"ya)'u.a.ble oontributioo ofthe:se aourc~.
U Ball< ..... pIS ofvibralloo 2
I am ttoonl<ful Iq_ lbe 'Punj.b U.ivcroilY. Chandoll:llrl>. 'M.D. 1", lmportaac:e or ribratiotl .tudy to eoglocllin# 3
U.,VVlllty', Rohtak. "lb.U.iveraily ofRoorkee', Roc"k... 1'he Institu. 1.6 Ot.fuution. 4
lion 0( £nJjmecn UndiaY. and vanoua tnd.i3n nod Foreiin AUthor. fot
,.ttlng ueeful reeeuree materia] for tho book. l.I v.n. of It ....br.t-tnt .-ystem 6
1.7 Mcthoda or vibr.Uon l.4.alYila 8
It would hove been wry difficult I<) write this book without the I 7 , !;a,rllY .... hod 7
enthutlutac 8upp()rt, advice and iOJl"piratlonglvt"n to me by Dr. a,p.
I 7.2 Rayleigh" method 7
Jain, Dor""Ior-Pnncip'l. C.R. Stale CoU,,!!"of Enlj'inee.ln,. Murtbal
CSon~pall, Haryan., lam very '"'l~ful for hi. holp. , 7Jj Eqoo.Uohriwu _Ihod 7
My thAnk • .". due 10 Dr. R.A. Khon. P",f_or & Head. M«:h
EIIO Ilq>tt., Jam,. Millie lelamia, New DeIh, fOr Intorporat.ion o(s~
I" 'I)poo or .;m..jco
1 8.1 ".. and fOrted VIbration
•
8
"nitt and other ve...ng problem. dunnr I.ht preparabon 0{ th.. ~
I .,._ ooygrantud. to Prof ...... RllJOlOh PnokMb, PrioapaJ.
1-82l..anM.1' add ngo..f:Q)Yf" nhnuoD
1 eJI Du>pod and UIIdompod vIbr.tIon •
8
PuJV&h£n,pouron,
and Inlpita,-.
Col"" e, Chandigarh for blo valuab!. ~
It will nol be out 0( plACeh.relO n_ thanb 10 my
I 34 o.-...
1.&61.0.... _1.
<ic ond ... ndom yibnltlon
UOOOIV .... and tonloDal_
•
!I
w,foo Sb... h, ror her u"faili.,. patienee end ch ee rr"I""". dunn, the loa,
JOb 0( prep&ring Ih. manUJCripl
1 8.. ~I"" vlbral.ion
U PInoct:tIt Md HIIl"mOQicmotion
•
!I
I thenk my Slud.nt Mr. Par.8'J~in, SloSh S K. JOIn, alludentof UO OnhotrloaJ tuoell .... II
I'i"," ytA. Mcch#niaal Encin""rlng, for bit never endl", aupport 1.1I SID_' OIOlion II
dunn« Ih. preparation 0( ,ho book. The keen In"',"1 evootH and the 1.11 Voun", f4tri~ .nd h.rmonit Aoruyril 12
hard work done by him are worth mentiClninK. Iii. efforU al check.1llg 1.15 Wotk lI4n. by a harm<mie (on:. 15
tb. pr«>f·readongand Ih. pahl$tnklnR nuenllon ubown by him whIle 1.14 nOllt.l 16
prtparin,1 the maouscript art) Ilckoowladflcd.MAl\)' problems Were
1.15 Rep.re.entatkm ofhatmol'liCl motion in comp'et. fc.nn 19
.ofved and new topi•• were added olter healthy dlllCUiIlOnl ... the
.ubject maHer' with hun. He was quiclc._to PQinl. out t:1'7'Ofti sod his SoIwd Bz<ompl" 211
,uUOflIONlregarding makin, tho tOIl slmpl.r Dnddarlty in p....."to. 2- Undlomped Fr .. Vibration 41-K
tion with emph;tSil on bettor und~Mo.ndjf\3of CON lopi~ R.~ abo I.l totrodu .. loo t1
adm... l~ His lIldepth u"derot.andln, or the .ubject matter ...
I.J o.nfttion 01 dtttereotial lI!q\latio:n t1
otwIent .... _Iary. ffi. being in louch with tho oub)O<l provided
"..1 help m presmtinr.!be ten in " manner whIch .....11be ~ ~:l.II'I_n·.""hod 41
""""ptabM to the otudent co"""unity. I.t .. thank my wife Mrs.Shahi 2 2.2.£6eqy noe<hod 45
Stnab and blOther Mr. Amar Singb for checJUQKthe proof 0( thIS text.. 22.3 "",1ft"," onoIbod .f5
I also .iob to thank my Publish.,. W•. Dhanpal Rao and Co, CP} I.J ToraiconoJ ribntions
LI4., Dothi,ro. ""I""bl. _Iitan"" during pl..... ing and preparat.iooof
the bonk and ~ out this volume in .".11 • short lim •.
U
U
Eqlli.&ltn<a<i1I' ..... f&p~_d_
no. ..,.,pooad pendUlum
'"
41
48
Finally, tho,. are many others who have encouraced. "upi"'" 00<1 1,6 "IbnsntH vibrations oibeams G
~~~~. 10 compte •• thu work. I gnt.cfully acknowled~ their ron. 2.7 •• ms WIth &eVenl masses
D&""_~._..._ ......_ 51
..i
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u TriftlarS~
Solwd E=mpIu
53 ,.. 'ort:ed Rant"IGIAlcvihratioo 2<l
24S
55 5.1 s.,n,-dofiAllo lYowms
__ 1.. IA c..otdu>alo_pllng :&«
3. free Damped Vibration
U Vibret.ioll.bsotber 246
a.l (1\."""'dl6o
,.I Typo. 0(dampi.,
U DolT,,,,,, ... , equatlolu vl damped &ee vIb,otion
96
98
5..10
5.JI
To"ioMJ vibnlion ",bJorber
Dlmenl. or dynamk vibraLiQn.Norbir
2S4
267
104
SA IAftrllhmkdeciemew 112 5.U CnLrlfllcal Pendulun' Ab.oo,ber us
6.13 Untw,td Vtbftl,tion DQ.f1\ptTri 262
3.4,I Vibnod ........ 1YAnd 1.,...llIunled"romtl\t U3
5.13.1 UnhUltd dry trielioo damper (Iuchctterdlmpw) 242
Solu.d &u.mpl .. 114
~13.2U.,unt<I .. ", .. do_ (HOIId.ill. 0.""",,) 2:64
4. 'or"" Vlbrllllon 145-J3S 1.14 To,. ... ~"i ... .uy
alf1'lt.haf\ K5
4.1 'a'~ 145 1.16 .....,...n.. ·....
u.eUON 2M

"" s.w- 01.,,_wolhllAnnoakf .....

4.1 £cjIoa ......
8x.... 1ioa 145
146
&lwdlrJuomplt.
s.-a. 0._ 3SS-415
268

UI'nKaIRu_ I., ••
..I ICl~OQ
01
F_om Syllom
m
Ul~C." .. 160 m
loS IAftut.oetcwft".a.oc.
u a v""Uoo"'~ " ... 111... 151
U Cenu-.Jlud cotI'rdtn.ald m
u "'_.a .-tiofud ,..;_'"",~."'_'
.... 8"",,,,_
162
"4 ""LrilImo'bod
J26

..."7
UWI m
U on~.litypri.,.c_:ip1t'
4 5.1 Al>ooIu .. _Uaro 156 m
"at:rbt h~."'on method
...
4.7
.. 6.2 R.lati .. """"'"
VtIJ,.tion Yolatioa
Tru.t.,.illibilily
159
160
161
... H.'..~.
D"nk.dey', me.hod
Ra,ylol,h', m.thod
:134
336
U _!hod :139
4" Fon:od Yihra'ions orilh _lomb daru~ 163 341
8.10 Stodola _hod
.... ,grud ...mtim with h.Jd,ertNIiJ(It .&'NC'tw'aJ d.J.mpiOf 166 • 342
8.11 Ei.povalu .. find eipnveCL01"I
•• 10 PO<Ud_ .... with eouIomb and ...... dam";", 170
4I.1t Tonaon"l Ylhrat.ioos o(two rotM 5)'51etn 346
UI VihaUoo -arun.,iIIstrum..,ta 170 341
4.J1.I_ "lS Tomoul oribration.tofl..hft@rotor.",em
171 352
"14 TorIlODal ribrlltiOO or multi.·ro'tMaystems (.'.n.....uaatioo)
.. 1l2A ............. r

~--wizoc-
173 35S
LIS T..-a1 .. brations.". parod .ys..,.,
4.U QaIiq_ODdball_poiAta 114
...1. T__.)rihra..... orbra;nehed~arod.,.....,.
4.U 17& C.opooaI ..... o(paRd ~ 361
4..14 CriIieaI speed 171 364
SoI.....IK~
4.IS Critical apoooIwitb duDpiDc 1110
SoIwd~ 183 7. Continooul Syat.... 41 • ...s
lWoa.- ofF.-.sy_ ~ 016
5.
6.1 Iot.rodJodj..,
SU-3Z2
234
1.l
1.J
7JI
lA... a1 WIn"_ 01. string
Tonrional vibrationa of'UnUCtI'm.ban.
416
421
U Tonio>GaIoibnotiono 234
6.S
M
Vi""'''_ .fuo~
Forced vibraUow
two dqrfto"'_ 11'- 236
239
7A
1.1
LoRc;it:udiDaJ vibration Gfban
Tran.Vt.TH vibrauoo otbeoon,
422
ill
7.8 Eft".... or Ihear d4formatioD and rot.o..ty hw.rtia 026
as Dompod me vWTatlolu 241
SoIUftd B.col'ftDtl. 429

"I~
44$-468
1
-~.
~
U no. ""'_Tranofo= 449
U .....-oCl'micuIarF_ 43l
.s3 Elements of Vibration
M !lWwntI'slotecral Method 439
u 1'10_""". NelhocI 4$2
1.1. INTRODUCTION
a. Non-lkwor Vlbtat""'. 46J1.4" nul chapter
gives the brief biliary ohibratlon ttl a oimpie aDd
'.1 Introduction 469 oyotematic ",ay. The .arioua vibration t.ermo and dtflnltiona .... cIia-
8.2 O1trerenC1tbetween Li.nearand Non....inen VibrationAl 469 CUIM<l. Many Items related to vibrall .... Iypel of "'bratio a, parte of
8.3 Applkalian .fSuporpo<lm"" f'rin.iplolo Lin.. r vihratory ')'atom. h.ormonic motion ODaly.1'1 ek. .ro da8CU.lled in thi.s
Md Non·Li"".,SyoI<OtnJ .70 chapleT.Int.be end iIOmesolved oumeriml problema ~ p,_.,led •
.... l!ump1 .. oINoo·{Jour Vibr*tloAS)'Ilt:t'n 471 1.2. HISTORY OF VlBR"nON
• 111 Simple Pttndulum 471 on.. die ory ofrou.,.3I1n1Iromenl .. uch d:rum •• "b.lIl .. tic.
942 VoIIra_or,Strive '73 _de t.be .ib tioo known and moro In",,...tin, the .acnti.", and
84 3 liard ODdSoI\Sprinc 414 ~ ....It was known "nce lone Ihal _lid ia reI.1ed to v.btatiaD ;
• 4 4 Bolt -.. Syt.... 075 bu. no _lhemalical r.l.lion w... a.an"bl •• Galiloo C1584-16(2). ""
, .. 5 V.NW@MMAS~ 47' 1I,,11on......... _ticon. stuc1lodt.bo_Ill ......... 0( strInp and almple
'4 6 ~pI Non·UDur\ty 417 pendulum. H. developed .... t.b_.tical nolaliOMbip t>etw.... the
leoatlt 01 • s-ndulum and I.. froqueoqt and cb8CU.lled tho !era
'4700-£"""",,,,,
.7.
478

-
......,.,. ... Than Galilooand Hook. d.... loped,..Iat __ ip ~ the
1.6 ).:':'IlUbOO aM. Orttt..nnlnat..tonolN",·wnte.rVtbnuON
!nq_ and piLCh o( IOUDd •
• .Ill _PIa.oI~ .. (c..pluta! "'t<hodl 478
Sir laac Ne....... (1642-1727) EI18Iiab.... th_1IciaD, JUde a
• G2 Dont.la'tp'loo Method (MoIytkAlM.thodJ lot of .aentific eonmbution tow d. clynlmi.. by Inlroducine the
8.6 3 Method 0( P..... rl>o.i.n 483 <kfu>Jlio... 0' foteO,m..... momentum and th .... II'" ollllodon.
9..5." ft'tlllod orh.ra\ion 43$
DanlelSemoulII (1700·1782)d••• lopodt.buquatioo ofmotion for
U,G fourlet SH'ie. Melhod 486' .Ibrotlona of beam. and studied tb... braWla' ,trio,. and diJCOVerecl
t 5.6 Lintrit.tlt*" method 488 Ibe principle ohuperpollition of harm"",.. in free vibration
t.1 Pon:od V'b"' ...... wI.h Non·Unt .. SPM(COullln,.. Hquo.;",,) 48S ....Eul", (1707·1783) worlrodon Ih. ""neline vibration, of 0 rod
... AmpUtude Freqnmey Curvra 092 and Iludied the dynamics of a .ibrating rlne. J.B.J. Fourier (1768-
.93

_i_
.... IOO:ltrd!on Proponicn.al &0 Velodl), 1830)..... a Frenoh mathematician who mad. valuabl. eonmbuUoo to

--mpIu
'.10 8Q.bh.lU'1I'»Ot1ic

,y,...tlUA
IJld SoptrMrmortic: RQOnan(tl .93
494
.97
the d..,elopment of vibration theory. He bu ,bown.u.a' 0111periodic
functloa can bo ropreeented by •• ori.. 0( ";n and noit work
or Fourier belp' in anal)'sin& the ... .,.,rI.... ., lIy abcaioed vibnltioc

-
,y,,_wrB 499 pIo.. anal,yticaliy.
,y,..aduC
,yfWAtliJrD
SOl
f La_go (1736-1813).an ltall.n "",themltid.". worked 00
Iheorotical mechanics and developeda ffry Important equation known
,ypcltdIsB
,ypotdbcp
S06
S07
.. Lacraz>ge'. equation.nul equat.ioo ia vwy ,_ful in
equati..,. 0( motion for a vib..uing .,_.
den""" the
,ypotdbcO &18
Lord ~YWgb (1842-1919). an EnJIiIb pbymciA. hal computed
,y,._tUH 50S
the approximate natuml frequencies ofvib.. lin~ bodi.. using anener-
,y,.."tlUl 511
Bil>liovoplo;r 51~U (1)
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,
I
MllC'HAh1CAL VlBlATI()KS
f1 appn>ach. The method derived by him I. uoeful In developinc the
equ • ._. O(motion ""d Ib.l«bnlq ce io kno",,, u ~eicl". metbocl
I e.&4EHTS 01' VIBltATION

to.bleb lb. body apin mUTn8 to tho equilibrium .-;tion.ln thiowoy.

vib.-alory IIIOClonI.repeated lDdcfuutely and e,uhtUlie orenerv taUs
JR. Po,,, ..... (1854.1912), a F_ matbematiciab. C<II1I:ribQIed
'Ib._.
• loe in lb. lleld 0( pu ... and applied "",the_tiel. Hit ..... on ....,.
hnear vibrationa I. outotancllar. S.P. n-heDko (1871101972).
........ "o~.
• Bu..-
worked in Iba kid of elUlJdty, otreocth 0( materi.Ja
[ pi-.

""-"
"'7 aaotioo "hleb ~_te i*lf aIIuan into",.1 0( time II
coJW vibration or oociUatioo. Th. owlnrinr .f silllple peodulum &I
in !\pro 1.1 i. In ... mpl, of .Ibration or o•• illation .. Ibe
and ",brat...... H•• tudlod lhe Yibr.tiooa III ........ &lid bio _k II -*' o(boJI i.to and £ro £rom ,tt m.... pooitioo repeatedl,. Tho main
Itocnoft .. n-beck. a..... '"'-7. ~ ohibntlon .... II (oIlowa:

Frahm ~ the u"por\Io .. 0( IOraloftaI vibratiooo in lhe 1. UoboJ.anced .. ntrifu .. 1(.,.. in tho 1)'11.... Thit .. c.wood
dalrn 0( aJ>.l\ and deYOlopod 10_ oribr.1oryIDllnlmmte in 11109...... beco_ of n_unlform ""'1.rIo! dlltrlbulioe '" I rotatlnr
.. F""' .. •• Reed TadJollldu I«IIlMI'IIrinr lhe tr.qu_,. 0( vibntioD machine ".menl. •
and d_,. .. b... Uon ~r. 2. ElMdc nllu... of the "".m.
A lot ofwork boo bHo cIoCM In "brotJon b,.""",y .ulb About 3. Elr14rn.I •• cilllion Ipplied on tho .,_tem.
tblrt1 ,_,. bact. lhe oIbration analyaio o( COlDpI.... ultid 0( 4. Winde mo,y cou.., .ibrll,on. 0' certain 1)"_ INCh a.
&eecIom .~ ... ".", dltlicull. But now with tile balp 0( fi.nite .I«trial)'Ian .. , telephono Un .... ~ .
• Mmtnl m.thod and othtr odvaoeocll«boJq_ the ODCI..-n .... abla
to \1M compuun to cooduet ou .... ricallJo detailed vi~tioo lIlal,ylaio of 1.4. ~~CE Of' VIBRATION STUDY IN £NGINEERING
complu medlaolcal.yatelDl_ Uvin,tbolll&llda decr-ofCrtodom. Tho llruciunl. d••I",ed to .upport lb. b.,h .peed ...,._ ond
1". JlASICCONCEI'TSOFVIIIRAllOH
turbln ....... ublected 10 vibraUon. Oue 10 Clulty d .. l", and poor
rn.atI;ur.cturc there l. unb.Jflmw '" Lhe carina which C'aUleS ax..ceah't
Wilb the ~ry o(mUlkalln.olro ..... nll like dl'\lml, lb... bra.
lion becam •• point 0( interoot for od."ti.1I ... d .In<e tbeD lhere boo
hem much inv .. UpUoo in lb. IIeld 0( oribratlon. All bodi.. h.Yioc
Th. ~ibralion CI"eo rlpld w_
and unpleeaanl .treeae. In lb. rota!!n, I)'flem bocau .. of vibration.
ofmachln. porte ouch ... beano .. and
,eora. Unwonled vibration. mQ,)' CAU,. I_oni", or
parte from the
malland .Iuddl)' ...... pabl. of vibration. TIt. mill 10 inbereotoflb. lliaohh",. BeclU .. o( impropor d .. I(ClIor material'dlotribution, the
body and el .. tidly cau_ relltive motion among ita part .. When body wh~l. 0( locomotlv. coo 10••• the Irock due 10 exec. Iv. vibratioo
particI ...... tIl.placod by IbeIppllcotlon ot .atemo! forco,lheintemol which .... ultt in accidont or h08.)' I.... 1If1Ul)' buildin", •• tructurea .nd
(....... In 1b6Conn o(elQtJceoorlD' M! pre..,Dt In tho body. 'lb.... "'- brid,... raU becoUM .fvlbraUon.lrthe froquencyo(excltation coin<:idn
try to brine lhe body to Itt oricinal pooltion. At equilibrium pool~iotI. t.h6 with one or lb. natural frequtlncietlor the .y.tem~ a condition or
wbol. or the elutic .n.'It!' Ie cooverted ioto kIoetic en.,.." and·body rei<lnllJ1ce i hed. ODd d~ng.rnu.ly I3rge OIIciUatioos rna.}' occur
_tiDU.. to move in lho _Ito diroction boeaUN of it. Tho wbole of whicb may 1U11i.o lb. mochanieal fAilu... ofLh •• yllem.
the tjnetie .... '1D' ill apIn .... ""rIeI! into elulie or .tnUD 0De11D' due Sometimea bKtIUI. ufbea"Y vibrgtion. proper t'l'!ad.ings oCinatru •
., ... t.o caooot he tolee ... Exceest.e v,bratlon i. dangero<ls I«human
bei~. TIt•• keepin, In view 11I1b ... dev.ototinc etr_,lbe study 0(
vibrati... II .....,ti.1 for • mochallical engineer to minimiu tbe .. bra-
tianal etf_ oyer mochaoical compo"enll by deoicnin, them auitobly.
, Vibration can he Uled for u..,(ul plU'»OMtl.ucb II vibration te5tiog
I
I
equlpm..,t.o, m",1ory eon.eyoro, boppera. .;e,."
and c:omp;xtors.
I ytbratioo II f....,d ".", hitful in moc:banicol worlcabopo ouch Ii in

:.-;:;..~~
-t- -_. th. elllciotlcy 0( machining, _tine. forrinr aod wticllar
I
~
.J ~ mlUicoI ItIflRment.o and .. rthq ......... for ~ ..

-
8AU _reb. It io ....ruI &.r lh6 propaplion O(-....L
M[AII POSIIlOII 'lb.... """-iro!>1."bratioea ohould be tiilninatod or rod\lC!od upto

~,.,......
cortaiD _t b,.lht followio, mochodt :
I. aemovinrtolernal .. dtelion,lf~

•
2. UoiOC .hock .boorben.
3. Dynlmlc.bootb@,..
4. J!er;t'nrlb. eywWnon proper vibration isolators. ~··t:L(I:'
--;)
1.5. Il£I'UImOH6 .
Periodiclftotion. A molion whicb rep6lla ;*Ifafteroqual inter. 'ltI- U.JnII~h."".. otl_
va" or time.
r .. pecti •• ly. A to__ntilo".r beD". n. ahtlwn in flfUN 1.3 baa inJinjte
Tim. period. Time ~keo to ""mpleto ono eyel •• d_ offroedom.
'''''I_Dey. Number of .yel ... per uoil lim •• Simple Uarmo,,-Ic Molion. 'rho mollon or. body 10and £roaboul
Amplitude. The mAXimum dl.pl •• cmelll ofa vibrating body from • flied point is callod limpl" hnrmt)"ie motion. Tbt'! motion is pe'riodic
il$ equJJlbrium POIliUon. and ItI acceleration I. ulwoy. dlrecl<>d ("wards tho m""" poeition and
Nal".ul frequency. When 00 elltorno! fo .... acta on the 'yoWm i. p1"Oporbonil to itllt dlflLAnC(l f'rom menn fJ06ibon. The motion of a
oft.r rivinr il An Inltl.1 dieplacemonl, lb. bod,..ib ... tee. TIt_ .ibra. .imple pendulum ... h"wn in nguro 1.1 I. slmpl. harmoolc in n .. tu ....
tio ... "'" called (.... vibration. and thetr Croqa.eDQ'"" D8tunJfrequ .... Let 0 bod,Y hovlnK .Impl. harmonic 1lI..... n ,. rcp .. ""nted by tbe
cy. It it oll]>l'ftMd in .. <IilIll<l or lIortl. oqu8llon
Fu .. d....... tal Mod. of VlbraUon. Tlto IUndamental mod. of ,,·Atnnml ".(1.5.11
.ibnotion 0(. 'yale", i. th. mod. hovin. the lowool ""tunal Ctequeacy. : ens
:t .1\( ....
0'
0.,.- "-do •• Tlto m.loiOlum nwnbuo(independMl.coor·
tIlnatee reqwrod te .pacity th. motion of a Iytt.om at lilY I",toot it
,.
(IV

- .Ati'~,1l1n ttY
...(15.2)

known .. d..... o(freedom oCth •• yolem. x _ - ",' x .11.5.31

x
whe .. x. orad • repr""'nl lb. dlfpl ... menl ••• Ioal), and DCCtk-nltioo
~,."Iy.

I.
o'lb. bod)' ...
DAmpln •• 1t ul the! re.i.ll:In(e to th. n1ot.on of a vtbr.tI.I"C bod,.
The y,brauOIU .liIIlOCunt'dwith lhll I"'HIJtan~ are known as damped
vibNiitione
Ph ... dlrr(!~nc-oe. SUPpoli. &he'tl! .... two YfICWn XI and XI
10/ '
ha'nne froquenci .... rndlw<rc.3ch The .,brat'nr _ions COft be u·
,,",*u
X, .", lin 6.tI
x,.A, lin (mt .41) ...(1.5.4)
In tbeabo¥'OoquJtrion the tcnno i.known as tbeph.a.R~(!f'QlCf.
R.uonlnce. When the (rcqu"neyo(uumaJ ool,alien is equal to
the nalural f.-..;uoncy or.
'.....1,_......._ b«amet
vlbrnllDK body. the amptitude O(vibnl~
.xce.s(\<ely lru-p. This conc.pt ia knDWTl Q.I resona.D.CI!..

I.a ",Mnll. It i.equo! to Ibo number ofh>d.".."deDtdispJacementa IItecbanlcal oy.,em •. T.... 'ylle ......... IJlinr of DIUlI, otiff,,_
and d~mpin.g aro k.nown D.I mecha_nieaJ .y.WmL
that .... potable. Thi. numbervarl .. £rom ...... ~ infinity. The OD', two
and throe doped of freedom Iyttollll are obOWDin fieure 1.2.1.a single Conlinuou •• nd DllCme Syllem .. Molt of the mechanical
~ of froodOID Ib .... i. only ClOO independent <OOTdina1e (rJ to l)'ltom.lnclude el ... tic memb~ ... w...ich ba.elnfinite number 0( d_
oped", theCOllfteunltiooao ohowD IDtlgure 1.2(0). Similarly, there are of frMdom. Such .),slom. are .. lied contlnuOUJ .ya........ CooliDuoua
two (K" xt). and three coonlinato. (K" ... and .. for 1_ aod three v tyBtems are also koown •• distributed ay.tem .. Cantilever, oimpq
d_ ., fnodOOl Iyt"'''''' III Ibown In lieu'" 1.2 (6) and ),,2 le) .upported beam etc. arc the eX4lnplC* of'such .yatema.
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,
S,.1dlI willi finite nUJllber of d.~. of fl'Hdom .,., called 1.7.1. BDero Method
d,""", or lumped ,youmo. Acconling 10 Ihl. method the sum of lh•• nerci __ ted with
U. PARTS OF A VIBRATING SYSTEM lha tyWtom I.(Onotant.
A vlbr-at«y aystem basically WDII.t. of thtu .Iomonts. namely KiD.tiC IlDvgy + Pctential energy - comtant
the m..... tho ,prinK and damper. In a vib,.tin, body Ihere il achange fK.E. + P.E.) z con.u.nt
of entrgy er..m one form 10 aDolbor. EneraY I. stored by ""'" in t.M
(orm .fkinotic energy (1/2 ..... ).In tb •• pring In tbo form of potential
1£ (1".,;" + 1....
rll 2 2
)_0
.nergy (1I'lu') and di .. ipal<><!In th, damll"r 10 lh. (orm of heat nui+hi:.O
"DOraY wb.ch "1'_ Ih. motion of th•• yattm. Ent"" OlIltre t.M cw m.X+lr.O ._11.1.Ll)
I,.""" wilh lho oppliatlon of external (0,...,
'nown at .xataUoa. Tho 'rbi. i. lh•• quallon of moHon.
uatabon dlJturi>t lhe """. er..m ilt 01.,.., pooition and lha ....... c-
up and clown &om lh. mun pooilion. Th. I<inelie energy Is c:eoven.od Ir lhe motion it Ilmpl. hormonlc lP""n at
.nto _tia1 ftIII"I7 and potentiAl enorllY Into klnebe Th. ""oro. x-A .in Cilt
teqU4!nee ..... on rept3tinr and the 'yolem conlinu .. to .. Into. At lha So .it" _ 1111' .In ."
- time clampin, forte ei .... on lh. m... Md ~ its motioa.
Tbus tome tnerv i. dillipated .n .ach cyd.of.,bratlon duo 10 damp- Then - tr&AoI .in OJ' .. .lA lin tilt • 0 (11.12)
•.,.. Tho rr...
vibration. dl. out and tho .yalem romaino I>t ita .... tic
oqu.libnum poollion. A haJj( YibrelOry ayalem I. aIIown in Ii",,.. 1.4. TbWl ... ...Jf....
... CV_

'I;;fi'Ul
(1.7.1.3)
or 1=.1·
2ft
-
1.7.2. Iloylelp" Method
Thll m.lhod I. th ••• tension of eneraY mO(hod.The metbed i.
baud on the principle Ulat the LOtal energy or. vlbrotlnR s.)'Stem is
equal to the matimum potcmtinlenergy.

!lICIT ATlOH t "ASS

At Any moment total anergy 18either the "-inedlt .net'f(Y OTpoten-
tial energy or the sum o(the beth. W
'OOraY whicb is ."Pressed as
U'..
y lh. 10101.... 'lD' Is kine<ic

t".,;,' L
'-----'

..
Flg. U. V1bttIInf ..,__ (K.E.>.... ~ ( s ~",(eM)'
theequation orlDl>DoGof such. vibralGry I)'IIemam b""niltea
(p.E.l-=lt..u·L -~,u •
m.r+U+4;r.O _.(L6.1)
...hen ei" clampiag ~rc:e So m (coAr=,u'
..u " opriDglOr<lO mOlt :Je
m.i" iI>ot1ia furte ",,,.r,;;;;
1.7. MFrlfODS OF VIBRATION ANAl. YSIS
Then Ar. variou8 method. by meAa, af which caD derive the w. •in ,'k/,;;' 111 .•11.7.2.11

equall .... of motion of a vibralOry .y~Lem. Some of lbe 1IM!ti>od ....... 1.7.3. Eq .. l1ibrlum M.ethod
diotuootd bere. According to this method .ho olg.br&lc ~lIm of the f nd
",nmtlnla AJ"tinu nn t.)u.'iII:\·01l",m ""f"A rrt) .....W', .. ""' .. , r••,.,..
muCl' h..:. iftw

_Ia
MIDIAI11CAL VlllltA1lONS
00 th •• ~ ;. F•• pring Coree..u.
dampin, f..... ei and ioertia f...... l.8.6. LoqIW4iDaI. l'nDsYene......'JWaiooaI VibnUoa
m.i. thea !he equatiaD 0( JDOtUm am be written ..
FIcure 1.5 a body of mua m ........ecI on ..,. eod. or •
we.c!>d_ tpiodle. the other end bein&: find. If lb • .".. m _ up
The a.bo<re tbne IDOtbodtwill be dioculltd in dotailitt« OIL and clown parallel to !hespindle am. it it said to __ Ioctituclinal
vtbnltion. III .bown in filIure 1.5 (0).
1.L TYPES OF VlBRA110N
Som. ofth., important ~ of vibration .,.. u followw :
1JU. F....... d ForceclVibration

I
AIlA>rdi.tlllbine !he oyowm lh... temal OJ<cllntlon II removed.
then th. 'Ylltm .ibrot .. on lie own. Thlalypo .(vlbration iIknown ""
(.... vibnotiOCl. Simpl. pendulum IIIone ortho OJ<.mpIH.
Th. ,,"ration which '" Wld.r the inOue.C<) o( .... mal f_ u
catled forced vibnlion. Machine too.... ledric belle etc. ..,..lh. mltabl,
eumpl ..
lAS. Uoear aDd ~·Iln .. r Vibration
Jf in • vibntory .,...", ....... itJ>rinIllnd damper beba.. UI •
ffi TWlST

IlnHr 1DAJUIC!t. III. vibroti_ <aused .,.. known u b".... 1ft nlwn. ~OFOISC
u- ",bnodono .,. _med by IIne.r dUr.rential equadona. They •
fOllow the I....of IUpe,_ition "'.them'tically .pt."'''',
If".and ... ~'.5.V_In ___

_t
.,. lb. oolutlons 0( equation, (1.8.2.'1) md (1.8,2.21 rtlpecd....ry. tbeD When the pertid ... f lb. bod)' or llhat\ move .ppTOlWDa~t7
(....... " will be the tolulloa oftquation (1.&2.3). poopond ... llr to th. ax'" of lb •• ball, u aIIown In n",re 1.5 (b). lhe
...... ei .. ..".P,(I) ...11.8.2.1) Ylbr.t.ionilO caused are known ftt tronl"on •.

...... ei.. u-FtCl) !rth•• plndle etU Alternately twllted And IIntwllt"".., of
...(1.8.2.2)
vibratory motion of the mlpended ditc, it I, canod to be undor,oin,
........ .r+..u.F,(I) .. Fo(l) _.(L.8.2.31 tortlo.nAl vlbmtlon ••• shown in !iflllr. 1.& Ie).
00 th. other band. if any of tho blli. oompo .. nll of a vlbrolGry 1.8.6. fr .... leDt VlbrMlion
'YOtem bella ... "oo-llnearly. the vibration I. <ailed non·Ii •• ",. Unear In Ideal 'YI",m. Ih. f...... vibration. (O.Unuelndeflnltely .. lhue
vibration "-m .. non·11near (or vory 10rB' .Jnp~tud. of vibration. It I. no d,mplng. The "",plitud •• fvib ....tion dlClly&co.tlnuou,ly bocau ••
d_ DOtfollow lbe law ofsuporpolliUon. of dampon, (in & rtal 8yaLem) and yMlih •• ultimo.. ly. Such vibration
l.8.3. Damped aJ>CI Undamped Vlb .... tlon in a roell)'attm i. caJJed trPluient vibration.

JI!he YlbratoryqotelD lwo 8 dampu.lhemollon ofth • .,..temwm !.t. PERIODIC AND HARMONIC MOllON
be oppotecI by it and tbe .... "" of lh. I,.!.tm will be dia;pated in Th. motion which """,.to it.elh.'Iu an equal inlftvol ofu- is
~ ..... Tbio m>e 0( vibration io called damped vibrat>oo. iI.ocM'n as periodic motion. The equal inle""'] .. catltd ume period. If
OIl the
undamped ribratloa.
_trvy.
!he tyNm ba"D, DOdamper ;. known lIS •• coneidu • motion. or the type %1 -;a.A. ain Olt. here _ it: the natw"a.:
trequeocy and t.M motion will be ~ an... ~/ .. 1itM. Thebazmooic
motion io one of th" fonn of periodic motion. The h..,_1e motion is
1.&4.. Detenalaiotic aIlCI JlaDdom V1bratloD
roprueated I. 1Qnn$ of circular omeand coom. funeliCNI. All harm""",
1f in !he vibratory .,...", !he AmOw>t o( external elicitation iI motiOQl are periodicjn natu:rebut vic.voru ia ootalw.,.. t:rue..ln the
known in -JDitude. it call1l .. delenDiniotic vibration. Coalnry to it tquatioo '" ~A. lin .... ". is the displac:ementand A. lh, .mplitude.
the llCIlMi.terminiotic -ribratioo.t an known II .....,dom vibratiana.
Tb.ve10cilyand acceleratioo ausl.~ -1\, f&JCOI_ aDdit--.'Xl
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10 MECHANICAl. VIS.AllONS £I..EMElrfTS OP VIBRATION

r.. pectively. Tb.... the accel...atioD in a .imple harmonl. motioo io The .... ultant ph ... difference can 1M! determined from the equa.
"
~ propor1iona) to ito dispJacementandc!im:ted 1owaIdo .. parti<:ular tiro (1.9 .• ) ....
Ii...d poinLItio shown that when luirmollkmotiomofsameperiod ara
added. tho rooultant ho.rmoniamolio. of •• m. period io obtained. tan e-A1~+A, oost
Addlllo" of UlInDOnle Motion
0= lan" A.sin. .•.(1.9.7)
Wbe.nwoadd two h....... ale motioD' ofth. lam. frequency.... ",t
the reeullMt motion as harmonie. Let .... have two barmonie moti_ of
A,+A.""".
The graphi... l method for tb. addition of two .inapl. harmollk
amplitndllA'lIlld A.. the .. mo frequency "' and ph_ dilT.... """ ... moll"". i••howl) in figuro 11.6).
.. , aA,a1o 011 .••(1.9.1) 1.10. ORTlIOOON"L FUNCTIONS
:c. -A,
.io (011+ +) •.. (1.9.21 Conoid.r tho •• t of functions ,,(>:). (,(x)...(.(x) ... fM(>:) dctlnod ouch
Tho r.. ultant moliOl' io given by odding the 'bove equations tbat
x -XJ +x,.A1mn ~ +Ataln (<Gt +.) b
• ..1., sin 011+..1., (.i"WI_. +.in. """ WI) f f.(.<)fm(~)' dx. 0 if em .. ,,) ••.(l.IO.I)

• lin WI ~,.A......)+A,(\08 0II.tn".(1.9.3) •

ADornin, A,+A,_,_A COlI e and
b
J f.( ..) I..(x). dx.). if(m an) •..(1.10.2)
A, aln • "A sin 0
N_ equation (1.9.9) can be written lUI
••~J.9.4)
•
whora :1.11non·•• ro quantity and
.. "A sin.., .... e+A sin 8 coe WI . mall,2,3
=A lin (Olt .. &) ••.{1.9.5) n" 1. 2. 3 .
The aboveequation shows that the resultant diaplacement i.alio The above runctions are termed .. orthogonal fuoctlooo.
8imple harmonic motion of amplitude. A. and phase 9. To fiod OUt the CertAin relation, of Fourier aeries are orthogonal iD nature sllCh
value ofA. squaring and adding equation (1.9.4),",e get
A·.~,+.4,0.08 t)'+A; .in', •
=A,·.. Al eee·.+2.4,A..... +.4;.in', f Binne
~
sin me. de=[~ .... m]
n::.m
...n.io.ai

=A~+A~"2A,A, cos. •
or A. ~l+AI"'2A,A, Co•• )"1 .•.(~9.G)
J ..,.neOOB",e.de=[~
~
:::] ...(1.10.4.)

•
J de.• (~ n ..m]
1.11. SlNUSOlOAL MOllON
-. sin ,,0 "'" mO. nem ...(1.10.5)

This i. periodic vibratory motion aed is referred .. liJnple bar-

momc motion-It can be shown mathematieoll,)'""
%=A<08(O)I.+)
A,. 1.'. AddiUon of two harmonic motioM..

11
12 MiCHANICAl. VlBR.AllONS

where A is the amplitude of vibration, ,.... 2><

.. anrolar frequen<y.
~ and a pba;ce angl es, and
=t J (coe(m·+n)x.C08Cm-n)xl dx
x diaplac:emenl
1 "'ISin(m+n)x+ain(m-n)% IO ... 2a: =0
Jfthe phase angle is zero, the aboveequation can be up ..... ed as :'2 m ....n m-no,
... A .in 01t •••(1.11.2)
'nIe volocity or ouch a vibratory motion con 1M! dotarminod ...
i =dxldJ and the acceleration as;: e. d'xldl'
So .r "AoJ cos CIJI ••• (1.11.3)
4. '" y.....
a
n.t dx" , ~ + Sin4n2n:c C". n

fdilferenlintlng equaticn (1. 11.21 .,.r,t-lime! a+2tI

i:a-AQ)' sin Q)t.
._w1x ...0.11.4)
5. J .in_ ... ""d:t

The above two equation. are widely used in vibration analyail. " ._![ cae em ).0 ern -11)% .... (m + 11)%
1.12. FOURIER SERIES "NO H"RMONIC "N"LYSIS 2 m-11 "m+1I
J. Fourier •• Fren<h mathematiclao, dovolopoda perlodl. fu~ction
in terms of uries ofalll<!&8nd.o.(nes. With Ibe help or tbis math.mali· 6. Clr:in"" ...."..dx.l.ir;:~ ['fA =0
cal .. riM known D. Fourier Serio., tbu vlbrntiun f'e,ulu obwnod
ean 1M! OIlolysodoonlyti•• Il,y.1f.(tlls • poriodi. fun..
e:tJ)<'rimen18ll,y ..
tton with poriod T. tha Fourior SeriO:!' CA.n bo writton AI
7. aj~·lin n", .in ""dx
:c(t)" 2: + 0,
00
""" 01t + a, coS 2<111+.." COl 30>< +.•.•.
.. blain Cd- +02 .in 2c.«'" ba lin 3cot ........
Cl

.1I,in<m-n>s _ Kine," ··..

=T+ L(olt n.~ . 2 m-n
. ...
m.,.
+11).
I
Ca
=0 (m ... )

.-1 C0811O:,c +0" sin "rot) ...0.12.11

I Ix2'-4..
8iD2lu1
2:1.
Cn...0)
where (s). 2uT iB the fundamental rroquoney and 110.Ott CIt, ••
b,. b" b•...• aA (011$1>1,,1. coem.ienta, Th. term (0,
called the Fundamental or First Hannonie. 1'be term
6, rln 0It) i. _WI. 8.
Cl
ain IlXdxa= _It

Determination of Go
(0, O)S 2Clt + 62 SiD 2 (it) js called, the fHJcondHarmonie and so 00.
Integrou both sid.. ofequation (1.12.1)over any interval ofle.orth

l.
".
f :II!

... ""dx~
I ,..,.
inn IL%
-"-. =0 (n *0)
T= 2ltI0l. All the integrals on therigbt hand aide of the aboveequation
are zero except the 01'\& eontnining "0. t,hat l'
Za.I., 2:c/ ..
"
Io J 2~2Q=""aodJ Ooz. OoK

2.
a .2><

I
en.
sin lUdx =-1 £!!!.!!! r'"= 0 (,,"0)
x(t)dt.
0
2a.1..

3.
".20
f COS m:r a:J6 n.x dJ: (" ..0)
So 00 =-; I s(I) dJ
_.(1.l2.2)

o
a
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MECIIANlCAL Vl8kA TlO)oIS IIUIMIIN'l'S Of' vIBRATION IS

Det..rmin_Uon 01". 2"'..

To find G., m"ltipl, both .id ... ofequation (1.12.1)by..,.""" II.Ild "'=2X~JX(l)dJ
intecrate over II.IlY inte",.J of tim. T e 21t1<D o
2"'.. 2..,.. - 2 ( moan value 0'"(') -!; )]
Io Jl{1) coo (n6ll) dJ • I c ..... ' (nCl)t)dJ 2</ ..
in ( 0,

0 ... - 2 x -r- J x
~ 0
(1)"" (noll) d,
2</ ..

= [ c. e eo;
+ 2n<DI)dJ ..2[ mean value 0(% (I)<08 (It <D,)in( 0, ~ )]

.0",;- b.-2x rJ 2111..

1t 0
X (I).in(nOlt)dl

a•• ;
'lft/w

Jo Jl{1) coa(noll) dt
.,(1.12.8) .2[ m.lUlv.lu.OC,,(,).iD(n<D')iD( o.~)]
1.13. WOfIK DOHE BY" HARMONIC FORe·!

Si",Uarl.Y,...e ""n lind b. by mulliplJ!ing.iD (n"") both .id .. LeI a harmonic fo"", 1'.1'0tiD rIll ;. acting on • vibratlne bocIy
bovine motion". "'0 lin (Olt - fl. Tho .....rk don. by tho fora> during •
b/ ..
amall dlsprac:ement·dJ:is FdJ:. So tb. work done In "'!" eyde
So b. ~~ Io .1(1)ain (n6ll1dl .•.(1.12.')
T

The ahoY. mathematical analy.i. i.known as harmonic analyoi ••

W~IF~dI
o
N_nc.! Method For Pract.l.ea1 H ...... onic AD.alyoi.
T
In practice, the function i. often given not by a formula but by •
graph or by a tableofcorreapondingvalues.lnauchcaaea, theintegraJs % I[Fosin ~"o a.1n 0It (6lt- +»)dl,
to determine aa. 4. and b. cannot tha evaluated. Thus the following o .
a1t.mative forms 0( th_ inlegnlls are used : T
Since the mean vatu.. ofa functiony =f(;<) .... r the range =IFosinrIII)f«IJOO8(c:oi-f)·d' •
b o
(",b);"b~" I fl!t)tiZ
Io
:"oF<II>
T
.fJ ,. e, ....
•
1
To

• 1in6llOOO(rIII-fldt :. .. I"

Thus th .. mean val". of. functiony =" (t) (rVerthe range

T

(o,~}.~
2..,..

[X(I)dl
- '" I
-" ... <11>
[Bin 2Cl)tcoo •
2·
.iD t(l - .... 2bltIJ dt
2 .
o •
th. aboYe iDtograJo become Pultine T. Zlt/Ol
•••(1.13.1)

16
MIlCHANICAL VIBRATIONS
11
Inthe ahoY" equation if."O.tbework done will be eere, Itmo.ans
fon:e and di~ment
1.14. BEATS
Ihould not be in ;>haseto get th. work done.
= 2A51n --2-- cos --2--
. {Old"'_.jt ("" - <Oz)t

When two harmonic motions pa&6 through some point in a medium

aimuItaneoWlly,the _ultant displ_ment at that point i.the ,._
x = B SiD (!2!;"'} ...
<l.14.3)

Sum cf the dJsplacemeJlta due to two component motWns. Thi. SUJ)eJ'-

poslUonofmotioni.s called ;r,terf.rente. The phenomenon oCbeat0CCUll! .. here BC2ACOS("";<O<'}
as a reault of intuferenco between two waves of slightly different
frequ~nciea moving alon., the Brune straight line it) the same direction.
Equetioll (1.14.3) represent. a simple hermonic eeeuee whose
amplitude is B. The rnuimum value or B i$ 2A ..nd minimum I.era..The
['8qu"".y of beat i.o (Ol, • ."y2. Hz. See figure L7.
Diff~rentlatlDgequation 0.14.3) w.r.t time, wel{et

~.2A8in(0I';"'H-(W';"')81n ("";""}]
+2AC08(¥}[-(~)(o1 (... ; ... )]
The term ~ il called tho etcpe of tho boat.
Th. exi.teneo·of boat. can .1$0 be .hown m8,hemotieally. Let
"" - 01,. """•• vorysmallvalee _.(1.14.')
(.: bent. occur only when Ill,and '''a ani .Iightly clifferen,)
FIg.t.7._. Then Lb. rolUltont dispI8eemont < ., ony tim. i. given byaddin,
the equatioDl (1.14.1)and 0.14.2)
Col'l3i<1erthat at particular time. tho two wavCl motion. are in the
oamo ph .... At this stago the resultant amplitudo of vibration will be x· .., +:ti
maximum. On the othor hondowhen Ih. two motions .nI not in phase .A ,in WI C -.04. tin (hl"~ + &o)t
with •• <hCl(ber,they produce minimum amplitude ofvibretion.
sA ..in (1)1 t +1'\ (sin. (1)1 t COII4oW ... ,in&al- eQl~ t I
Again. "ftc, lOme timo the t.wo motion. ere in ph8'le &00 produce
c (A +A coo6bII) ain "', t +(A ain I!. 0lI)_"" ,
~mum 8mplitude and th.n minimum amplitude. '!'his proeess goes
on repeating and th. ,,,,,,,Itant atnplltudecontinuously keeps on <hong. LeI .~X.in ("',I ++)
ing from maximum to minimum. Thi. phenomenon is known as beat.. Xain""'_++X.In+OO8",, t
Let us _sider two wav.. of the .am. amplitude A and &lightly c (A +A ..,.4"",.in"" I + (A BInI!. "')"""" t
different tTequena... "" and m,. If %, and '" are Ibr dispJ........ n ... of
tbese waves at any timo l~ then Equating the tent1i5ohio ... land cos ... , on both sides, we get
Xrot+=A+A COS I!.rIll
x, =1\ sin ""e ...(1.14.1) Xllin <t=A sin I!.""
aA.·sin <"21
X3 ••. (1.14.2) Addingthesquarcs of.have two 1lqD8., weget the amplitadeofth ..
The resultant di.placement ;< at any time i.given by add.ing the re:tNltant motiOn.
a,bove two equations Le. X a-I(A.A 0084 O'JI)'+ (A sin AO'JI)'
XI +%1- % =; A (sin (I)]' + sin (0..1)
="'2A'+2A'COSAO'JI
~A42(1+c0$I!.<UI) •••(1.14.51
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II .,
lfthe amptitud... ofth. two .inusoidal moli.... are approxm...tely ea n When tw.. inu""idal motiOlllarooutofph ..... tben pbaM
equal then, difl' 60> 2 160'
lXi-A.in 6lt' ...(1.U.6) ResultaDt amplitude = VA' +If + 'lABcoo 180"
B oin "'>'
Xl- _.(1.1"7) _"Ai .. If - 'lAB
He.lIllant displacement :t at any t.ime ill gj...." by addlog Equa.
(l.lU) and (1.14.7) I': CoeI8O"=-11
.x=A sin W, t+B.i.n~t 1.1L AI!JIAESeNTA'IlONOf' HARIIIONCM0110HINCOWlEX FOAM
ApplyiDi eqn. (1.14.•), we get Sup"",," • ved<>rXbo r.p .......nled all a complexnumber
Xe:c+iy _.(1.15.1)
% -A .in "'" +B.in «(l), + 6 01)'
00 0 .iJnjhv analyoislik.llbo.e we got tho ampUtude of.... uJlant
....... I• .r.:r
motion .. and!t andy denote the reel and 1maginary compar.",,1a of X, respectively,
...f.r figure 1.8 A.x and yare known oalb. r •• land jm";nary pam of
X. V(II. + 8 _ 6 OYI)" (8 .in 6 (l)Il' vector X. Uthe vector mok.. angle 0 with lbe%·aJda,it can be wrillen
.VA·+B'+ 'lAB... 6(l)1 ... (1.•14.8) ••
Thi, expr .... ion ill.. on to vary between (II. + 8) and (JI - 8) with • X.,. A «If! ,.jA.in e
fnqueocy 601wbich i, th. dltTerence of natural frequency of the beals _Ai' ...0.15.2)
phonomon••
whore A ;. th. mod .. l", or the ablolute val"" orth. vllCtor X.
Under th. Mndillon. of the two frequenei .. being ,lightly dif- The ",lotion .hcnm by equation (1.15.2) ill known .. EuW,
ferent (.rom •• ch oth.r, the phase dlrT.rencebetween the ..... "inusoldal ",""ula.
motion. keepa on flhirung .Jowly And contiDluou.Kly.At the moment
wbe. th._ motion •• repr .. ented by I'1Il3ting vectoro, are in pb ... with
each oth er , the amplitude of the r.. nllant motion i. maximum and
equal to the sum of amplitude of Individual motion i.e. (II. • 8). At a
mom e.,., when they are out·of pb... , the ~ull.ant ampUtudela equal
to the diff.rence of tile individual amplitude i.e. (II. - Bj.
Th ... the ,,,,,uJlant amplitude continuou$ly keeps on changing
frommlUlmum .(11.. 8)tominimumof(ll. -B) with. frequeocyeqWl!
to the dilf.~n"" between tb. individWllcomponent r.eqW!oci.es. nu. is
the BEATS PHENOMENA. ",.1."'.
The frequency of the beala i.e. 601 should be small in order to W. can find the •• Iue 01'8..
ezperi eeee the ph"",,",,!tlon. The amplitudes A .t. B should be ap-
8 e, lan-I 2: ._11.15.3)
proximately equal to let clear ""d diBti.nctbeall.
This ca.o be mown mathemati<ally from equati"" 1.l~.8. V.locity can be determined "
by dioe......U.ting equation (1.15.2)
C_L When the two.;n",oidolmotion. are in pbaae. then pbaM wftb nopeo:t to ti_ as
difference 601: 0 (oInee8~0YI )
Resultant amplitude ~ VAi+ B" + 'lAB... 0"
.;6)&"
~~A'+If+'lAB (': CoeO"~ 1) :i.,X _.11.15 •• )
~(II.+B) Thi' i,known ... elocity vector.

20 MllCIiANlCALVlSltATlONS 2.
Apiu differentiatiDg,we am By equating the corresponding eoefficieoloor COlI (l)I and lin "" on
both sid........ obtain
i:i'l.J AeHtt
__ fj,)1&".f. A """<;= 2.805
II .in a ~ 9.135
:_",tx ...(1.15.5)
A = "(2.305)' + (9.1351 * ~(88_7612)
=9.42
9.135
IMAGINARY
Y
Ian 0 = 2.305 = 3.963
C1= tan-I (3.963)
0= 75.838"
So x = 9.42 oin (UIC+ 75.838,)
Graphlcal Method
For adding the two motiobSgtapblcally. Let u. put the two equa-
tion. oa
FJi.U8. X,.
4 ... ("" .. 10").4 .in (.... 100,)
Tbi. ia known at .... I.ration .octor and It.t amplitude io ",IX. [0 .6 .in (.~ + 60")
%1

llgu,. 1.8 B, It is abow. thet velocit, vector lead. lb. diopl_ment b, SiD« botb th. eq... tionl IU'. in the .am. form, tb. vector diollJ'&lll
90" and th..... I.l'3ti"" vector lead. the dlsplo""",..nt by 180".All lb. can be drawn .. sbown in figure 1.9.
vectora with COOIwt angular •• Iocil:)'rote'" 111tbe _. direetiOD
(anllclockwiae).
SOlVED EXAMPLES
EzAlnu 1. L Add the foUowi"ll htJnMnu, mOlihru aM4yW:tt1ly
ond ,/t,re.
,Ite ",",'io"_"IJ:oJly. (P.U~89)
% •• 4 _(""" Ill")
""_6010(,,,,+60,,)
BoumaN. Th. frequency ,. tame for both", and.,., .. w • .,._
th.sumu
& =A 8111(011
+0)
% =-%'1 +X2
A (lin 011_ Ct+..,. Olt sin 0): 4 """ (Olt + Ill") + 6 sin «(l)I+ 60")
= 4 aMI"'", 10"-. lin CIt lin 10"
x
+·6 Bin ai' cos 60". 6 c:oa «Jl siQ 00-
",.1.8.
oin (l)I (II._ a) + <0& cal (II. ain (I) s sin mt (- 4 ain lQ" + 6 coo60")
The ltUlD of the vectOnJa•• bt8ined by measuremeot is 9.4 and at
"00.""(4"",, 10'+8 ain 60") an anile 01'76".
= lin "" (- .6945 + 3) + coo UJt (3.9392 .. 5.1961) :. % = 9,4 .in «Jl!. 76,) which agrees closely wilb the analytical
~.lin (l)I (2.305) + cos "" (9..135) ...... 110.
 FreePDFBook.com

MECHAHlCA.L VIBRATIONS EI.&IEHJS OF V181tAT1ON

Pooeed ..... Since x-xl +6,

U1 Draw OX and or 8.1... 10oin (at .. .v6) a 0 lin 0)1+ 0 ein (Olt +45")
(it) Dra.. vector "I equal 10OB ; 8 stn (1Dt + 60·) to. th. k"itb 10 lin crt <01 .v6 .. 10 001 crt olD .v6
of" 1 ill6 unit and it mu... an aogI. 60"W;ithOX uia. litO; ,in <ill +b lin (;:t (:QII.so +0 COl'*
,in 45-
(iii) Dra"veclor", •• lin <Olt +l00')L .. Ulolength or.., 104 unit Comporlng the ~fficiente or olD Olt and 00. Olt botb .id.. , ...
• nd it m8k.. anele 100"with OX or 10"with Oy.wl. It 10 obtain the v&lu .. ora and b ..
rep....... ted by 00. Iln Olt (10 ... u6). (a + b co. 45·) lin ""
(i.) From B draw • Un. per 110OD &lid Ctom D dr .... a line cot CIlt (10 lin x/6) • (0 sin 45,) ... !ill
parallel to OB. Both Ulolln intersect at C. N"" OC II the Solvin, th_ equaliool" • 3.67
required _ uItant motion which i. equal 109.4 unitt and
b-7.07
makes an ancle 76"withOX.
So tb. equation. ofbannonlc motiolll enn b<! ",rilten ..
Bx.uII'U 1.1l. SplillM IIormIJnk "'ot""".
10 fill <Olt + .v6), illlO
J'I .3.67 lin (1)1
lwo IIormIJnk mo""", _willi 0 phtue Milt'" .("'1'0 aIId 1M OIlier 0(
45". (P.U.,90) and .., .7.07 .in (mt .. 46·).
SoumON. B:c.wPu 1.S. S/ww Iha' Ih, ....'"tOll' mollon 0' Ihrft harmonic
C.. pblcaJ Metbod (Refer n,ure 1.10) """"""lilJ<n be/ow 10ze",.
I. Draw OX and OY 8.1... x/_a .in toe'
2. Draw OA: 10 lin (1M+ 000). '" _ .. ,in (0)1" 2"'3)
9. OA malt .. ao· with Ox. '" ... 'in (crt + 4"'3) (p.U.,89 ; M.D.U.,90)
4. Draw OC maldng 45· with OX. $oLflrlON. The rCIJ\11tant.mGtion i.givon at
5. Complete the peraIJelogram with arm. OC and OB. IX.-x .. +.(2 +Xs
6. "' .... _m.nt of OB iii'"
"1 • 9.6 ain Olt and Ulom_ ." sin wi .. " oin (Colt + 2./3) + a sin (Olt + 4Jt13)
meot oroc elves the val.... ob,Lt.".~7.1.iD(1Dt + 45") • CIBin (0( ... (J ain ov cos 21/S + 0' 0D8 t.d flQ 21[/3
y ...a sin "" ..... 4U3 +0 COl cd lin 4JV'3
• a sin rot .. a sin "" (-1/21+" _ (Ill (.866)
A
+0 $In"" (-1/2) +0 _ Olt. (- JI66)
X ~4 sill we - a sin U¥'" .866 a cos ~ - .866 (I COS WI-
~O
aenat, the resultwJt ",otion is 1."'.
BJr.utI'u 1.4. A foN:~ Po.in wi ",,1$ on a displ=tmml
... .;11 (Olt - .v3).lf
P.a lOON, x.~0.02m, 1J>:2Krod/_
x Find tM wori done duritlll (i) lhe fir •• cycl" (ii) the {rr<t$«OIId(ii,'
",1.10. 1M /iN1 qll4rkr ltColld.
I,
A.D.aJ)'Ik&I MeQocI
Let the equatiOtlI an s" • a lin mf SoLunON. Wor~d.ne. P.~dl Jo
and "".,, lin (col + 45·)

MEC"ANlCAI.. VIBRATIONs

= I" [P. sin IDt 11 Xo sin (Olt - "/3)]dt QiOPu~gl:~[: "'4l{Xi .. V3xl_.j3 oin.bx1]
4. 4 4x ,
'. : 1.609N..m
= PoSo(j) f'iD 6JI cos (Olt - Jt/3) d. Bz.uqu 1.5.A bodydescribe•• lmulJOllWlUlyAWe> motiom,
o '" =3 sin. 401, .., a4 oiJI411
WhGt 1. lhe maximum olJlj minimum amPlitude of combined mo-

= p.... OJ f'. OlD6lt (coscrt _ .va + sin Olt sin JV'3)dt

tioll and what i"he beat frw/UtJIcy ,
SoLU17ON.
If a body ilIaubjectc>d 10 two harmonic maliona gi.en by
o ~1.a.io<OJt
I,
x•• b lin w,t
.p"'' 'I [211"-:"..",,+ ~(1,-"'26lI+lt Muimum amplitude i. (0 + b) and JDInlmumamplitude 10(~ - II).
So in th. p,-..t p,oblem Max. amplitude. 3 + 4 • 7 and minimum
amplitude. 4 - 8 • 1.
I.

• P • "0 0) fr
o
lin 2<", .[;f
-.-
]
.. 4' (1- 00120)1)al
But frequency ..."";. QIj

• 41 - 40 • .!.lb.
2x 2•
• Po " (~[- ~ + :!r I :::!K .in 2<otI' Il%uu>u 1." V...lop lhe Fourkr Stri .. (<>rlhe cww .lwwn ill
• • 4..2.. 4 4 20) /16_,.. 1.11.
y

~
100" .02 x 2x [- .... 26lI I:- .[;f.
~+~t-2<e"D2alI
I'
«) Work done dun.., cycle T = ~0)
=" f.J3i ~ 5." N-m
(UI Puttmg lEI

'K [-~+_2~2J< .j3 .Jif

3 -4,ilin4Hr.;
IJ
=+t,; + J3+t]=d Ag.
SoLlJ't'10N.The funotion is defined as
'.11.
~5."N-m .(1)z-1I2,
= 112,
 FreePDFBook.com
~ or Vl8kAT1ON n
It io '"" that the "",ph ia II)'IIUnetric&l about the aricin ADd hence 80 .,-2u31
!he IImcCloaio odd. no_fore.
Go a o•• 0 Md " = 2u (3" 21..6)~ 1.97loeb
• %: - 8 (2 _ 31).6001 (8" 21.6). 0.351oeb/ ...
t...JJtx) lin "'" d.< • a-oI",. - 9>< 1.97

..
b••
= -17.78 1n/.1.
lUAltJ>u 1.& Add two #tonnod< tnDIio!u apruad I>y 1M rou--
.!f•
loltl,..cLc
2
u..oq_.....:
",-3 .ill (C.h30"); .... 2 COl (till -16")
o
Slnco >(I) lin .... ia lUI... 0 IUDdi.n. Gnd t:(p,.. .. ,h. ,..,./1 in tho (orm .,.A+f). (lIoorkee UIlI.• 70)
lin (CAll

So. b··i I[--.-

",,"I1%I
SCLIJrrON. s, .8 (lin till COl30" • COltill lin 80")
",-2(_"" _16· •• lnut.ln Ill,
Addlnc the rnodono, .e let
• ..!. (1-_ ••).0 Cor. beloa'-
•• SI.. ",.2.698 0111ut .. 1.5_ .., .. 1.83_ ut + .5178 oItI_
sa 8.11 lin "" +3.43 _ o:t .Aain«(Ot ... )
•.! (or n ~in, odd.
.K aA (lin fIJI coo • + _lilt lin .)
So .x(t).Hoinx+~ Iln s.. +~ oItIs..+_) eolllpllrinc thAt roeuill. WI,.t
A_.-3.1l
~u 1.7. TIl. _liliMOl' ""'""" of Cl poln, II ,won I>y A 0111,-3.43
... - ax wh.... <14M" Gf't 1M ~ ond dUpl4cr"..", 0(Ihtoph 8.4S
IoarmoAk motio" ond lite ampUtudl, 10JllJteh. Tind 1M ptrlodond «» I<I1I,cS.ll
fr«l1U1lt:y (h) dllpl_m.1U, tnJocity Md ~r 21.6_cLc."""'uratio.
•• 4r7._80,-;----:0;-
SCLUnON.A3Ithamotionilb"""onicth •• quationofdl.pI_ment
catI be written .. A= ";S.11'. US'
. 1aXIiIl. A =4.63

i =fAX COIIGII N_ equ.tico can be written as

%.4.63.in (or< .. 47.8"),
ie-m'X8in(lt
loA pu th. problem .. p 9z
~u 1..,.
A fNrilJditJ mc>tionobocrwd Oil 1M oteiIIoocofN II
-
iU... trGIcd ilt fi8uro 1.12. R.p,.,w 1/110m'"lon by IIIzrmtmicO<riu.
So -Il<c-oi'% (P.U~gll
..-3
r.~~¥.2.og-.t
1 I
(·T~2.ii9PO.478 cycles/_
Nowthe eqUAti.., be written
catI
.r.X lin at
...
tlSecl
1'be val". of omptiwde ia 2 L.. X_ 2 ~ 1.11.

%1 MliCRANlCAL VI.IlATJO!lS

SoLurro.v.1be periodic functioo inlHm. 0( sine and eocineseries

cant..wri ........
00
.r(t) -7:+ a, «>6 o:t+a, coo 2rot +0.""" 3«<......
+ b, ,in wt +b;8in 2at .. b,.ln 3mt + ....
The equ.otioo fot tho curve shown ror one cycle is
(::j;,:2::dt=_~Mnl_~Ift1)
Par OA .r(t) ~ 20t
F'orAC __ 201 .. 2
OS, SO.Of>
=-20[ _2.lL.(__ n•• l-_rut-_2r.n»)
005sISO.l 400 ,,'n'
The ucoe period of motion is = 0.10
=_2rf~(-2CO"'. + 1 +0092.,,)]
ell. frequency = .~ - 20. 1400 n-~n

cr., usinr equation (1.12.2lC8n be e.apreued as 4 for odd .alu~ orn

e - 7';;.
2st.
~. '!. J.r(t)tIl so. (oT~'('_nvaJu .. oIlt
2 2. b. con be determined fromequeuon (1.12.4) a.
o

i:201+2)d,J
'"/(.11

2 ~ [o.~2(1)dt b.... /~ I x , (I) oln (n01lJdt

o 00& o
= 2.
2~ 11001'10.... (-100,'. 2Ot)l~1
I t sio.lltdl = - t COIItI"~
" n
110nl

• 1 I.O~)(.Oh 100-100 (.1' - .05'1.. 20 (.1 - .05)1

Go. 1 1.2,5- 1 ... 25 .. 11" 0.6
o. can t.. decerllUMd (rom equatloa (I 12.3) ..
201.

".~;Io ~tJ <Oil (nlllt) til .0

.20[-20 {..:::.L_ 20MI +_1_. ,la 2OM'}1
=~ [
!
.0&
201 COOl (2Omt)dt +
.10
L(- 201 .. 2) coo (2Os!oI )til
] 20M (20M) ..

-I, _2Om'~"
=20 [ 20 (20M SlO 20nnt - (20M)' Jlo
Sow.ll"~ b, =0

-2Outl .... ThuB ban1\onic series can be:showo as

[_20#
"'(ir+ (3"-
-I
.. - 20 -- tin 2o.nt - ---.- 4 1 60 _L 100.", }
(20M (20m) ...
$(I).O.25-~ ~+ (sf- -
 FreePDFBook.com

JO ).
~ 01' VIBRATION
SoluUoQ by Numerical Method h, = 2 x mean value or" (I), sin (Olt).
lAt the Fourier oerio. upto tho third hllnllOnlcropresentiag" (tl o
in ( O,~ Jbe :2"12=0
...
x (tl =2+0, .... CilI +a. CXl8 20>( +">"" 3 0>(
a•• 2)( meao value orx (Ill ... (2G>tlt
o
-2Xi2.0
+6,.1n WI +b,lriD 2 011+6. ain 3 "'I, •.
b.e 2 x mean value of" (t), aiD (2OlC1t
~ ... now divide the time period into 12 equal inurvaJ.e or 3()0
.. ob 'D tho ranp (0, 2_)
=2"12-0
o
"s - 2 x mean valuo of" (In ... (3 .. ,),
.(1),

• CUr
• 2x - 8i~20_ - 0.553

t lim.
,01,
b•• 2 x mean value of.<(1),.1n (3Oltl,
.::; .(1'10
.btu
a2><-&-0
:. Fourier ....rie.
I_ I 3
• ..,
6
• " .. x (1).5.0 - 4.146 COlI 20 fit - 0.553 COl60 fit •••••
E:ltAJUUI 1.10.' A hnnMni. molkln is giUClt by :t(t) =
10.ln (301- .v3) 10m wh.", I i.t In ... OI1dtt "lidpltar.""Ilk In ~ ....
Fig. 1.11 Find (il tr<q'utncy and.ho period of motion, (i.i).he ...... tmum dl&J>l-.
No. or elemf:nta in ODe cycle ;a 2p:: 12 "",nl,.. /Jitily and lUJtek",'ion. <P.U.. 92)
Now .. e COD derive lable 1.9.1. SoLVf'10N. Let us &uu.me • aoluUon of the form
Frcnn tho labl. : % -A .in (6It ~.)

Ix(t),=60 MaximuJnvelocity;; Qb)oI\

I x (ili coo 0, =- 24.816 Maximum Acc.eJe:ration i __ Q)t A

.t.< (t), lin 0 e.• where A a ma. diJplacQment and th'e frequency is (A.
:1:.«1), .... 2$,=0 By compatin( our equation with the given oquatioo. we get
tx (t), lin2$;= 0 (D;30rad/_
I ..(tlr_30,=-3.320 +=1<13
A .. iOmm
I x (iklln 39; = 0
a.
MaJ..~ocity i=~
2 =2 x mean value of" (I) • SOx 10=300mm/_
2 60 AcceleratiOn 'i=-fIi'A
=2'''12;1)·0 = - (30r" 10
", =2)( "' .. D value 01.. (t).1 00$ ("'I), & 9000 mm/ ....,
e 2 ;(2t~76•••.It6 Period of motion ~~.~.O.209~

12
l!lJ!MBNTS OF VIBRATION 31
ExAKI'UJ L 1L If there. i.a non-UN) number 1such that
t(t+y)=+Ct)
What is .he type ofnwtion. (II? S'ale its IMsI importantcharac-
re ristic, CP.U.. 93)
SoWTrOl!l.This type of motion is called the periodic motion. Th.
important eharacteristte of thts type or motion is its repeatability (>r
periodicity. HeR.,y is ml1cd the period of motion. Jt means that the
motion Is repeated illltlf.fter an into",.1 oftimey.
ExAMlul.IL ReprtSCIu the periodic ma.i~gi .. n in f'lJ'Ut: 1.14
by harmoni« series. (P.U., 87, 88)

X.,;-
:! .s
.. a T
Z.",

i
2,'11
.t..
FI;.I.,4.
~ c ~ Q ~ 0 - 0 _ 0 ~ 0
I , • soumo». The eqUtltlon orUne AB lol!ive" by
o ~ 0 - 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 _ x(t).- 20<+ 2 0 S • "0.2
I I I The time poriod of motion~ 0.2
So

~
!~~
~!§ ! § ~ , I
~ d Q 10
I , ,
-{- ~Ot' + 2t]~.. 5 (-10 (.2)'.2>< .2)

=5(-.4+.4)-0
2>0/.. G.2

CI. ~ if %(1) • coo (n6lt) d, .. 1::" f (- 20t + 2) _ (10l1n.) di

G G

".=1
1 {----+---
-20 lOlUll}I"
i sin 10M'
10Jtn
coo
(IOJtn)t. +ZI8in
_ 10Mt''''
..
]
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