Emerging Technology

for Engineering
Mr. Vipul Kumar Sharma
Assistant Professor
GLBITM, Greater Noida
 Syllabus: EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR
ENGINEERING 2
Subject Code: KMC102
At the end of syllabus Blooms
Taxonomy
The students will be able to
CO1 Understand the concepts of internet of things, smart cities K2
and industrial internet of things

CO2 Understand the concepts of cloud computing K2

CO3 Understand the concepts of block chain, cryptocurrencies, K2

smart contracts

CO4 Understand design principles, tools, trends in 3 D printing and K2

drones
CO5 Understand augmented reality ( AR), virtual reality K2
(VR), 5G technology, brain computer interface and
human brain
Unit - 1 3

Theme – 1

Internet of things
 Objectives 4

At the end of the lecture you will be able to understand:

• Internet of Things (IoT)

• The origin and evolution of IoT
• The importance and application of IoT
• IoT and other baseline technologies
• Potential areas of IoT
 What is Internet of Things?
5
The Internet of things
(IoT) describes the
network of physical
objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors,
software, and other
technologies for the
purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with
other devices and systems
over the internet.
 Introduction to IoT
6

• Internet technology connecting devices, machines and tools

to the internet by means of wireless technologies.
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical
objects that contain embedded technology to communicate
and sense or interact with their internal states or the
external environment.
• Over 9 billion ‘Things’ connected to the Internet, as of now.
• ‘Things’ connected to the Internet are projected to cross 20
billion in the near future.
• Unification of technologies such as low-power embedded
systems, cloud computing, big-data, machine learning, and
networking.
 Origin of Terminology
7
• In the 2000s, we are heading into a new era of ubiquity,
where the “users” of the Internet will be counted in billions
and where humans may become the minority as generators
and receivers of traffic. Instead, most of the traffic will
flow between devices and all kinds of “things”, thereby
creating a much wider and more complex Internet of Things.
• The title of the report was “Internet of Things” .
• Discussed the possibility of internet connected M2M
connectivity networks, extending to common household
devices.
• Some areas identified as IoT enablers:
• RFID, Nanotechnology, Sensors, Smart Networks
How much IoT is important? 8
IoT Characteristics
9
 Characteristics
10

• Business/Manufacturing
Real-time analytics of supply chains and equipment,
robotic machinery.
• Healthcare
Portable health monitoring, electronic recordkeeping,
pharmaceutical safeguards.
• Retail
Inventory tracking, smartphone purchasing, anonymous
analytics of consumer choices.
• Security
Biometric and facial recognition locks, remote sensors.
Characteristics 11
 Characteristics 12
• ATM
These ubiquitous money dispensers went online for the first
time way back in 1974.
• WEB
World Wide Web made its debut in 1991 to revolutionize
computing and communications.
• SMART METERS
The first power meters to communicate remotely with the grid
were installed in the early 2000s.
• DIGITAL LOCKS
Smartphones can be used to lock and unlock doors remotely, and
business owners can change key codes rapidly to grant or restrict
access to employees and guests.
 Characteristics 13
SMART HEALTHCARE
Devices connect to hospitals, doctors and relatives to alert them
of medical emergencies and take preventive measures.
• SMART VEHICLES
Vehicles self-diagnose themselves and alert owners about system
failures.
• SMART CITIES
City-wide infrastructure communicating amongst themselves for
unified and synchronized operations and information
dissemination.
• SMART DUST
Computers smaller than a grain of sand can be sprayed or
injected almost anywhere to measure chemicals in the soil or to
diagnose problems in the human body.
Advancement of IoT 14
 Modern Day IoT Applications
15
• Smart Parking Forest Fire Detection
• Smartphone Detection Explosive and Hazardous Gases
• Traffic Congestion Intelligent Shopping Applications
• Smart Lighting
• Waste Management
• Smart Roads
• River Floods
• Smart Grid
• Tank level
• Photovoltaic Installations
• Water Flow
 Baseline Technologies 16

A number of technologies that are very closely related to IoT

include:

• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications

• Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPS)

• Web-of-Things (WoT)
 IoT vs. M2M
17

• M2M refers to communications and interactions between

machines and devices.
• Such interactions can occur via a cloud computing
infrastructure (e.g., devices exchanging information through
a cloud infrastructure).
• M2M offers the means for managing devices and devices
interaction, while also collecting machine and/or sensor
data.
• M2M is a term introduced by telecommunication services
providers and, pays emphasis on machines interactions via
one or more telcom/communication networks (e.g., 3G, 4G,
5G, satellite, public networks).
 IoT vs. M2M
18
• M2M is part of the IoT, while M2M standards have a
prominent place in the IoT standards landscape.
• However, IoT has a broader scope than M2M, since it
comprises a broader range of interactions, including
interactions between devices/things, things and people,
things with applications and people with applications.
• It also enables the composition of workflows comprising all
of the above interactions.
• IoT includes the notion of internet connectivity (which is
provided in most of the networks outlined above), but is
not necessarily focused on the use of telcom networks.
 Arduino
19
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on
easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a
finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an
output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online.
You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so
you use the Arduino programming language (based on
Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on
Processing.
Arduino Board
20
 Cont. 21
• Power (USB(1) / Barrel Jack(2))
Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source.
The Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from your
computer or a wall power supply that is terminated in a barrel jack.

• Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to
construct a circuit. They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that
allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has
several different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board
and used for different functions.
GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the
Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of
power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the
simple components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3
volts.
 Cont. 22
Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through
A5 on the UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal
from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into
a digital value that we can read.
Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0
through 13 on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital
input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like
powering an LED).
PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the
digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as
normal digital pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-
Width Modulation (PWM).
AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can
leave this pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an external
reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the
analog input pins.
 Cont.
23
• Reset Button
Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any
code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be very useful if your code
doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times.
• Power LED Indicator
Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit board,
there’s a tiny LED next to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED should light up
whenever you plug your Arduino into a power source. If this light doesn’t turn
on, there’s a good chance something is wrong. Time to re-check your circuit!
• TX RX LEDs
TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite
a bit in electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication.
In our case, there are two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear
-- once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next to the TX and RX
indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications
whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re
loading a new program onto the board).
 IoT vs. WoT
24
• From a developer's perspective, the WoT enables access and
control over IoT resources and applications using
mainstream web technologies (such as HTML 5.0, JavaScript,
Ajax, PHP, Ruby n' Rails etc.).
• The approach to building WoT is therefore based on RESTful
principles and REST APIs, which enable both developers and
deployers to benefit from the popularity and maturity of
web technologies.
• Still, building the WoT has various scalability, security etc.
challenges, especially as part of a roadmap towards a global
WoT.
 Cont.
25

• Main IC
The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated
Circuit (13). Think of it as the brains of our Arduino.
• Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator (14) controls the amount of voltage
that is let into the Arduino board. Think of it as a kind of
gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that might
harm the circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook
up your Arduino to anything greater than 20 volts. The
Arduino Family
 IoT vs. WoT
26

• While IoT is about creating a network of objects, things,

people, systems and applications, WoT tries to integrate
them to the Web.
• Technically speaking, WoT can be thought as a
flavour/option of an application layer added over the IoT's
network layer. However, the scope of IoT applications is
broader and includes systems that are not accessible
through the web (e.g., conventional WSN and RFID
systems).
Application areas of IoT 27
Scope of IoT 28
29
 30

Any Doubt ?
 31

Thank You
Emerging Technology
for Engineering
Vipul Kumar Sharma
Assistant Professor
GLBITM, Greater Noida
Unit-1 2

Theme-2

Sensors
 Objectives 3
At the end of the lecture you will be able to understand:

• Sensors
• Transducers
• Classification of sensors
• Physical structure of different sensors
 What is a sensor 4

• A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type

of input from the physical environment. The specific input
could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any
one of a great number of other environmental phenomena.
The output is generally a signal that is converted to
human-readable display at the sensor location or
transmitted electronically over a network for reading or
further processing.

• A device which detects or measures a physical property

and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it”-
Oxford Dictionary
sensors 5

• They perform some input functions by sensing or feeling

the physical changes in characteristics of a system in
response to a stimuli.

• For example heat is converted to electrical signals in a

temperature sensor, or atmospheric pressure is
converted to electrical signals in a barometer.
Transducers 6
• Transducers convert or transduce energy of one kind into
another.
• For example, in a sound system, a microphone (input
device) converts sound waves into electrical signals for
an amplifier to amplify (a process), and a loudspeaker
(output device) converts these electrical signals back
into sound waves.
• Actuators are devices that work opposite to sensors. A
sensor converts a physical event into an electrical signal,
whereas an actuator converts electrical signal into a
physical event. When sensors are used at input of a
system, actuators are used to perform output function in
a system as they control an external device.
 Sensor vs. Transducer 7

The word “Transducer” is the collective term used for both

Sensors which can be used to sense a wide range of different
energy forms such as movement, electrical signals, radiant
energy, thermal or magnetic energy etc., and Actuators
which can be used to switch voltages or currents
 Sensor Features 8
• It is only sensitive to the measured property (e.g., A
temperature sensor senses the ambient temperature of a
room.)
• It is insensitive to any other property likely to be
encountered in its application (e.g., A temperature sensor
does not bother about light or pressure while sensing the
temperature.)
• It does not influence the measured property (e.g.,
measuring the temperature does not reduce or increase
the temperature).
 Sensor Resolution 9
• The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can
detect in the quantity that it is measuring.

• The resolution of a sensor with a digital output is usually

the smallest resolution the digital output it is capable of
processing.

• The more is the resolution of a sensor, the more accurate

is its precision.

• A sensor’s accuracy does not depend upon its resolution.

Sensor Classification 10
 Analog Sensors 11

• Analog Sensors produce a continuous output signal or

voltage which is generally proportional to the quantity
being measured.
• Physical quantities such as Temperature, Speed, Pressure,
Displacement, Strain etc. are all analog quantities as they
tend to be continuous in nature.
• For example, the temperature of a liquid can be measured
using a thermometer or thermocouple (e.g. in geysers)
which continuously responds to temperature changes as
the liquid is heated up or cooled down.
Digital Sensors 12

• Digital Sensors produce discrete digital output signals or

voltages that are a digital representation of the quantity
being measured.
• Digital sensors produce a binary output signal in the form
of a logic “1” or a logic “0”, (“ON” or “OFF”).
• Digital signal only produces discrete (non‐continuous)
values, which may be output as a single “bit” (serial
transmission), or by combining the bits to produce a single
“byte” output (parallel transmission).
Scalar Sensors 13
• Scalar Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is
generally proportional to the magnitude of the quantity
being measured.
• Physical quantities such as temperature, color, pressure,
strain, etc. are all scalar quantities as only their
magnitude is sufficient to convey an information.
• For example, the temperature of a room can be
measured using a thermometer or thermocouple, which
responds to temperature changes irrespective of the
orientation of the sensor or its direction.
 Vector Sensors 14

• Vector Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is

generally proportional to the magnitude, direction, as well
as the orientation of the quantity being measured.
• Physical quantities such as sound, image, velocity,
acceleration, orientation, etc. are all vector quantities, as
only their magnitude is not sufficient to convey the
complete information.
• For example, the acceleration of a body can be measured
using an accelerometer, which gives the components of
acceleration of the body with respect to the x,y,z
coordinate axes.
Sensor Types 15
Sensor Types 16
 17

Any Doubt?
Emerging Technology
for Engineering
Vipul Kumar Sharma
Assistant Professor
GLBITM, Greater Noida
 Objectives

At the end of the lecture you will be able to understand:

• Need for smart cities

• IoT Challenges for smart cities
• Components of smart cities
• Components of IoT
• Advantages of IoT
Introduction

A Smart City is-

• An urban system
• Uses Information & Communication Technology (ICT)
• Makes infrastructure more interactive, accessible and
efficient.

Need for Smart Cities arose due to-

• Rapidly growing urban population
• Fast depleting natural resources
• Changes in environment and climate
 Analogy

Humans Smart Cities

Skeleton Buildings, Industries, People

Skin Transportation, Logistics

Organs Hospital, Police, Banks, Schools

Brain Ubiquitously embedded intelligence

Nerves Digital telecommunication networks

Sensory Organs Sensors, Tags

Cognition Software
 IoT Challenges in Smart Cities
• Security and Privacy
Exposure to attacks (e.g. cross-site scripting, side channel, etc.).
Exposure to vulnerabilities.
Multi-tenancy induces the risk of data leakage.

• Heterogeneity
Integration of varying hardware platforms and specifications.
Integration of different radio specifications.
Integration of various software platforms.
Accommodating varying user requirements.
 IoT Challenges in Smart Cities

• Reliability
Unreliable communication due to vehicle mobility.
Device failures still significant

• Large scale
Delay due to large scale deployments.
Delay due to mobility of deployed nodes.
Distribution of devices can affect monitoring tasks.
 IoT Challenges in Smart Cities
• Legal and Social aspects
Services based on user provided information may be subject
to local or international laws.
Individual and informed consent required for using humans
as data sources.
• Big data
Transfer, storage and maintenance of huge volumes of data
is expensive.
Data cleaning and purification is time consuming.
Analytics on gigantic data volumes is processing intensive.
 IoT Challenges in Smart Cities

• Sensor Networks

Choice of appropriate sensors for individual sensing tasks is

crucial.
Energy planning is crucial.
Device placement and network architecture is important
for reliable end-to-end IoT implementation.
Communication medium and means play an important role
in seamless function of IoT in smart cities.
 Smart Cities components

• Smart Homes
Health monitoring.
Conservation of resources (e.g. electricity, water, fuel).
Security and safety.

• Smart Parking Lots

Auto routing of vehicles to empty slots.
Auto charging for services provided.
Detection of vacant slots in the parking lot.
 Smart Cities components
• Pollution and Calamity Monitoring
Monitoring for weather or man-made based calamities.
Alert generation in case of above-threshold pollutants in the
air or water.
Resource reallocation and rerouting of services in the event
of calamities.

• Smart Energy
Smart metering systems.
Smart energy allocation and distribution system.
Incorporation of traditional and renewable sources of
energy in the same grid.
 Smart Cities components- Smart
Agriculture
• Automatic detection of plant water stress.

• Monitoring of crop health status.

• Auto detection of crop infection.

• Auto application of fertilizers and pesticides.

• Scheduling harvesting and arranging proper transfer of

harvests to warehouses or markets.
 Components of IOT

• Things or Devices
Things or Devices are the primary physical objects that are
being monitored. Smart sensors attached to these devices
are continuously collecting data from the device and
transmitting it to next layer i.e. gateway.
• Cloud
Basically, IoT cloud is a sophisticated high-performance
network of servers optimized to perform high-speed data
processing of different types of devices, traffic management
and deliver accurate data analysis.
IoT cloud offers tools to collect, process, manage and store
huge amount of data in real time.
 Components of IOT
• Analytics
Analytics is the process of converting analog data from
interconnected smart devices and sensors into usable insights that
can be processed, interpreted, and used for detailed analysis.
Intelligent analytics is a must for IoT technology for management
and improvement of the entire system.
• Network Interconnection
The IoT’s major significant trend in recent years is the explosive
growth of devices connected and controlled by the internet.
There are many technologies that enable IoT. Crucial to the field is
the network used to communicate between devices of an IoT
installation, a role that several wireless or wired technologies may
fulfill.
 Components of IOT
• System Security
Security is a critical element of IoT deployment, yet it is too often
neglected in the development of systems. Everyday vulnerabilities in
IoT are being exploited with malicious intent – yet most of them can
be prevented simply and cost-effectively.
A secure system starts with the practice of eradicating
vulnerabilities in IoT devices and equipping them with the means to
resist, detect and recover from malicious attacks.
• User Interface
User interfaces are the visible, tangible part of the IoT system which
can be accessible by users. Designers will have to make sure a well-
designed user interface for minimum effort for users and encourage
more interactions.
 Advantages of IoT

• Time-saving: The probability of making the right decision lies with the
data. The more the information, the easier it is to make the right
decision. Knowing what to bring from the confectionery shop without
checking at your own, not only saves times, also brings ease to life.
• Ease of life: The computers through the embedded sensors on different
products can gather the information on the expiration date of products
before one consumes. Hence it improves the quality of life.
• Cost-effective: Money is the new god. This technology could replace the
manpower who are in charge of monitoring and maintaining supplies.
• Improved Device Communication: IoT is a web of physical devices
connected to each other and interacting. Hence improves device-to-
device communication.
• Gathering Useful Data: The more the information we are available with,
the better and informed choices one can make about the policymaking,
governing issues, and challenges, etc.
• Automation: The digital control with wireless support made control and
automation of large data possible. The machines can lead a faster and
timely output and reduced the machine-man interaction disorganized gap.
Emerging Technology for
Engineering
Vipul Kumar Sharma
Assistant Professor
GLBITM, Greater Noida
 Objectives 2

At the end of the lecture you will be able to understand:

• IIoT
• Industrial Revolutions
• Applications of IIoT
• Challenges of IIoT
• Benefits of IIoT
 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) 3
• IIoT stands for the Industrial Internet of Things or Industrial
IoT
• It referred to an industrial framework whereby a large
number of devices or machines are connected and
synchronized through the use of software tools and third
platform technologies in a machine-to-machine
and Internet of Things context.
 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) 4
• IIoT includes

machine learning
big data technology
machine ‐ to ‐ machine interaction (M2M)
Automation

• IIoT is supported by huge amount of data collected from

sensors. It is based on “wrap & re‐use” approach, rather
than “rip& replace” approach.
 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) 5
• 1st Industrial Revolution : It began in the 18th century
through the use of steam power and Mechanized production.
• 2nd Industrial Revolution : It began in the 19th century
through the discovery of electricity and and assembly line
production.
• 3rd Industrial Revolution : It began in the ’70s in the 20th
century through partial automation using memory-
programmable controls and computers.
• 4th Industrial Revolution : We are currently implementing the
Fourth Industrial Revolution. This is characterised by the
application of information and communication technologies to
industry and is also known as "Industry 4.0“ or IIoT. It builds
on the developments of the Third Industrial Revolution.
Production systems that already have computer technology
are expanded by a network connection.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) 6
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) 7
 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) 8

• IIoT is a network of

physical objects
systems
platforms
applications

• These networks can communicate with each other, external

environment and other people.
• The acquisition of IIoT has led to availability and
affordability of sensors, processors, and other technologies
which facilitates capture and access to real ‐time
 Difference between IoT and IIoT 9

IoT IIoT
Focused on efficiency, safety and
Focused on convenience of individuals
security of the operation.

M ‐ 2 ‐ M communication: Limited M ‐ 2 ‐ M communication: Extensively.

Applications areas are at consumer

Application areas are at industries.
‐level
Applications of IIoT 10

The key application areas of IIoT are

Manufacturing industry
Healthcare Service industry
Transportation & logistics
Mining
Firefighting
Challenges in IIoT 11

• Identification of objects or things

• Manage huge amount of data
• Integrate existing infrastructures into new IIoT
infrastructure
• Enabling data storage
• Standardization
• Privacy and security issues
• inadequate infrastructure
 Benefits of IIoT 12

• Improved connectivity
• among devices
• Improved efficiency
• Upgraded scalability
• Reduces operation time
• Remote diagnosis
• Cost effective
Gateway 13

• A gateway is a piece of networking hardware used in

telecommunications for telecommunications networks
that allows data to flow from one discrete network to
another.

• For example, you have a wireless network at home that

gives your entire family access to the Internet, your
gateway is the modem (or modem-router combo) your ISP
provides so you can connect to their network. On the
other end, the computer that controls all of the data
traffic your Internet Service Provider (ISP) takes and sends
out is itself a node.
 14

Any doubt?